Experiment 3 Effect of Limiting the concentration of a Reactant Lecture Outline

1. Purpose of the Experiment 2. Limiting Reactant

Calculations of Limiting Reactant Calculations of Excess Reactant Calculation of Reaction Yield

3. Solutions
Molarity

4. Precipitation Reactions
Writing Ionic and Net Ionic Equations

5. Experimental Procedure

Purpose
1. To determine the limiting reactant in a salt mixture 2. To observe the effect of a limiting reactant on the amount of product formed using different concentrations of starting material 3. To compare the different amounts of product formed 4. To calculate the amount of product formed in each case( in moles and in grams) 5. To calculate the amount of reactant in excess left unreacted)

Limiting Reactant
How many bicycles can be assembled from the parts shown? From eight wheels four bikes can be constructed. From four frames four bikes can be constructed. From three pedal assemblies three bikes can be constructed. The limiting part is the number of pedal assemblies.

Limiting Reagents Limiting Reagent is the reactant that is used up first in a reaction. It is called the limiting reactant because the amount of it present is insufficient to react with the amounts of other reactants that are present. The limiting reactant limits the amount of product that can be formed. Excess reactant is present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reactant

Limiting Reactant Calculations Method 1

Step 1 Calculate the amount of product (moles or grams, as needed) formed from each reactant. Step 2 Determine which reactant is limiting. (The reactant that gives the least amount of product is the limiting reactant; the other reactant is in excess. The limiting reactant is used in all calculations in a problem

Excess Reactant
To calculate the amount of the substance that remains after the reaction ( in excess) Step 3 Calculate the amount of the other reactant required to react with the limiting reactant, then subtract this amount from the starting quantity of the reactant. Excess mass = given mass mass (reacted) Excess moles = given moles moles (reacted)

Limiting Reactant Calculations: Method 2 aA

a moles

bB
b moles

cC

dD
d moles

c moles

Step 1 Calculate the number of moles of each given reactant Step 2 Divide the given number of moles of each reactant by the number of moles in the balanced equation If

nA nB a b

A is in excess, B is the limiting reactant B is in excess, A is the limiting reactant

If

nA a

nB b

Reaction Yield
The quantities of products calculated from equations represent the maximum yield (100%) of product according to the reaction represented by the equation. Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent reacted. Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction. % Yield = x 100 Theoretical Yield Actual Yield

Solutions
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances The solute is (are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s) The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

M = molarity = Volume of solution (L) # of moles of solute =

Mass (g) Molar Mass (g/mol)

moles of solute

1- How many moles are there in 5.0mL of 0.50M sodium carbonate?

M= n/V , n = MxV n = 0.50 mol/L x ( 5.0 x 10-3 L) = 2.5 x 10-3mol

2- How many grams of calcium chloride are needed to prepare 1.0L of 0.50M solution?

M=n/V , n=MxV n = 0.50 mol/L x 1.0 L = 0.50 mol. n = mass / molar mass , mass = 0.50 mol x 111.1 g/mol = 56 g

Precipitation Reactions
A Precipitation reaction is a reaction that occurs in aqueous solution and results in the formation of an insoluble product Precipitate insoluble solid that separates from solution molecular equation Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) ionic equation Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2Inet ionic equation Pb2+ + 2IPbI2 PbI2 (s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3precipitate

PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

PbI2 (s)

Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions

Writing Net Ionic Equations

1. Write the balanced molecular equation. 2. Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes completely dissociated into cations and anions. 3. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + ClAg+ + Cl-

AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3AgCl (s)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Strong electrolytes in solution are written in their ionic form. Weak electrolytes are written in their molecular (unionized) form. Nonelectrolytes are written in their molecular form. Insoluble substances, precipitates and gases are written in their molecular forms. The net ionic equation should include only substances that have undergone a chemical change. Spectator ions are omitted from the net ionic equation. Equations must be balanced both in atoms and in electrical charge.

Rules for Writing Ionic Equations

6.

Strong electrolytes undergo complete dissociation in water KCl (s)

1mol
H2O

K+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

1mol ion 1mol ion

1M KCl solution contains: 1 mole of K + ions and 1 mole of Cl- ions The concentration of the ions: [K+] = 1M; [Cl-] = 1M [ ] indicate the molar concentration or Molarity Ba(NO3)2(s)
H2O

Ba2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) [Ba2+] = 1M; [NO3-] = 2M

1M Ba(NO3)2 solution

How many moles of Na+ ions are there in 5.0 ml of 2.0M sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)? n of sodium carbonate = M x V = 2.0 mol/L x (5.0 x 10-3L) = 0.010 mol

Na2CO3(s)

H2O

2 Na+ (aq) + CO32-(aq)

n of Na+ = 2 x 0.010 mol = 0.020 mol

Experiment
Label 5 test tubes of the same diameter. Pipet 10 mL of sodium carbonate(M1) and 10 mL of calcium chloride (M2) in the first tube. Repeat by varying M1 and M2. Relate the height of the solid CaCO3 to the amount of the limiting reagent.

Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) Net ionic equation : Ca++(aq) + CO32-(aq)

CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) white CaCO3(s)

Report
Tube No. Using 10ml each with a Concentration of: Comparative Volume of Precipitate Formed* Millimoles of Na2CO3 in 10ml of Solution Used Millimoles of CaCl2 in 10ml of Solution Used Calculated Millimoles of CaCO3 formed Theoretical yield of CaCO3 in grams

Na2CO3
1

CaCl2 1M 0.5 M 0.5 M 1M 0.1 M

1M 1M 0.5 M 0.5 M 0.5 M

Reference X cm

5. Decant the solution in the above test tubes and divide the decantate into two test tubes. -Add to the first test tube a few ml of 1M calcium chloride -Add to the second test tube a few ml of 1M sodium carbonate. Record your observations and conclusions in the table below.
Addition of Filtrate of tube 1 Ca2+ Filtrate of tube 2 Filtrate of tube 3 Filtrate of Filtrate of tube 4 tube 5

CO32-

Conclusion

6. How many millimoles of the following ions will be left over (if any) after the reaction in each tube? (assuming 100% reaction)
Millimoles of ions left Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4 Tube 5

Ca2+ CO32-