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UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY (Text from Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston)

SECTION ONE: THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS

Cell. What is a cell?

A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the process of life. By using
microscopes, naturalists in the 17th century were able to study objects two small
to be seen with the naked eye. Hooke Using an early light microscope, English
scientist Robert Hooke looked at a thin slice of cork from the bark of a cork oak
tree in 1665. He described “a great many little boxes” that reminded him of the
cells where monks live.

Leeuwenhoek
A Dutch trader named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made microscopes that had 10 times the
magnification of Hooke’s instruments. In 1673, he was able to observe living cells
of algae and protists.

What is the cell theory?

THE CELL THEORY

It was not until about 150 years later than biologists began to organize
information about cells more completely. The observations of botanist Matthias
Schleiden, zoologist Theodor Schwann, and physician Rudolf Virchow were combined
to form the cell theory, a basic theory about how cells are related to life.
The Cell Theory-:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units
of structure and function in an organism. Cells come from only the reproduction of
existing cells.
Developments in Cell Biology
After the initial formation of the cell theory, scientists began to further
investigate how cells function. In 1827, Karl Von Baer discovered the mammalian
egg and in 1855, Rudolf Virchow added to the cell theory. The Cellular Basis in
Life In addition to the seven characteristics mentioned in the last chapter, all
living things share a common history. All cells share characteristics.

UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY

SECTION 1 REVIEW
1. Describe the major contributions of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek to cell biology.
2. Identify the advance that enabled Leeuwenhoek to view the first living cells.
3. Describe the research that led to the development of the cell theory.
4. State the three fundamental parts of the cell theory.
5. List three major events in the history of cell biology.
6. Name eight characteristics that all living things share.

INTRODUCTION SECTION TWO:

INTRODUCTION TO CELLS CELL DIVERSITY

What is the shape of a Cell?

The diversity in cell shapes reflects the different functions of cells. To

perform its function effectively, a cell’s shape has evolved to be either simple
or complex. Cell Size The size of a cell is limited by its surface area –to-volume
ratio. When a cell grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.
If cells became too large, their surface area wouldn’t be able to allow materials
to enter or leave the cell quickly enough to meet the cell’s needs.

BASIC PARTS OF A CELL

Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is the cell’s outer boundary that acts as a
barrier between the inside and outside of a cell. All materials exit or enter
through the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
The region of the cell that is in the plasma membrane that includes the fluid,
cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles excluding the nucleus is the cytoplasm
.The cytoplasm. cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and
small particles.

UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY

What are control cells?

Control Center Cells carry information in the form of DNA for regulating their
functions and reproducing themselves. Some cells have a membrane-bound organelle
that contains a cell’s DNA, called the nucleus .It maintains its shape with the
help of a protein nucleus. Skeleton called the nuclear matrix. Below is the
nucleus of a typical animal cell.

TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELLS

Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles. Their genetic information is concentrated in a part of the cell called
a nucleoid. Eukaryotes Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles are called eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells also have sub cellular structures called organelles which are
intracellular bodies’ organelles that perform specific functions for the cell.

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Colonies
A colonial organism is a collection of genetically identical cells that live
together in a connected group.

UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY

True Multicellularity
A group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function is
a tissue .Groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism are
called tissue.

Organs
An organ system is a group of organs that accomplish related tasks.

to be contd..