1 GPRS Principles

1
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Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
GPRS Principles
Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Foreword
GPRS principle is the basic part of the whole GPRS system
and the succeeding products learning.
This slide will help us to understand the GPRS system
networking and wireless subsystem etc.
2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the GPRS system structure
Describe the GPRS important interfaces
Understand the GPRS channel structures
Master the GPRS relevant numbering
Contents
1. GPRS System Overview
2. GPRS Architecture
3. GPRS Network Interfaces & Protocols
4. GPRS Wireless Subsystem
5. GPRS Location Area
3
Circuit Switch (CS)
CS
F
CS
CS
CS
CS
A
B
C
D
E
G
H
I
J
K
L
Packet Switch (PS)
PS
PS
PS PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS PS
PS
PS
A
C
B
D
4
GSM Development Evolution
GSM 9.6 Kb/s
GPRS
21.4 Kb/s
EGPRS
59.2 Kb/s
384 Kb/s UMTS
2 G
2.5 G
2.75 G
3 G
HSCSD
14.4 Kb/s
ECSD
38.8 Kb/s
CS
PS
EDGE
What is GPRS and EDGE?
Abbreviation of General Packet Radio Service.
GPRS is an end-to-end packet switching technology
provided on the basis of GSM technology.
It has much interactive services with the existing GSM
circuit switching system.
GPRS supports wireless access rate of up to 171.2Kbps.
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS)
EGPRS supports wireless access rate of up to 473.6Kbps.
ECSD (Enhanced CSD, Enhanced HSCSD-High Speed Circuit
Switched Data)
5
GPRS&EDGE Coding Rate
8PSK GMSK
9.05
13.4
15.6
21.4
8.8
11.2
14.8
17.6
22.4
29.6
44.8
54.4
59.2
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
CS-1 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
Kbps
GPRS
EGPRS
CS-2
Adjustments to GSM Network
BSS
CS Core
Network
A
PS Core
Network
PCU
BSS NSS
Gb
Pb
Gs
6
Most Popular GPRS Applications
E-mail
Web Browsing
Information Services
Moving Images
Still Images
Remote LAN Access
File Transfer
Job Despatch
Traffic Information
Sport Report
Weather Forecast
Stock Market
Public
Information
Service
Email
Web Browsing
Still Images
File Transfer
Moving Bank
Live News
Personal
Information
Service
Advantages and Disadvantages of
GPRS
Advantages
Share resource with GSM
High resource utilization
Fast transmission rate
Always on line
Short access time
Disadvantages
Slower data rates in practice than anticipated in theory
Suboptimal modulation technique
7
Contents
CS & PS Logic Structure
HLR
AUC
GPRS
Register
MSC/VLR
BSC
Abis
D
C
CS
GMSC
PSTN
B
T
S
BSS
CN
E
A
PS
Gs
SGSN
GGSN
Gb
Gn
Gc
Gr
Gi
Internet
G-Abis
Pb
PCU
TRAU
8
Gf
Gi Gn
Gc
Gp
Gs
MSC/VLR
Gr
SGSN
Gd
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
GGSN
EIR
SGSN
Gn
GPRS
Backbone
ATM/DDN/ISDN/Ethernet, etc
CN CN--PS PS
GGSN
Gi
CG
GPRS System Structure
Gb
SS7
HLR
Ga
Intranet/Internet
Firewall
RADIUS
WAP Gateway
Other PLMN
BTS
BSC
BSS BSS
Abis
PCU
Gb
BTS
BSC
BSS BSS
Abis
PCU
X.25
DNS BG
MS
MS
GPRS MS
Class A
The MS is attached to both GPRS and other GSM services and the
MS supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and other GSM
services.
Class B
The MS is attached on GPRS network and GSM network
simultaneously but not enabling circuit switching and packet switching
services at the same time.
services are selected automatically.
Class C
The MS is attached to either GPRS or other GSM services. Alternate
use only.
services are selected manually or default selected service.
9
Functions of PCU (Packet Control Unit)
Packet wireless resource management function (RLC/MAC
protocol function)
Wireless resource management functions of GPRS BSS
Circuit paging coordination
G-Abis interface processing function
Function related with GPRS BTS
Functions of PCU (Packet Control Unit)
Pb interface processing function
LAPD link between BSC and PCU
Layer-3 signaling between BSC and PCU
Gb interface processing function
Data packet relay on wireless interface and Gb interface
Mobility management (cell updating procedure)
Downlink traffic control (wireless QoS guarantee)
10
PCU6000
External PCU & Built-in PCU
1+ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2+ 25 26 27
G
O
!
U
A
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A
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C
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X
G
G
C
U
G
G
C
U
0 1 2 3 + 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
GONU GONU
BSC6000
Functions of Built-in PCU
Provides physical and logical data interface out of the BSS
for packet data traffic
Packet data transfer scheduling
Packet channel management function
Packet system messages
11
Features of Built-In PCU
Large capacity and high integration
A single processing board (GDPUP) supports up to 1024
MCS-9 channels
The Gb interface supports a transmission capacity of 512
Mbps between the PCU and the SGSN
BSC6000 supports up to 8192 activated PDCHs(MCS-9)
Simple configuration and operation
The board is built in the BSC6000 and no need for additional
PCU frame
The Gb interface supports both frame relay (FR) and IP
network, delivering the high compatibility
O&M such as performance statistics, alarms, logs, and
message tracing are consistent with the operations on the
existing BSC
12
Resource sharing in a reliable and stable way
The packet service processing board works in the resource
pool mode
Supports the SGSN resource pool, ensuring the stability of
services
Introduction of the Boards
F
G
2
a
IP route transmitting
protocol function
8FE ports or 2GE ports
Support IP over FE/GE
P
E
U
a
Supply HDLC over
E1/T1
Support 32 E1/T1
G
F
G
U
G
G
E
P
U
G
D
P
U
d
Support 48 packet
channel every DSP
G
D
P
U
P
Traffic
Processing
Board
Gb Interface
Board
13
GDPUP
GDPUP (GSM Data Processing Unit for PS
service):
According to the actual situations, the GDPUP can
be configured at slots 03, 813 or 1427 in the BM
subrack
The GDPUP delivers the PS processing function and
works in resource pool mode
PS data transmission and link management
BSSGP data transmission
Call state management
Packet resource allocation
GEPUG
The GEPUG is the Gb interface board of the
GDPUP. The GEPUG provides 32 E1 lines with
the SGSN by frame relay and supports
transmission capacity of up to 64 Mbps
14
GFGUG
The GFGUG is the IP Gb interface board of the
GDPUP. The GFGUG provides 8 FE
connections (100 Mbit/s) and 2 GE connections
(1000 Mbit/s) with the SGSN, and supports
transmission capacity of up to 128 Mbps
New Functions of the GXPUM
GXPUM can be configured at slots 01 in the
GMPS/GEPS subrack and there are 4 built-in CPUs on
the GXPUM board for core services
System PS domain resource management and channel
allocation message management
Gb interface state management, routing information
delivery and BVC management
Data transmission and link management on the NS-layer
signaling plane at the Gb interface
G X P U
P A R C
R U N
A L M
A C T
10/100/1000B
A
S
E
-T
A C T
L I N K
0
1
2
3
15
Built-In PCU Specifications
Items for PCU configured quantities
GDPUP boards for full configuration 8+1=9pcs
GEPUG/GFGUG boards for full configuration 8 pairs
Maximum number of activated PDCHs supported by each
GDPUP
1024pcs
Maximum number of activated PDCHs supported by each
GDPUP
1024pcs
Maximum throughput at the Gb interface
512M
Configuration Examples
Base on the 2048 TRX of Huawei BSC6000 maximal
configuration
If GPRS channel in the all of channel is 10%, the PS
channel number is 1639
GDPUP = 1639/1024=1.62 and 2+1=3 for N+1
In case of 1000 PDCHs are CS-2, the Gb interface speed of
every PS channel is 13.4kbit/s; 639 PDCHs are MSC-9, the
Gb interface speed of every PS channel is 59.2kbit/s
16
Configuration Examples
Throughput of Gb = 1639
13.4kbit/s1000/1639+59.2kbit/s639/1639)=
51.23Mbit/s
E1 number = 51.23Mbit/s / 2.048Mbit/s 26
GEPUG or GFGUG on Gb interface
GEPUG board number = 51.23Mbit/s / 64Mbit/s 1
1+1=2 for N+1
Typical Configuration
The BSC configuration shown in the figure supports 512
full-rate/half-rate TRXs
BM Subrack a
17
Functions of SGSN (Serving GPRS
Support Node)
Packet routing
MS Session management
Authentication and Ciphering
Mobility management
Billing information collection
Functions of GGSN (Gateway
GPRS Support Node)
Interface between GPRS backbone and external PDNs.
PDP Conversion and context management
IP address assignment management
Packet routing to/from SGSNs
Billing information collection
18
Functions of CG (Charging
Gateway)
Real-time collection of GPRS bills
Temporary storage and buffering of GPRS bills
Pre-processing of GPRS bills
Sending GPRS bills to the billing center
Functions of MSC/VLR
When Gs interface is installed, MSC/VLR can support
Establishment and maintenance of the association between
SGSN and MSC/VLR.
GPRS combined mobility management procedure.
Combined IMSI/GPRS attachment/detachment.
Combined location area/routing area updating.
Circuit paging coordination function.
The wireless resource usage can be greatly improved.
19
Functions of HLR/AUC
Saving and updating GPRS subscriber subscription data
User authentication
Providing location/routing information and processing
needed in mobility management and routing, for example:
Saving and updating user service SGSN number and address
GPRS user location deletion indication
Whether MS is reachable.
Subscriber tracing (optional)
Contents
20
Contents
3.1 Interface and Protocol Stack
3.2 Um Interface
Network interface types
0PR3 oac|oore
relWor|
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
0r
lP |rlerlace
33Z |rlerlace
833 V3C
3V3-
0V3C
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P0P relWor|
(lP/X.25)
0|
TE
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H8
lLR
0s
0r
0d
0c
0o
21
Interface in GPRS Network
Interface Description
R
The reference point between the Mobile Terminal (MT) (for example, mobile
phone)
and the Terminal Equipment (TE) (for example, the portable computer).
Um The interface between MS and GPRS network side
Gb The interface between the SGSN and BSS.
Gc The interface between the GGSN and HLR (optional).
Gd
The interface between SMS and GMSC
The interface between SMS-IWMSC and SGSN
Gi The reference point between the GPRS and external packet data
Gn The interface between SGSNs and between SGSN and GGSN in the PLMN.
Gp The interface between GSNs of different PLMNs.
Gr The interface between the SGSN and HLR.
Gs The interface between the SGSN and MSC/VLR (optional).
Gf The interface between the SGSN and EIR (optional).
Data transmission plane
MAC: Media Access Control
RLC: Radio Link Control
LLC: Logical Link Control
BSSGP: BSS GPRS Protocol
SNDCP: Sub-Network Dependency Convergence Protocol
GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol
App||cat|on
|P|X.25 |P|X.25 |P|X.25
8N06P
0TP
LL6 LL6 U0P|T6P U0P|T6P
RL6 88CP 88CP |P |P
HA6
HA6
Network
8erv|ce
Network
8erv|ce
L2 L2
L2 (HA6}
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
V3 833 303N 003N
re|ay
re|ay
8N06P 0TP
ur 0o 0r 0|
RL6
22
MS-SGSN signaling plane
GMM: GPRS Mobility Management
SM: Session Management
H8 88 8C8N
88CP
CHH|8H
LL6
RL6
HA6
C8H RF
CHH|8H
LL6
88CP
L1b|s
ur 0o
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8erv|ce
RL6
HA6
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Network
8erv|ce
Re|ay
re|ay
Contents
3.1 Interface and Protocol Stack
3.2 Um Interface
23
Protocol Layer of Um Interface
GMM (GPRS Mobility Management): operates in the signalling
plane of GPRS supports mobility management functionality.
SM (Session Management): processes procedure that GPRS
MS connects to the external data network.
SNDCP (Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol):
Multiplexing of several PDPs, compression / decompression
and Segmentation of user data.
LLC (Logical Link Control ): This layer provides a highly
reliable ciphered logical link between an MS and its SGSN.
RLC:Segmentation and re-assembly between LLC PDUs and
RLC blocks.
MAC: defines the procedures that enable multiple mobile
stations to share a common transmission medium.
LLC
RLC
MAC
RF
Physical Link
S
N
D
C
P
S
M
S
G
M
M
/
S
M
RLC/MAC Block Generation
RLC/VAC o|oc|
3uoscr|oer dala RLC/VAC read LLC read 3N0CP read LLC FC3
LLC lrare
3uoscr|oer lP pac|el (N-P0u)
3N0CP P0u(3N-P0u)
NelWor| Layer
3N0CP Layer
LLC Layer
RLC/VAC Layer
24
Contents
Contents
4.1 Packet Channels
4.2 Medium Access Modes
4.3 MS Multi-TS Ability
4.4 Power Control
4.5 Network Control Modes
25
Physical Channel
The same as in GSM
The same frequency
The modulation mode
The same TDMA frame definition
The same burst pulse definition

The differences between GPRS and GSM
The Multi-frame structure
The channel coding

App||cal|or
lP/X25
3N0CP
LLC
RLC
RLC
8330P
VAC VAC
Frare
re|ay
Phys|ca|
Layer
Phys|ca|
Layer
Prys|ca|
Layer
V3 833
Re|ay
Packet Logic Channels
The specific type of PDCH (except PRACH) is determined by
RLC/MAC head and RLC/MAC control message type.
TCH
BCCH
PCH, RACH, AGCH,NCH
Packet service channel
PACCH
Packet Logic Channel
Packet control channel
PBCCH
PPCH PRACH PAGCH
PCCCH
PDCCH
PDTCH/U PDTCH/D
PNCH
PTCCH/U PTCCH/D
SACCH
26
Channel Abbreviation
Packet Data Traffic CHannel Uplink - PDTCH/U
Packet Data Traffic CHannel Downlink - PDTCH/D
Packet Broadcast Control CHannel - PBCCH
Packet Common Control CHannel - PCCCH
Packet Dedicated Control Channel - PDCCH
Packet Paging CHannel - PPCH
Packet Random Access CHannel - PRACH
Packet Access Grant CHannel - PAGCH
Packet Notification CHannel - PNCH
Packet Associated Control CHannel - PACCH
Packet Timing advance Control CHannel Uplink - PTCCH/U
Packet Timing advance Control CHannel Downlink -
PTCCH/D
PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic CHannel)
All packet data traffic channels are
uni-directional.
Uplink (PDTCH/U) for a mobile
originated packet transfer.
Downlink (PDTCH/D) for a mobile
terminated packet transfer.
Packet service channel
PDTCH/U PDTCH/D
27
PBCCH (Packet Broadcast Control
CHannel)
The PBCCH broadcasts parameters
used by the MS to access the network for
packet transmission operation.
The PBCCH also carries the information
transmitted via the BCCH to allow circuit
switching operation.
The MS in GPRS attached mode monitors
the PBCCH only, if PBCCH is available,
otherwise, the BCCH shall be used to
broadcast information for packet operation.
The existence of the PBCCH in the cell is
indicated on the BCCH via SI13.
Packet control channel
PBCCH
PCCCH (Packet Common Control
CHannel)
PPCH
Downlink only, used to page MS.
PRACH
Uplink only, used to request allocation of one or
several PDTCH/Us or PDTCH/Ds.
PAGCH
Downlink only, used to allocate one or several
PDTCHs.
PNCH
Downlink only, used to notify MS of PTM-M call.
If no PCCCH is allocated, the information for
packet switching operation is transmitted on the
CCCH. If a PCCCH is allocated, it may transmit
information for circuit switching operation.
PPCH PRACH PAGCH
PCCCH
PNCH
28
PDCCH (Packet Dedicated Control
Channels)
PACCH
Bi-directional, used to transmit the packet
signaling in data transmission.
PTCCH/U
Used to transmit random access bursts to
allow estimation of the timing advance for
one MS in packet transfer mode.
PTCCH/D
Used to transmit timing advance updates for
several MS. One PTCCH/D is paired with
several PTCCH/U's.
PACCH
PDCCH
PTCCH/U PTCCH/D
Combinations of Packet Logic
Channel
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS
and circuit services share the same
BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this
case, only combination mode 3 is
needed in the cell.
With the increase of traffic, the
packet public channel should be
configured in the cell. Channel
combination mode 1 and mode 2
should be adopted.
Mode 4: PBCCH+PCCCH
(PCCCH=PPCH+PRACH+PAGCH+PNCH
29
Packet Wireless Channel
Configurations
Reason of adopting static PDCH
To enable that GPRS MS is constantly online in the cell.
To ensure certain QoS of GPRS services.
Reason of adopting dynamic PDCH
GPRS and GSM share wireless resources.
Wireless resources should be adopted in priority; on the other hand,
QoS of voice services should be ensured.
In a cell, the percentage of packet switching services and the
percentage of circuit switching services are constantly changing.
Dynamic PDCH is not visible for voice services.
Packet Wireless Channel
Configurations
General principles
The cell should be configured with static PDCH to enable MS to
be normally attached on GPRS network as well as certain QoS of
GPRS services.
Dynamic PDCH should be configured according to the GPRS
traffic forecast, which should be adjusted as TCH or PDCH usable
in the operation process according to the cell traffic status.
Circuit switching services can seize the channel used by GPRS
services.
30
Mapping of Packet Logic Channel
A radio block is a 4-normal-burst sequence that carries a
RLC/MAC PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
I = Idle frame
T = Frame used for PTCCH
B0 ~ B11 = Radio blocks
51 25 0
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 T I T I
456 bits
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 TDMA frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mapping of Packet Logic Channel
51
4
3
5
6
7
0
1
2 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 T I T I
50 0
BCCH
PDCH
TCH
S B B B B C C C C F SCCC C C C C C F S C C CCC C C C F S C C C C C CC C F S C C C C C C C C
I
T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I T
F
25
25 12
31
Transmission Principle of Data Packet
on Um Interface
3uoscr|oer dala RLC/VAC read LLC read 3N0CP read
3uoscr|oer lP pac|el
LLC FC3
3N0CP P0u
LLC P0u
RLC/VAC o|oc|
Prys|ca| |ayer
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 T I T I
NB NB NB NB
Allocation of Wireless Packet
Resources
Wireless resource allocation and wireless transmission adopt the wireless block
(BLOCK) as the basic unit.
Each PDCH can be used by several MSs; each MS can use multiple PDCHs at the
same time.
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B1
0
B11 B0
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B1
0
B11 B0
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B0
MS3 MS2
TS 0
TS 1
TS 2
MS1
32
Basic Conceptions about Radio Block
USF(Uplink State Flag) is sent in all downlink
RLC/MAC blocks and indicates the owner or use
of the next uplink Radio block on the same
timeslot.
The USF field is three bits in length
USF=1
USF=2
USF=3
USF=4
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
Basic Conceptions about Radio Block
TBF (Temporary Block Flow)
A Temporary Block Flow (TBF) is a physical connection used by the
two RR entitiesthe RR entity of the MS and that of the BSSto
support the unidirectional transfer of LLC PDUs on packet data
physical channels.
A TBF is temporary and is maintained only for the duration of the data
transfer.
TFI (Temporary Flow Identity)
Each TBF is assigned a Temporary Flow Identity (TFI) by the network.
The TFI field is five bits in length.
33
Contents
4.1 Packet Channels
4.4 Power Control
Medium Access Modes
Uplink resource allocation mode
Dynamic allocation (supported by all MSs and all networks)
The mobile station detecting an assigned USF value for each assigned PDCH and
block or group of four blocks that it is allowed to transmit on that PDCH.
Fixed allocation (supported by all MSs and all networks)
Fixed bit mapping is adopted to determine the allocated blocks in the allocation period
without an assigned USF.
Extended dynamic allocation (optional for the network)
The mobile station detecting an assigned USF value for any assigned PDCH allowing
the mobile station to transmit on that PDCH and all higher numbered assigned
PDCHs in the same block or group of four blocks.
Downlink resource allocation mode
Dynamic allocation and fixed allocation.
34
Contents
4.1 Packet Channels
4.4 Power Control
MS Multi-TS Ability
Concept of MS multi-TS ability
Types
Type 1: Non-simultaneous TRX
Type 2: Simultaneous TRX
the multi-TS ability level is 1-29; the bigger the level, the stronger the
multi-TS ability.
1~12 (Type 1),up to 4 timeslots in any direction
13~18 (Type 2),ranges between 3~8 timeslots
19~29 (Type 1)
BSS allocates resources according to the MS multi-TS ability,
requested QoS and current resource configuration.
35
Contents
4.1 Packet Channels
4.4 Power Control
Power Control
Power control can improve the spectrum usage and system
capacity as well as reduce MS power consumption.
As there is no continuous bi-directional connection in the packet
data transmission process, GPRS power control is very
complicated.
Uplink power control includes open-loop and close-loop power
control.
About downlink power control, there is no specific definition in
protocol. It lies on the BTS and its algorithm needs information
about downlink, so downlink power control needs MS sends
channel quality reports to BTS.
36
Contents
4.1 Packet Channels
4.4 Power Control
Network Control Modes
During the network controlled cell re-selection, the network
may request measurement reports from the MS and control
its cell re-selection. Hence, three types of mode are defined
as follows:
NC0: Normal MS controls
NC1: MS control with measurement reports
NC2: Network control
The network subsystem must support NC0 and should
gradually support NC1 and NC2.
37
Network Control Modes
MS
NC0 NC1
NC2
The MS shall perform autonomous cell re-selection
MS
The MS shall performautonomous cell re-selection
The MS shall send
measurement reports
to the network
MS
BTS
MR
Cell re-selection
command
The MS shall not
perform autonomous cell
re-selection
Contents
38
Relationship among Location
Areas
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
RA1
RA2
CELL
CELL
RA3
CELL
CELL
CELL
SGSN1
SGSN2
BSC1
BSC2
BSC3
LA1 LA2
Summary
GPRS System Overview
GPRS Architecture
GPRS Network Interfaces & Protocols
GPRS Wireless Subsystem
GPRS Location Area
39
Thank you
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1 GPRS Principles

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