DC Machines

Generator action: An emf (voltage) is

induced in a conductor if it moves through
a magnetic field.

Motor action: A force is induced in a
conductor that has a current going through
it and placed in a magnetic field

Any DC machine can act either as a
generator or as a motor.
DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
The major advantages of dc machines are
the easy speed and torque regulation.
However, their application is limited to mills,
mines and trains. As examples, trolleys and
underground subway cars may use dc motors.
In the past, automobiles were equipped with
dc dynamos to charge their batteries.
Even today the starter is a series dc motor
However, the recent development of power
electronics has reduced the use of dc motors
and generators.
The electronically controlled ac drives are
gradually replacing the dc motor drives in
factories.
Nevertheless, a large number of dc motors
are still used by industry and several
thousand are sold annually.
Variable speed, large and small power range
Field winding carrying DC-current in stator produces flux
symmetrically distributed about pole axis = direct (d) axis
Armature winding in rotor Alternating voltage is induced
Mechanical commutator and brush assembly rectify the voltage
to become DC.
Commutator-brush combination makes armature current
distribution fixed in space
mmf of armature winding along quadratic (q) axis maximum
torque , i.e at u = 90 degree, Max. Torque produced at any time.

2-pole DC machine
Shift of brush position to
change armature mmf

Stator: Stationary part of the
machine. The stator carries a field
winding that is used to produce the
required magnetic field by DC
excitation. Often know as the field.

Rotor: The rotor is the rotating
part of the machine. The rotor
carries a distributed winding, and is
the winding where the emf is induced.
Also known as the armature.
DC motor stator with poles
Rotor of a dc motor.
Details of the commutator of a dc motor.
When the turn passes the interpolar region
End touch brush B1, current flows from a to b ( fig. a)
The turn is short-circuited (fig. b), voltage e
12
=0V
The current in the turn will reverse (fig. c) i.e. from b to a
e
ab
=b(u)2iv
Large machines have more than two poles
most of the conductors are in region of high flux density
electrical degrees u
ed
mechanical degrees u
md
p number of poles
pole pitch = distance between centers of two adjacent poles =180
o
ed
coil pitch = distance between two sides of a coil
full-pitch: coil pitch = pole pitch
short-pitch: coil pitch < pole pitch (mainly in ac-machines)
md ed
2
p
u = u
For single turn coil number of
armature slots (12) = no. of coils =
no. of commutator segment
one coil between two adjacent
commutator bars
1/p of the total coils are
connected in series (12/4 =3)
Conductor current Ic = Ia/A (Ia =
armature current)
suitable for high-current low
voltage




number of parallel paths = A=number of
poles = number of brushes
p/2 coil connected in series
between two adjacent
commutator bars
suitable for high voltage low
current
Conductor current Ic = Ia/A =
Ia/2 (Ia = armature current)


number of parallel paths = A= 2
number of brushes positions = 2 (min) or
more or P
number of brushes is increased in large
machines to minimize the current density
In brushes.

the voltage induced in a turn

average value of the voltage
induced in a turn

flux per pole


induced voltage in the armature
winding/parallel path


Ea independent of operation mode
in generator: generated voltage
in motor back emf
N number of turns in the armature winding
a number of parallel paths
m armature speed
Z total number of armature conductors
= 2N
machine constant, Ka

r l B Blv e
m t
e u) ( 2 = =
m m t
p
r l B 2 e e
t
u
= e u = ) (
p rl 2 A
B
t
u
=
u
= u) (
m a m t a
K
a
Np
e
a
N
E e u = e u
t
= =
a
Zp
K
a
Np
K
a a
t t 2
= =
the force on a conductor


the torque on a conductor

the average torque on a conductor


the total torque developed


power balance

a
Np
K
a
t
=
machine constant
a
I
l B li B Bli f
a
c c
) ( ) ( u u = = =
r f T
c c
=
a 2
pI
r
a
I
l B T
a a
c
t
u
= u = ) (
a a a c
I K I
a
p N
T N 2 T u =
t
u
= =
m a a
a a
K E
I K T
e u =
u =
P T I K I E
m a m a a a
= = u = e e
Q. A four pole dc machine has an armature of radius 15 cm and
an effective length of 30 cm. The poles cover 75% of the
armature periphery. The armature winding consists of 35
coils, each coil having seven turns. The coils are
accommodated in 35 slots. The average flux density under
each pole is 0.85 T.
If the armature is lap-wound,
(a)Determine the armature constant K
a
.
(b)Determine the induced armature voltage when the armature
rotates at 1000 rpm.
(c) Determine the current in the coil and electromagnetic
torque developed when the armature current is 400 A.
(d)Determine the power developed by the armature.
r=15cm, l=30cm, N=35, slot=35, B=0.85. , p=4, w=1000
N(rpm)(2t/60) rads
-1
If the dc machine armature in example 1 is wave-
wound, repeat parts (a)-(d).

There are five categories of losses occurring in DC machines.
1. Electrical or copper losses the resistive losses in the armature and field
windings of the machine.
Armature loss:
2
A A A
P I R =
Field loss:
2
F F F
P I R =
(5.37.1)
(5.37.2)
Where I
A
and I
F
are armature and field currents and R
A
and R
F
are armature and field
(winding) resistances usually measured at normal operating temperature.
2. Brush (drop) losses the power lost across the contact potential at the brushes
of the machine.
BD BD A
P V I =
(5.38.1)
Where I
A
is the armature current and V
BD
is the brush voltage drop. The voltage drop
across the set of brushes is approximately constant over a large range of armature
currents and it is usually assumed to be about 2 V.
Other losses are exactly the same as in AC machines
4. Mechanical losses losses associated with mechanical effects: friction (friction
of the bearings) and windage (friction between the moving parts of the machine and
the air inside the casing). These losses vary as the cube of rotation speed n
3
.
3. Core losses hysteresis losses and eddy current losses. They vary as B
2
(square of
flux density) and as n
1.5
(speed of rotation of the magnetic field).
5. Stray (Miscellaneous) losses losses that cannot be classified in any of the
previous categories. They are usually due to inaccuracies in modeling. For many
machines, stray losses are assumed as 1% of full load.
The armature circuit (the entire
rotor structure) is represented by
an ideal voltage source E
A
and a
resistor R
A
. A battery V
brush
in the
opposite to a current flow in the
machine direction indicates brush
voltage drop.
The field coils producing the
magnetic flux are represented by
inductor L
F
and resistor R
F
. The
resistor R
adj
represents an external
variable resistor (sometimes
lumped together with the field coil
resistance) used to control the
amount of current in the field
circuit.
Sometimes, when the brush drop voltage is small, it may be left out. Also, some DC
motors have more than one field coil
Generating mode : Ia flows in the direction of Ea
V (terminal voltage) = Ea Ia Ra
Pmech (in gross) = Ea Ia + rotational losses (mechanical loss + core loss)
Pmech (in net) = Ea Ia (mech power converted to electrical form )
Po (electrical output) = Ea Ia I
2
a Ra (armature copper loss)

Motoring mode : Ia flows in the opposite direction of Ea (back emf )
V (terminal voltage) = Ea + Ia Ra
Pi (electrical input) = V Ia
Ea Ia (electrical power converted to mech form) = V Ia - I
2
a Ra (armature copper
loss)
Pmech (out gross) = Ea Ia
Pmech (in net) = Ea Ia - rotational losses (mechanical loss + core loss)

GEN/Motor output in KW

(5.43.1)
(5.43.2)
10.6 Armature Reaction
10.7 - Commutation

Machine Winding
Field winding Armature Winding
**Self excited
-direct connection between
armature circuit and the field
circuit
Separately excited
-no direct connection between
armature circuit and the field
circuit
Series excitation Shunt excitation Compound excitation
(a) Separately excited machine
(b) Series machine
(c) Shunt machine
(d) Compound machine
Self-excited generator need
residual flux in machine iron
Both shunt and series windings may be used ,
resulting in a compound machine.
If the shunt winding is connected across the
armature, it is known as short-shunt machine.
In an alternative connection, the shunt winding is
connected across the series connection of armature
and series winding, and the machine is known as
long-shunt machine.

field mmf on d-axis
armature mmf on q-axis
no coupling
(quadrature/decoupled mmf)

Magnetic core with infinite
permeability at low values of flux
(ampere-turns)
Assume material U
r
infinite
permeability, reluctance in airgap
only.
Magnetic flux/pole u given as



g
p
g
p
F
2
F 2
9
=
9
= u
Cross-section
view
Equivalent circuit
It is more convenient if the magnetization curve is
expressed in terms of armature induce voltage E
a
at a
particular speed (Fig. a).

The magnetization curve obtained experimentally by
rotating the dc machine at 1000 rpm and measuring the
open-circuit armature terminal voltage (Ea = Voc) as the
current in the field winding is changed (Fig b). Represents
the saturation level in the magnetic system of the dc
machine for various values of the excitation mmf.


increased F
p
(I
f
) u increased \ saturation
Assume armature mmf has no effect

induced voltage in armature proportional to flux
times speed (E
a
o ue
m
)

g
p
g
p
F
2
F 2
9
=
9
= u
Flux u- F
p
(field mmf )
relationship
Residual flux
E
a
Open
ckt.
Voltage

Field current, if