Facts Devices - Solution Manual Electrical Engineering BTKIT Uttarakhand TEE 703

Author: Birendra Kumar Debta , Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering
SOLUTION MANUAL FACTS DEVICES TEE-703 7

TH
Semester 2013-14

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BIPIN TRIPATHI KUMAON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dwarahat, Uttarakhand

FACTS DEVICES
TEE-703
SOLUTION MANUAL
7
th
SEMESTER END SEMESTER EXAMINATION
SESSION 2013-14

TH
Semester 2013-14

Q.1.
a) Explain the objectives of FACTs controllers in the power system network ?
Answer:
i) Greater control of power so that it flows on the prescribed transmission
routes.
ii) Secured loading of transmission lines to levels nearer their thermal
limits.
iii) Greater ability to transfer between controlled areas.
iv) Prevention of cascading outages.
v) Damping of power system oscillation.
b) Describe the procedure to locate the FACTs Devices in an electrical network ?
Answer:
Facts devices are basically used for Power control, Voltage control, Stability
control.
i) Devices are modelled.
ii) The calculation of available transfer capability involves three major
components: Total Transfer Capability(TTC) & Transmission margin
Transmission Reliability Margin(TRM)
Capacity Benefit Margin(CBM)
- TTC minus the base flow and appropriate transmission margin is
the ATC for the selected interfaces
- Determination of TTC not only takes normal operation mode but
also takes into account contingency conditions.
iii) The device should be placed in one of the transmission line on which
the loop flow occurs. The power flow in the lines is being forced to
zero or sent in the opposite direction of the loop flow.
iv) The objective is to maximize the power that can be transferred from a
set of generators in a source area to loads in a sink area subject to
voltage limits, line flow limits and FACTs devices operation limits.
v) Load flow is done taking care of line thermal limits & bus voltage
limits using a suitable optimization technique.
vi) Largest flow of power between source and sink is selected as the
optimal solution for a particular FACTs Device.

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Semester 2013-14

c) What are the advantages of slope in the dynamic characteristics of SVC ?
Answer:
The regulation slope is defined by
max
max
max
max
L
L
C
C
I
V
I
V
k
A
=
A
=
The objective is to limit the steady state reactive power output of the compensator to a
given reference value. As the slope becomes smaller (k0), the terminal voltage
remains constant, independent of the system voltage variation. Similarly, with
increasing slope (k>>X) the terminal voltage becomes unregulated.
d) Describe the V-I characteristics of STATCOM ?
Answer:
The primary objective of applying a static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) in a power system is to increase the power transmission
capability with a given transmission network, from the generators to the loads.
A typical terminal voltage versus output current characteristic of a static
compensator with a specific slope is shown below together with particular
load lines is shown below.

Load line 1 intersects the compensator V-I characteristic at the nominal
(reference voltage), thus the output current of the compensator is zero. Load
line 2 is below load line 1 due to a decrease in the power system voltage (e.g.,
generator outage). Its intersection with the compensator V-I characteristic calls
for the capacitive compensating current I
C2.
Load line 3 is above load line 1
due to an increase in the power system voltage (e.g., load rejection). Its
intersection with the compensator V-I characteristic defines the inductive
compensating current I
L3
. The intersection points of the load lines 2 and 3 with
the voltage axis define the terminal voltage variation without any
compensation. The terminal voltage variation with compensation, in the linear
operating range under steady state conditions and slow system changes is
entirely determined by the regulation slope.

0

V
T
I
Lmax I
Cmax
Load line 1

Load line 3

Load line 2

V
T
= V
ref
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Semester 2013-14

e) Describe in detail the power flow control co-ordination of FACTs controllers?
Answer:
i) The controllable series capacitive impedance provided by the TSSC or GCSC
cancels part of the reactive line impedance resulting in a reduced overall
transmission impedance (i.e., in an electrically shorter line) and
correspondingly increased transmittable power. The impedance is controllable
in the range of
max 0
0
c
X X s s .
ii) The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) injects a continuously
variable series compensating voltage in quadrature with the line current. In
contrast to the TSSC & GCSC, the compensating voltage of the SSSC can be
controlled totally independent of the line current (i.e., independent of the
transmission angleo ) over the theoretical operating range of zero to rated line
current.
iii) A TCSC is capable of providing equal capacitive and inductive compensation
and is able to continuously control and maintain the compensating voltage in
the face of decreasing line current.
The reactive power demand at the endpoints of the line is
determined by the transmitted real power in the same way as if the line
was uncompensated but had a lower line impedance
iv) STATCOM operates in two modes, i.e., Reactive Power (VAR) Control Mode
(establish the desired current) and Automatic Voltage Control Mode (shunt
converter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain the
transmission line voltage to a reference value at the point of common
coupling, with a defined droop characteristic).
v) Since the UPFC is a self-sufficient voltage source (whose losses are supplied
by the shunt converter), it can force upto 0.5 p.u. real power in either direction
and also control reactive power exchanges between the sending-end and
receiving-end buses within a graphical circular control region.
Q.2.
a) What are the various recent advancement in the UPFC design?
The most recent advancement in the UPFC design is an integrated unified
power flow controller with only nine IGBTs to improve grid compliance of renewable
power generation system. The integrated UPFC has two AC outputs, which are served
as an AC injected voltage source (DC-AC inverter) and an AC current source (AC-
DC rectifier). The modulation of the UPFC is developed to provide sufficient voltage
for power flow control as well as minimizing system rating. The schematic is shown
below:
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Semester 2013-14


This nine-switch converter is utilized to replace the inverter 1 & 2 in the
UPFC.
b) Explain the operation of STATCOM with an aid of block diagram?

Fig. STATCOM
If the line voltage V is in phase with the converter output voltage V
0
and has
the same magnitude so that
0
0
0
0 0 Z = Z V V , there can be no current flowing
into or out of the compensator and no exchange of reactive power with the
line.
If the converter voltage is now increased, the voltage difference between V
and V
0
appears across the leakage reactance of the step-down transformer. As
a result, a leading current with respect to V is drawn and the compensator
Controller
Voltage
Sourced
Converter
+ -
V
cap
Settings
V
V
S V
R
P.T.
Step down
transformer
with leakage
reactance X
L
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Semester 2013-14

behaves as a capacitor, generating VARs. Conversely, if
0
V V > , then the
compensator draws a lagging current, behaving as an inductor and absorbs
VARs. This operation allows continuous control of reactive power but with
high speed GTOs, MCTs or IGBTs which are forced-commutated.
c) What are the different types of modelling methods of FACTs Devices? What is the
role of DC link in UPFC?
The modelling of FACTs devices is mainly deals with the modelling of
various converter configurations. Mainly for the harmonic analysis a
harmonic modelling is done either in i) Time Domain or in ii) Frequency
Domain
Time domain techniques typically incorporate modular control blocks, capable
of easily and accurately incorporating a variety of control schemes, making
time domain simulation particularly suited to control and transient studies. In
contrast the limitations of time domain simulation become apparent when
considering system-wide power quality issues, which require more than
idealised system equivalents.
The harmonic (or frequency) domain, in contrast to time domain techniques, is
by denition a steady-state form of harmonic analysis based on representing
converters in terms of their harmonic spectra. Converters are therefore viewed
as harmonic modulators, the transfers characteristic of which can be dened
using a range of techniques based on Fourier analysis. The harmonic domain
has the advantage of being capable of easily accommodating frequency
dependent components in the system admittance.
Different types of modelling methods of FACTs Devices:
i) Averaging Method
ii) Phasor Method
iii) Small-scale signal model
iv) Transient model is developed using state space analysis
The Role of DC Link in UPFC: The basic function of converter 1 is to
supply or absorb the real power demanded by converter 2 at the common dc link to
support the real power exchange resulting from the series voltage injection. This dc
link power demand of converter 2 is converted back to ac by converter 1 and coupled
to the transmission line bus via a shunt connected transformer.
In addition to the real power need of converter 2, converter 1 can also generate
or absorb controllable reactive power, if it is desired and thereby providing
independent shunt reactive compensation for the line. There can be no reactive power
flow through the UPFC dc link.
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Semester 2013-14

0

V
T
I
Lmax I
Cmax
Load line 1

Load line 3

Load line 2

V
T
= V
ref
d) What are the advantages of FACTs controllers? How is co-ordination of FACTs
controllers carried out?
Answer:
Advantages of FACTs controllers:
i) Greater control of power so that it flows on the prescribed transmission
routes.
ii) Secured loading of transmission lines to levels nearer their thermal
limits.
iii) Greater ability to transfer between controlled areas.
iv) Prevention of cascading outages.
v) Damping of power system oscillation.
Co-ordination of FACTs controllers is done through various operation modes which
are listed below:
i) Direct voltage injection mode
ii) Bus voltage regulation and control mode
iii) Line impedance compensation mode
iv) Phase angle regulation mode
v) Automatic power flow control mode
vi) Reactive power control mode
vii) Automatic voltage control mode
e) Explain about the performances of SVC in controlling voltage in a power system?
Answer: For terminal voltage changes outside of the linear control range, the output
current of the compensator is determined by the basic V-I characteristics of the SVC.
.

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Semester 2013-14

Load line 1 intersects the compensator V-I characteristic at the nominal
(reference voltage), thus the output current of the compensator is zero. Load
line 2 is below load line 1 due to a decrease in the power system voltage (e.g.,
generator outage). Its intersection with the compensator V-I characteristic calls
for the capacitive compensating current I
C2.
Load line 3 is above load line 1
due to an increase in the power system voltage (e.g., load rejection). Its
intersection with the compensator V-I characteristic defines the inductive
compensating current I
L3
. The intersection points of the load lines 2 and 3 with
the voltage axis define the terminal voltage variation without any
compensation.
The regulation of the voltage at particular intermediate points and
selected load terminals of the transmission system, limits voltage
variation , prevents voltage instability (voltage collapse) and increases
transient stability limits, whereas appropriate variation of the terminal
voltage can further enhance transient stability and provide effective
power oscillation damping (dynamic stability).
Q.3.
a) With a neat schematic diagram, explain the various basic types of FACTs controllers
in detail ? Answer: Refer to Understanding FACTs by Hingorani Page No. 298.

Fig. Group of Conventional thyristor controlled FACTs Controllers
SVC
TCSC
TCSC
TCPAR
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Semester 2013-14

b) Briefly describe the way by which the transient stability is enhanced due to static var
compensator ?
Answer:
The transient stability indicates the capability of the power system to recover
following a major disturbance. A major disturbance e.g., a severe fault on a heavily
loaded line, can result in a large step-like decrease in the transmitted electric power
while the generators feeding the line receive constant mechanical input power. The
difference between mechanical input and electrical output power causes the machines
to accelerate. An SVC controlled to regulate the terminal voltage, can increase the
transient stability by maintaining the transmission voltage in face of the increased
power flow encountered immediately after fault clearing. However the transient
stability can be increased further by temporarily increasing the voltage above the
regulation reference for the duration of the first acceleration period of the machine.
The voltage increased above its nominal value will increase the electric power
transmitted and thus will increase also the deceleration of the machine.
Refer: Fig.No.5.51 Understanding Facts by Hingorani Page No. 191
c) Enumerate the modelling of TCSC to enhance the system stability ?
The figure below shows the block diagram for the operation of TCSC operating under
current control.

The model for balanced,fundamental frequency operation is shown in Figure below

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Semester 2013-14

A simple PI controller with limits can be used to control the current directly through
the firing angle .
The above controlling configuration is valid for a transient stability operation.
The governing model equation is given by:

Xc and f(.) stand for the internal control system variables and equations, respectively;
and

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Semester 2013-14

Q.4.
a) With a neat block diagram, explain the different modes of operation of TCSC ?
Answer :
Refer Understanding Facts by Hingorani Page No. 226.
b) Explain the modelling procedure of UPFC for power flow studies ?
Answer:
A simple transient model of UPFC is shown below.

A basic series branch dq control model of UPFC with respect to the bus voltage is
shown below:

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Semester 2013-14

c) Explain the various control attributes for different FACTs controllers ?
Answer:
The various control attributes for power and current flow is mentioned below:
i) Applying a voltage in the midpoint can also increase or decrease the
magnitude of power.
ii) Applying a voltage in series with line and in phase quadrature with the current
flow, can increase or decrease the magnitude of current flow. Because the
current flow lags the voltage by 90
0
, there is injection of reactive power in
series.
iii) If a voltage with a variable magnitude and a phase is applied in series, then
varying the amplitude and phase angle can control both the active and reactive
current flows. This requires injection of both active power and reactive power
in series.
iv) Increasing and decreasing the value of the reactance X cause a decrease and
increase of the power height of the curves respectively.
v) Power flow can also be controlled by regulating the magnitude of sending and
receiving end voltages V
s
and V
r
. This type of control has much more
influence over the reactive power flow than the active power flow.

Q.5.
a) Explain the various type DC links ? How are FACTs controllers used to control the
HVDC links ?
Answer:
An HVDC system is basically constant-current controlled. The reasons are the
need to limit over current and minimize damage due to faults and to prevent the
system from closing down in the case of ac system disturbances.
Basic Principles: The single line diagram in figure below shows a monopolar
link or one pole of a bipolar link. An equivalent circuit and a voltage profile are also
shown in figure (b) & (c).

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Semester 2013-14


Fig (a)

Fig. (b)

The direct current I
d
, flowing from the rectifier to the inverter is :
ci L cr
doi dor
d
R R R
U U
I
+

=
o o cos cos

And the dc voltage at the rectifier dc terminals can be expressed as :
d cr dor dr
I R U U = o cos
U
dor
and U
doi
are the no load direct voltage in the rectifier and the inverter
respectively. R
cr
and R
ci
are the equivalent commutating resistances which account
for the voltage drop in the converters due to commutation overlap and R
L
is the dc
line resistance.
Facts controllers control the internal voltages, the dc voltage at any point on
the line so control the dc current or dc power. This is done either by controlling the
rectifier thyristor firing angle (or extinction angle gamma of an inverter) or by
control of ac voltage through transformer tap changing

DC Line
3 Phase
AC System
3 Phase
AC System
I
d
R
cr
R
L
-R
ci
U
dor
cos
U
doi
cos
+
U
d
r
+
U
di
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Semester 2013-14

b) With basic circuit arrangement explain the working and characteristics of TSSC ?
Answer:
A thyristor switched series capacitor (TSSC) consists of a number of
capacitors in series, each shunted by a switch composed of two anti-parallel thyristors.
Refer: Understanding Facts by Hingorani Page No. 225

c) Find the range of Active and Reactive power if a voltage V
pq
is injected in series for a
unified power flow controllers ?
Answer:
The power flow control capability or the range of active and reactive power is
found as follows:

[Fig. A Two Machine Model Power System using UPFC]
With reference to the shown figure, the transmitted power P and the reactive power jQ
r

supplied by the receiving end can be expressed as follows:
*
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
jX
V V V
V jQ P
r pq s
r r
[ *conjugate of a complex number]
With reference to the shown figure, the transmitted power P and the reactive power jQ
r

supplied by the receiving end can be expressed as follows:
*
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
jX
V V V
V jQ P
r pq s
r r
[ *conjugate of a complex number]
If V
pq
=0, then above equation describes the uncompensated system,
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Semester 2013-14

i.e.,
*
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
jX
V V
V jQ P
r s
r r

and with V
pq
0,

*
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
jX
V V V
V jQ P
r pq s
r r
jX
V V
pq r
+
*

As,
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
2
sin
2
cos
2
o o
o
j V Ve V
j
s
and
|
.
|
\
|
= =

2
sin
2
cos
2
o o
o
j V Ve V
j
s

and }
2
sin
2
{cos
)
2
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
+
o
j V e V V
pq
j
pq pq

The following expressions are obtained for P and Q
r
:
( ) ( ) ( ) o o
pq
P P P + =
0
,
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o
o
2
cos . sin
2
X
VV
X
V
pq

and
( ) ( ) ( ) o o
pq r r
Q Q Q + =
0
,
( )
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o
o
2
sin . cos 1
2
X
VV
X
V
pq

For between (0,2) & between (0,), Active Power ()
& Reactive Power Q
pq
() are controllable between ,

X
VV
to
X
VV
pq pq
+
independent of angle .
Where ( ) o o sin
2
0
X
V
P = and ( ) ( ) o o cos 1
2
=
X
V
Q
or

are the real and reactive power characterizing the power transmission of the
uncompensated system at a given angle .

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Semester 2013-14

Therefore the transmittable real power P is controllable between
( )
X
VV
P
pq max
0
o ( ) s s o
0
P ( )
X
VV
P
pq max
0
+ o
And the reactive power Q
r
is controllable between
( )
X
VV
Q
pq max
0
o ( ) s s o
r
Q
0
( )
X
VV
Q
pq
r
max
0
+ o
at any transmission angle .

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Author: Birendra Kumar Debta , Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering

SOLUTION MANUAL FACTS DEVICES TEE-703 7

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