Contents 1.Abstarct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 2.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 3.Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 4.The Idea of Sonofusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 5.Experi ental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 !."asic #e$uire ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0! %.Sonofusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0% %.

1 Action of &accu pu p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0% %.2 Action of 'a&e (enerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0% %.3 Action of )e'tron (enerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0* %.4 Action in flas+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0* *.,usion #eaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -.Sehe atic of Sonolu inescene . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . ..12 -.1 Se$uence of E&ents durin. Sonofusion . . . . . . 13 -.2 The E&olution of li$id pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14 10.Seperation of /euteriu fro ordinar0 h0dro.en . 15 11.1ther Approaches of fusion #eaction . . . . . . . . . . 15 11.1 2aser bea Techni$ue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% 11.2 3a.netic 4onfine ent fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% 12.E&edence To support nuclear fusion . . . . . . . . .. . 1* 13.Ad&anta.es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1* 14.Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.,uture /e&elop ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..20 1!.conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..21 1%.#eference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

1. Abstract
The standard of li&in. in a societ0 is easured b0 the a ount of ener.0 consu ed. In the present scenario 'here the con&entional fuels are .ettin. depleted at a &er0 fast rate the current ener.0 reser&es are not expected to last for ore than 100 0ears. I pro&in. the harnessin. efficienc0 of non5con&entional ener.0 sources li+e solar6 'ind etc. as a substitute for the con&entional sources is under research. 7ith the stead0 .ro'th of 'orld population and 'ith econo ic pro.ress in de&elopin. countries6 a&era.e electricit0 consu ption per person has increased si.nificantl0. There fore see+in. ne' sources of ener.0 isn8t 9ust i portant6 it is necessar0. So for ore than half a centur06 ther onuclear fusion 1 .ra of deuteriu 6 an has held out the pro ise of cheap clean and &irtuall0 li itless ener.0. :nleashed throu.h a fusion reactor of so e sort6 the ener.0 fro .asoline. /euteriu isotope of h0dro.en6 'ould be e$ui&alent to that produced b0 burnin. %000 liters of is abundant in ocean 'ater6 and one cubic +ilo eter of sea'ater could6 in principle6 suppl0 all the 'orld8s ener.0 needs for se&eral hundred 0ears.

2.INTRODUCTION
The standard of li&in. in a societ0 is easured b0 the a ount of ener.0 consu ed. In the present scenario 'here the con&entional fuels are .ettin. depleted at a &er0 fast rate the current ener.0 reser&es are not expected to last for ore than 100 0ears. I pro&in. the harnessin. efficienc0 of non5con&entional ener.0 sources li+e solar6 'ind etc. as a substitute for the con&entional sources is under research. 1ne of the con&entional ethods of producin. bul+ ener.0 is nuclear

po'er. There are t'o t0pes of nuclear reactions6 na el0 fission ; fusion. The0 are acco panied b0 the .eneration of enor ous $uantit0 of ener.0. The ener.0 co es fro a inute fraction of the ori.inal ass con&ertin. accordin. to Einstein8s is the ass and c is the speed of is split b0 neutrons fa ous la'< E= c26 'here E represents ener.06

li.ht. In fission reaction6 certain hea&0 ato s6 such as uraniu

releasin. hu.e a ount of ener.0. It also results in 'aste products of radioacti&e ele ents that ta+e thousands of 0ears to deca0. The fusion reactions6 in 'hich si ple 2

ato ic nuclei are fused to.ether to for ther onuclear reactions. The 'hich h0dro.en isotopes fuse to for

co plex nuclei6 are also referred to as

ore i portant of these fusion reactions are those in heliu . The Sun8s ener.0 is ulti atel0 due to the fusion plants 'ould be ore

.i.antic ther onuclear reaction.The 'aste products fro ener.0 than fission but the ain proble

short li&ed6 deca0in. to non5dan.erous le&els in a decade or t'o. It produces at osphere of &er0 hi.h te perature and pressure li+e that in the Sun.

of fusion reaction is to create an

A ne' step that has de&eloped in this field is >"ubble Po'er85the re&olutionar0 ne' ener.0 source. It is 'or+in. under the principle of Sonofusion. ,or se&eral 0ears Sonofusion research tea fro &arious or.ani?ations ha&e 9oined @A,TE4A to a related pheno enon forces to create Acoustic ,usion Technolo.0 Ener.0 4onsortiu pro ote the de&elop ent of sonofusion. It 'as deri&ed fro 'a&es that can a+e h0dro.en nuclei fuse and

+no'n as sonolu inescence. Sonofusion in&ol&es tin0 bubbles i ploded b0 sound a0 one da0 beco e a re&olutionar0 ne' ener.0 source.

3.Principle
7hen a .as bubble in a li$uid is excited b0 ultrasonic acoustic 'a&es it can e it short flashes of li.ht su..esti&e of extre e te peratures inside the bubble. These flashes of li.ht +no'n as sonolu inescence6 occur as the bubble i plode or ca&itates. It is sho' that che ical reactions occur durin. ca&itations of a sin.le6 isolated bubble and 0ield of photons6 radicals and ions for ed. That is .as bubbles in a li$uid can con&ert sound ener.0 in to li.ht. Sonolu inescence also called sin.le5bubble sonolu inescence in&ol&es a sin.le .as bubble that is trapped inside the flas+ b0 a pressure field. ,or this loud spea+ers are used to create pressure 'a&es and for bubbles naturall0 occurrin. .as bubbles are used. These bubbles can not 'ithstand the excitation pressures hi.her than about 1%0 +ilopascals. Pressures hi.her than about 1%0 +ilopascals 'ould al'a0s dislod.e the bubble fro its stable position and disperse it in the li$uid. A pressure at least ten ti es that pressure le&el to i plode the bubbles is necessar0 to tri..er ther onuclear fusion. The idea of sonofusion o&erco es these li itations. 3

4.THE IDEA OF SONOFUSION

It is hard to i a.ine that ere sound 'a&es can possibl0 produce in

the bubbles6 the extre e te peratures and pressures created b0 the lasers or a.netic fields6 'hich the sel&es replicate the interior conditions of stars li+e our sun6 'here fusion occurs steadil0. )e&ertheless6 three 0ears a.o6 researchers obtained stron. e&idence that such a process no' +no'n as sonofusion is indeed possible. Sonofusion is technicall0 +no'n as acoustic inertial confine ent fusion. In this 'e ha&e a bubble cluster @rather than a sin.le bubbleA is si.nificant since 'hen the bubble cluster i plodes the pressure 'ithin the bubble cluster a0 be .reatl0 intensified. The centre of the .as bubble cluster sho's a t0pical pressure distribution durin. the bubble cluster i plosion process. It can be seen that6 due to con&er.in. shoc+ 'a&es 'ithin the bubble cluster6 there can be si.nificant pressure intensification in the interior of the bubble cluster. This lar.e local li$uid pressure @PB1000 barA 'ill stron.l0 co press the interior bubbles 'ith in the cluster6 leadin. to conditions suitable for ther onuclear fusion. 3ore o&er durin. the expansion phase of the bubble cluster d0na ics6 coalescence of so e of interior bubbles is expected6 and this 'ill lead to the i plosion of fairl0 lar.e interior bubbles 'hich produce ore ener.etic i plosions.

5.EXPERI
Fi"#re$ 1

ENTA! SETUP

%.&ASIC RE'UIRE ENTS

P0rex flas+. /euterated acetone @43/!1A. Cacuu pu p.

Pie?oelectric cr0stal. 7a&e .enerator. A plifier. )eutron .enerator. )eutron and .a Photo ultiplier. 3icrophone and spea+er. a ra0 detector.

(.SONOFUSION
The apparatus consists of a c0lindrical P0rex .lass flas+ 100 in the for . . in

hi.h and !5 . .in dia eter. A lead5?irconate5titanate cera ic pie?oelectric cr0stal of a rin. is attached to the flas+8s outer surface. The pie?oelectric rin. 'or+s li+e the loud spea+ers in a sonolu inescence experi ent6 althou.h it creates uch stron.er pressure 'a&es. 7hen a positi&e &olta.e is applied to the pie?oelectric rin.6 it contractsD 'hen the &olta.e is re o&ed6 it expands to its ori.inal si?e. The flas+ is then filled 'ith co olecules are deuteriu its nucleusA. The can under.o fusion erciall0 a&ailable deuterated

acetone @43/!1A6 in 'hich --.- percent of the h0dro.en ato s in the acetone @this isotope of h0dro.en has one proton and one neutron in uch ore easil0 than ordinar0 h0dro.en ato s. Also the ain reason to choose deuterated acetone is that ato s of deuteriu

deuterated fluid can 'ithstand si.nificant tension @stretchin.A 'ithout for in. un'anted bubbles. The substance is also relati&el0 cheap6 eas0 to 'or+ 'ith6 and not particularl0 ha?ardous.

(.1ACTION OF )ACUU

PU P$

The naturall0 occurrin. .as bubbles cannot 'ithstand hi.h te perature and pressure. All the naturall0 occurrin. .as bubbles dissol&ed in the li$uid are re o&ed &irtuall0 b0 attachin. a &acuu acousticall0 a.itatin. the li$uid. pu p to the flas+ and

(.*ACTION OF THE +A)E ,ENERATOR$

To initiate the sonofusion process6 'e appl0 an oscillatin. &olta.e 'ith a fre$uenc0 of about 206000 hert? to the pie?oelectric rin.. The alternatin. contractions and expansions of the rin.5and there b0 of the flas+5send concentric pressure 'a&es throu.h the li$uid. The 'a&es interact6 and after a 'hile the0 set up %

an acoustic standin. 'a&e that resonates and concentrates a hu.e a ount of sound ener.0. This 'a&e causes the re.ion at the flas+8s centre to oscillate bet'een a axi u @1500+paA and a ini u pressure. @51500+paA.

(.3ACTION OF THE NEUTRON ,ENERATOR$

Precisel0 'hen the pressure reaches its lo'est point6 a pulsed neutron .enerator is fired. This is a co &olts in a burst that lasts about six erciall0 a&ailable6 baseball bat si?e de&ice that sits e.a electron icroseconds and that .oes in all directions. next to the flas+. The .enerator e its hi.h5ener.0 neutrons at 14.1

(.-ACTION IN THE F!AS.$ Sta.e 1<

Fi"#re$ * So e neutrons .o throu.h the li$uid6 and so e collide head on 'ith the 4arbon6 ox0.en and deuteriu fast o&in. neutrons ato s of the deuterated acetone olecules. The olecules. This a0 +noc+ the ato 8s nuclei out of their olecules as these

nuclei recoilD the0 .i&e up their +inetic ener.0 to the li$uid interaction bet'een the nuclei and the

olecules create heat in re.ions a fe'

nano eters in si?e that results in tin0 bubbles of deuterated acetone &apor. 4o puter si ulations6 su..est that this process .enerates clusters of about 1000 bubbles6 each 'ith a radius of onl0 tens of nano eters.

Sta.e 2<

Fi"#re$ 3

"0 firin. the neutron .enerator durin. the li$uid8s lo' pressure phase6 the bubbles instantl0 s'ell 5a process +no'n as ca&itation. In these s'ellin. phases6 the bubbles balloon out 1006000 ti es fro illi eter in si?e. To .rasp the their nano eter di ensions to about one a.nitude of this .ro'th6 i a.ine that the initial

bubbles are the si?e of peas after .ro'in. b0 a factor of 10060006 each bubble 'ould be bi. enou.h to contain the E pire State "uildin.. Sta"e 3$ Then the pressure rapidl0 re&erses6 the li$uid pushes the bubbles8 'alls in'ard 'ith tre endous force6 and the0 i plode 'ith .reat &iolence. The i plosion creates spherical shoc+ 'a&es 'ith in the bubbles that tra&el in'ard at hi.h speed and si.nificantl0 stren.then as the0 con&er.e to their centers.

Fi"#re$ -

The result6 in ter s of ener.06 is extra ordinar0. E0drod0na ic shoc+5'a&es create6 in a s all re.ion at the centre of the collapsin. bubble6 a pea+ pressure .reater than 10 trillion +Pa. ,or co parison6 at ospheric pressure at sea le&el is101.3 +Pa. The pea+ te perature in this tin0 re.ion soars abo&e 100 de.ree centi.rade about 20.000 ti es that of the sun8s surface. These extre e conditions 'ithin the bubbles5especiall0 in the bubbles at the centre of the cluster6 'here the shoc+ 'a&es are of the surroundin. i plosions5cause the deuteriu natural electrostatic repulsion and fuse. The fusion process creates neutrons 'hich 'e detect usin. a scintillator6 a de&ice in 'hich the radiation interacts 'ith a li$uid that .i&es off li.ht pulses that can be easured. This process is also acco panied b0 bursts of photons6 'hich is detected 'ith a photo ultiplier. And subse$uentl06 after about 20 icroseconds6 a shoc+ 'a&e in the li$uid reaches the flas+8s inner 'all6 resultin. in an audible FpopG6 'hich can be pic+ed up and a plified b0 a spea+er. icrophone and a ore intense because nuclei to collide at hi.h speed. illion

These collisions are so &iolent that the positi&el0 char.ed nuclei o&erco e their

/.FUSION REACTIONS

Fi"#re$ 0 /euteriu 5/euteriu neutron or tritiu fusion has t'o probable outputs6 heliu and a 2.4553eC and a proton.

10

IF TRITIU

IS PRODUCED$

Fi"#re$ % The total neutron output 'ould include not onl0 the neutrons fro deuteriu 5deuteriu the tritiu deuteriu fusion6 but also neutrons fro deuteriu 5tritiu fusion6 since produced in sonofusion re ains 'ithin the li$uid and can fuse 'ith ato s. 4o pared 'ith deuteriu 5deuteriu ore easil0 and produces fusion6 deuteriu 5tritiu ore ener.etic neutrons

fusion occurs 1000 ti es

increasin. the neutron 0ield b0 about three orders of

a.nitude.

11

1.SCHE ATIC OF SONO!U INESCENE 2 SONOFUSION PHENO ENON

Fi"#re$ (

12

1.1SE'UENCE OF E)ENTS DURIN, SONOFUSION

Fi"#re$ /

13

1.*THE E)O!UTION OF !I'UID PRESSURE +ITH IN &U&&!E C!USTER

Fi"#re$ 1

14

13.SEPARATION OF DEUTERIU H4DRO,EN 5PROTIU 6

13.1 SEPARATION FRO DIFFUSION PROCESS$ /euteriu li.hter6 diffuses

FRO

ORDINAR4

ORDINAR4 H4DRO,EN &4 ordinar0 h0dro.en b0 ta+in.

can be isolated fro

ad&anta.e of different rates of diffusion of the t'o isotopes. Protiu 6 'hich is ore readil0 than deuteriu . The diffusion is carried out under reduced pressure. The lo'er the pressure6 the .reater is the efficienc0 of the process. The process of diffusion is carried out in series of porous diffusion units6 +no'n as Eert? diffusion units. Each unit contains a porous e brane represented b0 dotted portion. As under reduced pressure6 sa0 fro ixture is led into the diffusion units ercur0 diffusion o&e ore left to ri.ht6 'ith the help of the

pu ps P16 P26 P3. etc. The hea&ier co ponent @deuteriu A diffuses less readil0 and +eeps behind 'hile the li.hter co ponent @protiu A diffusin. at a faster and ore to the ri.ht. The process is repeated se&eral ti es6 till ulti atel06 deuteriu

collects in the reser&oir 2 on the left. The efficienc0 of the separation process can be increased b0 increasin. the nu ber of diffusin. units.

15

Fi"#re$ 13

13.*

SEPARATION FRO ORDINAR4 H4DRO,EN &4 FRACTIONA! DISTI!!ATION$ /euteriu can be separated fro ordinar0 h0dro.en b0 careful

fractional distillation of li$uid h0dro.en. Eea&0 h0dro.en boils at 524-.5 de.ree 4 'hile protiu boils at a lo'er te perature of 52*2.5 de.ree 4. Eence fraction b0 the diffusion process described distillation of li$uid h0dro.en can result in enrich ent of the last fraction in deuteriu 6 can be used for reco&er0 of deuteriu abo&e. 13.3 SEPARATION FRO ORDINAR4 H4DRO,EN &4 ADSORPTION ON CHARCOA!$ Protiu is adsorbed ore readil0 and ore stron.l0 on solid ixture of the ost of the protiu

surfaces in .eneral and on charcoal surface in particular. Thus 'hen a t'o isotopes is led o&er charcoal +ept at li$uid air te perature6 .ets adsorbed 'hile 13.ost of the deuteriu passes out unchan.ed.

SEPARATION FRO CHE ICA! ETHODS$

ORDINAR4 H4DRO,EN &4 ore reacti&e than the hea&ier

The li.hter isotope @protiu A is oxide6 the li.hter co ponent is consu ed

isotope @deuteriu A. Thus 'hen ordinar0 h0dro.en is passed o&er red hot copper ore than the hea&ier one.

1!

11.OTHER APPROACHES OF FUSION REACTION

There are po'er. The0 are 1. 2aser "ea Techni$ue. 2. 3a.netic 4onfine ent ,usion. 11.1!ASER &EA TECHNI'UE ainl0 t'o approaches on fusion reactions other than bubble

In this process extre el0 ener.etic laser bea s con&er.e on a tin0 solid pellet of deuteriu 5deuteriu densit0. 1ne of the dra'bac+s of this approach is the a ount of po'er lasers re$uired. This techni$ue8s ther onuclear 'eapons. 11.* A,NETIC CONFINE ENT FUSION It uses po'erful a.netic fields to create i ense heat and pressure ain .oal is not producin. ener.0 but rather producin. fuel. The result is a shoc+ 'a&e that propa.ates to'ards the centre of the pellet and creates an enor ous increase in te perature and

in h0dro.en plas a contained in a lar.e6 toroidal de&ice +no'n as a to7a8a7. The fusion produces hi.h ener.0 b0 neutrons that escape the plas a and hit a li$uid filled blan+et surroundin. it. The idea is to use the heat produced in the blan+et to .enerate &apor to dri&e a turbine and thus .enerate electricit0. It is &er0 to control. uch difficult to hold the plas a in place 'hile increasin.

te perature and pressure. It is a &er0 unstable process that has been pro&ed difficult

1%

1*.E)IDENCE TO SUPPORT TA&!E TOP NUC!EAR FUSION DE)ICE

There are t'o +inds of e&idence that deuteriu clearl0 distinct bursts of neutron that are about 30 14.1 3eC6 fro is fusin.. The first

neutron e ission detected b0 the neutron scintillator. The de&ice re.isters t'o icroseconds apart. The first is at fusion the pulsed neutron .eneratorD the second6 ho' e&er6 is at 2.45 3eC.

This is the exact ener.0 le&el a neutron produced in a deuteriu 5deuteriu

reaction is expected to ha&e. These 2.453eC neutrons are detected at about the sa e ti e that the photo ultiplier detects a burst of li.ht6 indicatin. that both e&ents ta+e place durin. the i plosion of the bubbles. There is a second fusion Ffin.erprintG b0 deuteriu easurin. le&els of another

h0dro.en isotope6 tritiu 6 in the deuterated acetone. The reason is that deuteriu 5 fusion is a reaction 'ith t'o possible outputs at al ost e$ual probabilit0. plus abo&e the easured initial le&els is an can not 1n possibilit0 .i&es 2.45 3eC neutrone plus heliu 6 and the other .i&es tritiu a proton. Thus6 the build5up of tritiu be produced 'ith out a nuclear reaction. The des+top experi ent is safe because althou.h the reactions .enerate extre el0 hi.h pressures and te perature those extre e conditions exist onl0 in s all re.ions of the li$uid independent and stron.6 indication that fusion has ta+en place6 since tritiu

13.AD)ANTA,ES OF &U&&!E PO+ER O)ER OTHER APPROACHES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. !.

It is self sustainable. Easil0 controllable. It consistentl0 produces 2o' cost. Easil0 a&ailable ra' aterials. En&iron ental friendl0. 1* ore ener.0 than it consu es.

1-.APP!ICATIONS

1A Ther onuclear fusion .i&es a ne'6 safe6 en&iron ental friendl0 'a0 to produce electrical ener.0. 2A This technolo.0 also could result in a ne' class of lo' cost6 co pact detectors for securit0 applications. That use neutrons to probe the contents of suitcases. 3A /e&ices for research that use neutrons to anal0?e the aterials. 4A 3achines that cheapl0 anufacture ne' s0nthetic aterials and efficientl0 produce tritiu 6 'hich is used for nu erous applications ran.in. fro edical i a.in. to 'atch dials. 5A A ne' techni$ue to stud0 &arious pheno enons in cos olo.06 includin. the 'or+in. of neutron star and blac+ holes. olecular structure of

1-

10.FUTURE DE)E!OP ENTS

10.1FU!!4 SE!F SUSTAINED$ To a+e the fusion reaction full0 self5sustainin. arran.in. the setup

so it produces a continuous neutron output 'ithout re$uirin. the external neutron .enerator. 1ne of the possible 'a0s is to put t'o co plete apparatuses side b0 side so that the0 'ould exchan.e neutrons and dri&e each other8s fusion reactions. I a.ine t'o ad9acent sonofusion setups 'ith 9ust one difference< 'hen the li$uid pressure is lo' in one6 it is hi.h in the other. That is6 their pressure oscillations are 1*0 de.rees out of phase. Suppose hit the first apparatus 'ith neutrons fro external neutron .enerator6 causin. the bubble cluster to for the inside the first flas+.

Then turn off the neutron .enerator per anentl0. As the bubble cluster .ro's and then i plodes6 it 'ill .i&e off neutrons6 so e of 'hich 'ill hit the nei.hborin. flas+. If all is ri.ht6 the neutrons 'ill hit the second flas+ at the exact a self5sustainin. chain reaction. 10.*TO CREATE A FU!!9SI:E E!ECTRICIT4 PRODUCIN, NUC!EAR ,ENERATOR$ A table top sin.le apparatus 0ields about 400000 per second. The neutrons are an i portant easure of the output of the process because the0 carr0 ost of the ener.0 released in the fusion reaction. Het that 0ield corresponds to a ne.li.ible fraction of a 'att of po'er. ,or operatin. a fe' thousand e.a 'atts of ther al po'er6 in ter s o ent 'hen it is at the lo'est pressure6 so that it creates a bubble cluster there. If the process repeats6 .et

of neutron5per5second6 output of 10I22 neutrons per second needed. ,or this 'e 'ill i pro&e &arious para eters of Sonofusion process6 such as the si?e of the li$uid flas+6 the si?e of the bubbles before i plosion and the pressure co pressin. the bubbles etc. then 'e installed a li$uid filled blan+et s0ste around the reactor. All those hi.h5ener.0 neutrons 'ould collide 'ith it6 raisin. its te perature. So that it heat could used to boil a fluid to dri&e a turbine and thus .enerate electricit0.

20

1%.CONC!USION
7ith the stead0 .ro'th of 'orld population and 'ith econo ic pro.ress in de&elopin. countries6 a&era.e electricit0 consu ption per person has increased si.nificantl0. There fore see+in. ne' sources of ener.0 isn8t 9ust i portant6 it is necessar0. So for ore than half a centur06 ther onuclear fusion has 1 .ra of deuteriu 6 an held out the pro ise of cheap clean and &irtuall0 li itless ener.0. :nleashed throu.h a fusion reactor of so e sort6 the ener.0 fro .asoline. /euteriu isotope of h0dro.en6 'ould be e$ui&alent to that produced b0 burnin. %000 liters of is abundant in ocean 'ater6 and one cubic +ilo eter of sea'ater could6 in principle6 suppl0 all the 'orld8s ener.0 needs for se&eral hundred 0ears.

1(.REFERENCES
1.#ichard T. 2ahe0 Jr.6 #usi P. Tale0ar+han ; #obert I. )i. atulin6bubble 2.power6 IEEE spectru 6 pa.e no< 305356 a0 2005.

3.,uels and co bustion6 author Sa ir Sar+ar. 4.Principles of Inor.anic che istr06 authors K Puri6 Shar a6 Lalia. 5.'''.purdue.edu !.'''.iter.or. %.'''.'ashin.ton.edu *.'''.rpi.edu

21