%***************************************************************

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SECTORAL HORN: UNBOUNDED MEDIUM
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PROGRAM AUTHOR-- WILLIAM V. ANDREW
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
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TEMPE, ARIZONA 85287-7206
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(602) 965-5311
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DATE OF THIS VERSION-- Nov. 3, 1995
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This MATLAB M-file will produce the FDTD solution
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of a sectoral (2-D) Perfectly Electric Conducting
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(PEC) horn antenna excited by a sinusoidal voltage
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in a TEz computational domain. The computational
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domain is truncated with a Berenger Perfectly Matched
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Layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition whose depth
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in layers is set by the variable NPMLS. The PML is
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introduced to eliminate reflections from the grid
%
truncation and to simulate an outgoing traveling
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wave propagating in an unbounded medium. The M-file
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can also create a movie. For example, you can create
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a movie which is 70 frames long by taking a picture of
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the computational domain every 3rd time step.
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To execute this M-file, type ``te_horn'' at the
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MATLAB prompt. The file will save each frame of
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the movie and then write the entire movie to a file
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named ``te_horn.mat''.
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%
To play the movie at any time after it has been
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created and saved to file ``te_horn.mat'' just
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execute the following MATLAB commands:
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%
load te_horn.mat
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movie(M,n,fps)
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%
where n is the number of times to play the movie
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and fps is the number of frames per second.
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This M-file will not work with the Student edition
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of MATLAB due to the restrictions on array size.
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Therefore, this M-file will work only with the
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Professional edition of MATLAB. The movie which
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this file creates is approximately 10.6 Mbytes in

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size. Therefore, the available RAM memory or the
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swap space on whatever operating system must be
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large enough to accommodate a file this large.
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The horn is modeled by setting the necessary
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FDTD update equation coefficients to represent
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PEC material (sigma=infinity).
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The cell size of the space is:
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dx = 0.0025 meters
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The time step is:
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dt = 4.23e-12 seconds
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The frequency of excitation is:
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freq = 9.84252 GHz
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The wavelength is:
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lambda = 12*dx = 0.0305 meters
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The flare section of the horn is staircased. As
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modeled, the horn looks like:
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jc-7
jc+7
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|
|
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\ | /
\ | /
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\|/
\|/
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`
`
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ic+11
|_
_|
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ic+10
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|
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ic+9
|_
_|
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ic+8
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ic+7
|_
_|
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ic+6
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|
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ic+5
|_
_|
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ic+4
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ic+3 ------------> |_
_|
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ic+2
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|
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ic+1
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ic
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ic-1
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ic-2
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ic-3
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ic-4
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`|' <--- Ex Field
Component
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ic-5
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ic-6
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`-' <--- Ey Field
Component
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ic-7
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ic-8
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%
ic-9
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ic-10--------------> |_ _ _ _| <----- Excitation Plane
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ic-11
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ic-12
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ic-13---------------> |_ _ _ _|
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%
.
.
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/|\
/|\
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/ | \
/ | \
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|
|
%
jc-2
jc+2
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%***************************************************************
********
clear
REPEAT = input('How many times to repeat? ');
FPS
= input('Enter frames per second... ');
%***************************************************************
********
%
Initialize some constants
%***************************************************************
********
npmls=8;

% Depth of PML region in # of

nmax=210;

% Number of time steps

cells

ie=100;
ib=ie+1;
ic=ie/2-20;
ip=ie-npmls;
je=100;
jb=je+1;
jc=je/2;
jp=je-npmls;
pi=4.0*atan(1.0);
muo=4.0*pi*1.0e-7;
epso=8.854e-12;
co=1.0/sqrt(muo*epso);
aimp=sqrt(muo/epso);
freq=9.84252e+09;

%
%
%
%
%

Permeability of free space

Permittivity of free space
Speed of light in free space
Wave impedance in free space
Frequency of excitation

lambda=co/freq;
dx=lambda/12.0;
dt=dx/co/2.0;

% Wavelength of excitation
% FDTD cell size
% Time step size

%***************************************************************
********
%
.... Set up the Berenger PML ABC material constants ....
%***************************************************************
********
sigmax=-3.0*epso*co*log(1e-5)/(2.0*dx*npmls);
rhomax=sigmax*(aimp^2);
for m=1:npmls;
sig(m)=sigmax*((m-0.5)/(npmls+0.5))^2;
rho(m)=rhomax*(m/(npmls+0.5))^2;
end;
%***************************************************************
********
%
.... Set up constants needed in the FDTD equations for the
....
%
.... Berenger PML ABCs (exponential difference
expressions)....
%***************************************************************
********
for m=1:npmls;
re=sig(m)*dt/epso;
rm=rho(m)*dt/muo;
ca(m)=exp(-re);
cb(m)=-(exp(-re)-1.0)/sig(m)/dx;
da(m)=exp(-rm);
db(m)=-(exp(-rm)-1.0)/rho(m)/dx;
end;
%***************************************************************
********
%
Initialize all of the matrices for the field components HZ,
HZX,
%
HZY, EX, EY, CAEX, CAEY, DAHZX, DAHZY, CBEX, CBEY, DBHZX,
and DBHZY.
%***************************************************************
********
for i=1:ie;
for j=1:jb;

ex(i,j)=0.0;
caex(i,j)=1.0;
cbex(i,j)=dt/epso/dx;
end;
end;
for i=1:ib;
for j=1:je;
ey(i,j)=0.0;
caey(i,j)=1.0;
cbey(i,j)=dt/epso/dx;
end;
end;
for i=1:ie;
for j=1:je;
hz(i,j)=0.0;
hzx(i,j)=0.0;
dahzx(i,j)=1.0;
dbhzx(i,j)=dt/muo/dx;
hzy(i,j)=0.0;
dahzy(i,j)=1.0;
dbhzy(i,j)=dt/muo/dx;
end;
end;

% Free space
% Free space

% Free space
% Free space

% Free space
% Free space
% Free space
% Free space

%***************************************************************
****
%
Initialize all of the matrices for the Berenger PML
absorbing
%
boundaries.
%***************************************************************
****
%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Ex Fields
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
%

..... Left and Right PML Regions .....

for i=2:ie;
for j=2:npmls+1;
m=npmls+2-j;
caex(i,j)=ca(m);
cbex(i,j)=cb(m);
end;
for j=jp+1:je;
m=j-jp;

caex(i,j)=ca(m);
cbex(i,j)=cb(m);
end;
end;
%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Ey Fields
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
%

..... Back and Front PML Regions .....

for j=2:je;
for i=2:npmls+1;
m=npmls+2-i;
caey(i,j)=ca(m);
cbey(i,j)=cb(m);
end;
for i=ip+1:ie;
m=i-ip;
caey(i,j)=ca(m);
cbey(i,j)=cb(m);
end;
end;

%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Hz Fields
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
%

..... Left and Right PML Regions .....

for i=2:ie;
for j=1:npmls;
m=npmls+1-j;
dahzy(i,j)=da(m);
dbhzy(i,j)=db(m);
end;
for j=jp+1:je;
m=j-jp;
dahzy(i,j)=da(m);
dbhzy(i,j)=db(m);
end;
end;

..... Front and Back PML Regions .....

for j=2:je;
for i=1:npmls;
m=npmls+1-i;
dahzx(i,j)=da(m);

dbhzx(i,j)=db(m);
end;
for i=ip+1:ie;
m=i-ip;
dahzx(i,j)=da(m);
dbhzx(i,j)=db(m);
end;
end;
%***************************************************************
********
%
..... Material coefficients PEC of horn antenna .....
%***************************************************************
********
for i=ic-13:ic+2;
caex(i,jc-2)=-1.0;
cbex(i,jc-2)= 0.0;
caex(i,jc+2)=-1.0;
cbex(i,jc+2)= 0.0;
end;
caex(ic+3,jc-3)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+3,jc-3)= 0.0;
caex(ic+3,jc+3)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+3,jc+3)= 0.0;
caex(ic+4,jc-3)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+4,jc-3)= 0.0;
caex(ic+4,jc+3)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+4,jc+3)= 0.0;
caex(ic+5,jc-4)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+5,jc-4)= 0.0;
caex(ic+5,jc+4)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+5,jc+4)= 0.0;
caex(ic+6,jc-4)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+6,jc-4)= 0.0;
caex(ic+6,jc+4)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+6,jc+4)= 0.0;
caex(ic+7,jc-5)=-1.0;

cbex(ic+7,jc-5)= 0.0;
caex(ic+7,jc+5)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+7,jc+5)= 0.0;
caex(ic+8,jc-5)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+8,jc-5)= 0.0;
caex(ic+8,jc+5)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+8,jc+5)= 0.0;
caex(ic+9,jc-6)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+9,jc-6)= 0.0;
caex(ic+9,jc+6)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+9,jc+6)= 0.0;
caex(ic+10,jc-6)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+10,jc-6)= 0.0;
caex(ic+10,jc+6)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+10,jc+6)= 0.0;
caex(ic+11,jc-7)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+11,jc-7)= 0.0;
caex(ic+11,jc+7)=-1.0;
cbex(ic+11,jc+7)= 0.0;
for j=jc-2:jc+1;
caey(ic-13,j)=-1.0;
cbey(ic-13,j)= 0.0;
end;
caey(ic+3,jc-3)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+3,jc-3)= 0.0;
caey(ic+3,jc+2)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+3,jc+2)= 0.0;
caey(ic+5,jc-4)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+5,jc-4)= 0.0;
caey(ic+5,jc+3)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+5,jc+3)= 0.0;
caey(ic+7,jc-5)=-1.0;

cbey(ic+7,jc-5)= 0.0;
caey(ic+7,jc+4)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+7,jc+4)= 0.0;
caey(ic+9,jc-6)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+9,jc-6)= 0.0;
caey(ic+9,jc+5)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+9,jc+5)= 0.0;
caey(ic+11,jc-7)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+11,jc-7)= 0.0;
caey(ic+11,jc+6)=-1.0;
cbey(ic+11,jc+6)= 0.0;
%***************************************************************
********
%
.....TIME-STEPPING LOOP.....
%***************************************************************
********
for n=1:nmax;
%***************************************************************
********
%
.....EX FIELD UPDATE.....
%***************************************************************
********
ex(1:ie,2:je)=caex(1:ie,2:je).*ex(1:ie,2:je)+...
cbex(1:ie,2:je).*(hz(1:ie,2:je)-hz(1:ie,1:je-1));
%***************************************************************
********
%
.....EY FIELD UPDATE.....
%***************************************************************
********
ey(2:ie,1:je)=caey(2:ie,1:je).*ey(2:ie,1:je)+...
cbey(2:ie,1:je).*(hz(1:ie-1,1:je)-hz(2:ie,1:je));
%***************************************************************
********
%
..... Hard Source ramped sinusoidal excitation .....

%***************************************************************
********
for j=jc-2:jc+1;
ey(ic-10,j)=(1.0-exp(-((n/20.0)^2)))*...
aimp*sin(2.0*pi*freq*n*dt);
end;
%***************************************************************
********
%
.....HZ FIELD UPDATE.....
%***************************************************************
********
hzx(1:ie,1:je)=dahzx(1:ie,1:je).*hzx(1:ie,1:je)+...
dbhzx(1:ie,1:je).*(ey(1:ie,1:je)-ey(2:ib,1:je));
hzy(1:ie,1:je)=dahzy(1:ie,1:je).*hzy(1:ie,1:je)+...
dbhzy(1:ie,1:je).*(ex(1:ie,2:jb)-ex(1:ie,1:je));
hz(1:ie,1:je)=hzx(1:ie,1:je)+hzy(1:ie,1:je);
%***************************************************************
********
%
.....Create the movie frame by frame.....
%
.....Take a frame every 3rd time step.....
%***************************************************************
********
if rem(n,3)==0;
s=int2str(n);
n2=n/3;
clf;
pcolor(log10(abs(ey+0.000001)));
axis([0 100 0 100]);
caxis([-6 3]);
shading interp;
if n==3;
M=moviein(70);
end;
t2=['TEz 2D Horn Antenna. Time step #',s];
title(t2);
hold;
M(:,n2)=getframe;
end;

%***************************************************************
********
%
End time step loop
%***************************************************************
********
end;
%***************************************************************
********
%
Save the movie to file ``te_horn.mat''
%***************************************************************
********
save te_horn M;
%***************************************************************
********
%
Replay the movie 5 times at 7 frames per second
%***************************************************************
********
movie(M,REPEAT,FPS)
OUTPUT:
How many times to repeat? 3
Enter frames per second... 1
Current plot held
Current plot held
Current plot held