Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Horacio Torres-Snchez Profesor Titular UN Programa de Investigacin sobre Adquisiscin y Anlisis de Seales PAAS-UN Universidad Nacional de Colombia www.paas.unal.edu.co PRIMERA JORNADA TCNICA IEEE DEL ORIENTE COLOMBIANO- UIS Bucaramanga, Septiembre 2005
Respecto a los rayos se puede afirmar, sin lugar a dudas, que no existen medios para evitarlos ni sistemas de proteccin 100% eficaces, pero existen medidas para ejercer un control que ofrezca seguridad a las personas y a los equipos elctricos y electrnicos. Por tanto las precauciones de proteccin contra rayos apuntan hacia los efectos secundarios y a sus consecuencias. Es aqu donde una norma tcnica, basada en resultados de investigacin y conocimiento del entorno, juega un papel fundamental.
Normalizacin
134 pases firmantes: Cdigo de Buena Conducta para elaboracin, adopcin y aplicacin de Normas Tcnicas: Herramienta voluntaria que debe facilitar la comprensin y el intercambio tecnolgico de las partes involucradas
Pas
Australia Gran Bretaa Canad Colombia Francia Alemania Italia Holanda Nueva Zelanda Polonia Singapore Sur frica Suecia USA
Documento Fuente
AS 1768 BS 6651 ANSI / NFPA 780-1992 NTC-4552 2004 UTE C15-531 DIN 57185/VDE 0185 CEI 81-1 NEN 1014 NZS/AS 1768-1991 PN-55/E-05003 CP33-1985 SABS 03-1985 SS487 01 10 1978 IEEE C62.41 1991 / NFPA 780
Documento base
IEC NFPA, ANSI, IEEE NFPA 780, IEC IEC IEC IEC IEC IEC IEC NFPA, ANSI, IEEE
Antecedentes
TF C4.4.04 Lightning Location System Data for Engineering Applications (Convener: Gerhard Diendorfer, Austria, and Horacio Torres, Colombia) Characterization of lightning location systems (location accuracy, detection efficiency - stroke and flash-, reliability of peak current reports). It was concluded that different statistics would be desirable depending on the application or, for instance, on the geographical zone. The TF now has two groups dealing with lightning in temperate regions and in tropical regions, each led by responsible members.
12.01.2005 WG IEEE 1410 My preference would be to rely on the lightning ground flash density measurements, where they are available , and otherwise to use the observed total optical transient density from NASA (collected from 1995 to 2000), divided by a scale factor of 3 optical transients per ground flash. The optical transient density map can be found by searching for NASA lightning leading eventually http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/images/HRFC_AnnualFlashRate_cap.jpg This clearly shows the strong gradient reported by Horacio in Colombia, extending into Venezuela as well. The ratio of OTD to ground flashes has been found to vary across the continental USA but the variation is probably smaller than the relation of flash density to thunderstorm days. It would be excellent if everyone on the list could compare the annual optical transient density of the figure to their own local measurements and report their findings (ratio, variation in rato) to John McDaniel for tabulation. This would also help Kurt Bell (kbell@powereng.com) in the revision of the similar 1243 standard for transmission lines. I'll be at the "Insulator" meetings in Las Vegas the week after and won't be at the Distribution Committee meeting. Yours truly, Bill Chisholm
12.01.2005 WG IEEE 1410 Of course Bill. However the OTD or LIS data are not available in all countries, therefore the proposal to estimate the GFD from the Keraunic Level. The ratio of LIS data to ground flashes has been found across Colombia (see Figure A). However, for engineering purposes, it demands an especial analysis especially for design of lightning protection systems of structures.
Figure A. Left. Lightning activity map using LLS-Colombian data. Right. Lightning activity map using LIS data. Horacio Torres-Snchez
12.01.2005 WG IEEE 1410 Let me clarify that the original equations that Horacio refer to, as they appeared in page 14 of CIGRE Report # 172 read as follows: for which the difference between the estimated Ng values for mountainous regions in Brazil would be only 25% (not ten times) higher than in Mexico. At the time we prepared the referred CIGRE publication we also included a comparison for plain regions between South Africa and Mexico and came up with similar expressions which showed a correspondance within 7.5% in the Td range 10-100. I would thus support Horacio's note provided the above correction is applied. We would still be left with the task to continue improving Ground Flash Density estimates from lightning location and OTD systems (hopefully in a worldwide scale) and start presenting them in the guide as we arrive at reasonable estimates. Francisco de la Rosa
12.02.2005 WG IEEE 1410 Horacio, Thank you for the response. Especially as it is from outside of the US or Canada. It will give a little international flavor to the survey. As for the discussion in Vegas, not much was said about the different density equations. As all of the attendees were from the U.S. and almost all of them had data from the North American Lightning Detection network, they did not show much interest. Most of the discussion centered around Carlo Alberto's induced voltage research and how it might be applied. And fortunately Francisco De la Rosa was in attendance, which helped with the explanation. Francisco also explained the differences in the calculation of flash density based on geographic differences. I plan to have a more detailed discussion on the flash density calculations at the PES General meeting in June. John
Comit de Rayos Icontec Propuesta Plan de Accin 2005 2006 Plan: Armonizar Normas IEC 623051,2,3,4,5 Y NTC 4552-2004
Justificacin:
Las normas IEC 62305-1,2,3,4,fueron discutidas, aprobadas y entraron en vigencia en Junio de 2005. El comit Colombiano participo activamente en su discusin. El comit tcnico TC81 de la IEC en su reunin de octubre 2004 en Sel aprob una solicitud del comit colombiano en el sentido de considerar la ecuacin que la IEC recomienda y que relaciona la densidad de rayos a tierra con el nivel Cerunico valida solamente en zonas templadas (no en zonas tropicales).
Justificacin
El Comit de rayos del Icontec ha trabajado en la elaboracin de la NTC desde 1994 con base en resultados de investigacin propios de la regin tropical y actualmente tiene aprobada y en vigencia la NTC 4552-2004. Es pertinente que el Comit Tcnico colombiano armonice las normas IEC y las colombianas teniendo en cuenta el objetivo del comit IEC colombiano y la madurez de la norma colombiana basada en resultados de investigacin cientficamente confiables.
62305-5: Services
1. 2. Protection measures for telecommunication lines (* Nuevo tema del comite) Protection measures for power lines (* Nuevo tema del comit pero con resultados de investigacin en Colombia que deben ser incorporados: ISA, CODENSA, PAAS-UN) Protection measures for pipe lines (* Nuevo tema del comite pero con resultados de nvestigacin en Colombia que deben ser incorporados: ECOPETROL, BP, PAAS-UN)
3.
- 55 - 45 - 33 - 18 -7 15 30
_ _ ___ _ _ _ _ +++ +
Que es un rayo
+ + + -+ + - + ++ + + + + ++ +++ + ++ +++ + ____ _ __ + + + -+ + - + ++ + + + + ++ +++ + ++ +++ + ____ _ __
_ _ ___ _ _ _ _ +++ +
_ _ ___ _ _ _ _ +++ +
R + + + + +
Tipos de rayos
_ _ __ _ L L + + + + + + + L + _ L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
L _
R
+ + + + + L +
+ + +
+ +
_ _ _
Nube
Diariamente se presentan sobre la tierra cerca de ocho millones de rayos (100 rayos/segundo) desde 44.000 centros de tormenta.
Electromagntico a distancia
Nivel Cerunico Densidad de Descargas a Tierra Polaridad Multiplicidad Amplitud de la corriente de Retorno Forma de impulso de la corriente de retorno
NC - Francia
NC - USA
NC Colombia
12.0
BARRANQUILLA SABANALARGA
10.0
VENEZUELA
CHINU MONTERIA
Julio - Agosto
8.0
PANAMA
EL BAGRE
BUCARAMANGA
6.0 LATITUDE
PACIFIC OCEAN
MEDELLIN
QUIBDO
4.0
Vientos Alisios
CALI
2.0
0.0
ECUADOR BRAZIL
Enero - Febrero
-2.0
PERU
Medelln
Das Tormentosos - Ao
120 100 80 60 40 20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cali
Bogot Hora
31 30
Dias Tormntosos Ao
28 25 23 21 20
15 14
10
y = -2,5707x
2
+ 10197x - 1E+07
R = 0,9778
0 1980
A o
NC Polinomica
87 85
Dias Tormentosos Ao
84
85
y = 0,176x
- 698,12x + 692240
R 2 = 0,6164 80 75
72 70 69 68 65 68 66 64 64 63 64 63 67
60
59 57 56 54
55
55
50 1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
A o
NC Polinomica
105 105 94 87 80 81 73 61 78 78 76
107 99 93 78 92 78 66 53 68 62 57 55 88 81 74
75 70 65 55 45 35 25 60
64
y = -0,1536x + 608,9x - 603482 2 R = 0,5864 29 28 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Nivel Cerunico
Tendencia
A o
Correlacin DDT y NC
DIFERENCIA ERROR DIFERENCIA ERROR ECUACION PROMEDIO PROMEDIO PROMEDIO PROMEDIO COSTA COSTA MONTAA MONTAA 0.78 41% 0.56 41% COLOMBIA 10.61 1568% 7.14 651% CIGRE/IEEE/IEC 7.26 1065% 4.16 434% ERIKSSON
Correlacin DDT y NC
DDT = 0.024.NC DDT =0,030.NC
1.12
Mxico
1,12
Brazil Colombia
DDT =0,0017.NC1,56
Ng = 0,1Td (IEC)
In the case of tropical regions, the GFD may be estimated from the keraunic level using the results found in mountainous regions of Mexico, Brazil and Colombia as follows: Ng = 0.024 Td 1.12 Mxico Ng =0,030.Td 1,12 Brazil Ng =0,0017.Td1,56 Colombia Where Td is the number of thunderstorm days per year (the keraunic level)
Tiempo
Tiempo
80,0%
Probabilidad
60,0%
40,0%
20,0%
0,0% 1 10 100
POSITIVOS
NEGATIVOS
...hasta el presente la mayora de la informacin disponible sobre las caractersticas y magnitudes de los Rayos estn basadas en estudios llevados a cabo en zonas Semitropicales o Templadas, pero muy pocos en Zonas Tropicales
por razones de confiabilidad, economa y seguridad, es recomendable que la magnitud de los parmetros del Rayo, estimados regionalmente en Zonas Templadas (Normas internacionales), no sean directamente aplicados a Zonas Tropicales, sino los que se vienen encontrando por investigaciones locales y llevados a Normas nacionales e internacionales