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the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Heroic Enthusiasts,(1 of 2) (Gli Eroici Furori) An Ethical Poem Author: Giordano Bruno Translator: L. Williams Release Date: November 15, 2006 [EBook #19817] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEROIC ENTHUSIASTS ***

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THE

HEROIC ENTHUSIASTS
(GLI EROICI FURORI)

An Ethical poem

BY GIORDANO BRUNO
PART THE FIRST
TRANSLATED BY

L. WILLIAMS
WITH AN INTRODUCTION, COMPILED CHIEFLY FROMDAVID LEVI'S GIORDANO BRUNO O LA RELIGIONE DEL PENSIERO

LONDONGEORGE REDWAYYORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN1887

INTRODUCTION.First Dialo !".S"#o$% Dialo !". T&ir% Dialo !".Fo!rt& Dialo !".Fi't& Dialo !".

PREFACE. When this Translation was e!"n, #ore than two $ears a!o, %or #$ own &leas"re, in leis"re ho"rs, ' ha( no )nowle(!e o% the (i%%i*"lt$ ' sho"l( %in( in the wor), nor an$ tho"!ht o% e+er ha+in! it &rinte(, "t as -Gli Eroi*i ."rori- o% Gior(ano /r"no has ne+er a&&eare( in En!lish, ' (e*i(e( to &" lish that &ortion o% it whi*h ' ha+e %inishe(0 ' wish to than) those %rien(s who ha+e so )in(l$ loo)e( o+er #$ wor) %ro# ti#e to ti#e, an( !i+en #e their hel& in the *hoi*e o% wor(s an( &hrases0 ' #"st, #oreo+er, *on%ess that ' a# )eenl$ ali+e to the short*o#in!s an( (e%e*ts o% this Translation0

' ha+e "se( the wor( -Enth"siasts- in the title, rather than -Enth"sias#s,- e*a"se it see#e( to #e #ore a&&ro&riate0 L0 W0.ol)estone, September 1 !0ERRATA1a!e 2, line 13, "#r -also #other- re$% -also #$ #other0-1a!e 47, line 5, "#r -&oisons- re$% -&oison0-

INTRODUCTION.
Nola, a *it$ %o"n(e( $ the Chal*i(ian Gree)s, at a short (istan*e %ro# Na&les an( %ro# Ves"+i"s, was the irth6&la*e o% Gior(ano /r"no0 't is (es*ri e( $ Da+i( Le+i as a *it$ whi*h %ro# an*ient ti#es ha( alwa$s een *onse*rate( to s*ien*e an( letters0 .ro# the ti#e o% the Ro#ans to that o% the /ar arians an( o% the 7i((le A!es, Nola was *ons&i*"o"s %or *"lt"re an( re%ine#ent, an( its inha itants were in all ti#es re#ar)a le %or their *o"rteo"s #anners, %or +alo"r, an( %or )eenness o% &er*e&tion0 The$ were, #oreo+er, (istin!"ishe( $ their lo+e %or an( st"($ o% &hiloso&h$, so that this *it$ was e+er a %a+o"rite (wellin!6&la*e %or the *hoi*e s&irits o% the Renaissan*e0 't #a$ also e asserte( that Nola was the onl$ *it$ o% 7a!na Gr8*ia whi*h, in s&ite o% the &erse*"tions o% 1a!an e#&erors an( Christian &rin*es an( *ler!$, alwa$s &reser+e( the &hiloso&hi*al tra(itions o% the 1$tha
91! :;

!oreans, an( ne+er was the sa*re( %ire on the altar o% Vesta s"%%ere( to e*o#e entirel$ e<tin*t0 S"*h was the intelle*t"al an( #oral at#os&here in whi*h /r"no &asse( his *hil(hoo(0 =is &aternal ho#e was sit"ate( at the %oot o% 7o"nt Ci*a(a, *ele rate( %or its %r"it%"l soil0 .ro# earl$ $o"th his &leas"re was to &ass the

ni!ht o"t on the #o"ntain, now wat*hin! the stars, now *onte#&latin! the ari(, (esolate si(es o% Ves"+i"s0 =e tells how, in re*allin! those (a$s>the onl$ &ea*e%"l ones o% his li%e>he "se( to thin), as he loo)e( "& at the in%inite e<&anse o% hea+en an( the *on%ines o% the hori?on, with the towerin! +ol*ano, that this #"st e the "lti#ate en( o% the earth, an( it a&&eare( as i% neither tree nor !rass re%reshe( the (rear$ s&a*e whi*h stret*he( o"t to the %oot o% the are s#o)$ #o"ntain0 When, !rown ol(er, he *a#e nearer to it, an( saw the #o"ntain so (i%%erent %ro# what it ha( a&&eare(, an( the inter+enin! s&a*e that, seen %ro# a%ar, ha( loo)e( so are an( sterile, all *o+ere( with %r"it6trees an( enri*he( with +ine$ar(s, he e!an to see how ill"sor$ the @"(!#ent o% the senses #a$ e, an( the %irst (o" t was &lante( in his $o"n! so"l as he &er*ei+e( that, while the #in( #a$ !ras& Nat"re in her !ran(e"r an( #a@est$, the wor) o% the sa!e #"st e to e<a#ine her in (etail,
91! 2;

an( &enetrate to the *a"se o% thin!s0 When he a&&eare( e%ore the tri "nal o% the =ol$ O%%i*e at Veni*e, ein! as)e( to (e*lare who an( what he was, he sai(A -7$ na#e is Gior(ano, o% the %a#il$ o% /r"no, o% the *it$ o% Nola, twel+e #iles %ro# Na&les0 There was ' orn an( ro"!ht "&0 7$ &ro%ession has een an( is that o% letters, an( o% all the s*ien*es0 7$ %atherBs na#e was Gio+anni, an( #$ #other was .ran*es*a Sa+olini, an( #$ %ather was a sol(ier0 =e is (ea(, an( also #other0 ' a# %ort$6%o"r $ears ol(, ha+in! een orn in 1C480- =e alwa$s re!ar(e( Nola with &atrioti* &ri(e, an( he re*ei+e( his %irst instr"*tion in his %atherBs ho"se an( in the &" li* s*hools0 O% a sa( (is&osition, an( !i%te( with a #ost li+el$ i#a!ination, he was %ro# his earliest $ears !i+en to #e(itation an( to &oetr$0 The earl$ $ears o% /r"noBs li%e were ti#es o% a!itation an(

#is%ort"ne, an( not &ro&itio"s to st"($0 The Nea&olitan &ro+in*es were (ist"r e( $ *onstant earthD"a)es, an( (e+astate( $ &estilen*e an( %a#ine0 The T"r)s %o"!ht, an( ra+a!e( the *o"ntr$, an( #a(e sla+es o% the inha itants, the nei!h o"rin! &ro+in*es were still #ore harasse( $ hor(es o% an(its an( o"tlaws, who in+este( Cala ria, le( $ a terri le *hie% *alle( 7ar*one0 The 'nD"isition stoo( &re&are( to li!ht
91! 4;

its %ires an( sla"!hter the hereti*0 The Wal(ensians, who ha( latel$ een (ri+en o"t o% 1ie(#ont, an( ha( so"!ht a shelter in the Cala rian territor$, were h"nte( (own an( !i+en o+er to the e<e*"tioner0 The *on+ent was the onl$ re%"!e %ro# +iolen*e, an( /r"no, either %ro# reli!io"s enth"sias#, or in or(er to e a le to (e+ote hi#sel% to st"($, e*a#e a %riar at the a!e o% %i%teen0 There, in the D"iet *loister o% the *on+ent o% St0 Do#ini* at Na&les, his #in( was no"rishe( an( his intelle*t (e+elo&e(, the *loistral an( #on)ish e("*ation %aile( to ensla+e his tho"!ht, an( he e#er!e( %ro# this t"tela!e the ol(est an( least %ettere( o% &hiloso&hers0 E+er$thin! a o"t this *h"r*h an( this *on+ent, %a#o"s as ha+in! een the a o(e o% Tho#as AD"inas, was *al*"late( to %ire the enth"sias# o% /r"noBs so"l, the leis"re an( D"iet, %ar %ro# in("*in! ha its o% in(olen*e, or the sterile &ra*ti*es o% as*eti*is#, were sti#"lants to a"stere st"($, an( to the %er+o"r o% #$sti*al s&e*"lations0 =ere he &asse( nearl$ thirteen $ears o% earl$ #anhoo(, "ntil his intelle*t stren!thene( $ st"($ he e!an to lon! %or in(e&en(en*e o% tho"!ht, an( e*o#in!, as he sai( hi#sel%, soli*ito"s a o"t the %oo( o% the so"l an( the *"lt"re o% the #in(, he %o"n( it ir)so#e to !o thro"!h a"to#ati*all$ the (ail$ +"l!ar ro"tine o%
91! C;

the *on+ent, the &"re %la#e o% an ele+ate( reli!io"s %eelin! ein! )in(le( in his so"l, he trie( to e+a(e the +ain e<er*ises o% the #on)s, the &"erile !$#nasti*s, an( the a(oration o% so6*alle( reli*s0 =is *hara*ter was %ran) an( o&en, an( he was "na le to hi(e his *on+i*tions, he &"t so#e o% his (o" ts e%ore his *o#&anions, an( these hastene( to re%er the# to the s"&eriors, an( th"s was #aterial %o"n( to instit"te a *a"se a!ainst hi#0 't e*a#e )nown, that he ha( &raise( the #etho(s "se( $ the Arians or Enitarians in e<&o"n(in! their (o*trines, a((in! that the$ re%er all thin!s to the "lti#ate *a"se, whi*h is the .atherA this, with other hereti*al &ro&ositions, ein! ro"!ht to the noti*e o% the =ol$ O%%i*e, /r"no %o"n( hi#sel% in the &osition o% ein! %irst o ser+e( an( then threatene(0 =e was warne( o% the (an!er that h"n! o+er hi# $ so#e %rien(s, an( (e*i(e( to D"it Na&les0 =e %le( %ro# the *on+ent, an( too) the roa( to Ro#e, an( was there re*ei+e( in the #onaster$ o% the 7iner+a0 A %ew (a$s a%ter his arri+al in Ro#e he learne( that instr"*tions %or his arrest ha( een %orwar(e( %ro# Na&les, he tarrie( not, "t !ot awa$ se*retl$, throwin! asi(e the #on)Bs ha ili#ents $ the wa$0 =e wan(ere( %or so#e (a$s a o"t the Ro#an Ca#&a!na, his (estit"te *on(ition &ro+in! a sa%e!"ar( a!ainst
91! F;

the an(s o% ri!an(s that in%este( those lan(s, "ntil arri+in! near Ci+ita Ve**hia, he was ta)en on oar( a Genoese +essel, an( *arrie( to the Li!"rian &ort, where he ho&e( to %in( a re%"!e %ro# his ene#ies, "t the *it$ o% Gene+a was (e+astate( $ &estilen*e an( *i+il war, an( a%ter a so@o"rn o% a %ew (a$s he &"rs"e( on*e #ore the roa( o% e<ile0 See)in! %or a &la*e wherein he #i!ht settle %or a short ti#e an( hi(e %ro# his &"rs"ers, he sta$e( his ste&s at Noli, sit"ate( at a short (istan*e %ro# Sa+ona, on the Ri+ieraA this town, nestle( in a

little a$ s"rro"n(e( $ hi!h hills *rowne( $ %e"(al *astles an( towers, was onl$ a**essi le on the shore si(e, an( o%%ere( a !rate%"l retreat to o"r &hiloso&her0 At Noli, /r"no o taine( &er#ission o% the #a!istra*$ to tea*h !ra##ar to *hil(ren, an( th"s se*"re( the #eans o% s" sisten*e $ the s#all re#"neration he re*ei+e(, "t this #o(est e#&lo$#ent (i( not o**"&$ hi# s"%%i*ientl$, an( he !athere( ro"n( hi# a %ew !entle#en o% the (istri*t, to who# he ta"!ht the s*ien*e o% the S&here0 /r"no also wrote a oo) "&on the S&here, whi*h was lost0 =e e<&o"n(e( the s$ste# o% Co&erni*"s, an( tal)e( to his &"&ils with enth"sias# a o"t the #o+e#ent o% the earth an( o% the &l"ralit$ o% worl(s0 As in that sa#e Li!"ria Col"# "s %irst (i+ine(
91! 7;

another he#is&here o"tsi(e the 1illars o% =er*"les, so /r"no (is*o+ere( to those astonishe( #in(s the #$ria(s o% worl(s whi*h %ill the i##ensit$ o% s&a*e0 Col"# "s was (eri(e( an( anishe( $ his %ellow6 *iti?ens, an( the %ate o% o"r &hiloso&her was si#ilar to his0 'n the h"# le s*hool#aster who ta"!ht !ra##ar to the *hil(ren, the isho&, the *ler!$, an( the no les, who listene( ea!erl$ to his le*t"res on the S&here, e!an to s"s&e*t the hereti* an( the inno+ator0 A%ter %i+e #onths it eho+e( hi# to lea+e Noli, he too) the roa( to Sa+ona, *rosse( the A&ennines, an( arri+e( at T"rin0 'n T"rin at that ti#e rei!ne( the !reat D")e E#an"ele .ili erto, a #an o% stron! *hara*ter>one o% those #en who )now how to %o"n( a ($nast$ an( to %i< the (estin$ o% a &eo&le, at that ti#e, when Central an( So"thern 'tal$ were lan!"ishin! "n(er ho#e an( %orei!n t$rann$, he lai( the %o"n(ations o% the %"t"re 'tal$0 =e was warrior, artist, #e*hani*, an( s*holar0 'ntre&i(

on the %iel( o% attle, he wo"l( retire %ro# (ee(s o% ar#s to the silen*e o% his st"($, an( *a"se the wor)s o% Aristotle to e rea( to hi#, he s&o)e all the E"ro&ean lan!"a!es, he wor)e( at artiller$, at #o(els o% %ortresses, an( at the s#ithBs *ra%t, he ro"!ht to!ether aro"n( hi#, %ro# all si(es o% 'tal$,
91! 8;

artisans an( s*ientists to &ro#ote in("str$, *o##er*e, an( s*ien*e, he !athere( to!ether in 1ie(#ont the #ost e<*ellent *o#&ositors o% 'tal$, an( san*tione( a &rinterBs *o#&an$0 /r"no, attra*te( to T"rin $ the %a+o"r that was shown to letters an( &hiloso&h$, ho&e( to !et o**"&ation as &ress rea(er, "t it was &re*isel$ at that ti#e that the D")e, insti!ate( $ .ran*e, was *o# atin!, with e+er$ )in( o% wea&on, the Wal(ensian an( ="!"enot heresies, an( ha( in+ite( the Ges"its to T"rin, o%%erin! the# a s" stantial s" si($, so that on /r"noBs arri+al he %o"n( the &la*e he ha( ho&e( %or, as tea*her in the "ni+ersit$, o**"&ie( $ his ene#ies, an( he there%ore #o+e( on with little (ela$, an( e# ar)e( %or Veni*e0 /erti, in his Li%e o% /r"no, re#ar)s that when the latter so"!ht re%"!e in T"rin, TorD"ato Tasso, also (ri+en $ a(+erse %ort"ne, arri+e( in the sa#e &la*e, an( he notes the a%%init$ etween the#> oth so !reat, oth s" @e*t to e+er$ s&e*ies o% #is%ort"ne an( &erse*"tion in li%e, an( (estine( to i##ortal hono"rs a%ter their (eathA the li!ht o% !eni"s "rne( in the# oth, the %ire o% enth"sias# %la#e( in ea*h ali)e, an( on the %orehea( o% ea*h one was set the si!n o% sorrow an( o% &ain0 /oth /r"no an( Tasso entere( the *loister as
91! 5;

o$sA the one @oine( the Do#ini*ans, the other the Ges"its, an( in the so"ls o% oth #i!ht e (is*erne( the i#&ress o% the Or(er to whi*h the$ elon!e(0 /oth went %orth %ro# their nati+e &la*e lon!in! to %in( a roa(er %iel( o% a*tion an( !reater s*o&e %or their intelle*t"al &owers0 The one le%t Na&les *arr$in! in his heart the 1a!an an( Christian tra(itions o% the no le enter&rises an( the saintl$ herois# o% Ol$#&"s an( o% Cal+ar$, o% =o#er an( the .athers, o% 1lato an( St0 '!nati"s, the other was %ille( with the &hiloso&hi*al tho"!ht o% the &ri#iti+e 'talian an( 1$tha!orean e&o*hs, %e*"n(ate( $ his own *on*e&tions an( $ the new a!e, &hiloso&her an( a&ostle o% an i(ea, /r"no *onse*rate( his li%e to the (e+elo&#ent o% it in his writin!s an( to the &ro&a!ation o% his &rin*i&les in E"ro&e $ the %ire o% enth"sias#0 The one s"r&rise( the worl( with the #elo($ o% his son!s, ein!, as Dante sa$s, the -(ol*e sirena *he i #arinari in #e??o al #are s#a!a,- he l"lle( the an!"ish that la*erate( 'tal$, an( !il(e( the *hains whi*h o"n( her, the other trie( to sha)e her, to re*all her to li%e with the +i!o"r o% tho"!ht, with the %or*e o% reason, with the sa*ri%i*e o% hi#sel%0 The son!s o% Tasso were hear( an( s"n! %ro# one en( o% 'tal$ to the other, an( the &oet (welt in &ala*es an( re*ei+e( the *aress an(
91! 13;

s#ile o% &rin*es, while /r"no, (is*o"rsin! in the na#e o% reason an( o% s*ien*e, was re@e*te(, &erse*"te(, an( s*o"r!e(, an( onl$ a%ter three *ent"ries o% in!ratit"(e, o% *al"#n$, an( o% %or!et%"lness, (oes his *o"ntr$ show si!ns o% a&&re*iatin! hi# an( o% (oin! @"sti*e to his #e#or$0 'n Tasso the &oet &re(o#inates o+er the &hiloso&her, in /r"no the &hiloso&her &re(o#inates o+er an( e*li&ses the &oet0 The %irst sa*ri%i*es tho"!ht to %or#, the se*on( is *are%"l onl$ o% the i(ea0 A!ain, oth are %"ll o% a *on*e&tion o% the Di+ine, "t the Go(

that the ($in! Tasso *on%esse( is a !o( that is e<&e*te( an( *o#es not, while the !o( that /r"no &ro*lai#s he alrea($ %in(s within hi#sel%0 Tasso (ies in his e( in the *loister, "neas$ as on a e( o% thorns, /r"no, a#i(st the %la#es, stan(s o"t as on a &e(estal, an( (ies serene an( *al#0 We #"st now %ollow o"r %"!iti+e to Veni*e0 At the ti#e Gior(ano /r"no arri+e( in Veni*e that *it$ was the #ost i#&ortant t$&o!ra&hi*al *entre o% E"ro&e, the *o##er*e in oo)s e<ten(e( thro"!h the Le+ant, Ger#an$, an( .ran*e, an( the &hiloso&her ho&e( that here he #i!ht %in( so#e #eans o% s" sisten*e0 The &la!"e at that ti#e was (e+astatin! Veni*e, an( in less than one $ear ha( *lai#e( %ort$6two tho"san( +i*ti#s, "t /r"no %elt
91! 11;

no %ear, an( he too) a lo(!in! in that &art o% Veni*e *alle( the .re??eria, an( was soon "s$ &re&arin! %or the &ress a wor) *alle( -Se!ni (el Te#&o,- ho&in! that the sale o% it wo"l( rin! a little #one$ %or (ail$ nee(s0 This wor) was lost, as were all those whi*h he &" lishe( in 'tal$, an( whi*h it was to the interest o% Ro#e to (estro$0 Disa&&ointe( at not %in(in! wor) to (o in Veni*e, he ne<t went to 1a("a, whi*h was the intelle*t"al *entre o% E"ro&e, as Veni*e was the *entre o% &rintin! an( &" lishin!, the #ost *ele rate( &ro%essors o% that e&o*h were to e %o"n( in the Eni+ersit$ o% 1a("a, "t at the ti#e o% /r"noBs so@o"rn there, 1a("a, li)e Veni*e, was ra+a!e( $ the &la!"e, the "ni+ersit$ was *lose(, an( the &rintin!6ho"se was not in o&eration0 =e re#aine( there onl$ a %ew (a$s, lo(!in! with so#e #on)s o% the Or(er o% St0 Do#ini*, who, he relates, -&ers"a(e( #e to wear the (ress a!ain, e+en tho"!h ' wo"l( not &ro%ess the reli!ion it i#&lie(, e*a"se the$ sai( it wo"l( ai( #e in #$

wa$%arin! to e th"s attire(, an( so ' !ot a white *loth ro e, an( ' &"t on the hoo( whi*h ' ha( &reser+e( when ' le%t Ro#e0- Th"s ha ite( he wan(ere( %or se+eral #onths a o"t the *ities o% Venetia an( Lo# ar($, an( altho"!h he *ontri+e( %or a ti#e to e+a(e his &erse*"tors, he
91! 1:;

%inall$ (e*i(e( to lea+e 'tal$, as it was re&"!nant to his (is&osition to li+e in %or*e( (issi#"lation, an( he %elt that he *o"l( (o no !oo( either %or hi#sel% or %or his *o"ntr$, whi*h was then o+err"n with S&aniar(s an( s*o"r!e( $ &ett$ t$rants, an( with the lower or(ers s"n) in i!noran*e, an( the "&&er *lasses illiterate, "n*"lti+ate(, an( *orr"&t, the #ission o% Gior(ano /r"no was i#&ossi le0 -Altiora 1eto- was /r"noBs #otto, an( to reali?e it he ha( !one %orth with the &il!ri#Bs sta%% in his han(, so#eti#es *o+ere( with the *owl o% the #on), at others wearin! the si#&le ha it o% a s*hool#aster, or, a!ain, *lothe( with the (o" let o% the #e*hani*A he ha( %o"n( no restin!6&la*e>nowhere to la$ his hea(, no one who *o"l( "n(erstan( hi#, "t alwa$s #an$ rea($ to (eno"n*e hi#0 =e t"rne( his a*) at last on his *o"ntr$, *rosse( the Al&s on %oot, an( (ire*te( his ste&s towar(s Swit?erlan(0 =e +isite( the "ni+ersities in (i%%erent towns o% Swit?erlan(, .ran*e, an( Ger#an$, an( where+er he went he le%t ehin( hi# tra*es o% his +isit in so#e h"rrie( writin!s0 The onl$ wor) o% the Nolan, written in 'tal$, whi*h has s"r+i+e( is -'l Can(ela@o,- whi*h was &" lishe( in 1aris0 Le+i, in his Li%e o% /r"no, &asses in re+iew his +ario"s wor)s, "t it will s"%%i*e here to re&ro("*e what he sa$s o% the
91! 12;

-Eroi*i ."rori,- the %irst &art o% whi*h ' ha+e translate(, an( to note his re#ar)s "&on the st$le o% /r"no, whi*h

&resents #an$ (i%%i*"lties to the translator on a**o"nt o% its %or#lessness0 Goethe sa$s o% /r"noBs writin!sA -H" all!e#einer /etra*ht"n! "n( Erhe "n! (er Geistes ei!neten si*h (ie S*hri%ten (es Gor(an"s /r"no"s +on Nola, a er %reili*h (as !e(ie!ene Gol( an( Sil er a"s (er 7asse @ener ?o "n!lei*h e!a ten Er?!In!e a"s?"s*hei(en "n( "nter (en =a##er ?" rin!en er%or(ert %ast #ehr als #ens*hli*he KrI%te +er#J!en0' elie+e that no translation o% Gior(ano /r"noBs wor)s has e+er een ro"!ht o"t in En!lish, or, at an$ rate, no translation o% the -Eroi*i ."rori,- an( there%ore ' ha+e ha( no hel& %ro# &re+io"s ren(erin!s0 ' ha+e, %or the #ost &art, %ollowe( the te<t as *losel$ as &ossi le, es&e*iall$ in the sonnets, whi*h are %reD"entl$ ren(ere( line %or line0 .or# is la*)in! in the ori!inal, an( wo"l(, owin! to the "n"s"al an( o%ten %antasti* *lothin! o% the i(eas, e (i%%i*"lt to a&&l$ in the translation0 =e see#s to ha+e written (own his !ran( i(eas h"rrie(l$, an(, as Le+i sa$s, &ro a l$ inten(e( to reto"*h the wor) e%ore &rintin!0 .ollowin! the or(er o% Le+iBs Li%e o% /r"no, we ne<t %in( the %"!iti+e at Gene+a0 =e was har(l$
91! 14;

thirt$6one $ears ol( when he D"itte( his *o"ntr$ an( *rosse( the Al&s, an( his %irst sto&&in!6&la*e was Cha# er$, where he was re*ei+e( in a *on+ent o% the Or(er o% 1re(i*atori, he &ro&ose( !oin! on to L$ons, "t ein! tol( $ an 'talian &riest, who# he #et there, that he was not li)el$ to %in( *o"ntenan*e or s"&&ort, either in the &la*e he was in or in an$ other &la*e, howe+er %ar he #i!ht tra+el, he *han!e( his *o"rse an( #a(e %or Gene+a0 The na#e o% Gior(ano /r"no was not "n)nown to the 'talian *olon$ who ha( %le( %ro# &a&al &erse*"tion to

this stron!hol( o% reli!io"s re%or#0 =e went to lo(!e at an inn, an( soon re*ei+e( +isits %ro# the 7ar*hese (i Vi*o Na&oletano, 1ietro 7artire Ver#i!li, an( other re%"!ees, who wel*o#e( hi# with a%%e*tion, inD"irin! whether he inten(e( to e# ra*e the reli!ion o% Cal+in, to whi*h /r"no re&lie( that he (i( not inten( to #a)e &ro%ession o% that reli!ion, as he (i( not )now o% what )in( it was, an( he onl$ (esire( to li+e in Gene+a in %ree(o#0 =e was then a(+ise( to (o%% the Do#ini*an ha it, whi*h he still wore, this he was D"ite willin! to (o, onl$ he ha( no #one$ to "$ other *lothin!, an( was %or*e( to ha+e so#e #a(e o% the *loth o% his #on)ish ro es, an( his new %rien(s &resente( hi# with a swor( an( a hat, the$ also
91! 1C;

&ro*"re( so#e wor) %or hi# in *orre*tin! &ress errors0 The ter# o% /r"noBs so@o"rn in Gene+a see#s (o" t%"l, an( the &re*ise nat"re o% his e#&lo$#ent when there is also "n*ertain, "t his in(e&en(ent s&irit ro"!ht hi# into (is&"te with the ri!i( Cal+inists o% that *it$, who &rea*he( an( e<a*te( a lin( %aith, a sol"te an( *o#&"lsor$0 /r"no *o"l( not a**e&t an$ o% the e<istin! &ositi+e reli!ions, he &ro%esse( the *"lt o% &hiloso&h$ an( s*ien*e, nor was his *hara*ter o% that #o"l( that wo"l( ha+e ena le( hi# to hi(e his &rin*i&les0 't was #a(e )nown to hi# that he #"st either a(o&t Cal+inis# or lea+e Gene+aA he (e*line( the %or#er, an( ha( no *hoi*e as to the latter, &oor he ha( entere( Gene+a, an( &oor he le%t it, an( now t"rne( his ste&s towar(s .ran*e0 =e rea*he( L$ons, whi*h was also at that ti#e a *it$ o% re%"!e a!ainst reli!io"s &erse*"tions, an( he a((resse( hi#sel% to his *o#&atriots, e!!in! %or wor) %ro# the &" lishers, Al(o an( Gri%i, "t not s"**ee(in! in !ainin! eno"!h to ena le hi# to s" sist, a%ter a %ew (a$s he

le%t, an( went on his wa$ to To"lo"se, where there was a %a#o"s "ni+ersit$, an( ha+in! #a(e a*D"aintan*e with se+eral #en o% intelle*t, /r"no was in+ite( to le*t"re on the
91! 1F;

S&here, whi*h he (i(, with +ario"s other s" @e*ts, %or si< #onths, when the *hair o% 1hiloso&h$ e*o#in! +a*ant, he too) the (e!ree o% Do*tor, an( *o#&ete( %or it, an( he *ontin"e( %or two $ears in that &la*e, tea*hin! the &hiloso&h$ o% Aristotle an( o% others0 =e too) %or the te<t o% his le*t"res the treatise o% Aristotle, -De Ani#a,- an( this !a+e hi# the o&&ort"nit$ o% intro("*in! an( (is*"ssin! the (ee&est D"estions> "&on the Ori!in an( Destin$ o% ="#anit$, The So"l, is it 7atter or S&iritK 1otentialit$ or Realit$K 'n(i+i("al or Eni+ersalK 7ortal or EternalK 's 7an alone !i%te( with So"l, or are all ein!s eD"all$ soK /r"noBs s$ste# was in his #in( *o#&lete an( #at"re, he ta"!ht that e+er$thin! in Nat"re has a so"l, one "ni+ersal #in(, &enetrates an( #o+es all thin!s, the worl( itsel% is a &$'r(m $)*m$+0 Nothin! is lost, "t all trans#"tes an( e*o#es0 This +ast %iel( a%%or(e( hi# s*o&e %or tea*hin! his (o*trines "&on the worl(, on the #o+e#ent o% the earth, an( on the "ni+ersal so"l0 The no+elt$ an( ol(ness o% his o&inions ro"se( the ani#osit$ o% the *ler!$ a!ainst hi#, an( a%ter li+in! two $ears an( si< #onths at To"lo"se, he %elt it wise to retire, an( lea+in! the *a&ital o% the Lan!"e(o*, he set his %a*e towar(s 1aris0 The two oo)s>the %r"it o% his le*t"res>whi*h
91! 17;

he &" lishe( in To"lo"se, -De Ani#a- an( -De Cla+is 7a!is,- were lost0

The title o% Do*tor, or as he sai( hi#sel%, -7aestro (elle Arti,- whi*h /r"no ha( o taine( at To"lo"se, !a+e hi# the %a*"lt$ o% tea*hin! &" li*l$ in 1aris, an( he sa$sA -' went to 1aris, where ' set #$sel% to rea( a #ost "n"s"al le*t"re, in or(er to #a)e #$sel% )nown an( to attra*t attention0- =e !a+e thirt$ le*t"res on the thirt$ Di+ine attri "tes, (i+i(in! an( (istri "tin! the# a**or(in! to the #etho( o% St0 Tho#as AD"inasA these le*t"res e<*ite( #"*h attention a#on!st the s*holars o% the Sor onne, who went in *row(s to hear hi#, an( he intro("*e(, as "s"al, his own i(eas while a&&arentl$ tea*hin! the (o*trines o% St0 Tho#as0 =is e<traor(inar$ #e#or$ an( his eloD"en*e *a"se( !reat astonish#ent, an( the %a#e o% /r"no rea*he( the ears o% Kin! =enr$ '''0, who sent %or hi# to the Co"rt, an( ein! %ille( with a(#iration o% his learnin!, he o%%ere( hi# a s" stantial s" si($0 D"rin! his sta$ at 1aris, altho"!h he was #"*h at Co"rt, he s&ent #an$ ho"rs in his st"($, writin! the wor)s that he a%terwar(s &" lishe(0 1hiloso&hi*al D"estions were (is*"sse( at the Sor onne with #"*h %ree(o#A /r"no showe( hi#sel% no &artisan o% either the 1latoni* or the 1eri&ateti*
91! 18;

s*hool, he was not e<*l"si+e either in &hiloso&h$ or in reli!ion, he (i( not %a+o"r the ="!"enot %a*tion #ore than the Catholi* lea!"e, an( &re*isel$ $ reason o% this in(e&en(ent attit"(e, whi*h )e&t hi# %ree o% the sha*)les o% the se*ts, (i( he o tain the %a*"lt$ o% le*t"rin! at the Sor onne0 Nor *an we as*ri e this aloo%ness to reli!io"s in(i%%eren*e, "t to the %a*t that he so"!ht %or hi!her thin!s an( lon!e( %or no ler ones0 The h"#iliatin! s&e*ta*le whi*h the &ositi+e reli!ions, oth Catholi* an( Re%or#e(, &resente( at that ti#e> the hatre(s, the *i+il wars, the assassinations whi*h

the$ insti!ate(>ha( (is!"ste( #en o% no le #o"l(, an( ha( t"rne( the# a!ainst these so6*alle( reli!ions, so that in Na&les, in T"s*an$, in Veni*e, in Swit?erlan(, .ran*e, an( En!lan(, there were to e %o"n( so*ieties o% &hiloso&hers, o% %ree6thin)ers, an( &oliti*ians, who re&"(iate( e+er$ &ositi+e reli!ion an( &ro%esse( a &"re Theis#0 'n the -S&a**io (ella /estia Trion%ante- he (e*lares that he *annot all$ hi#sel% either to the Catholi* or the L"theran Ch"r*h, e*a"se he &ro%esses a #ore &"re an( *o#&lete %aith than these>to wit, the lo+e o% h"#anit$ an( the lo+e o% wis(o#, an( 7o*eni!o, the (is*i&le who "lti#atel$ etra$e( an( sol( hi# to the =ol$ O%%i*e, (e*lares in his (e&osition that /r"no so"!ht to #a)e hi#sel% the
91! 15;

a"thor o% a new reli!ion "n(er the na#e o% -1hiloso&h$0- =e was not a #an to *on*eal his i(eas, an( in the %er+o"r o% his i#&ro+isation he no (o" t re+eale( what he was, so#e t"#"lt res"lte( %ro# this %ree s&ea)in! o% /r"noBs, an( he was %or*e( to (is*ontin"e his le*t"res at the Sor onne0 Towar(s the en( o% the $ear 1C82 the Kin! e*a#e enthralle( $ reli!io"s enth"sias#, an( nothin! was tal)e( o% in 1aris "t the *on+ersion o% Kin! =enr$0 This %a*t *han!e( the as&e*t o% a%%airs as %ar as /r"no was *on*erne(, he @"(!e( it &r"(ent to lea+e 1aris, an( he tra+elle( to En!lan(0 The &rin*i&al wor)s &" lishe( $ /r"no ("rin! his sta$ in 1aris are -'l Can(ela@o- an( -E# rae '(ear"#0- The %or#er, sa$s Le+i, is a wor) o% *riti*is# an( o% (e#olition, in this *o#e($ he sets in !ro"&s the &rin*i&al t$&es o% h$&o*ris$, st"&i(it$, an( ras*alit$, an( e<hi itin! the# in their tr"e *olo"rs, he lashes

the# with ri(i*"le0 'n the -E# rae '(ear"#- he initiates the wor) o% re*onstr"*tion, !i+in! *olo"r to his tho"!ht an( s)et*hin! his i(ea0 The &hiloso&h$ o% /r"no is ase( "&on that o% 1$tha!oras, whose s$ste# &enetrates the so*ial an( intelle*t"al histor$ o% 'tal$, oth an*ient an( #o(ern0 The #etho( o% 1$tha!oras is not *on%ine(, as #ost &hiloso&hies are, to &"re #eta&h$si*al
91! :3;

s&e*"lations, "t *onne*ts these with s*ienti%i* o ser+ations an( so*ial &ra*ti*e0 /r"no ha+in! res"s*itate( these (o*trines, sta#&s the# with a wi(er s*o&e, !i+in! the# a #ore &ositi+e (ire*tion, an( he #a$ with &ro&riet$ e *alle( the se*on( 1$tha!oras0 The &ri#al i(ea o% 1$tha!oras, whi*h /r"no wor)e( o"t to a #ore (istin*t (e+elo&#ent is thisA n"# ers are the e!innin! o% thin!s, in other wor(s n"# ers are the *a"se o% the e<isten*e o% #aterial thin!s, the$ are not %inal, "t are alwa$s *han!in! &osition an( attri "tes, the$ are +aria le an( relati+e0 /e$on( an( a o+e this #"ta ilit$ there #"st e the '##"ta le, the All, the One0 The 'n%inite #"st e one, as one is the a sol"te n"# er, in the ori!inal One is *ontaine( all the n"# ers, in the One is *ontaine( all the ele#ents o% the Eni+erse0 This a stra*t (o*trine reD"ire( to e el"*i(ate( an( %i<e(0 .ro# a h$&othesis to *on*entrate an( re("*e it to a realit$ was the !reat wor) o% /r"no0 One is the &er%e*t n"# er, it is the &ri#iti+e #ona(0 As %ro# the One &ro*ee(s the in%inite series o% n"# ers whi*h a!ain with(raw an( are resol+e( into the One, so %ro# S" stan*e, whi*h is one, &ro*ee( the #$ria(s o% worl(s, %ro# the worl(s &ro*ee( #$ria(s o% li+in!

*reat"res, an( %ro#

91! :1;

the "nion o% one with the (i+erse is !enerate( the Eni+erse0 =en*e the &ro!ression %ro# as*ent to (es*ent, %ro# s&irit to that whi*h we *all #atter, %ro# the *a"se to the ori!in, an( the &ro*ess o% #eta&h$si*s, whi*h, %ro# the %inite worl( o% sense rises to the intelli!ent, &assin! thro"!h the inter#e(iate n"# ers o% in%inite s" stan*e to a*ti+e ein! an( *os#i* reason0 .ro# the a sol"te One, the s"n o% the sensi le an( intelle*t"al worl(, #illions o% stars an( s"ns are &ro("*e( or (e+elo&e(0 Ea*h s"n is the *entre o% as #an$ worl(s whi*h are (istri "te( in as #an$ (istin*t series in an in%inite n"# er o% *on*entri* *entres an( s$ste#s0 Ea*h s$ste# is attra*te(, re&elle(, an( #o+e( $ an in%inite, internal &assion, or attra*tion, ea*h t"rns ro"n( its own *entre, an( #o+es in a s&iral towar(s the *entre o% the whole, towar(s whi*h *entre the$ all ten( with in%inite &assional ar(o"r0 .or in this *entre resi(es the s"n o% s"ns, the "nit$ o% "nities, the te#&le, the altar o% the "ni+erse, the sa*re( %ire o% Vesta, the +ital &rin*i&le o% the "ni+erse0 That whi*h o**"rs in the worl( o% stars is re%le*te( in the tell"ri* worl(, e+er$thin! has its *entre, towar(s whi*h it is attra*te( with %er+o"r0 All is tho"!ht, &assion, an( as&iration0
91! ::;

.ro# this "nit$, whi*h !o+erns +ariet$, %ro# this #o+e#ent o% e+er$ worl( aro"n( its s"n, o% e+er$ s"n aro"n( its *entre s"n>the s"n o% s"ns>whi*h in%or#s all with the ra$s o% the s&irit, with the li!ht o% tho"!ht> is !enerate( that &er%e*t har#on$ o% *olo"rs, so"n(s,

%or#s, whi*h stri)e the si!ht an( *a&ti+ate an( enthrall the intelle*t0 That whi*h in the hea+ens is har#on$ e*o#es, in the in(i+i("al, #oralit$, an( in *o#&anies o% h"#an ein!s, law0 That whi*h is li!ht in the s&heres e*o#es intelli!en*e an( s*ien*e in the worl( o% the s&irit an( in h"#anit$0 We #"st st"($ this har#on$ that r"les the *elestial worl(s in or(er to (e("*e the laws whi*h sho"l( !o+ern *i+il o(ies0 'n the s*ien*e o% n"# ers (wells har#on$, an( there%ore it eho+es "s to i(enti%$ o"rsel+es with this har#on$, e*a"se %ro# it is (eri+e( the har#oni* law whi*h (raws #en to!ether into *o#&anies0 Thro"!h the re+ol"tion o% the worl(s thro"!h s&a*e aro"n( their s"ns, %ro# their or(er, their *onstan*$ an( their #eas"re, the #in( *o#&rehen(s the &ro!ress an( *on(itions o% #en, an( their ("ties towar(s ea*h other0 The /i le, the sa*re( oo) o% #an, is in the hea+ens, there (oes #an %in( written the wor( o% Go(0 ="#an so"ls are li!hts, (istin*t %ro# the
91! :2;

"ni+ersal so"l, whi*h is (i%%"se( o+er all an( &enetrates e+er$thin!0 A &"ri%$in! &ro*ess !"i(es the# %ro# one e<isten*e to another, %ro# one %or# to another, %ro# one worl( to another0 The li%e o% #an is #ore than an e<&erien*e or trial, it is an e%%ort, a str"!!le to re&ro("*e an( re&resent "&on earth so#e o% that !oo(ness, ea"t$, an( tr"th whi*h are (i%%"se( o+er the "ni+erse an( *onstit"te its har#on$0 Lon!, slow, an( %"ll o% o&&osition is this e("*ational &ro*ess o% the so"l0 As the terraD"eo"s !lo e e*o#es %or#e(, *han!e(, an( &er%e*te(, little $ little, thro"!h the *ata*l$s#s an( *on+"lsions whi*h, $ #eans o% %ire, %loo(, earthD"a)e, an( irr"&tions, trans%or# the earth, so it is with h"#anit$0 Thro"!h str"!!le is #an

e("*ate(, %orti%ie(, an( raise(0 'n the #i(st o% so*ial *ata*l$s#s an( re+ol"tions h"#anit$ has one !"i(in! star, a ea*on whi*h shows its li!ht a o+e the stor#s an( te#&ests, a #$sti*al threa( r"nnin! thro"!h the la $rinth o% histor$> na#el$, the reli!ion o% &hiloso&h$ an( o% tho"!ht0 The +"l!ar *ree(s wo"l( not, an( ha+e not (are( to re+eal the Tr"th in its &"rit$ an( essen*e0 The$ *o+ere( it with +eils with alle!ories, with #$ths an( #$steries, whi*h the$ *alle( sa*re(, the$ enshro"(e( tho"!ht with a (o" le
91! :4;

+eil, an( *alle( it Re+elation0 ="#anit$, (e*ei+e( $ a se("*ti+e %or#, a(ore( the +eil, "t (i( not li%t itsel% "& to the i(ea ehin( it, it saw the sha(ow, not the li!ht0 /"t we #"st ret"rn to o"r wan(erin! hero0 /r"no was a o"t thirt$6si< $ears ol( when he le%t 1aris an( went to En!lan(0 =e was in+ite( to +isit the Eni+ersit$ o% O<%or(, an( o&ene( his le*t"res there with two s" @e*ts whi*h, a&&arentl$ (i+erse, are in realit$ inti#atel$ *onne*te( with ea*h other>na#el$, on the L"a(r"&le S&here an( on the '##ortalit$ o% the So"l0 S&ea)in! o% the i##ortalit$ o% the so"l, he #aintaine( that nothin! in the "ni+erse is lost, e+er$thin! *han!es an( is trans%or#e(, there%ore, so"l an( o($, s&irit an( #atter, are eD"all$ i##ortal0 The o($ (issol+es, an( is trans%or#e(, the so"l trans#i!rates, an(, (rawin! ro"n( itsel% ato# to ato#, it re*onstr"*ts %or itsel% a new o($0 The s&irit that ani#ates an( #o+es all thin!s is one, e+er$thin! (i%%erentiates a**or(in! to the (i%%erent %or#s an( o(ies in whi*h it o&erates0 =en*e, o% ani#ate thin!s so#e are in%erior $ reason o% the #eanness o% the or!an in whi*h the$ o&erate, others are s"&erior thro"!h the ri*hness o% the sa#e0 Th"s we

see that /r"no anti*i&ates the (o*trine, &ro*lai#e( later

91! :C;

$ Goethe an( $ Darwin, o% the trans%or#ation o% s&e*ies an( o% the or!ani* "nit$ o% the ani#al worl(, an( this alternation %ro# se!re!ation to a!!re!ation, whi*h we *all (eath an( li%e, is no other than #"tation o% %or#0 A%ter ha+in! *riti*ise( an( s*o"r!e( the reli!ions o% *hi#era, o% i!noran*e, an( h$&o*ris$, in -Lo S&a**io (ella /estia Trion%ante- an( in -LBAsino Cilleni*o,- the a"thor, in -Gli Eroi*i ."rori,- la$s (own the asis %or the reli!ion o% tho"!ht an( o% s*ien*e0 'n &la*e o% the so6 *alle( Christian &er%e*tions Mresi!nation, (e+otion, an( i!noran*eN, /r"no wo"l( &"t intelli!en*e an( the &ro!ress o% the intelle*t in the worl( o% &h$si*s, #eta&h$si*s, an( #orals, the tr"e ai# ein! ill"#ination, the tr"e #oralit$ the &ra*ti*e o% @"sti*e, the tr"e re(e#&tion the li eration o% the so"l %ro# error, its ele+ation an( "nion with Go( "&on the win!s o% tho"!ht0 This i(ea is (e+elo&e( in the wor) in D"estion, whi*h is (e(i*ate( to Sir 1hili& Si(ne$0 A%ter treatin! o% the in%inite "ni+erse, an( *onte#&latin! the inn"#era le worl(s in other wor)s, he *o#es, in -Gli Eroi*i ."rori,- to the *onsi(eration o% +irt"e in the in(i+i("al, an( (e#onstrates the &oten*$ o% the h"#an %a*"lties0 A%ter the Cos#os, the 7i*ro*os#, a%ter the in
91! :F;

%initel$ !reat, the in%initel$ s#all0 The o($ is in the so"l, the so"l is in the #in(, the #in( is in Go(0 The li%e o% the so"l is the tr"e li%e o% the #an0 O% all his +ario"s %a*"lties, that whi*h r"les all, that whi*h e<alts o"r nat"re, is Tho"!ht0 /$ #eans o% it we rise to the *onte#&lation o% the "ni+erse, an( e*o#in! in o"r

t"rn *reators, we raise the e(i%i*e o% s*ien*e, thro"!h the intelle*t the a%%e*tions e*o#e &"ri%ie(, the will e*o#es stren!thene(0 Tr"e li ert$ is a*D"ire(, an( will an( a*tion e*o#in! one thro"!h tho"!ht, we e*o#e heroes0 This e("*ation o% the so"l, or rather this ele+ation an( !lor$ o% tho"!ht, whi*h (raws with it the will an( the a%%e*tions, not $ #eans o% lin( %aith or s"&ernat"ral !ra*e, not thro"!h an irrational an( #$sti*al i#&"lse, "t $ the stren!th o% a re%or#e( intelle*t an( $ a &al&a le an( well6*onsi(ere( enth"sias#, whi*h s*ien*e an( the *onte#&lation o% Nat"re alone *an !i+e, this is the )e$note o% the &oe#0 't is *o#&ose( o% two &arts, ea*h o% whi*h is (i+i(e( into %i+e (ialo!"esA the %irst &art, whi*h #a$ e *alle( &s$*holo!i*al, shows, $ #eans o% +ario"s %i!"res an( s$# ols (rawn %ro# Nat"re, how the (i+ine li!ht is alwa$s &resent to "s, is inherent in #an, it &resents itsel% to the senses an( to the
91! :7;

*o#&rehensionA #an *onstantl$ re@e*ts an( i!nores it, so#eti#es the so"l stri+es to rise "& to it, an( the &oet (es*ri es the str"!!le with the o&&osin! a%%e*tions whi*h are in+ol+e( in this e%%ort, an( shows how at last the #an o% intelli!en*e o+er*o#es these *onten(in! &owers an( %atal i#&"lses whi*h *on%li*t within "s, an( $ +irt"e o% har#on$ an( the %"sion o% the o&&osites the intelle*t e*o#es one with the a%%e*tions, an( #an reali?es the !oo( an( rises to the )nowle(!e o% the tr"e0 All *on%li*tin! (esires ein! at last "nite(, the$ e*o#e %i<e( "&on one o @e*t, one !reat intent>the lo+e o% the Di+ine, whi*h is the hi!hest tr"th an( the hi!hest !oo(0 'n -Gli Eroi*i ."rori- we see /r"no as a #an, as a &hiloso&her, an( as a elie+erA here he re+eals hi#sel% as the hero o% tho"!ht0 E+en as Christ

was the hero o% %aith, an( sa*ri%i*e( hi#sel% %or it, so /r"no (e*lares hi#sel% rea($ to sa*ri%i*e hi#sel% %or s*ien*e0 't is also a literar$, a &hiloso&hi*al, an( a reli!io"s wor), %or#, howe+er, is sa*ri%i*e( to the i(ea> so a sor e( is the a"thor in the i(ea that he o%ten i!nores %or# alto!ether0 An e<ile wan(erin! %ro# &la*e to &la*e, he wrote h"rrie(l$ an( sel(o# or e+er ha( he the o&&ort"nit$ o% re+isin! what he ha( written (own0 =is #in( in the i#&"lsi+eness o% its i#&ro+isation was li)e the +ol*ano o%
91! :8;

his nati+e soil, whi*h, rent $ s" terranean %la#es, sen(s %orth %ro# its +orti*es o% %ire, at the sa#e ti#e s#o)e, ashes, t"r i( %loo(s, stones, an( la+a0 =e *onte#&lates the so"l, an( see)s to "n(erstan( its lan!"a!e, he is a &h$siolo!ist an( a nat"ralist, #er!e( in the #$sti* an( the enli!htene( (e+otee0 /r"no #i!ht ha+e #a(e a %i<e( ho#e %or hi#sel% in En!lan(, as so #an$ o% his *o#&atriots ha( (one, an( ha+e *ontin"e( to en@o$ the so*iet$ o% s"*h #en as Sir 1hili& S$(ne$, ."l)e Gre+ille, an(, &er*han*e, also o% Sha)es&eare hi#sel%, who was in Lon(on a o"t that ti#e, "t his sel%6i#&ose( #ission allowe( hi# no rest, he #"st !o %orth, an( *arr$ his (o*trines to the worl(, an( %or!et the &leas"res o% %rien(shi& an( the ties o% *o#%ort in the lar!er lo+e o% h"#anit$, his wor) was to awa)en so"ls o"t o% their lethar!$, to ins&ire the# with the lo+e o% the hi!hest !oo( an( o% tr"th, to tea*h that Go( is to e %o"n( in the st"($ o% Nat"re, that the laws o% the +isi le worl( will e<&lain those o% the in+isi le, the "nion o% s*ien*e an( h"#anit$ with Nat"re an( with Go(0 /r"no ret"rne( to 1aris in 1C8C, ein! at that ti#e t"tor in the %a#il$ o% 7a"+issier, who ha( een re*alle( %ro# En!lan( $ his So+erei!n0 D"rin! /r"noBs se*on(

so@o"rn in 1aris e%%orts were #a(e

91! :5;

$ 7en(o?a, the S&anish a# assa(or, an( others, to in("*e hi# to ret"rn to his alle!ian*e to the Ch"r*h, an( to e re*on*ile( to the 1o&e, "t /r"no (e*line( these o+ert"res, an( soon a%ter le%t 1aris %or Ger#an$, where he arri+e( on %oot, his onl$ "r(en ein! a %ew oo)s0 =e +isite( 7ar "r! an( W"rte# "r!, re#ainin! in the latter &la*e two $ears, earnin! his rea( $ tea*hin!0 1ra!"e an( .ran)%ort were ne<t +isite(, e+er the sa#e *o"ra!e an( ol(ness *hara*terise( his tea*hin!, an( e+er the sa#e s*ant$ wel*o#e was a**or(e( to it, altho"!h in e+er$ *it$ an( "ni+ersit$ *row(s o% the intelli!ent listene( to his le*t"res, "t the Ch"r*h ne+er lost si!ht o% /r"no, he was alwa$s "n(er s"r+eillan*e, an( %ew (are( to show the#sel+es o&enl$ his %rien(s0 A sor e( in his st"(ies an( intent "&on his wor), writin! with %e+erish haste, he o ser+e( nothin! o% the in+isi le net whi*h his ene#ies )e&t s&rea( a o"t hi#, an( while his slan(erers were "s$ in (oin! hi# in@"r$ he was o**"&ie( in tea*hin! the #ne#oni* art, an( e<&lainin! his s$ste# o% &hiloso&h$ to the $o"n! L"therans who atten(e( his le*t"res, in settlin! the asis o% a new an( rational reli!ion, an( in writin! Latin +erses, "sin! e+er !reater (ili!en*e with his
91! 23;

wor), al#ost as i% he %elt that the ti#e was (rawin! near in whi*h he wo"l( e no lon!er at li ert$ to wor) an( tea*h0 't was ("rin! the earl$ &art o% the &onti%i*ate o% Gre!or$ O'V0 that /r"no re*ei+e( letters %ro# 7o*eni!o in Veni*e, "r!in! hi# to ret"rn to 'tal$, an( to !o an( sta$

with hi# in Veni*e, an( instr"*t hi# in the se*rets o% s*ien*e0 /r"no was e!innin! to tire o% this &er&et"all$ wan(erin! li%e, an( a%ter se+eral letters %ro# 7o*eni!o, %"ll o% %ine &ro%essions o% %rien(shi& an( &rote*tion, /r"no, lon!in! to see his *o"ntr$ a!ain, t"rne( his %a*e towar(s Veni*e0 'n those (a$s #en o% s"&erior intelle*t were o%ten *onsi(ere( to e #a!i*ians or sor*erers, 7o*eni!o, a%ter enti*in! /r"no to Veni*e, insiste( "&on his tea*hin! hi# -the se*ret o% #e#or$ an( other thin!s that he )new0The &hiloso&her with "ntirin! &atien*e trie( to instil into this ("ll hea( the &rin*i&les o% lo!i*, the ele#ents o% #athe#ati*s, an( the r"(i#ents o% the #ne#oni* art, "t the &"&il hate( st"($, an( ha( no %a*"lt$ o% tho"!ht, $et he insiste( that /r"no sho"l( #a)e s*ien*e *learl$ )nown to hi#P /"t this was &ro a l$ onl$ to initiate a D"arrel with /r"no,
91! 21;

who# he inten(e( a%terwar(s to etra$, an( (eli+er into the han(s o% the Ch"r*h0 The =ol$ O%%i*e wo"l( ha+e lai( han(s on /r"no i##e(iatel$ on his arri+al in 'tal$, "t ein! ass"re( $ 7o*eni!o that he *o"l( not es*a&e, the$ le%t hi# a *ertain li ert$, so that he #i!ht #ore s"rel$ *o#&ro#ise hi#sel%, while his ene#ies were "s$ *olle*tin! e+i(en*e a!ainst hi#0 When at last his e$es e*a#e o&ene( to what was !oin! on a o"t hi#, an( he *o"l( no lon!er i!nore the &eril o% his &osition, it was too late, /r"no *o"l( not !et awa$, an( was tol( $ 7o*eni!o that i% he sta$e( not $ his own will an( &leas"re, he wo"l( e *o#&elle( to re#ain where he was0 /r"no, howe+er, #a(e his &re&arations %or (e&art"re, an( sent his thin!s on to .ran)%ort, inten(in!

to lea+e the ne<t (a$ hi#sel%, "t in the #ornin!, while he was still in e(, 7o*eni!o entere( the *ha# er, &reten(in! that he wishe( to s&ea) with hi#, then *allin! his ser+ant /artolo an( %i+e or si< !on(oliers, who waite( witho"t, the$ %or*e( /r"no to rise, an( *on("*te( hi# to a !arret, an( lo*)e( hi# in0 There he &asse( the %irst (a$ o% that i#&rison#ent whi*h was to last %or ei!ht $ears0 The ne<t (a$ he went o+er the la!oon in a !on(ola, in the *o#&an$ o%
91! 2:;

his @ailors, who too) hi# to the &rison o% the =ol$ O%%i*e, an( le%t hi# there0 Le+i (e+otes #an$ &a!es to the a**"sations ro"!ht a!ainst Gior(ano /r"no $ the 'nD"isitors, an( the (e&ositions an( (en"n*iations #a(e a!ainst hi# $ his ene#ies0 The Co"rt was o&ene( witho"t (ela$, an( #ost o% the &ro+in*es o% 'tal$ were re&resente( $ their (ele!ates in the earl$ &art o% the trial, /r"no hi#sel%, ein! interro!ate(, !a+e an a**o"nt in (etail o% his li%e, o% his wan(erin!s, o% his o**"&ations an( wor)sA serene an( (i!ni%ie( e%ore this terri le tri "nal, he e<&o"n(e( his (o*trine, its &rin*i&les, an( lo!i*al *onseD"en*es0 =e s&o)e o% the "ni+erse, o% the in%inite worl(s in in%inite s&a*e, o% the (i+init$ in all thin!s, o% the "nit$ o% all thin!s, the (e&en(en*e an( inter6(e&en(en*e o% all thin!s, an( o% the e<isten*e o% Go( in all0 A%ter nine #onthsB i#&rison#ent in Veni*e, towar(s the en( o% Gan"ar$ 1C52, /r"no, in *hains, was *on+e$e( %ro# the /ri(!e o% Si!hs thro"!h the la!oons to An*ona, where he re#aine( in*ar*erate( "ntil the &rison o% the Ro#an 'nD"isition re*ei+e( hi#0 '% we loo) "&on -Gli Eroi*i ."rori- as a &ro&heti*al &oe#, we see that his s"%%erin!s in the loneliness o% his &rison an( in the tort"re6*ha# er o% the 'nD"isition &asse( $ anti*i&ation e%ore his

91! 22;

#in( in the oo) written when he was %ree an( a wan(erer in stran!e lan(s0 -/$ what *on(ition, nat"re, or %ell *han*e, 'n li+in! (eath, (ea( li%e ' li+eKhe writes ei!ht $ears an( #ore e%ore he e+er reathe( the sti%lin! air o% a ("n!eon, an( a!ainA -The so"l nor $iel(s nor en(s to these ro"!h lows, /"t ears, e<"ltin!, this lon! #art$r(o#, An( #a)es a har#on$ o% these shar& &an!s0."rther (etails o% the trial o% Gior(ano /r"no are to e %o"n( in Le+iBs oo)0 't is well )nown how he re*ei+e( the senten*e o% (eath &asse( "&on hi#, sa$in!A -Yo", O @"(!esP %eel &er*han*e #ore terror in &rono"n*in! this @"(!#ent than ' (o in hearin! it0- The (a$ %i<e( %or the "rnin!, whi*h was to ta)e &la*e in the Ca#&o (ei .iori, was the 17th .e r"ar$ in the $ear 1F330 Ro#e was %"ll o% &il!ri#s %ro# all &arts, *o#e to *ele rate the @" ilee o% 1o&e Cle#ent V'''0 /r"no was har(l$ %i%t$ $ears ol( at this ti#e, his %a*e was thin an( &ale, with (ar), %ier$ e$es, the %orehea( l"#ino"s with tho"!ht, his o($ %rail an( earin! the si!ns o% tort"re, his han(s in *hains, his %eet are, he wal)e( with slow ste&s in the earl$ #ornin! towar(s the %"neral &ile0 /ri!htl$ shone the s"n, an( the
91! 24;

%la#es lea&t "&war(s an( #in!le( with his ar(ent ra$s, /r"no stoo( in the #i(st with his ar#s *rosse(, his hea( raise(, his e$es o&en, when all was *ons"#e(, a #on) too) a han(%"l o% the ashes an( s*attere( the# in the win(0 A #onth later, the /isho& o% Si(onia &resente( hi#sel% at the Treas"r$ o% the 1o&e, an( (e#an(e( two s*"(i in &a$#ent %or ha+in! (e!ra(e( .ra Gior(ano the hereti*0

-LBin*en(io Q tal, *hBio #Bar(o e non #i s%a**io0Eroi*i ."rori0

91! 2C;

THE HEROIC ENTHUSIASTS.

First Dialo !". Ta$sillo( Ci#a%a. Tans0 The enth"sias#s #ost s"ita le to e %irst ro"!ht %orwar( an( *onsi(ere( are those that ' now &la*e e%ore $o" in the or(er that see#s to #e #ost %ittin!0 Ci*0 /e!in, then, to rea(0 Tansillo0 10 Ye 7"ses, that so o%t ' ha+e re&"lse(, That, now i#&ort"ne(, haste to *"re #$ &ain, An( to *onsole #e in #$ woes With +erses, rh$#es, an( e<altation S"*h as to others $e (i( ne+er show, Who $et (o +a"nt the#sel+es o% la"rel an( o% #$rtle /e near #e now, #$ an*hor an( #$ &ort, Lest ' %or s&ort sho"l( towar(s so#e others t"rn0 O 7o"ntP O Go((essesP O .o"ntainP Where an( with who# ' (well, *on+erse an( no"rish #e,

91! 2F;

Where &ea*e%"ll$ ' &on(er an( !row %air, ' rise, ' li+eA heart, s&irit, rows a(orn, Death, *$&resses, an( hells Yo" *han!e to li%e, to la"rels, an( eternal starsP 't is to e s"&&ose( that he o%ti#es an( %or (i+ers reasons ha( re&"lse( the 7"ses, %irst, e*a"se he *o"l( not e i(le as a &riest o% the 7"ses sho"l( e, %or i(leness *annot e<ist there, where the #inisters an( ser+ants o% en+$, i!noran*e, an( #ali!nit$ are to e *o# ate(0 7oreo+er, he *o"l( not %or*e hi#sel% to the st"($ o% &hiloso&hies, whi*h tho"!h the$ e not the #ost #at"re, $et o"!ht, as )in(re( o% the 7"ses, to &re*e(e the#0 /esi(es whi*h, ein! (rawn on one si(e $ the tra!i* 7el&o#ene, with #ore #atter than s&irit, an( on the other si(e $ the *o#i* Thalia, with #ore s&irit than #atter, it *a#e to &ass that, os*illatin! etween the two, he re#aine( ne"tral an( ina*ti+e, rather than o&erati+e0 .inall$, the (i*t"# o% the *ensors, who, restrainin! hi# %ro# that whi*h was hi!h an( worth$, an( towar(s whi*h he was nat"rall$ in*line(, so"!ht to ensla+e his !eni"s, an( %ro# ein! %ree in +irt"e the$ wo"l( ha+e ren(ere( hi# *onte#&ti le "n(er a #ost +ile an( st"&i( h$&o*ris$0 At last, in the !reat whirl o% anno$an*es $ whi*h he was
91! 27;

s"rro"n(e(, it ha&&ene( that, not ha+in! wherewith to *onsole hi#, he listene( to those who are sai( to into<i*ate hi# with s"*h e<altation, +erses, an( rh$#es, as the$ ha( ne+er (e#onstrate( to others, e*a"se this wor) shines #ore $ its ori!inalit$ than $ its *on+entionalit$0 Ci*0 Sa$, what (o $o" #ean $ those who +a"nt the#sel+es o% #$rtle an( la"relK Tans0 Those #a$ an( (o oast o% the #$rtle who sin! o% lo+eA i% the$ ear the#sel+es no l$, the$ #a$ wear a

*rown o% that &lant *onse*rate( to Ven"s, o% whi*h the$ )now the &oten*$0 Those #a$ oast o% the la"rel who sin! worthil$ o% thin!s &ertainin! to heroes, s" stit"tin! heroi* so"ls %or s&e*"lati+e an( #oral &hiloso&h$, an( &raisin! the# an( settin! as #irrors an( e<e#&lars %or &oliti*al an( *i+il a*tions0 Ci*0 There are then #an$ s&e*ies o% &oets an( *rownsK Tans0 Not onl$ as #an$ as there are 7"ses, "t a !reat #an$ #ore, %or altho"!h !eni"s is to e #et with, $et *ertain #o(es an( s&e*ies o% h"#an in!en"it$ *annot e th"s *lassi%ie(0 Ci*0 There are *ertain s*hool#en who arel$ allow =o#er to e a &oet, an( set (own Vir!il, O+i(, 7artial, =esio(, L"*reti"s, an( #an$ others
91! 28;

as +ersi%iers, @"(!in! the# $ the r"les o% &oetr$ o% Aristotle0 Tans0 Know %or *ertain, #$ rother, that s"*h as these are easts0 The$ (o not *onsi(er that those r"les ser+e &rin*i&all$ as a %ra#e %or the =o#eri* &oetr$, an( %or other si#ilar to it, an( the$ set "& one as a !reat &oet, hi!h as =o#er, an( (isallow those o% other +ein, an( art, an( enth"sias#, who in their +ario"s )in(s are eD"al, si#ilar, or !reater0 Ci*0 So that =o#er was not a &oet who (e&en(e( "&on r"les, "t was the *a"se o% the r"les whi*h ser+e %or those who are #ore a&t at i#itation than in+ention, an( the$ ha+e een "se( $ hi# who, ein! no &oet, $et )new how to ta)e the r"les o% =o#eri* &oetr$ into ser+i*e, so as to e*o#e, not a &oet or a =o#er, "t one who a&es the 7"se o% othersK Tans0 Tho" (ost well *on*l"(e that &oetr$ is not orn in

r"les, or onl$ sli!htl$ an( a**i(entall$ so, the r"les are (eri+e( %ro# the &oetr$, an( there are as #an$ )in(s an( sorts o% tr"e r"les as there are )in(s an( sorts o% tr"e &oets0 Ci*0 =ow then are the tr"e &oets to e )nownK Tans0 /$ the sin!in! o% their +erses, in that sin!in! the$ !i+e (eli!ht, or the$ e(i%$, or the$ e(i%$ an( (eli!ht to!ether0
91! 25;

Ci*0 To who# then are the r"les o% Aristotle "se%"lK Tans0 To hi# who, "nli)e =o#er, =esio(, Or&he"s, an( others, *o"l( not sin! witho"t the r"les o% Aristotle, an( who, ha+in! no 7"se o% his own, wo"l( *oD"ette with that o% =o#er0 Ci*0 Then the$ are wron!, those st"&i( &e(ants o% o"r (a$s, who e<*l"(e %ro# the n"# er o% &oets those who (o not "se wor(s an( #eta&hors *on%or#a le to, or whose &rin*i&les are not in "nion with, those o% =o#er an( Vir!il, or e*a"se the$ (o not o ser+e the *"sto# o% in+o*ation, or e*a"se the$ wea+e one histor$ or tale with another, or e*a"se the$ %inish the son! with an e&ilo!"e on what has een sai( an( a &rel"(e on what is to e sai(, an( #an$ other )in(s o% *riti*is# an( *ens"re, %ro# when*e it see#s the$ wo"l( i#&l$ that the$ the#sel+es, i% the %an*$ too) the#, *o"l( e the tr"e &oets, an( $et in %a*t the$ are no other than wor#s, that )now not how to (o an$thin! well, "t are orn onl$ to !naw an( e%o"l the st"(ies an( la o"rs o% others, an( not ein! a le to attain *ele rit$ $ their own +irt"e an( in!en"it$, see) to &"t the#sel+es in the %ront, $ hoo) or $ *roo), thro"!h the (e%e*ts an( errors o% others0 Tans0 Now, to ret"rn %ro# this lon! (i!ression,

91! 43;

' sa$ that there are as #an$ sorts o% &oets as there are h"#an senti#ents an( i(eas, an( to these it is &ossi le to a(a&t !arlan(s, not onl$ o% e+er$ s&e*ies o% &lant, "t also o% other )in(s o% #aterial0 So the *rowns o% &oets are #a(e not onl$ o% #$rtle an( o% la"rel, "t o% +ine lea+es %or the white6wine +erses, an( o% i+$ %or the a**hanals, o% oli+e %or sa*ri%i*e an( laws, o% &o&lar, o% el#, an( o% *orn %or a!ri*"lt"re, o% *$&ress %or %"nerals, an( inn"#era le others %or other o**asions, an(, i% it &lease $o", also o% that #aterial si!ni%ie( $ a !oo( %ellow when he e<*lai#e(A O .riar Lee)P O 1oetasterP That in 7ilan (i(st "*)le on th$ wreath Co#&ose( o% sala(, sa"sa!e, an( the &e&&er6*aster0 Ci*0 Now s"rel$ he o% (i+ers #oo(s, whi*h he e<hi its in +ario"s wa$s, #a$ *o+er hi#sel% with the ran*hes o% (i%%erent &lants, an( #a$ hol( (is*o"rse worthil$ with the 7"ses, %or the$ are his a"ra or *o#%orter, his an*hor or s"&&ort, an( his har o"r, to whi*h he retires in ti#es o% la o"r, o% a!itation, an( stor#0 =en*e he *riesA -O #o"ntain o% 1arnass"s, where ' a i(eP 7"ses, with who# ' *on+erseP .o"ntain o% =eli*on, where ' a# no"rishe(0 7o"ntain, that a%%or(est #e a D"iet (wellin!6&la*eP 7"ses, that ins&ire #e with &ro
91! 41;

%o"n( (o*trines0 .o"ntain, that *leanses #eP 7o"ntain, on whose as*ent #$ heart "&risesP 7"ses, that in (is*o"rse re+i+e #$ s&irit0 Well, whose ar o"rs *ool #$ rowsP Chan!e #$ (eath into li%e, #$ *$&ress to la"rels, an( #$ hells into hea+ensA that is, !i+e #e i##ortalit$, #a)e #e &oet, ren(er #e ill"strio"sPTans0 Well, e*a"se to those who# =ea+en %a+o"rs the !reatest e+ils t"rn to !reatest !oo(, %or nee(s or

ne*essities rin! %orth la o"rs an( st"(ies, an( these #ost o%ten rin! the !lor$ o% i##ortal s&len(o"r0 Ci*0 .or to (ie in one a!e #a)es "s li+e in all the rest0 Go on0 Tans0 Then %ollowsA :0 'n %or# an( &la*e li)e to 1arnass"s is #$ heart, An( "& "nto this #o"nt %or sa%et$ ' as*en(, 7$ 7"ses are #$ tho"!hts, an( the$ &resent to #e At e+er$ ho"r new ea"ties *o"nte( o"t0 The %reD"ent tears that %ro# #$ e$es (o &o"r, These #a)e #$ %o"nt o% =eli*on0 /$ s"*h a #o"nt, s"*h n$#&hs, s"*h %loo(s, As =ea+en (i( &lease, was ' a &oet orn0 No )in! o% an$ )in!(o#, No %a+o"rin! han( o% e#&eror, No hi!hest &riest nor !reat &astor, =as !i+en to #e s"*h !ra*es, hono"rs, &ri+ile!es, As are those la"rel lea+es with whi*h OBersha(owe( are #$ heart, #$ tho"!hts, #$ tears0 =ere he (e*lares his #o"ntain to e the e<alte( a%%e*tion o% his heart, his 7"ses he *alls the ea"ties an( attri "tes o% the o @e*t o% his a%%e*tions, an( the %o"ntain is his tears0 'n that #o"ntain a%%e*tion is )in(le(, thro"!h those ea"ties enth"sias# is *on*ei+e(, an( $ those tears the enth"siasti* a%%e*tion is (e#onstrate(, an( he estee#s hi#sel% not less !ran(l$ *rowne( $ his heart, his tho"!hts, an( his tears than others are $ the han( o% )in!s, e#&erors, an( &o&es0 Ci*0 E<&lain to #e what he #eans $ his heart ein! in %or# li)e 1arnass"s0
91! 4:;

Tans0 /e*a"se the h"#an heart has two s"##its, whi*h ter#inate in one ase or root, an(, s&irit"all$, %ro# one a%%e*tion o% the heart &ro*ee( two o&&osites, lo+e an( hate, an( the #o"ntain o% 1arnass"s has two s"##its an( one ase0 Ci*0 On to the ne<tP 20 The *a&tain *alls his warriors to ar#s, An( at the tr"#&etBs so"n( the$ all En(er one si!n an( stan(ar( *o#e0 /"t $et %or so#e in +ain the *all is hear(, =ee(less an( "n&re&are(, the$ #in( it not0 One %oe he )ills, an( the insane "n orn, =e anishes %ro# o"t the *a#& in s*orn0 An( th"s the so"l, when %oile( her hi!h (esi!ns, Wo"l( ha+e all those o&&onents (ea( or !one, One o @e*t onl$ ' re!ar(, One %a*e alone #$ #in( (oes %ill, One ea"t$ )ee&s #e %i<e( an( still, One arrow &ier*e( #$ heart, an( one The %ire with whi*h alone ' "rn, An( towar(s one &ara(ise ' t"rn0 This *a&tain is the h"#an will, whi*h (wells in the (e&ths o% the so"l with the s#all hel# o% reason to !o+ern an( !"i(e the interior &owers a!ainst the wa+e o% nat"ral i#&"lses0 =e, with the so"n( o% the tr"#&et >that is, $ %i<e( resol+e>*alls all the warriors or in+o)es all the &owers, *alle( warriors e*a"se the$ are in *ontin"al stri%e an( o&&osition, an( their a%%e*tions, whi*h are all *ontrar$ tho"!hts, so#e towar(s one an( so#e towar(s the other si(e in*linin!, an( he tries to rin! the# all "n(er one %la!>one settle( en( an( ai#0 So#e are *alle( in +ain to &"t in a rea($ a&&earan*e, an( are *hie%l$ those whi*h &ro*ee( %ro# the lower
91! 42;

instin*ts, an( whi*h o e$ the reason either not at all, or +er$ little, an( %or*in! hi#sel% to &re+ent their a*tions an( *on(e#n those whi*h *annot e &re+ente(, he shows hi#sel% as one who wo"l( )ill those an( anish these, now $ the s*o"r!e o% s*orn, now $ the swor( o% an!er0 One onl$ is the o @e*t o%
91! 44;

his re!ar(s, an( on this he is intentl$ %i<e(, one &ros&e*t (eli!hts an( %ills his i#a!ination, one ea"t$ &leases, an( he rests in that, e*a"se the o&eration o% the intelli!en*e is not a wor) o% #o+e#ent "t o% D"iet, %ro# then*e alone he (eri+es that ar whi*h, )illin! hi#, *onstit"tes the *ons"##ation o% &er%e*tion0 =e "rns with one %ire alone, that is, one a%%e*tion *ons"#es hi#0 Ci*0 Wh$ is lo+e s$# oli?e( $ %ireK Tans0 .or #an$ reasons, "t at &resent let this one s"%%i*e theeA that as lo+e *on+erts the thin! lo+e( into the lo+er, so a#on!st the ele#ents %ire is a*ti+e an( &otent to *on+ert all the others, si#&le an( *o#&osite, into itsel%0 Ci*0 Go on0 Tans0 =e )nows one &ara(ise>that is, one *ons"##ation, e*a"se &ara(ise *o##onl$ si!ni%ies the en(, whi*h is a!ain (istin!"ishe( %ro# that whi*h is a sol"te in tr"th an( essen*e %ro# that whi*h is so in a&&earan*e an( sha(ow or %or#0 O% the %irst there *an onl$ e one, as there *an e onl$ one "lti#ate an( one &ri#al !oo(0 O% the se*on( the #o(es are in%inite0 40 Lo+e, .ate, Lo+eBs o @e*t, an( *ol( Gealo"s$, Deli!ht #e, an( tor#ent, *ontent #e, an( a%%li*t0

The insensate o$, the lin( an( sinister, The lo%tiest ea"t$, an( #$ (eath alone Show to #e &ara(ise, an( ta)e awa$, 1resent #e with all !oo(, an( steal it %ro# #e, So that the heart, the #in(, the s&irit, an( the so"l, =a+e @o$, &ain, *ol(, an( wei!ht in their *ontrol0 Who will (eli+er #e %ro# warK Who !i+e to #e the %r"it o% lo+e in &ea*eK An( that whi*h +e<es that whi*h &leases #e MO&enin! the !ates o% hea+en an( *losin! the#N Who will set %ar a&art To #a)e a**e&ta le #$ %ires an( tearsK =e shows the reason an( ori!in o% &assion, an( when*e it is *on*ei+e(, an( how enth"sias# is orn, $ &lo"!hin! the %iel( o% the 7"ses an( s*atterin! the see( o% his tho"!hts an( waitin! %or the %r"it%"l har+est, (is*o+erin! in hi#sel% the %er+o"r o% the a%%e*tions instea( o% in the s"n, an( in &la*e o% the rain is the #oist"re o% his e$es0 =e rin!s %orwar( %o"r thin!sA Lo+e, .ate, the O @e*t, an( Gealo"s$0 =ere lo+e is not a low, i!no le, an( "nworth$ #otor, "t a no le lor( an( *hie%0 .ate is none other than the &re6or(aine( (is&osition an( or(er o% *as"alties to whi*h he is s" @e*t $ his (estin$0 The o @e*t is the thin! lo+e( an( the *orrelati+e o% the lo+er0 Gealo"s$, it is *lear, #"st e the ar(o"r o% the lo+er a o"t the thin! lo+e(, o% whi*h it oots not to s&ea) to hi# who )nows what
91! 4F;

91! 4C;

lo+e is, an( whi*h it is +ain to tr$ to e<&lain to others0 Lo+e (eli!hts, e*a"se to hi# who lo+es it is a &leas"re to lo+e, an( he who reall$ lo+es wo"l( not *ease %ro# lo+in!0 This is re%erre( to in the %ollowin! sonnetA C0 /elo+e(, sweet, an( hono"ra le wo"n(,

.ro# %airest (art that lo+e (i( *hoose, Lo%t$, #ost ea"teo"s an( &otential ?eal, That #a)es the so"l in its own %la#es %in( wealP What &ower or s&ell o% her or #a!i* art Can tear thee %ro# the *entre o% #$ heart, Sin*e he, who with an e+er6!rowin! ?est, Tor#entin! #ost, $et #ost (oes #a)e #e lestK =ow *an ' o% this wei!ht "n "r(ene( e, '% &ain the *"re, an( @o$ the sore !i+e #eK Sweet is #$ &ainA to this worl( new an( rare0 E$esP $e are the ow an( tor*hes o% #$ lor(P Do" le the %la#es an( arrows in #$ reast, .or lan!"ishin! is sweet an( "rnin! est0 .ate +e<es an( !rie+es $ "n(esira le an( "n%ort"nate e+ents, or e*a"se it #a)es the s" @e*t %eel "nworth$ o% the o @e*t, an( o"t o% &ro&ortion with the (i!nit$ o% the latter, or e*a"se a &er%e*t s$#&ath$ (oes not e<ist, or %or other reasons an( o sta*les that arise0 The o @e*t satis%ies the s" @e*t, whi*h is no"rishe( $ no other, see)s no other, is o**"&ie( $ no other, an( anishes e+er$ other tho"!ht0 Gealo"s$ tor#ents, e*a"se altho"!h she
91! 47;

is the (a"!hter o% Lo+e, an( is (eri+e( %ro# hi#, an( is his *o#&anion who alwa$s !oes with hi#, an( is a si!n o% the sa#e, ein! "n(erstoo( as a ne*essar$ *onseD"en*e where+er lo+e is %o"n( Mas #a$ e o ser+e( o% whole !enerations who, %ro# the *ol(ness o% the re!ion an( lateness o% (e+elo&#ent, learn little, lo+e less, an( o% @ealo"s$ )now nothin!N, $et, notwithstan(in! its )inshi&, asso*iation, an( si!ni%i*ation, @ealo"s$ *o#es to tro" le an( &oisons all that it %in(s o% ea"ti%"l an( o% !oo( in Lo+e0 There%ore ' sai( in another sonnetA F0

Oh, wi*)e( *hil( o% En+$ an( o% Lo+eP That t"rnest into &ain th$ %atherBs @o$s, To e+il Ar!"s6e$e(, "t lin( as #ole to !oo(0 7inister o% tor#entP Gealo"s$P .eti( har&$P Tisi&hone in%ernalP Who steals an( &oisons othersB !oo(, En(er th$ *r"el reath (oes lan!"ish The sweetest %lower o% all #$ ho&es0 1ro"( o% th$sel%, "nlo+el$ one, /ir( o% sorrow an( har in!er o% ill, The heart tho" +isitest $ tho"san( (oors, '% entran*e "nto thee *o"l( e (enie(, The rei!n o% Lo+e wo"l( so #"*h %airer e, As wo"l( this worl( were (eath an( hate awa$0 To the a o+e is a((e(, that Gealo"s$ not onl$ is so#eti#es the r"in an( (eath o% the lo+er, "t
91! 48;

o%ten )ills Lo+e itsel%, e*a"se Lo+e *o#es to e so #"*h "n(er its in%l"en*e that it is i#&elle( to (es&ise the o @e*t, an( in %a*t e*o#es alienate( %ro# it, es&e*iall$ when it en!en(ers (is(ain0 Ci*0 E<&lain now the i(eas whi*h %ollow0 Wh$ is Lo+e *alle( the -insensate o$-K Tans0 ' will tell $o"0 Lo+e is *alle( the insensate o$, not e*a"se he is so o% hi#sel%, "t e*a"se he rin!s *ertain ones into s" @e*tion, an( (wells in s"*h s" @e*ts, sin*e the #ore intelle*t"al an( s&e*"lati+e one is, the #ore Lo+e raises the !eni"s an( &"ri%ies the intelle*t, ren(erin! it alert, st"(io"s, an( *ir*"#s&e*t, &ro#otin! a *on(ition o% +aloro"s ani#osit$ an( an e#"lation o% +irt"es an( (i!nities $ the (esire to &lease an( to #a)e itsel% worth$ o% the thin! lo+e(, others, an( the$ are the lar!est n"# er, *all hi# #a( an( %oolish, e*a"se he (ri+es the# (istra*te(, an( h"rries the# into e<*esses, $ whi*h the s&irit, so"l,

an( o($ e*o#e si*)l$, an( ine&t to *onsi(er an( (istin!"ish that whi*h is see#l$ %ro# that whi*h is (istorte(, th"s ren(erin! the# s" @e*t to s*orn, (erision, an( re&roa*h0 Ci*0 't is *o##onl$ sai( that lo+e #a)es %ools o% the ol( an( #a)es the $o"n! wise0 Tans0 That (raw a*) (oes not ha&&en to all the
91! 45;

a!e(, nor that a(+anta!e to all the $o"n!, the one is tr"e o% the wea), an( the other o% the ro "st0 One thin! is *ertain, that he who lo+es wisel$ in $o"th will in a!e not !o astra$0 /"t (erision is %or those o% #at"re a!e, into whose han(s Lo+e &"ts the al&ha et0 Ci*0 Tell #e now wh$ .ate is *alle( lin( an( a(0 Tans0 A!ain, lin( an( a( is not sai( o% Destin$ itsel%, e*a"se it is o% the sa#e or(er an( n"# er an( #eas"re as the "ni+erse, "t as to the s" @e*ts it is sai( to e lin(, %or the$ are lin( to %ate, she ein! so "n*ertain0 So also is .ate sai( to e e+il, e*a"se e+er$ li+in! #ortal who la#ents an( *o#&lains, la#es her0 As the A&"lian &oet sa$sA =ow is it, or what #eans it, 78*enas, That none on earth *ontente( with that %ate a&&ear, Whi*h Reason or =ea+en has assi!ne( to the#K 'n the sa#e wa$ he *alls the o @e*t the hi!hest ea"t$, as it is that alone whi*h has &ower o% attra*tin! hi# to itsel%, an( th"s he hol(s it #ore worth$, #ore no le, an( %eels it &re(o#inant an( s"&erior as he e*o#es s" @e*t an( *a&ti+e to it0 -7$ (eath itsel%,- he sa$s o% Gealo"s$, e*a"se as Lo+e has no #ore *lose *o#&anion than she, so also he %eels he has no !reater ene#$, as nothin! is

91! C3;

#ore h"rt%"l to iron than r"st, whi*h is &ro("*e( $ it0 Ci*0 Now, sin*e $o" ha+e e!"n so, *ontin"e to show it $ it that whi*h re#ains0 Tans0 So will '0 =e sa$s ne<t o% Lo+eA he shows #e 1ara(ise, in or(er to &ro+e that Lo+e hi#sel% is not lin(, an( (oes not hi#sel% ren(er an$ lo+ers lin(, e<*e&t thro"!h the i!no le *hara*teristi*s o% the s" @e*t, e+en as the ir(s o% ni!ht e*o#e lin( in the s"nshine0 As %or hi#sel%, Lo+e ri!htens, *lears, an( o&ens the intelle*t, &er#eatin! all an( &ro("*in! #ira*"lo"s e%%e*ts0 Ci*0 7"*h o% this, it see#s to #e, the Nolano (e#onstrates in another sonnetA 70 Lo+e, thro"!h who# hi!h tr"th ' (o (is*ern, Tho" o&enest the la*) (ia#on( (oors, Thro"!h the e$es enters #$ (eit$, an( thro"!h seein! 's orn, li+es, is no"rishe(, an( has eternal rei!n, Shows %orth what hea+en hol(s, earth an( hellA 7a)es &resent tr"e i#a!es o% the a sent, Gains stren!thA an( (rawin! with strai!ht ai#, Wo"n(s, la$s are an( %rets the in#ost heart0 Atten( now, tho" ase hin( "nto the tr"th, /en( (own the ear to #$ "nerrin! wor(, O&en, o&en, i% tho" *anst the e$es, %oolish &er+erte( oneP Tho" "n(erstan(in! little, *allBst hi# *hil(, /e*a"se tho" swi%tl$ *han!est, %"!iti+e he see#s, Th$sel% not seein!, *allBst hi# lin(0 Lo+e shows 1ara(ise in or(er that the hi!hest thin!s #a$ e hear(, "n(erstoo(, an( a**o#&lishe(, or it
91! C1;

#a)es the thin!s lo+e(, !ran(>at least in a&&earan*e0 =e sa$s, .ate ta)es lo+e awa$, e*a"se, o%ten in s&ite o% the lo+er, it (oes not *on*e(e, an( that whi*h he sees an( (esires is (istant an( a(+erse to hi#0 E+er$ !oo( he sets e%ore #e, he sa$s o% the o @e*t, e*a"se that whi*h is in(i*ate( $ the %in!er o% Lo+e see#s to hi# the onl$ thin!, the &rin*i&al, an( the whole0 -Steals it %ro# #e,- he sa$s o% Gealo"s$, not si#&l$ in or(er that it #a$ not e &resent to #e, re#o+in! it %ro# #$ e$esi!ht, "t in or(er that !oo( #a$ not e !oo(, "t an a*"te e+il, sweet, not sweet, "t an a!oni?e( lon!in!, while the heart>that is, the will, has @o$ $ the !reat %or*e o% lo+e, whate+er #a$ e the res"lt, the #in(>that is, the intelle*t"al &art, has &ain thro"!h the .ear o% .ate, whi*h %ate (oes not %a+o"r the lo+er, the s&irit>that is, the nat"ral a%%e*tions, are *ol( e*a"se the$ are snat*he( %ro# the o @e*t whi*h !i+es @o$ to the heart, an( whi*h #i!ht !i+e &leas"re to the #in(, the so"l>that is, the s"%%erin! an( sensiti+e so"l, is hea+$>that is, %in(s itsel% o&&resse( with the hea+$ "r(en o% @ealo"s$ whi*h tor#ents it0 To this *onsi(eration o% his state he a((s a tear%"l la#ent, an( sa$sA -Who
91! C:;

will (eli+er #e %ro# war, an( !i+e #e &ea*eK or who will se&arate that whi*h &ains an( in@"res #e %ro# that whi*h ' so lo+e, an( whi*h o&ens to #e the !ates o% hea+en, so that the %er+i( %la#es in #$ heart #a$ e a**e&ta le, an( %ort"nate the %o"ntains o% #$ tearsKContin"in! this &ro&osition, he a((sA 80 Ah #eP o&&ress so#e other, s&ite%"l .ateP Gealo"s$, !et thee hen*e> e!oneP awa$P These #a$ s"%%i*e to show #e all the !ra*e O% *han!e%"l Lo+e, an( o% that no le %a*e0

=e ta)es #$ li%e, she !i+es #e (eath, She win!s, he "rns #$ heart, =e #"r(ers it, an( she re+i+es the so"lA 7$ s"**o"r she, #$ !rie+o"s "r(en heP /"t what sa$ ' o% Lo+eK '% he an( she one s" @e*t e, or %or#, '% with one e#&ire an( one r"le the$ sta#& One sole i#&ression in #$ heart o% hearts, Then are the$ two, $et one, on whi*h (o wait The #irth an( #elan*hol$ o% #$ stateP .o"r e!innin!s an( e<tre#es o% two o&&osites he wo"l( re("*e to two e!innin!s an( one o&&ositeA he sa$s, then, o&&ress others>that is, let it s"%%i*e thee, O #$ .ateP that tho" hast so #"*h o&&resse( #e, an( sin*e tho" *anst not e<ist witho"t e<er*ise o% th$sel%, t"rn elsewhere th$ an!er0 Get thee hen*e o"t o% the worl(, tho" Gealo"s$, e*a"se one o% those
91! C2;

two others whi*h re#ain *an s"&&l$ $o"r %"n*tions an( o%%i*es, $et, O .ateP tho" art none other than #$ lo+e, an( tho", Gealo"s$, art not e<ternal to the s" stan*e o% the sa#e0 =e alone, then, re#ains to (e&ri+e #e o% li%e, to "rn #e, to !i+e #e (eath, an( to e to #e the "r(en o% #$ ones, %or he (eli+ers #e %ro# (eath> win!s, enli+ens, an( s"stains0 Then two e!innin!s an( one o&&osite he re("*es to one e!innin! an( one res"lt, e<*lai#in!A /"t what (o ' sa$ o% Lo+eK '% this &resen*e, this o @e*t, is his e#&ire, an( a&&ears none other than the e#&ire o% Lo+e, the r"le o% Lo+e an( its own r"le, the i#&ression o% Lo+e whi*h a&&ears in the s" stan*e o% #$ heart, is then no other i#&ression than its own, an( there%ore a%ter ha+in! sai( -No le %a*e,re&lies -'n*onstant Lo+e0-9A; 9A; Va!o a#ore0
91! C4;

S"#o$% Dialo !". Ta$sillo. Now e!ins the enth"siast to (is&la$ the a%%e*tions an( "n*o+er the wo"n(s whi*h are %or a si!n in his o($, an( in s" stan*e or essen*e in his so"l, an( he sa$s th"sA 50 O% Lo+e the stan(ar(6 earer ', 7$ ho&es are i*e, an( !lowin! #$ (esires0 At on*e ' tre# le, s&ar)le, %ree?e, an( "rn, A# #"te, an( %ill the air with *la#oro"s &laints0 Water #$ e$es (istil, s&ar)s %ro# #$ heart0 ' li+e, ' (ie, #a)e #err$ an( la#ent0 Li+in! the waters, the "rnin! ne+er (ies, .or in #$ e$es is Thet$s, an( V"l*an in #$ heart0 Others ' lo+e, #$sel% ' hate0 '% ' e win!e(, others are *han!e( to stone, The$ hi!h as hea+en, i% ' e lowl$ set0 ' *ease not to &"rs"e, the$ e+er %lee awa$, '% ' (o *all, $et none will answer #e0 The #ore ' sear*h, the #ore is hi( %ro# #e0 'n a**or(an*e with this, ' will *ontin"e with that whi*h @"st e%ore ' sai( to thee, that one sho"l(
91! CC;

not stri+e so har( to &ro+e that whi*h is so +er$ e+i(ent >na#el$, that there is nothin! &"re an( "nallo$e(, an( so#e ha+e sai( that no #i<e( thin! is a real entit$, as allo$e( !ol( is not real !ol(, #an"%a*t"re( wine is not real si#&le wine0 Al#ost all thin!s are #a(e "& o% o&&osites, when*e it *o#es that the s"**ess o% o"r a%%e*tions, thro"!h the #i<t"re that is in thin!s, *an

a%%or( no &leas"re witho"t so#e itterness, an( #ore than this, ' will sa$, that were it not %or the itter, there wo"l( e no sweet, seein! that it is thro"!h %ati!"e that we %in( &leas"re in re&ose, se&aration is the *a"se o% o"r &leas"re in "nion, an(, e<a#inin! !enerall$, we shall e+er %in( that one o&&osite is the reason that the other o&&osite &leases an( is (esire(0 Ci*0 Then there is no (eli!ht witho"t the *ontrar$K Tans0 Certainl$ not, as witho"t the o&&osite there is no &ain, as is shown $ that !ol(en 1$tha!orean &oet when he sa$sA =in* #et""nt *"&i"ntD"e, (olent !a"(entD"e, ne* Res&i*i"nt, *la"s8 tene ris, e *ar*ere *8*o0 This, then, is what the #i<t"re o% thin!s *a"ses, an( hen*e it is that no one is &lease( with his own state, e<*e&t so#e senseless lo*)hea(, who is so all the #ore the (ee&er is the (e!ree o% o s*"re %oll$
91! CF;

in whi*h he is s"n), then he has little or no a&&rehension o% &ain, he en@o$s the a*t"al &resent witho"t %earin! the %"t"re, he en@o$s that whi*h is an( that in whi*h he %in(s hi#sel%, an( has neither *are nor sorrow %or what #a$ e, an(, in short, has no sense o% that o&&osition whi*h is s$# oli?e( $ the tree o% the )nowle(!e o% !oo( an( e+il0 Ci*0 .ro# this we see that i!noran*e is the #other o% sens"al %eli*it$ an( eatit"(e, an( this sa#e is the !ar(en o% &ara(ise o% the ani#als, as is #a(e *lear in the (ialo!"es o% the Ka ala o% the horse 1e!as"s, an( as sa$s the wise Solo#on, -Whoso in*reases )nowle(!e in*reases sorrow0Tans0 =en*e it a&&ears that heroi* lo+e is a tor#ent, e*a"se it (oes not en@o$ the &resent, as (oes ani#al

lo+e, "t is o% the %"t"re an( the a sent, an(, on the *ontrar$, it %eels a# ition, e#"lation, s"s&i*ion an( (rea(0 One e+enin!, a%ter s"&&er, a *ertain nei!h o"r o% o"rs sai(A -Ne+er was ' #ore @oll$ than ' a# now0Gohn /r"no, %ather o% the Nolano, answere( hi#A -Ne+er wert tho" #ore %oolish than now0Ci*0 Yo" wo"l( i#&l$, then, that he who is sa( is wise, an( that other who is #ore sa( is wiserK Tans0 On the *ontrar$, ' #ean that there
91! C7;

is in these another s&e*ies o% %oolishness an( a worse0 Ci*0 Who, then, is wise, i% %oolish is he who is *ontent, an( %oolish he who is sa(K Tans0 =e who is neither #err$ nor sa(0 Ci*0 WhoK =e who slee&sK =e who is witho"t %eelin!> who is (ea(K Tans0 No, "t he who is D"i*), oth seein! an( hearin!, an( who, *onsi(erin! e+il an( !oo(, esti#atin! the one an( the other as +aria le, an( *onsistent in #otion, #"tation, an( +i*issit"(e, in s"*h wise that the en( o% one o&&osite is the *o##en*e#ent o% another, an( the e<tre#e o% the one is the e!innin! o% the other, whose s&irit is neither (e&resse( nor elate(, "t is #o(erate in in*linations an( te#&erate in (esires, to hi# &leas"re is not &leas"re, ha+in! e+er &resent the en( o% it, eD"all$, &ain to hi# is not &ain, e*a"se $ the %or*e o% reasonin! he has &resent the en( o% that too0 So the sa!e hol(s all #"ta le thin!s as thin!s that are not, an( a%%ir#s that the$ are no other than +anit$ an( nothin!ness, e*a"se ti#e has to eternit$ the &ro&ortion o% the &oint to the line0

Ci*0 So that we *an ne+er hol( the &ro&osition o% ein! *ontente( or (is*ontente(, witho"t hol(in! the &ro&osition o% o"r own %oolishness, whi*h we
91! C8;

there $ *on%ess, there%ore no one who reasons, an( *onseD"entl$ no one who &arti*i&ates, *an e wise, in short, all #en are %ools0 Tans0 ' (o not inten( to in%er that, %or ' will hol( o% hi!hest wis(o# hi# who *o"l( reall$ sa$ at one ti#e the o&&osite o% what he sa$s at another>ne+er was ' less !a$ than now, or, ne+er was ' less sa( than at &resent0 Ci*0 =owK Do $o" not #a)e two *ontrar$ D"alities where there are two o&&osite a%%e*tionsK Wh$, ' sa$, (o $o" ta)e as two +irt"es, an( not as one +i*e an( one +irt"e, the ein! less !a$ an( the ein! less sa(K Tans0 /e*a"se oth the *ontraries in e<*ess>that is, in so %ar as the$ e<*ee(>are +i*es, e*a"se the$ &ass the line, an( the sa#e, in so %ar as the$ (i#inish, *o#e to e +irt"es, e*a"se the$ are *ontaine( within li#its0 Ci*0 =owK The ein! less #err$ an( the ein! less sa( are not one +irt"e an( one +i*e, "t are two +irt"esK Tans0 On the *ontrar$, ' sa$ the$ are one an( the sa#e +irt"e, e*a"se the +i*e is there where the o&&osite is, the o&&osite is *hie%l$ there where the e<tre#e is, the !reatest o&&osite is the nearest to the e<tre#e, the least or nothin! is in the
91! C5;

#i((le, where the o&&osites #eet, an( are one an( i(enti*al, as etween the *ol(est an( hottest an( the hotter an( *ol(er, in the #i((le &oint is that whi*h $o" #a$ *all hot an( *ol(, or neither hot nor *ol(, witho"t

*ontra(i*tion0 'n that wa$ whoso is least *ontent an( least @o$%"l is in the (e!ree o% in(i%%eren*e, an( %in(s hi#sel% in the ha itation o% te#&eran*e, where the +irt"e an( *on(ition o% a stron! so"l e<ist, whi*h en(s not to the so"th win( nor to the north0 This, then, to ret"rn to the &oint, is how this enth"siasti* hero, who e<&lains hi#sel% in the &resent &art, is (i%%erent %ro# the other aser ones>not as +irt"e %ro# +i*e, "t as a +i*e whi*h e<ists in a s" @e*t #ore (i+ine or (i+inel$, %ro# a +i*e whi*h e<ists in a s" @e*t #ore sa+a!e or sa+a!el$, so that the (i%%eren*e is a**or(in! to the (i%%erent s" @e*ts an( #o(es, an( not a**or(in! to the %or# o% +i*e0 Ci*0 ' *an +er$ well *on*ei+e, %ro# what $o" ha+e sai(, the *on(ition o% that heroi* enth"siast, who sa$s, -7$ ho&es are i*e an( #$ (esires are !lowin!,- e*a"se he is not in the te#&eran*e o% #e(io*rit$, "t, in the e<*ess o% *ontra(i*tions, his so"l is (is*or(ant, he shi+ers in his %ro?en ho&es an( "rns in his !lowin! (esires, in his ea!erness he is *la#oro"s, an( he is #"te %ro# %ear, his
91! F3;

heart "rns in its a%%e*tion %or others, an( %or *o#&assion o% hi#sel% he she(s tears %ro# his e$es, ($in! in the la"!hter o% others, he is ali+e in his own la#entations, an( li)e hi# who no lon!er elon!s to hi#sel%, he lo+es others an( hates hi#sel%, e*a"se #atter, as sa$ the &h$si*ists, with that #eas"re with whi*h it lo+es the a sent %or#, hates the &resent one0 An( so in the o*ta+e %inishes the war whi*h the so"l has within itsel%, an( when he sa$s in the sistina, "t i% ' e win!e(, others *han!e to stone an( that whi*h %ollows, he shows his &assion %or the war%are whi*h he wa!es with e<ternal *ontra(i*tions0 ' re#e# er ha+in! rea( in Ga# li*h"s, where he treats o% the E!$&tian #$steries,

this senten*eA -'#&i"s ani#a# (issi(ente# ha etA "n(e ne* se*"# i&se *on+enire &otest, neD"e *"# aliis0Tans0 Now listen to another sonnet, as seD"el to what has een sai(A 130 /$ what *on(ition, nat"re, or %ell *han*e, 'n li+in! (eath, (ea( li%e ' li+eK Lo+e has #e (ea(, ala*)P an( s"*h a (eath, That (eath an( li%e to!ether ' #"st lose0 De+oi( o% ho&e, ' rea*h the !ates o% hell, An( la(en with (esire arri+e at hea+enA Th"s a# ' s" @e*t to eternal o&&osites,

91! F1;

An(, anishe( oth %ro# hea+en an( %ro# hell, No &a"se nor rest #$ tor#ents )now, /e*a"se etween two r"nnin! wheels ' !o, O% whi*h one here, the other there *o#&els, An( li)e '<ion ' &"rs"e an( %lee, .or to the (o" le (is*o"rse (o ' %it The *rosswise lesson o% the s&"r an( it0 =e shows how #"*h he s"%%ers %ro# this (islo*ation an( (istra*tion in hi#sel%, while the a%%e*tions, lea+in! the #ean an( #i((le wa$ o% te#&eran*e, ten( towar(s the one an( the other e<tre#e, an( so are wa%te( on hi!h or towar(s the ri!ht, an( are also trans&orte( (ownwar(s to the le%t0 Ci*0 =ow is it that, not ein! reall$ o% one or the other e<tre#e, it (oes not *o#e to e in the *on(itions or ter#s o% +irt"eK Tans0 't is then in a state o% +irt"e when it )ee&s to the #i((le, (e*linin! %ro# one to the other o&&osite, "t when it lea(s towar(s the e<tre#es, in*linin! to one or the other o% those, it %ails so entirel$ %ro# ein! +irt"e,

that it is a (o" le +i*e, whi*h *onsists in this, that the thin! re*e(es %ro# its nat"re, the &er%e*tion o% whi*h *onsists in "nit$, an( there where the o&&osites #eet, its *o#&osition an( +irt"e e<ist0 This, then, is how he is (ea( ali+e, or li+in! ($in!, when*e he sa$s, -'n a li+in! (eath a (ea( li%e ' li+e0- =e is not (ea(, e*a"se
91! F:;

he li+es in the o @e*t, not ali+e, e*a"se he is (ea( in hi#sel%, (e&ri+e( o% (eath, e*a"se he !i+es irth to tho"!hts, (e&ri+e( o% li%e, e*a"se he (oes not !row or %eel in hi#sel%0 =e is now #ost (e@e*te( thro"!h #e(itatin! on the hi!h intelli!en*e, an( the &er*ei+e( %ee leness o% &ower, an( #ost elate( $ the as&iration o% heroi* lon!in!, whi*h &asses %ar e$on( his li#its, an( is #ost e<alte( $ the intelle*t"al a&&etite, whi*h has not %or its %ashion or ai# to a(( n"# er to n"# er, is #ost (e@e*te( $ the +iolen*e (one to hi# $ the sens"al o&&osite whi*h (ra!s hi# (own towar(s hell0 So that, %in(in! hi#sel% th"s as*en(in! an( (es*en(in!, he %eels within his so"l the !reatest (issension that is &ossi le to e %elt, an( he re#ains in a state o% *on%"sion thro"!h this re ellion o% the senses, whi*h "r!e hi# thither where reason restrains, an( ,*'e ,er&-0 This sa#e is thoro"!hl$ (e#onstrate( in the %ollowin! senten*es, where the Reason, "n(er the na#e o% -.ilenio- as)s, an( the enth"siast re&lies "n(er the na#e o% -She&her(,- who la o"rs in the *are o% the %lo*)s an( her(s o% his tho"!hts, whi*h he no"rishes in the s" #ission to an( ser+i*e o% his n$#&h, whi*h is the a%%e*tion o% that o @e*t to whi*h he is *a&ti+e0
91! F2;

110 .ilenio0 She&her(P

She&her(0 What wilt tho"K .0 What (oest tho"K S0 ' s"%%er0 .0 Where%oreK S0 /e*a"se neither li%e has #e %or his own, nor (eath0 .0 WhoBs to la#eK S0 Lo+e0 .0 That ras*alK S0 That ras*al0 .0 Where is heK S0 =e hol(s #e ti!ht in #$ heartBs *ore0 .0 What (oes heK S0 Wo"n(s #e0 .0 WhoK S0 7e0 .0 TheeK S0 Yes0 .0 With whatK S0 With the e$es, the !ates o% hea+en an( o% hell0 .0 Dost ho&eK S0 ' ho&e0 .0 .or &it$K S0 .or &it$0

.0 .ro# who#K S0 .ro# hi# who ra*)s #e ni!ht an( (a$0 .0 =as he an$K S0 ' )now not0 .0 Tho" art a %ool0 S0 =ow i% s"*h %oll$ e &leasin! to #$ so"lK .0 Does he &ro#iseK S0 No0 .0 Does he (en$K
91! F4;

S0 Not at all0 .0 's he silentK S0 Yes, %or so #"*h &"rit$ M#)e&t.N ro s #e o% #$ ol(ness0 .0 Tho" ra+est0 S0 =ow soK .0 'n +ain e%%orts0 S0 =is s*orn #ore than #$ tor#ents (o ' %ear0 =ere he sa$s that he *ra+es %or lo+e, an( he *o#&lains o% it, $et not e*a"se he lo+es>seein! that to no tr"e lo+er *an lo+e e (is&leasin!, "t e*a"se he lo+es "nha&&il$, whilst those ea#s whi*h are the ra$s o% those li!hts, an( whi*h the#sel+es, a**or(in! as the$ are &er+erse an( anta!onisti*, or reall$ )in( an( !ra*io"s, e*o#e the !ates whi*h lea( towar(s hea+en or towar(s hell0 'n this wa$ he is )e&t in ho&e o% %"t"re

an( "n*ertain #er*$, "t a*t"all$ in a state o% &resent an( *ertain tor#ent, an( altho"!h he sees his %oll$ D"ite *learl$, ne+ertheless he (oes not *are to *orre*t hi#sel% in it, or e+en to %eel (is&lease( with it, "t rather (oes he %eel satis%ie( with it, as he shows when he sa$sA Ne+er let #e o% Lo+e *o#&lain, .or Lo+e alone *an ease #$ &ain0 =ere is shown another s&e*ies o% enth"sias# orn %ro# the li!ht o% reason, whi*h e<*ites %ear an( s"&&resses the a%oresai( reason in or(er not to
91! FC;

*o##it an$ a*tion whi*h #i!ht +e< or irritate the thin! lo+e(0 =e sa$s, then, that ho&e rests in the %"t"re, witho"t an$thin! ein! &ro#ise( or (enie(, there%ore, he is silent an( as)s nothin!, %or %ear o% o%%en(in! &"rit$ M+'#)e&t$%eN0 =e (oes not +ent"re to e<&lain hi#sel% an( #a)e a &ro&osition, lest he e re@e*te( with re&"!nan*e or a**e&te( with reser+e, %or he thin)s the e+il that there #i!ht e in the one wo"l( e o+er6 alan*e( $ the !oo( in the other0 =e shows hi#sel%, then, rea($ to s"%%er %or e+er his own tor#ent, rather than to o&en the (oor to an o&&ort"nit$ thro"!h whi*h the thin! lo+e( #i!ht e &ert"r e( an( sa((ene(0 Ci*0 =erein he &ro+es that his lo+e is tr"l$ heroi*, e*a"se he &ro&oses to hi#sel% as the *hie% ai#, not *or&oreal ea"t$, "t rather the !ra*e o% the s&irit, an( the in*lination o% the a%%e*tions in whi*h, rather than in the ea"t$ o% the o($, that lo+e that has in it the (i+ine, is eternal0 Tans0 Tho" )nowest that, as the 1latoni* i(eas are (i+i(e( into three s&e*ies, o% whi*h one ten(s to the *onte#&lati+e or s&e*"lati+e li%e, one to a*ti+e #oralit$, an( the thir( to the i(le an( +ol"&t"o"s, so

are there three s&e*ies o% lo+e, o% whi*h one raises itsel% %ro# the *onte#&lation o% o(il$ %or# to the
91! FF;

*onsi(eration o% the s&irit"al an( (i+ine, the other onl$ *ontin"es in the (eli!ht o% seein! an( *on+ersin!, the thir( %ro# seein! &ro*ee(s to &re*i&itate into the *on*"&is*en*e o% to"*h0 O% these three #o(es others are *o#&ose(, a**or(in! as the %irst #a$ e *o"&le( with the se*on( or the thir(, or as all the three #o(es #a$ *o# ine to!ether, o% whi*h one an( all #a$ e (i+i(e( into others, a**or(in! to the a%%e*tions o% the enth"siast, as these ten( #ore towar(s the s&irit"al o @e*t, or #ore towar(s the *or&oreal, or eD"all$ towar(s the one an( the other0 =en*e it *o#es, that o% those who %in( the#sel+es in this war%are, an( are entan!le( in the #eshes o% lo+e, so#e ai# at en@o$in!, an( the$ are in*ite( to &l"*) the a&&le %ro# the tree o% *or&oreal ea"t$, witho"t whi*h a*D"isition, or at least the ho&e o% it, the$ hol( +ain an( worth$ onl$ o% (erision e+er$ a#oro"s *are, an( in s"*h6wise r"n all those who are o% a ar aro"s nat"re, who neither (o nor *an see) to e<alt the#sel+es $ lo+in! worth$ thin!s, an( as&irin! to ill"strio"s thin!s, an( hi!her still to thin!s (i+ine, $ s"ita le st"(ies an( e<er*ises, to whi*h nothin! *an #ore ri*hl$ an( easil$ s"&&l$ the win!s than heroi* lo+e, others &"t e%ore the#sel+es the %r"it o% (eli!ht, whi*h the$ ta)e in the as&e*t o% the ea"t$ an( !ra*e o% the
91! F7;

s&irit, whi*h !litters an( shines in the ea"t$ o% the o($, an( *ertain o% these, altho"!h the$ lo+e the o($ an( !reatl$ (esire to e "nite( to it, ewailin! its a sen*e an( ein! a%%li*te( $ se&aration, at the sa#e ti#e %ear, lest &res"#in! in this the$ #a$ e (e&ri+e( o% that a%%a ilit$, *on+ersation, %rien(shi&, an(

s$#&ath$ whi*h are #ost &re*io"s to the#, e*a"se to atte#&t this there *annot e #ore !"arantee o% s"**ess than there is ris) o% %or%eitin! that %a+o"r, whi*h a&&ears e%ore the e$es o% tho"!ht as a thin! so !lorio"s an( worth$0 Ci*0 't is a worth$ thin!, oh TansilloP %or its #an$ +irt"es an( &er%e*tions, an( it eho+es h"#an !eni"s to see), a**e&t, no"rish, an( &reser+e a lo+e li)e that, "t one sho"l( ta)e !reat *are not to ow (own or e*o#e ensla+e( to an o @e*t "nworth$ an( ase, lest we e*o#e sharers o% the aseness an( "nworthiness o% the sa#eA a&&ositel$ the .errarese &oet sa$s Who sets his %oot "&on the a#oro"s snare, Lest he es#ear his win!s, let hi# eware0 Tans0 To sa$ the tr"th, that o @e*t, whi*h e$on( the ea"t$ o% the o($ has no other s&len(o"r, is not worth$ o% ein! lo+e( otherwise than to #a)e the ra*e, an( it see#s to #e the wor) o% a &i! or
91! F8;

a horse to tor#ent oneBs sel% a o"t it, an( as to #$sel%, ne+er was ' #ore %as*inate( $ s"*h thin!s than ' a# now %as*inate( $ so#e stat"e or &i*t"re to whi*h ' a# in(i%%erent0 't wo"l( then e a !reat (ishono"r to a !enero"s so"l, i%, o% a %o"l, +ile, loose, an( i!no le nat"re, altho"!h hi( "n(er an e<*ellent s$# ol, it sho"l( e sai(A -' %ear his s*orn #ore than #$ tor#ent091! F5;

T&ir% Dialo !". Ta$sillo0

There are se+eral +arieties o% enth"siasts, whi*h #a$ all e re("*e( to two )in(s0 While so#e onl$ (is&la$ lin(ness, st"&i(it$, an( irrational i#&et"osit$, whi*h ten( towar(s sa+a!e #a(ness, others $ (i+ine a stra*tion e*o#e in realit$ s"&erior to or(inar$ #en0 An( these a!ain are o% two )in(s, %or so#e ha+in! e*o#e the ha itation o% !o(s or (i+ine s&irits, s&ea) an( &er%or# won(er%"l thin!s, witho"t the#sel+es "n(erstan(in! the reason0 7an$ s"*h ha+e een "n*"lt"re( an( i!norant &ersons, into who#, ein! +oi( o% s&irit an( sense o% their own, as into an e#&t$ *ha# er, the (i+ine s&irit an( sense intr"(e, as it wo"l( ha+e less &ower to show itsel% in those who are %"ll o% their own reason an( sense0 This (i+ine s&irit o%ten (esires that the worl( sho"l( )now %or *ertain, that those (o not s&ea) %ro# their own )nowle(!e an( e<&erien*e,
91! 73;

"t s&ea) an( a*t thro"!h so#e s"&erior intelli!en*e, %or s"*h, the #ass o% #en +o"*hsa%e #ore a(#iration an( %aith, while others, ein! s)il%"l in *onte#&lation an( &ossessin! innatel$ a *lear intelle*t"al s&irit, ha+e an internal sti#"l"s an( nat"ral %er+o"r, e<*ite( $ the lo+e o% the (i+ine, o% @"sti*e, o% tr"th, o% !lor$, an( $ the %ire o% (esire an( the reath o% intention, shar&en their senses, an( in the s"l&h"r o% the *o!itati+e %a*"lt$, these )in(le the rational li!ht, with whi*h the$ see #ore than or(inaril$, an( the$ *o#e in the en( to s&ea) an( a*t, not as +essels an( instr"#ents, "t as *hie% arti%i*ers an( e<&erts0 Ci*0 O% these two whi*h (ost tho" estee# hi!herK Tans0 The %irst ha+e #ore (i!nit$, &ower, an( e%%i*a*$ within the#sel+es, e*a"se the$ ha+e the (i+init$, the se*on( $re the#sel+es worth$, &otential, an( e%%i*a*io"s, an( $re (i+ine0 The %irst are worth$, as is

the ass whi*h *arries the sa*ra#ents, the se*on( are as a sa*re( thin!0 'n the %irst is *onte#&late( an( seen in e%%e*t the (i+init$, an( that is ehel(, a(ore(, an( o e$e(, in the se*on( is *onte#&late( an( seen the e<*ellen*$ o% h"#anit$ itsel%0 /"t now to the D"estion0 These enth"sias#s o% whi*h we s&ea), an( whi*h we see e<e#&li%ie( in
91! 71;

these senten*es, are not o li+ion, "t a #e#or$, the$ are not ne!le*t o% oneBs sel%, "t lo+e an( (esire o% the ea"ti%"l an( !oo(, $ #eans o% whi*h we are a le to #a)e o"rsel+es &er%e*t, $ trans%or#in! an( assi#ilatin! o"rsel+es to it0 't is not a &re*i&itation, "n(er the laws o% a t$ranno"s %ate, into the noose o% ani#al a%%e*tions, "t a rational i#&et"s, whi*h %ollows the intelle*t"al a&&rehension o% the ea"ti%"l an( the !oo(, whi*h )nows who# it wishes to o e$ an( to &lease, so that, $ its no ilit$ an( li!ht, it )in(les an( in+ests itsel% with D"alities an( *on(itions thro"!h whi*h it a&&ears ill"strio"s an( worth$0 =e Mthe enth"siastN e*o#es a !o( $ intelle*t"al *onta*t with the (i+ine o @e*t, an( he has no tho"!ht %or other than (i+ine thin!s, an( shows hi#sel% insensi le an( i#&assi+e towar(s those thin!s whi*h are *o##onl$ %elt, an( a o"t whi*h others are #ostl$ tor#ente(, he %ears nothin!, an( %or lo+e o% the (i+ine he (es&ises other &leas"res an( !i+es no tho"!ht to this li%e0 't is not a %"r$ o% la*) ile whi*h sen(s hi# (ri%tin! o"tsi(e o% @"(!#ent, reason, an( a*ts o% &r"(en*e, an( tosse( $ the (is*or(ant te#&est, li)e those who, ha+in! +iolate( *ertain laws o% the (i+ine A(rastia, are *on(e#ne( to e s*o"r!e( $ the ."ries, in or(er that the$ #a$ e e<*ite( $ a (issonan*e as *or&oreal
91! 7:;

thro"!h se(itions, (estr"*tions, an( &la!"es, as it is

s&irit"al, thro"!h the %or%eit"re o% har#on$ etween the &er*e&ti+e an( en@o$in! &owers, "t it is a!low )in(le( $ the intelle*t"al s"n in the so"l, an( a (i+ine i#&et"s whi*h len(s it win!s, with whi*h, (rawin! nearer an( nearer to the intelle*t"al s"n, an( ri((in! itsel% o% the r"st o% h"#an *ares, it e*o#es a !ol( trie( an( &"re, has the &er*e&tion o% (i+ine an( internal har#on$, an( its tho"!hts an( a*ts a**or( with the s$##etr$ o% the law, innate in all thin!s0 Not, as (r"n) %ro# the *"&s o% Cir*e, (oes he !o (ashin! an( st"# lin!, now in this an( then in that (it*h, now a!ainst this or that ro*), or li)e a shi%tin! 1rote"s, *han!in! now to this, now to the other as&e*t, ne+er %in(in! &la*e, %ashion, or !ro"n( to sta$ an( settle in, "t, witho"t s&oilin! the har#on$, *onD"ers an( o+er*o#es the horri( #onsters, an( howe+er #"*h he #a$ swer+e, he easil$ ret"rns to hi#sel%9A; $ #eans o% those inwar( instin*ts that, li)e the nine 7"ses, (an*e an( sin! ro"n( the s&len(o"rs o% the "ni+ersal A&ollo, an( "n(er tan!i le i#a!es an( #aterial thin!s, he *o#es to *o#&rehen( (i+ine laws an( *o"nsels0 't is tr"e that
91! 72;

so#eti#es, ha+in! lo+e %or his tr"st$ es*ort, who is (o" le, an( e*a"se so#eti#es thro"!h o**asional i#&e(i#ents he %in(s hi#sel% (e%ra"(e( o% his stren!th, then, as one insane an( %"rio"s, he sD"an(ers awa$ the lo+e o% that whi*h he *annot *o#&rehen(, when*e, *on%"se( $ the o s*"rit$ o% the (i+init$, he so#eti#es a an(ons the wor), an( then a!ain ret"rns, to %or*e hi#sel% with his will thither, where he *annot arri+e with the intelle*t0 't is tr"e also that he *o##onl$ wan(ers, an( trans&orts hi#sel%, now into one, now into another %or# o% the (o" le Eros, there%ore, the &rin*i&al lesson that Lo+e !i+es to hi# is, that he *onte#&late the (i+ine ea"t$ in sha(ow, when he *annot (o so in the #irror, an(, li)e the s"itors o% 1enelo&e, he entertain

hi#sel% with the #ai(s when he is not &er#itte( to *on+erse with the #istress0 Now, in *on*l"sion, $o" *an *o#&rehen(, %ro# what has een sai(, what is this enth"siast whose &i*t"re is &"t %orth, when it is sai(A 1:0 '% towar(s the shinin! li!ht the "tter%l$, Win!in! his wa$ )nows not the "rnin! %la#e, An( i% the thirst$ sta!, "n#in(%"l o% the (art, R"ns %aintin! to the roo), Or "ni*orn, "nto the *haste reast r"nnin!, '!nores the snare that is %or hi# &re&are(,

91! 74;

', in the li!ht, the %o"nt, the oso# o% #$ lo+e /ehol( the %la#es, the arrows, an( the *hains0 '% it e sweet in &lainti+eness to (roo&, Wh$ (oes that lo%t$ s&len(o"r (a??le #eK Where%ore the sa*re( arrow sweetl$ wo"n(K Wh$ in this )not is #$ (esire in+ol+e(K An( wh$ to #e eternal ir)so#eness .la#es to #$ heart, (arts to #$ reast an( snares "nto #$ so"lK 9A; .a*il#ente ritorna al sesso0 =ere he shows his lo+e not to e li)e that o% the "tter%l$, o% the sta!, an( o% the "ni*orn, who wo"l( %lee awa$ i% the$ ha( )nowle(!e o% the %ire, o% the arrow, an( o% the snares, an( who ha+e no other sense than that o% &leas"re, "t he is #o+e( $ a #ost sensi le an( onl$ too e+i(ent &assion, whi*h %or*es hi# to lo+e that %ire #ore than an$ *oolness, #ore that wo"n( than an$ wholeness, #ore those %etters than an$ li ert$0 .or this e+il is not a sol"tel$ e+il, "t, thro"!h *o#&arison with !oo( Ma**or(in! to o&inionN, it is (e*e&ti+e, li)e the sa"*e that ol( Sat"rn !ets when he (e+o"rs his own sons, %or this e+il a sol"tel$ in the e$e o% the Eternal, is *o#&rehen(e( either %or !oo(, or

%or !"i(e whi*h *on("*es to it, sin*e this %ire is the ar(ent (esire o% (i+ine thin!s, this arrow is the i#&ression o% the ra$ o% the ea"t$ o% s"&ernal li!ht, these snares are the s&e*ies o% tr"th whi*h "nite o"r #in( to the
91! 7C;

&ri#al +erit$, an( the s&e*ies o% !oo( whi*h "nite an( @oin to the &ri#al an( hi!hest !oo(0 To that #eanin! ' a&&roa*he( when ' sai(A 120 With s"*h a %ire an( s"*h a no le noose, /ea"t$ en)in(les #e, an( &"reness in(s, So that in %la#es an( ser+it"(e ' ta)e (eli!ht, Li ert$ ta)es %li!ht an( (rea(s the i*e0 S"*h is the heat, that tho"!h ' "rn $et a# ' not (estro$e(, The tie is s"*h, the worl( with #e !i+es &raise0 .ear *annot %ree?e, nor &ain "nsha*)le #e, .or soothin! is the ar(o"r, sweet the s#art0 So hi!h the li!ht that "rns #e ' (is*ern, An( o% so ri*h a threa( the noose *ontri+e( That, tho"!ht ein! orn, the lon!in! (ies0 An( sin*e, within #$ heart shines s"*h &"re %la#es, An( so s"&re#e a tie *o#&els #$ will, Let #$ sha(e ser+e, an( let #$ ashes "rn0 All the lo+es, i% the$ e heroi* an( not &"rel$ ani#al, or what is *alle( nat"ral, an( sla+es to !eneration, as instr"#ents o% nat"re in a *ertain wa$, ha+e %or o @e*t the (i+init$, ten( towar(s (i+ine ea"t$, whi*h %irst is *o##"ni*ate( to so"ls an( shines in the#, an( %ro# the#, or rather thro"!h the#, it is *o##"ni*ate( to o(ies, when*e it is that well6or(ere( a%%e*tion lo+es the o($ or *or&oreal ea"t$, inso#"*h as it is an in(i*ation o% ea"t$ o%

91! 7F;

s&irit0 Th"s that whi*h *a"ses the attra*tion o% lo+e to the o($ is a *ertain s&irit"alit$ whi*h we see in it, an( whi*h is *alle( ea"t$, an( whi*h (oes not *onsist in #a@or or #inor (i#ensions, nor in (eter#ine( *olo"rs or %or#s, "t in har#on$ an( *onsonan*e o% #e# ers an( *olo"rs0 This shows an a%%init$ etween the s&irit an( the #ost a*"te an( &enetrati+e senses, when*e it %ollows that s"*h e*o#e #ore easil$ an( intensel$ ena#o"re(, an( also #ore easil$ an( intensel$ (is!"ste(, whi*h #i!ht e thro"!h a *han!e o% the (e%or#e( s&irit, whi*h in so#e !est"re an( e<&resse( intention re+eals itsel% in s"*h wise that this (e%or#it$ e<ten(s %ro# the so"l to the o($, an( #a)es it a&&ear no lon!er ea"ti%"l as e%ore0 The ea"t$, then, o% the o($ has &ower to )in(le, "t not to in(, an( the lo+er, "nless ai(e( $ the !ra*es o% the s&irit, s"*h as &"rit$, !ratit"(e, *o"rtes$, *ir*"#s&e*tion, is "na le to es*a&e0 There%ore, sai( ', ea"ti%"l is that %ire whi*h "rns #e, an( no le that tie whi*h in(s0 Ci*0 ' (o not elie+e it is alwa$s li)e that, Tansillo, e*a"se, so#eti#es, notwithstan(in! that we (is*o+er the s&irit to e +i*io"s, we re#ain heate( an( entan!le(, so that, altho"!h reason &er*ei+es the e+il an( "nworthiness o% s"*h a lo+e,
91! 77;

it $et has not &ower to alienate the (isor(ere( a&&etite0 'n this (is&osition, ' elie+e, was the Nolano when he sai(A 140 WoeBs #eP #$ %"r$ %or*es #e To "nion with the a( within, An( #a)es it see# a lo+e s"&re#e an( !oo(0

Wearie(, #$ so"l *ares no"!ht That ' o&&osin! *o"nsels entertain, An( with the sa+a!e t$rant No"rishe( with want, An( #a(e to &"t #$sel% in e<ile, 7ore than with li ert$ *ontente( a#0 ' s&rea( #$ sails to the win(, To (raw #e %orth %ro# this (eteste( liss, An( to re*lai# #e %ro# the *lo$in! h"rt0 Tans0 This o**"rs when s&irits are +i*io"s an( tin!e( as with the sa#e h"e, sin*e, thro"!h *on%or#it$, lo+e is e<*ite(, en)in(le(, an( *on%ir#e(0 Th"s the +i*io"s easil$ *on*"r in a*ts o% the sa#e +i*e, an( ' will not re%rain %ro# re&eatin! that whi*h ' )now $ e<&erien*e, %or altho"!h ' #a$ ha+e (is*o+ere( in a so"l +i*es +er$ #"*h a o#inate( $ #e>as, %or instan*e, %ilth$ a+ari*e, ase !ree(iness %or #one$, in!ratit"(e %or %a+o"rs an( *o"rtesies re*ei+e(, or a lo+e o% D"ite +ile &ersons, o% whi*h this last #ost (is&leases, e*a"se it ta)es awa$ the ho&e %ro# the lo+er, that
91! 78;

$ e*o#in! or #a)in! hi#sel% #ore worth$ he #a$ e*o#e #ore a**e&ta le>in s&ite o% all this, it is tr"e that ' (i( "rn %or *or&oreal ea"t$0 /"t howK ' lo+e( a!ainst #$ will, %or, were it not so, ' sho"l( ha+e een #ore sa((ene( than *heere( $ tro" les an( #is%ort"nes0 Ci*0 't is a +er$ &ro&er an( ni*e (istin*tion that is #a(e etween lo+in! an( li)in!0 Tans0 Tr"l$, e*a"se we li)e #an$>that is, we (esire that the$ e wise an( @"st, "t we lo+e the# not e*a"se the$ are "n@"st an( i!norant, #an$ we lo+e e*a"se the$ are ea"ti%"l, "t we (o not li)e the#, e*a"se the$ (o not (eser+e it, an( a#on!st other thin!s o% whi*h the lo+er (ee#s the lo+e( one

"n(eser+in!, the %irst is, ein! lo+e(, an( $et, altho"!h he *annot a stain %ro# lo+in!, ne+ertheless he re!rets it, an( shows his re!ret li)e hi# who sai(, -Woe is #eP who a# *o#&elle( $ &assion to *oales*e with e+il0- 'n the o&&osite #oo( was he, either thro"!h so#e *or&oreal o @e*t in si#ilit"(e or thro"!h a (i+ine s" @e*t in realit$, when he sai(A 1C0 Altho"!h to #an$ &ains tho" (ost s" @e*t #e, Yet (o ' than) thee, lo+e, an( owe thee #"*h, That tho" #$ reast (ost *lea+e with no le wo"n(, An( then (ost ta)e #$ heart an( #aster it0 Th"s tr"e it is, that ', on earth, a(ore A li+in! o @e*t, i#a!e #ost ea"ti%"l o% Go(0 Let hi# who will thin) that #$ %ate is a( That )ills in ho&e an( D"i*)ens in (esire0 7$ &ast"re is the hi!h e#&rise, An( tho"!h the en( (esire( e not attaine(, An( tho"!h #$ so"l in #an$ tho"!hts is s&ent, Eno"!h that she en)in(le no le %ire, Eno"!h that she has li%te( #e on hi!h, An( %ro# the i!no le *row( has se+ere( #e0 =ere his lo+e is entirel$ heroi* an( (i+ine, an( as s"*h, ' wish it to e "n(erstoo(, altho"!h he sa$s that thro"!h it he is s" @e*t to #an$ &an!s, e+er$ lo+er who is se&arate( %ro# the thin! lo+e( Mto whi*h ein! @oine( $ a%%e*tion he wo"l( also wish to e a*t"all$N, ein! in an!"ish an( &ain, he tor#ents hi#sel%, not %orsooth e*a"se he lo+es, sin*e he %eels his lo+e is en!a!e( #ost worthil$ an( #ost no l$, "t e*a"se he %eels (e&ri+e( o% that %r"ition whi*h he wo"l( o tain i% he arri+e( at that en( to whi*h he ten(s0 =e s"%%ers, not %ro# the (esire whi*h ani#ates hi#, "t %ro# the (i%%i*"lt$ in the *"lti+ation o% it whi*h so tort"res hi#0 Others estee# hi# "nha&&$ thro"!h this a&&earan*e
91! 75;

o% an e+il (estin$, as ein! *on(e#ne( to these &an!s, %or he will ne+er *ease %ro# a*)nowle(!in! the o li!ation he is "n(er to lo+e, nor *ease %ro# ren(erin! than)s to hi# e*a"se he has &resente(
91! 83;

e%ore the e$es o% his #in( s"*h an intelli!i le *on*e&tion thro"!h whi*h, in this earthl$ li%e, sh"t in this &rison o% the %lesh, wra&&e( in these ner+es an( s"&&orte( $ these ones, it is &er#itte( to hi# to *onte#&late the (i+init$ in a #ore s"ita le #anner than i% other *on*e&tions an( si#ilit"(es than these ha( o%%ere( the#sel+es0 Ci*0 The (i+ine an( li+in! o @e*t, then, o% whi*h he s&ea)s, is the hi!hest intelli!i le *on*e&tion that he has een a le to %or# to hi#sel% o% the (i+init$, an( is not so#e *or&oreal ea"t$ whi*h #i!ht o+ersha(ow his tho"!ht an( a&&ear s"&er%i*iall$ to the senses0 Tans0 E+en so, e*a"se no tan!i le thin! nor *on*e&tion o% s"*h *an raise itsel% to so #"*h (i!nit$0 Ci*0 Wh$, then, (oes he #ention that *on*e&tion as the o @e*t, i%, as a&&ears to #e, the tr"e o @e*t is the (i+init$ itsel%K Tans0 The (i+init$ is the %inal o @e*t, the "lti#ate an( #ost &er%e*t, "t not in this state, where we *annot see Go( e<*e&t as in a sha(ow or a #irror, an( there%ore =e *annot e the o @e*t e<*e&t in so#e si#ilit"(e, "t not in s"*h as #a$ e e<tra*te( or a*D"ire( %ro# *or&oreal ea"t$ an( e<*ellen*e, $ +irt"e o% the senses, "t s"*h as #a$
91! 81;

e %or#e( in the #in(, $ +irt"e o% the intelle*t0 'n whi*h state, %in(in! hi#sel%, he *o#es to lose the lo+e

an( a%%e*tion %or e+er$ other thin! sense%"l as well as intelle*t"al, e*a"se this, *on@oine( to that li!ht, itsel% also e*o#es li!ht, an( in *onseD"en*e e*o#es a !o(A e*a"se it *ontra*ts the (i+init$ into itsel%, it ein! in Go( thro"!h the intention with whi*h it &enetrates into the (i+init$ so %ar as it *an, an( Go( ein! in it, so that a%ter &enetratin!, it *o#es to *on*ei+e, an( so %ar as it *an, re*ei+e an( *o#&rehen( the (i+init$ in its *on*e&tion0 Now in s"*h *on*e&tions an( si#ilit"(es the h"#an intelle*t o% this lower worl( no"rishes itsel%, till s"*h ti#e as it will e law%"l to ehol( with &"rer e$e the ea"t$ o% the (i+init$0 As ha&&ens to hi#, who, a sor e( in the *onte#&lation o% so#e ela orate ar*hite*t"ral wor), !oes on e<a#inin! one thin! a%ter another in it, en*hante( an( %ee(in! in a won(er o% (eli!ht, "t i% it sho"l( ha&&en that he sees the lor( o% all those &i*t"res, who is o% a ea"t$ in*o#&ara l$ !reater, lea+in! all *are an( tho"!ht o% the#, he is t"rne( intentl$ to the e<a#ination o% hi#0 =ere, then, is the (i%%eren*e etween that state where we see (i+ine ea"t$ in intelli!i le *on*e&tions a&art %ro# the e%%e*ts, la o"rs, wor)s, sha(ows, an( si#ilit"(es o% it, an( that other state
91! 8:;

in whi*h it is law%"l to ehol( it in real &resen*e0 =e sa$sA -7$ &ast"re is the hi!h e#&rise,- e*a"se as the 1$tha!oreans re#ar), -The so"l #o+es an( t"rns ro"n( Go(, as the o($ ro"n( the so"l0Ci*0 Then the o($ is not the ha itation o% the so"lK Tans0 No, e*a"se the so"l is not in the o($ lo*all$, "t as intrinsi* %or# an( e<trinsi* %ra#er, as that whi*h %or#s the li# s in(i*ates the internal an( e<ternal *o#&osition0 The o($, then, is in the so"l, the so"l in the #in(, the #in( either is Go( or is in Go(, as 1lotin"s sai(0 As in its essen*e it is in Go( who is its li%e,

si#ilarl$ thro"!h the intelle*t"al o&eration, an( the will *onseD"ent "&on s"*h o&eration, it a!rees with its ri!ht an( eati%i* o @e*t0 .itl$, there%ore, this ra&t"re o% heroi* enth"sias# %ee(s on s"*h -hi!h e#&rise0- .or the o @e*t is in%inite, an( in a*tion #ost si#&le, an( o"r intelle*t"al &ower *annot a&&rehen( the in%inite e<*e&t in s&ee*h or in a *ertain #anner o% s&ee*h, so to sa$ in a *ertain &otential or relati+e in%eren*e, as one who &ro&oses to hi#sel% the in%init$, so that he #a$ *onstit"te %or hi#sel% a %inalit$ where no %inalit$ is0 Ci*0 .itl$ so, e*a"se the "lti#ate o"!ht not to
91! 82;

ha+e an en( seein! that it is "lti#ate0 .or it is in%inite in intention, in &er%e*tion, in essen*e, an( in an$ other #anner whatsoe+er o% ein! %inal0 Tans0 Tho" sa$est tr"l$0 Now in this li%e, that %oo( is s"*h that e<*ites #ore than it *an a&&ease, as that (i+ine &oet shows when he sa$sA -7$ so"l is wearie(, lon!in! %or the li+in! Go(,- an( in another &la*e, -Atten"ati s"nt o*"li #ei s"s&i*ientes in e<*elsa0There%ore he sa$s, -An( tho"!h the en( (esire( e not attaine(, An( that #$ so"l in #an$ tho"!hts is s&ent, Eno"!h that she en)in(le no le %ireA- #eanin! to sa$ that the so"l *o#%orts itsel%, an( re*ei+es all the !lor$ whi*h it is a le in that state to re*ei+e, an( that it is a &arti*i&ator in that "lti#ate enth"sias# o% #an, in so %ar as he is a #an in this &resent *on(ition, as we see hi#0 Ci*0 't a&&ears to #e that the 1eri&ateti*s, as e<&laine( $ A+erroes, #ean this, when the$ sa$ that the hi!hest %eli*it$ o% #an *onsists in &er%e*tion thro"!h the s&e*"lati+e s*ien*es0 Tans0 't is tr"e, an( the$ sa$ well, e*a"se we, in this

state, *annot (esire nor o tain !reater &er%e*tion than that in whi*h we are, when o"r intelle*t, $ #eans o% so#e no le an( intelli!i le *on*e&tion, "nites itsel% either to the s" stan*e o% thin!s ho&e(
91! 84;

%or, as those sa$, or to the (i+ine #in(, as it is the %ashion to sa$ o% the 1latonists0 .or the &resent, ' will lea+e reasonin! a o"t the so"l, or #an in another state or #o(e o% ein! than he *an %in( hi#sel% or elie+e hi#sel% to e in0 Ci*0 /"t what &er%e*tion or satis%a*tion *an #an %in( in that )nowle(!e whi*h is not &er%e*tK Tans0 't will ne+er e &er%e*t, so %ar as "n(erstan(in! the hi!hest o @e*t is *on*erne(, "t in so %ar as o"r intelle*t *an "n(erstan( it0 Let it s"%%i*e that in this an( other states there e &resent to hi# the (i+ine ea"t$ so %ar as the hori?on o% his +ision e<ten(s0 Ci*0 /"t all #en *annot arri+e at that, whi*h one or two #a$ rea*h0 Tans0 Let it s"%%i*e that all -r"n well,- an( that ea*h (oes his "t#ost, %or the heroi* nat"re is *ontent an( shows its (i!nit$ rather in %allin!, or in %ailin! worthil$ in the hi!h "n(erta)in!, in whi*h it shows the (i!nit$ o% its s&irit, than in s"**ee(in! to &er%e*tion in lower an( less no le thin!s0 Ci*0 Tr"l$ a (i!ni%ie( an( heroi* (eath is etter than a #ean, low tri"#&h0 Tans0 On that the#e ' #a(e this sonnetA
91! 8C;

1F0

Sin*e ' ha+e s&rea( #$ win!s to #$ (esire, The #ore ' %eel the air eneath #$ %eet, So #"*h the #ore towar(s the win( ' en( 7$ swi%test &inions, An( s&"rn the worl( an( "& towar(s hea+en ' !o0 Not the sa( %ate o% Dae(al"sBs son Does warn #e to t"rn (ownwar(s, /"t e+er hi!her will ' rise0 Well (o ' see, ' shall %all (ea( to earth, /"t what li%e is there *an *o#&are with this #$ (eathK O"t on the air #$ heartBs +oi*e (o ' hearA -Whither (ost tho" *arr$ #e, tho" %earless oneK T"rn a*)0 S"*h o+er6 ol(ness rarel$ !rie% es*a&es0-.ear not the "t#ost r"in then,- ' sai(, -Clea+e *on%i(ent the *lo"(s an( (ie *ontent, That hea+en has (estine( thee to s"*h ill"strio"s (eath0Ci*0 ' "n(erstan( when $o" sa$A -Eno"!h that tho" hast li%te( #e on hi!h,- "t notA -An( %ro# the i!no le *row( hast se+ere( #e,- "nless it #eans his ha+in! *o#e o"t %ro# the 1latoni* !roo+e on a**o"nt o% the st"&i( an( low *on(ition o% the *row(, %or those that %in( &ro%it in this *onte#&lation *annot e n"#ero"s0 Tans0 Tho" "n(erstan(est well, "t tho" #a$st also "n(erstan(, $ the -i!no le *row(,- the o($, an( sens"al *o!nition, %ro# whi*h he #"st arise an( %ree hi#sel% who wo"l( "nite with a nat"re o% a *ontrar$ )in(0
91! 8F;

Ci*0 The 1latonists sa$ there are two )in(s o% )nots whi*h lin) the so"l to the o($0 One is a *ertain +i+i%$in! a*tion whi*h %ro# the so"l (es*en(s into the o($, li)e a ra$, the other is a *ertain +ital D"alit$, whi*h is &ro("*e( %ro# that a*tion in the o($0 Now this a*ti+e an( #ost no le n"# er, whi*h is the so"l, in

what wa$ (o $o" "n(erstan( that it #a$ e se+ere( %ro# the i!no le n"# er, whi*h is the o($K Tans0 Certainl$ it was not "n(erstoo( a**or(in! to an$ o% these #o(es, "t a**or(in! to that #o(e where $ those &owers whi*h are not *o#&rehen(e( an( i#&risone( in the wo# o% #atter, so#eti#es as i% ine riate( an( st"&e%ie(, %in( that the$ also are o**"&ie( in the %or#ation o% #atter an( in the +i+i%i*ation o% the o($, then, as i% awa)ene( an( ro"!ht to the#sel+es, re*o!ni?in! its &rin*i&le an( !eni"s, the$ t"rn towar(s s"&erior thin!s an( %or*e the#sel+es on the intelli!i le worl( as to their nati+e a o(e, an( %ro# then*e, thro"!h their *on+ersion to in%erior thin!s, the$ are thr"st into the %ate an( *on(itions o% !eneration0 These two i#&"lses are s$# oli?e( in the two )in(s o% #eta#or&hosis e<&resse( in the %ollowin!A
91! 87;

170 That !o( who sha)es the so"n(in! th"n(er, Asteria as a %"rti+e ea!le saw, 7ne#os$ne as she&her(, Danae !ol(, Al*#ene as a %ish, Antio&e a !oat, Ca(#"s an( his sister a white "ll, Le(a as swan, an( Doli(a as (ra!on, An( thro"!h the lo%t$ o @e*t ' e*o#e, .ro# s" @e*t +iler still, a !o(0 A horse was Sat"rn, An( in a *al% an( (ol&hin Ne&t"ne (welt, ' is an( she&her( 7er*"r$ e*a#e, /a**h"s a !ra&e, A&ollo was a *row, An( ' $ hel& o% lo+e, .ro# an in%erior thin!, (o *han!e #e to a !o(0 'n Nat"re is one re+ol"tion an( one *ir*le, $ #eans o% whi*h, %or the &er%e*tion an( hel& o% others, s"&erior

thin!s lower the#sel+es to thin!s in%erior, an(, $ their own e<*ellen*e an( %eli*it$, in%erior thin!s raise the#sel+es to s"&erior ones0 There%ore the 1$tha!oreans an( 1latonists sa$ it is !i+en to the so"l that at *ertain ti#es, not onl$ $ s&ontaneo"s will, whi*h t"rns it towar(s the *o#&rehension o% Nat"re, "t also $ the ne*essit$ o% an internal law, written an( re!istere( $ the (estine( (e*ree, the$ see) their own @"stl$ (eter#ine( %ate, an( the$ also sa$ that so"ls, not so #"*h $ (eter#ination o% their own will as thro"!h a *ertain or(er, $ whi*h the$ e*o#e in*line( towar(s #atter, (e*line as re els
91! 88;

%ro# (i+init$, where%ore, not $ %ree intention, "t $ a *ertain o**"lt *onseD"en*e, the$ %all0 An( this is the in*lination that the$ ha+e to !eneration, as towar(s a #inor !oo(0 7inor, ' sa$, in so %ar as it a&&ertains to that &arti*"lar nat"re, not in so %ar as it a&&ertains to the "ni+ersal nat"re, where nothin! ha&&ens witho"t the hi!hest ai#, an( whi*h (is&oses o% all thin!s a**or(in! to @"sti*e0 'n whi*h !eneration %in(in! the#sel+es on*e #ore thro"!h the *han!es whi*h &er#"ta l$ s"**ee(, the$ ret"rn a!ain to the s"&erior %or#s0 Ci*0 So that the$ #ean, that so"ls are i#&elle( $ the ne*essit$ o% %ate, an( ha+e no &ro&er *o"nsel whi*h !"i(es the# at all0 Tans0 Ne*essit$, %ate, nat"re, *o"nsel, will, those thin!s, @"stl$ an( ri!ht%"ll$ or(aine(, all a!ree in one0 /esi(es whi*h, as 1lotin"s relates, so#e elie+e that *ertain so"ls *an es*a&e %ro# their own e+il, i% )nowin! the (an!er, the$ see) re%"!e in the #in( e%ore the *or&oreal ha it is *on%ir#e(, e*a"se the #in( raises to thin!s s" li#e, as the i#a!ination lowers to in%erior thin!s0 The #in( alwa$s "n(erstan(s one, as the

i#a!ination is one in #o+e#ent an( in (i+ersit$, the #in( alwa$s "n(erstan(s one, as the i#a!ination is alwa$s in+entin! %or itsel% +ario"s i#a!es0 'n the #i(st is the
91! 85;

rational %a*"lt$, whi*h is a #i<t"re o% all, li)e that in whi*h the one a!rees with the #an$, sa#eness with +ariet$, #o+e#ent with %i<e(ness, the in%erior with the s"&erior0 Now these trans#"tations an( *on+ersions are s$# oli?e( in the wheel o% #eta#or&hosis, where #an sits on the "&&er &art, a east lies at the otto#, a hal%6#an, hal%6 east (es*en(s %ro# the le%t, an( a hal%6 east, hal%6#an as*en(s %ro# the ri!ht0 This trans#"tation is shown where Go+e, a**or(in! to the (i+ersit$ o% the a%%e*tions an( the eha+io"r o% those towar(s in%erior thin!s, in+ests hi#sel% with (i+ers %i!"res, enterin! into the %or# o% easts, an( so also the other !o(s trans#i!rate into ase an( alien %or#s0 An(, on the *ontrar$, thro"!h the )nowle(!e o% their own no ilit$, the$ re6ta)e their own (i+ine %or#, as the &assionate hero, raisin! hi#sel% thro"!h *on*ei+e( )in(s o% (i+ine ea"t$ an( !oo(ness, with the win!s o% the intelle*t an( rational will, rises to the (i+init$, lea+in! the %or# o% the lower s" @e*t0 An( there%ore he sai(, -' e*o#e %ro# s" @e*t +iler still, a !o(0 .ro# an in%erior thin! (o *han!e #e to a !o(091! 53;

Fo!rt& Dialo !". Ta$sillo0 Th"s is (es*ri e( the (is*o"rse o% heroi* lo+e, in all whi*h ten(s to its own o @e*t, whi*h is the hi!hest

!oo(, an( heroi* intelle*t, whi*h (e+otes itsel% to the st"($ o% its own o @e*t, whi*h is the &ri#al +erit$, or a sol"te tr"th0 Now the %irst (is*o"rse hol(s the s"# o% this an( the intention, the or(er o% whi*h is (es*ri e( in %i+e others %ollowin!A 180 To the woo(s, the #asti%%s an( the !re$ho"n(s $o"n! A*t8on lea(s, When (estin$ (ire*ts hi# into the (o" t%"l an( ne!le*te( wa$, E&on the tra*) o% sa+a!e easts in %orests wil(0 An( here, etween the waters, he sees a "st an( %a*e #ore ea"ti%"l than eBer was seen /$ #ortal or (i+ine, o% s*arlet, ala aster, an( %ine !ol(, =e sees, an( the !reat h"nter strai!ht e*o#es that whi*h he h"nts0 The sta!, that towar(s still thi*)er sha(es now !oes with li!hter ste&s, =is own !reat (o!s swi%tl$ (e+o"r0 So ' e<ten( #$ tho"!hts to hi!her &re$, an( these Now t"rnin! on #e !i+e #e (eath with *r"el sa+a!e ite0 A*t8on si!ni%ies the intelle*t, intent on the &"rs"it o% (i+ine wis(o# an( the *o#&rehension o% (i+ine ea"t$0 =e lets loose the #asti%%s an( the !re$ho"n(s, o% who# the latter are #ore swi%t an( the %or#er #ore stron!, e*a"se the o&eration o% the intelle*t &re*e(es that o% the will, "t this is #ore +i!oro"s an( e%%e*t"al than that, seein! that, to the h"#an intelle*t, (i+ine !oo(ness an( ea"t$ are #ore lo+ea le than *o#&rehensi le, an( lo+e it is that #o+es an( "r!es the intelle*t, an( &re*e(es it as a lantern0 The woo(s, "n*"lti+ate( an( solitar$ &la*es, +isite( an( &enetrate( $ %ew, an( where there are %ew tra*es o% #en0 The $o"th o% little s)ill an( &ra*ti*e, as o% one o% short li%e
91! 51;

an( o% wa+erin! enth"sias#0 'n the (o" t%"l roa( o% "n*ertain an( (istorte( reason>a (is&osition assi!ne( to the *hara*ter o% 1$tha!oras>where $o" see the #ost thorn$, "n*"lti+ate(, an( (eserte( to e the ri!ht an( (i%%i*"lt &ath, where he lets loose the !re$ho"n(s an( the #asti%%s "&on the tra*) o% sa+a!e easts, that is, the intelli!i le )in(s o% i(eal *on*e&tions, whi*h are o**"lt, %ollowe( $ %ew, +isite( "t rarel$, an( whi*h (o not (is*lose the#sel+es to
91! 5:;

all those who see) the#0 =ere, a#on!st the waters,> that is, in the #irror o% si#ilit"(e, in those wor)s where shines the ri!htness o% (i+ine !oo(ness an( s&len(o"r, whi*h wor)s are s$# oli?e( $ the waters s"&erior an( in%erior, whi*h are a o+e an( elow the %ir#a#ent, he sees the #ost ea"ti%"l "st an( %a*e> that is, e<ternal &ower an( o&eration, whi*h it is &ossi le to see, $ the ha it an( a*t o% *onte#&lation an( the a&&li*ation o% #ortal or (i+ine #in(, o% #an or an$ !o(0 Ci*0 ' (o not elie+e that he #a)es a *o#&arison, nor &"ts as the sa#e )in( the (i+ine an( the h"#an #o(e o% *o#&rehen(in!, whi*h are +er$ (i+erse, "t as to the s" @e*t the$ are the sa#e0 Tans0 So it is0 =e sa$s -o% re( an( ala aster an( !ol(,e*a"se that whi*h in o(il$ ea"t$ is re(, white, an( %air, in (i+init$ si!ni%ies the s*arlet o% (i+ine +i!oro"s &ower, the !ol( o% (i+ine wis(o#, the ala aster o% (i+ine ea"t$, thro"!h the *onte#&lation o% whi*h the 1$tha!oreans, Chal(eans, 1latonists, an( others, stri+e in the est wa$ that the$ *an to ele+ate the#sel+es0 -The !reat h"nter saw,- he "n(erstoo( as #"*h as was &ossi le, an( e*a#e the h"nte(0 =e went o"t %or &re$, an( this h"nter e*a#e hi#sel% the &re$, $ the o&eration o% the intelle*t *on+ertin! the thin!s learne(

into itsel%0
91! 52;

Ci*0 ' "n(erstan(0 =e %or#s intelli!i le *on*e&tions in his own wa$ an( &ro&ortions the# to his *a&a*it$, so that the$ are re*ei+e( a**or(in! to the #anner o% the re*i&ient0 Tans0 An( (oes he h"nt thro"!h the o&eration o% the will, $ the a*t o% whi*h he *on+erts hi#sel% into the o @e*tK Ci*0 As ' "n(erstan(A e*a"se lo+e trans%or#s an( *on+erts into the thin! lo+e(0 Tans0 Well (ost tho" )now that the intelle*t learns thin!s intelli!i l$>*/e/, in its own wa$, an( the will &"rs"es thin!s nat"rall$, that is, a**or(in! to the reason that is in the#sel+es0 So A*t8on with those tho"!hts>those (o!s>whi*h h"nte( o"tsi(e the#sel+es %or !oo(ness, wis(o#, an( ea"t$, th"s *a#e into the &resen*e o% the sa#e, an( ra+ishe( o"t o% hi#sel% $ so #"*h s&len(o"r, he e*a#e the &re$, saw hi#sel% *on+erte( into that %or whi*h he was see)in!, an( &er*ei+e(, that o% his (o!s or tho"!hts, he hi#sel% *a#e to e the lon!e(6%or &re$, %or ha+in! a sor e( the (i+init$ into hi#sel% it was not ne*essar$ to sear*h o"tsi(e hi#sel% %or it0 Ci*0 .or this reason it is sai( -the )in!(o# o% =ea+en is in "s,- (i+init$ (wells within thro"!h the re%or#e( intelle*t an( will0
91! 54;

Tans0 't is so0 See then, A*t8on h"nte( $ his own (o!s >&"rs"e( $ his own tho"!hts>r"ns an( (ire*ts these no+el &a*es, in+i!orate( so as to &ro*ee( (i+inel$ an( -#ore easil$,- that is, with !reater %a*ilit$ an( with

re%reshe( +i!o"r -towar(s the (enser &la*es,- to the (eserts an( the re!ion o% thin!s in*o#&rehensi le0 .ro# ein! s"*h as he %irst was, a *o##on or(inar$ #an, he e*o#es rare an( heroi*, his ha its an( i(eas are stran!e, an( he lea(s an "n"s"al li%e0 =ere his !reat (o!s -!i+e hi# (eath,- an( th"s en(s his li%e a**or(in! to the #a(, sens"al, lin(, an( %antasti* worl(, an( he e!ins to li+e intelle*t"all$, he li+es the li%e o% the !o(s, %e( on a# rosia an( (r"n) with ne*tar0 Ne<t we see "n(er the %or# o% another si#ilit"(e the #anner in whi*h he ar#s hi#sel% to o tain the o @e*t0 =e sa$sA 150 7$ solitar$ ir(P awa$ "nto that re!ion Whi*h o+ersha(ows an( whi*h o**"&ies #$ tho"!ht, Go swi%tl$, an( there nestle, there e+er$ Nee( o% thine e stren!thene(, There all th$ in("str$ an( art e s&entP There e tho" orn a!ain, an( there on hi!h, Gather an( train "& th$ wan(erin! %le(!lin!s Sin*e a(+erse %ate has (rawn awa$ the ars With whi*h she e+er so"!ht to lo*) th$ wa$0 GoP ' (esire %or thee a no ler (wellin!6&la*e, An( tho" shalt ha+e %or !"i(e a !o(, Who is *alle( lin( $ hi# who nothin! sees0 GoP an( e+er e $ thee re+ere(, Ea*h (eit$ o% that wi(e s&here, An( *o#e not a*) to #e till tho" art #ine0 The &ro!ress s$# oli?e( a o+e $ the h"nter who e<*ites his (o!s, is here ill"strate( $ a win!e( heart, whi*h is sent o"t o% the *a!e, in whi*h it li+e( i(le an( D"iet, to #a)e its nest on hi!h an( rin! "& its %le(!lin!s, its tho"!hts, the ti#e ein! *o#e in whi*h those i#&e(i#ents are re#o+e(, whi*h were *a"se(,
91! 5C;

e<ternall$, in a tho"san( (i%%erent wa$s, an( internall$ $ nat"ral %ee leness0 =e (is#isses his heart then to #a)e #ore #a!ni%i*ent s"rro"n(in!s, "r!in! hi# to the hi!hest &ro&ositions an( intentions, now that those &owers o% the so"l are #ore %"ll$ %le(!e(, whi*h 1lato si!ni%ies $ the two win!s, an( he *o##its hi# to the !"i(an*e o% that !o(, who, $ the "nseein! *row(, is *onsi(ere( insane an( lin(, that is Lo+e, who, $ the #er*$ an( %a+o"r o% hea+en, has &ower to trans%or# hi# into that nat"re towar(s whi*h he as&ires, or into that state %ro# whi*h, a &il!ri#, he is anishe(0 When*e he sa$s, -Co#e not a*) to #e till tho" art #ine,- an( not "nworthil$ #a$ ' sa$ with that other>
91! 5F;

Tho" has le%t #e, oh, #$ heart, An( tho", li!ht o% #$ e$es, art no #ore with #e0 =ere he (es*ri es the (eath o% the so"l, whi*h $ the Ka alists is *alle( the (eath $ )isses, s$# oli?e( in the Son! o% Solo#on, where the %rien( sa$sA Let hi# )iss #e with the )isses o% his #o"th, .or, when he wo"n(s #e, ' s"%%er with a *r"el lo+e0 /$ others it is *alle( slee&, the 1sal#ist sa$sA 't shall e, that ' !i+e slee& "nto #ine e$es, An( #ine e$eli(s shall sl"# er, An( ' shall ha+e in hi# &ea*e%"l re&ose0 The so"l then is sai( to e %aint, e*a"se it is (ea( in itsel%, an( ali+e in the o @e*tA :30 Gi+e hee(, enth"siasts, "nto the heartP .or #ine *on(e#ns #e to a li%e a&art, /o"n( $ "n#er*i%"l an( *r"el ties, =e (wells with @o$, there where he %aints an( (ies0

At e+er$ ho"r ' *all hi# a*) $ tho"!htsA A re el he, li)e !er%al*on insane, =e %eels no #ore the han( that (i( restrain, An( is !one %orth not to ret"rn a!ain0 Tho" ea"teo"s east that (ost in &"nish#ent Knit "& the so"l, s&irit an( heart *ontentBst With &ri*)s, with li!htnin!s, an( with *hainsP

91! 57;

.ro# loo)s, %ro# a**ents, an( %ro# "sa!es, Whi*h %aint an( "rn an( )ee& thee o"n(, Where shall he that heals, that *ools, an( loosens thee e %o"n(K =ere the so"l, sorrow%"l, not %ro# real (is*ontent, "t on a**o"nt o% &ains whi*h she s"%%ers, (ire*ts the (is*o"rse to those who are a%%e*te( $ &assions si#ilar to her ownA as i% she ha( not o% her own %ree will an( o% her own (esire (is#isse( her heart, whi*h !oes r"nnin! whither it *annot arri+e, stret*hes o"t to that whi*h it *annot rea*h, an( tries to en%ol( that whi*h it *annot *o#&rehen(, an( with this, e*a"se he +ainl$ se&arates %ro# her, e+er #ore an( #ore !oes on as&irin! towar(s the in%inite0 Ci*0 When*e *o#es it, oh Tansillo, that the so"l in s"*h &ro!ression (eli!hts in its own tor#entsK When*e *o#es that s&"r whi*h "r!es it e+er e$on( that whi*h it &ossessesK Tans0 .ro# this, whi*h ' will tell thee now0 The intelle*t ein! (e+elo&e( to the *o#&rehension o% a *ertain (e%inite an( s&e*i%i* %or#, an( the will to a lo+e *o##ens"rate with s"*h *o#&rehension, the intelle*t (oes not sto& there, "t $ its own li!ht it is &ro#&te( to thin) o% thisA that it *ontains within itsel% the !er# o% e+er$thin! intelli!i le an( (esira le, "ntil it *o#es to *o#&rehen( with the
91! 58;

intelle*t the (e&th o% the %o"ntain o% i(eas, the o*ean o% e+er$ tr"th an( !oo(ness0 So that it ha&&ens, that whate+er *on*e&tion is &resente( to the #in(, an( e*o#es "n(erstoo( $ it, %ro# that whi*h is so &resente( an( *o#&rehen(e( it @"(!es, that a o+e it, is other !reater an( !reater, an( %in(s itsel% e+er in a *ertain wa$ (is*o"rsin! an( #o+in! with it0 /e*a"se it sees that all whi*h it &ossesses is onl$ a li#ite( thin!, an( there%ore *annot e s"%%i*ient o% itsel%, nor !oo( o% itsel%, nor ea"ti%"l o% itsel%, e*a"se it is not the "ni+ersal nor the a sol"te entit$, "t *ontra*te( into ein! this nat"re, this s&e*ies, this %or#, re&resente( to the intelle*t an( &resent to the so"l0 Then %ro# the ea"ti%"l that is "n(erstoo(, an( *onseD"entl$ li#ite(, an( there%ore ea"ti%"l thro"!h &arti*i&ation, it &ro!resses towar(s that whi*h is reall$ ea"ti%"l, whi*h has no #ar!in, nor an$ o"n(aries0 Ci*0 This &ro!ression a&&ears to #e "seless0 Tans0 Not so0 .or it is not nat"ral nor s"ita le that the in%inite e restri*te(, nor !i+e itsel% (e%initel$, %or it wo"l( not then e in%inite0 To e in%inite, it #"st e in%initel$ &"rs"e( with that %or# o% &"rs"it whi*h is not in*ite( &h$si*all$, "t #eta&h$si*all$, an( is not %ro# i#&er%e*t to &er%e*t, "t !oes *ir*"latin! thro"!h the !ra(es o% &er%e*tion to
91! 55;

arri+e at that in%inite *entre whi*h is not %or#, an( is not %or#e(0 Ci*0 ' sho"l( li)e to )now how, $ *ir*"#a# "latin!, one is to arri+e at the *entreK Tans0 ' *annot )now that0 Ci*0 Wh$ (o $o" sa$ itK

Tans0 ' *an sa$ it, an( lea+e it to $o" to *onsi(er0 Ci*0 '% $o" (o not #ean that he who &"rs"es the in%inite is li)e hi# who tal)s a o"t the *ir*"#%eren*e when he is see)in! %or the *entre, ' (o not )now what $o" #ean0 Tans0 L"ite the *ontrar$0 Ci*0 Now i% $o" will not e<&lain $o"rsel%, ' *annot "n(erstan( $o", "t tell #e, &r$thee, what he #eans $ sa$in! the heart is o"n( $ *r"el, s&ite%"l on(s0 Tans0 =e s&ea)s in si#ilit"(e or #eta&hor, as $o" wo"l( sa$, *r"el was one who (i( not allow a %"ll en@o$#ent, an( who li+es #ore in the (esire than in &ossession, an( who, &artiall$ &ossessin!, is not *ontent, "t (esires, %aints, an( (ies0 Ci*0 What are those tho"!hts that *all hi# a*) %ro# the no le enter&riseK Tans0 The sens"al an( nat"ral a%%e*tions, whi*h re!ar( the !o+ern#ent o% the o($0
91! 133;

Ci*0 What ha+e the$ to (o with it, that in no wa$ *an either hel& or %a+o"r itK Tans0 The$ ha+e not to (o with it, "t with the so"l, whi*h, ein! so a sor e( in one wor) or st"($, e*o#es re#iss an( *areless in others0 Ci*0 Wh$ (oes he *all hi# insaneK Tans0 /e*a"se he s"r&asses in )nowle(!e0 Ci*0 't is "s"al to *all insane those who )now nothin!0 Tans0 On the *ontrar$0 Those are *alle( insane who )now not in the or(inar$ wa$, or who rise a o+e the or(inar$ %ro# ha+in! #ore intelle*t0

Ci*0 ' &er*ei+e that tho" sa$est tr"l$0 Now tell #e what are the &ri*)s, the li!htnin!s, an( the *hainsK Tans0 1ri*)s are those e<&erien*es that sti#"late an( awa)en the a%%e*tion, to #a)e it on the alert, li!htnin!s are the ra$s o% the &resent ea"t$, whi*h enli!hten those who wat*h an( wait %or the#, *hains are those e%%e*ts an( *ir*"#stan*es whi*h )ee& %i<e( the e$es o% attention an( "nite to!ether the o @e*t an( the &owers0 Ci*0 What are the loo)s, the a**ents, an( the *"sto#sK Tans0 Loo)s are the #eans $ whi*h the o @e*t is #a(e &resent to "s, a**ents are the #eans thro"!h whi*h we are ins&ire( an( in%or#e(, *"sto#s are
91! 131;

the *ir*"#stan*es whi*h are #ost &leasant an( a!reea le to "s0 So that the heart that !entl$ s"%%ers, &atientl$ "rns an( *onstantl$ &erse+eres in the wor), %ears that its h"rt will heal, its %ire e e<tin!"ishe(, an( its an(s e loosene(0 Ci*0 Now relate that whi*h %ollows0 Tans0A :10 Lo%t$, &ro%o"n(, an( stirrin! tho"!hts o% #ine, Ye lon! to se+er the #aternal ties O% the a%%li*te( so"l, an( li)e to &ro"( An( a le ow#en, (raw at the #ar), Whi*h is the !er# o% all $o"r hi!h *on*eits0 'n those stee& &aths where *r"el easts #a$ e, Let not hea+en lea+e $eP Re#e# er to ret"rn, an( s"##on a*) The heart that tarries with the wil( woo( n$#&h, Ar# $e with lo+e,

War# with the %la#e o% (o#esti*it$, An( with stron! re&ression !"ar( th$ si!ht, That stran!ers )ee& thee not *o#&anione( with #$ heart, At least rin! news o% that, Whi*h "nto hi# is s"*h (eli!ht an( @o$0 =ere he (es*ri es the nat"ral soli*it"(e o% the attenti+e so"l on the s" @e*t, o% its in*lination towar(s !eneration, whi*h it has *ontra*te( with #atter0 She (is&at*hes the ar#e( tho"!hts, whi*h, soli*ite( an( "r!e( $ (isa!ree#ent with the in%erior nat"re,
91! 13:;

are sent to re*all the heart0 The so"l instr"*ts the# how the$ sho"l( *on("*t the#sel+es, so that, ein! all"re( an( attra*te( $ the o @e*t, the$ (o not e*o#e in("*e( to re#ain, the$ also, *a&ti+e an( *o#&anions o% the heart0 She sa$s, then, the$ are to ar# the#sel+es with lo+e, with that lo+e that is %ire( $ the (o#esti* %la#e, that is, the %rien( o% !eneration, to who# the$ are o"n(, an( in whose @"ris(i*tion, #inistr$, an( war%are the$ %in( the#sel+es0 Anon she or(ers the# to re&ress their e$esi!ht an( to *lose their e$es, so that the$ #a$ not ehol( other ea"t$ or !oo(ness than that whi*h is &resent, %rien( an( #other, an( *on*l"(es at last with this, that i% no other reason will *a"se the# to ret"rn, the$ sho"l( at least (o so, to !i+e a**o"nt o% the (is*o"rse an( o% the state o% the heart0 Ci*0 /e%ore $o" &ro*ee( %"rther, ' wo"l( "n(erstan( %ro# $o" what is that whi*h the so"l #eans when she tells the tho"!hts to re&ress the si!ht +i!oro"sl$0 Tans0 ' will tell thee0 All lo+e &ro*ee(s %ro# seein!A intelli!ent lo+e, %ro# seein! intelli!entl$, sens"o"s lo+e, %ro# seein! sens"o"sl$0 Now this seein! has two #eanin!sA either it #eans the +is"al &ower, that is the

si!ht, whi*h is the intelle*t, or tr"l$ the sense, or it #eans the a*t o% that &ower,
91! 132;

that is, that a&&li*ation whi*h the e$e or the intelle*t #a)es to the #aterial or intelle*t"al o @e*t0 When the tho"!hts are *o"nselle( to re&ress the si!ht, it is not the %irst, "t the se*on(, #o(e that is #eant, e*a"se that is the %ather o% the s" seD"ent a%%e*tion o% the sens"o"s or intelle*t"al (esire0 Ci*0 This is what ' wishe( to hear %ro# $o"0 Now, i% the a*t o% the +is"al &ower is the *a"se o% the e+il or !oo( whi*h &ro*ee( %ro# seein!, when*e *o#es it that in thin!s (i+ine we ha+e #ore lo+e than )nowle(!eK Tans0 We (esire to see, e*a"se in so#e wa$ we &er*ei+e the +al"e o% seein!0 We are aware that, thro"!h the a*t o% seein!, ea"ti%"l thin!s o%%er the#sel+es to "s, an( there%ore we (esire ea"ti%"l thin!s0 Ci*0 We (esire the ea"ti%"l an( the !oo(, "t seein! is not ea"ti%"l nor !oo(, rather is it the to"*hstone or li!ht $ whi*h we see, not onl$ the ea"ti%"l an( !oo(, "t also the e+il an( a(0 There%ore it see#s to #e that seein! #a$ e eD"all$ ea"ti%"l or !oo(, as the thin! seen #a$ e white or la*)0 '%, then, the si!ht, whi*h is an a*t, is not ea"ti%"l nor !oo(, how *an it %all into (esireK Tans0 '% not %or itsel%, $et *ertainl$ %or so#e
91! 134;

other reason, it is (esire(, seein! that there *an e no a&&rehension o% that other witho"t it0 Ci*0 What wilt tho" sa$, i% that other is not within the )nowle(!e o% the senses nor o% the intelle*tK =ow, '

sa$, *an that e (esire( whi*h is not seen, i% there is no )nowle(!e whate+er o% it>i% towar(s it neither the intelle*t nor the sense has e<er*ise( an$ a*t whate+er, "t, on the *ontrar$, it is e+en (" io"s whether it e intelle*t"al or sens"o"s, whether a thin! *or&oreal or in*or&oreal, whether it e one or two or #ore, or o% one %ashion or o% anotherK Tans0 ' answer, that in the sense an( the intelle*t there is one (esire an( one i#&"lse to the sens"o"s in !eneral, e*a"se the intelle*t will hear the whole tr"th, so that it #a$ learn all that is ea"ti%"l or !oo( intelli!entl$, the &ower o% the senses will in%or# itsel% o% all that is sens"o"s, so that it #a$ )now all that is !oo( an( ea"ti%"l in the worl( o% the senses0 =en*e it %ollows that not less (o we (esire to see thin!s "n)nown an( "nseen than those )nown an( seen0 An( %ro# this it (oes not %ollow that the (esire (oes not &ro*ee( %ro# *o!nition, an( that we (esire so#ethin! that is not )nown, "t ' sa$ that it is *ertain an( s"re that we (o not (esire "n)nown thin!s0 /e*a"se, i% the$
91! 13C;

e o**"lt as to &arti*"lars, the$ are not o**"lt as to !enerals, as in the entire +is"al &ower is %o"n( the whole o% the +isi le a&&ositel$, an( in the intelle*t all the intelli!i le0 There%ore, as the in*lination to the a*t lies in its a&&ro&riateness, the res"lt is that oth these &owers in*line towar(s the "ni+ersal a*tion, as to a thin! nat"rall$ *o#&rehen(e( as !oo(0 The so"l, then, (i( not s&ea) to the (ea% or the lin( when she *o"nselle( her tho"!hts to re&ress the si!ht, whi*h, altho"!h it #a$ not e the i##e(iate *a"se o% the will, is $et the &ri#al an( &rin*i&al *a"se0 Ci*0 What (o $o" #ean $ this last sa$in!K Tans0 ' #ean that it is not the %i!"re or the *on*e&tion,

sensi l$ or intelli!entl$ re&resente(, whi*h o% itsel% #o+es "s, e*a"se while one stan(s ehol(in! the %i!"re #ani%este( to the e$es, he (oes not $et arri+e at lo+in!, "t %ro# that instant that the so"l *on*ei+es within itsel% that %i!"re, not +isi le, "t thin)a le, no lon!er (i+i("al, "t in(i+i("al, no lon!er *lasse( a#on! thin!s in !eneral, "t a#on! thin!s !oo( an( ea"ti%"l, then i##e(iatel$ lo+e is orn0 Now this is the seein!, %ro# whi*h the so"l (esires to (i+ert the e$es o% her tho"!hts0 =ere the si!ht "s"all$ #o+es the a%%e*tion to a !reater lo+e than the lo+e o% that whi*h is
91! 13F;

seen, %or, as ' ha+e @"st sai(, it alwa$s *onsi(ers, thro"!h the "ni+ersal )nowle(!e that it hol(s o% the ea"ti%"l an( the !oo(, that, esi(es the (e!rees o% )nown *on*e&tions o% !oo(ness an( ea"t$, there are others an( $et others $% *)"*)*t(m0 Ci*0 =ow is it that a%ter we e*o#e in%or#e( o% that *on*e&tion o% the ea"ti%"l whi*h is e!otten in the so"l, we $et (esire to satis%$ the e<terior +isionK Tans0 .ro# this, that the so"l wo"l( e+er lo+e that whi*h it lo+es, an( e+er see that whi*h it sees0 There%ore she wills that, the *on*e&tion whi*h has een &ro("*e( in her thro"!h seein!, sho"l( not e*o#e wea)ene(, ener+ate( an( lost, "t wo"l( e+er see #ore an( #ore, an( that whi*h e*o#es o s*"re in the interior a%%e*tion, sho"l( e %reD"entl$ ri!htene( $ the e<terior as&e*t, whi*h as it is the &rin*i&le o% ein!, #"st also e the &rin*i&le o% *onser+ation0 This res"lts &ro&ortionatel$ in the a*t o% "n(erstan(in! an( o% *onsi(erin!, %or as the si!ht has re%eren*e to +isi le thin!s, so has the intelle*t to intelli!i le thin!s0 ' elie+e now that $o" "n(erstan( to what en( an( in what #anner the so"l ten(s, when she sa$s -re&ress the si!ht0-

Ci*0 ' "n(erstan( +er$ well0 Now *ontin"e to "n%ol( what ha&&ens to these tho"!hts0
91! 137;

Tans0 Now %ollows the (isa!ree#ent etween the #other an( the a%oresai( *hil(ren, who ha+in!, *ontrar$ to her or(ers, o&ene( their e$es, an(, ha+in! %i<e( the# on the s&len(o"r o% the o @e*t, the$ re#aine( in *o#&an$ with the heart0 ::0 Cr"el sons are $e to #e, #e who# $e le%t Still %arther to e<as&erate #$ &ain, An( e+er witho"t *ease $e wear$ #e, Ta)in! awa$ %ro# #e #$ e+er$ ho&eP Wh$ sho"l( the sense re#ainK oh, !ras&in! hea+ensP Where%ore these ro)en r"ine( &owers, i% not To #a)e #e s" @e*t an( e<e#&lar O% s"*h hea+$ #art$r(o#, s"*h len!thene( &ainK Lea+e, (ear sons, #$ win!e( %ire en*haine(, An( let #e, so#e o% $o" on*e #ore ehol(, Co#e a*) to #e %ro# those retainin! *lawsP Oh, wearinessP not one ret"rns To rin! a late re%resh#ent to #$ &ains0 /ehol( #e, #isera le one, (e&ri+e( o% heart, a an(one( o% tho"!hts, le%t $ ho&e, ', who ha( %i<e( #$ all in the#0 Nothin! is le%t to #e "t the sense o% #$ &o+ert$, #$ "nha&&iness an( #iser$, wh$ (oes not this too lea+e #eK Wh$ (oes not (eath s"**o"r #e, now that ' a# (e&ri+e( o% li%eK To what "se (o ' &ossess these nat"ral &owers i% ' e (e&ri+e( o% the "se o% the#K =ow *an ' alone no"rish
91! 138;

#$sel% with intelli!i le *on*e&tions as with intelle*t"al rea(, i% the s" stan*e o% this rea( e *o#&ose( o%

this *ontin!en*$0 =ow *an ' lin!er in the inti#a*$ o% these %rien(l$ an( (ear #e# ers whi*h ' ha+e wo+en ro"n( #e, a(@"stin! the# with the s$##etr$ o% the ele#entar$ *on(itions, i% #$ tho"!hts an( all #$ a%%e*tions a an(on #e, intent "&on the *are o% the rea( that is i##aterial an( (i+ineK E&, "&, oh #$ %l$in! tho"!hts, "&, oh #$ re el heart, let li+e the sense o% thin!s that are %elt, an( the "n(erstan(in! o% thin!s intelli!i le, *o#e to the s"**o"r o% the o($ with #atter an( *or&oreal s" @e*t, an( let the "n(erstan(in! (eli!ht in its own o @e*ts, to the en( that this *o#&osition o% the o($ #a$ e reali?e(, that this #a*hine (issol+e not, in whi*h, $ #eans o% the s&irit, the so"l is "nite( to the o($0 Wh$, "nha&&$ as ' a# M#ore thro"!h (o#esti* *ir*"#stan*es than thro"!h e<ternal +iolen*eN, a# ' (oo#e( to see this horri le (i+or*e etween #$ &arts an( #e# ersK Wh$ (oes the intelle*t tro" le itsel% to !i+e laws to the sense an( $et (e&ri+e it o% its %oo(K an( this, on the other han(, resists, (esirin! to li+e a**or(in! to its own (e*rees, an( not a**or(in! to the (e*ree o% others, %or these an( not those are a le to #aintain an( less it, there%ore it o"!ht to atten( to its own *o#%ort an( li%e, an( not to that
91! 135;

o% others0 There is no har#on$ an( *on*or( where there is onl$ one, where one in(i+i("al a sor s the whole ein!, "t where there is or(er an( analo!$ in thin!s (i+erse, where ea*h thin! ser+es its own nat"re0 There%ore let the sense %ee( a**or(in! to the law o% thin!s that *an e %elt, the %lesh e o e(ient to the law o% the s&irit, the reason to its own law0 Let the# not e *on%o"n(e( nor #i<e(0 Eno"!h that one neither #ar nor &re@"(i*e the law o% the other, sin*e it is not @"st that the sense o"tra!e the law o% reason0 An( +eril$ it is a sha#e%"l thin! that one sho"l( t$ranni?e o+er the

other, &arti*"larl$ where the intelle*t is a &il!ri# an( stran!e, an( the sense is #ore (o#esti*ate( an( at ho#e0 ' a# %or*e( $ $o", #$ tho"!hts, to re#ain at ho#e in *har!e o% the ho"se, while others #a$ wan(er where+er the$ will0 This is a law o% Nat"re, an( there%ore a law o% the a"thor an( ori!inator o% Nat"re0 Sin on then, now that all o% $o", se("*e( $ the *har# o% the intelle*t, lea+e the other &art o% #e to the &eril o% (eath0 =ow ha+e $o" !otten this #elan*hol$ an( &er+erse h"#o"r, whi*h rea)s the *ertain an( nat"ral laws o% the tr"e li%e, an( whi*h is in $o"r own han(s, %or one, "n*ertain, an( whi*h has no e<isten*e e<*e&t in sha(ow, e$on( the li#its o% %antasti* tho"!htK See#s it to $o" a nat"ral thin! that the$ sho"l(
91! 113;

li+e (i+inel$ an( not as ani#als an( h"#anl$, the$ ein! not !o(s, "t #en an( ani#alsK 't is a law o% %ate an( Nat"re that e+er$thin! sho"l( a(a&t itsel% to the *on(ition o% its own ein!, where%ore then, while $o" %ollow a%ter the ni!!ar( ne*tar o% the !o(s, (o $o" lose that whi*h is &resent an( is $o"r own, an( tro" le $o"rsel% a o"t the +ain ho&es o% othersK O"!ht not Nat"re to re%"se to !i+e $o" the other !oo(, i% that whi*h she at &resent o%%ers to $o", $o" st"&i(l$ (es&iseK =ea+en the se*on( !i%t (enies, To hi# who (oes the %irst (es&ise0 With these an( si#ilar reasons the so"l, ta)in! &art with the wea)est, see)s to re*all the tho"!hts to the *are o% the o($0 An( these, altho"!h late, *o#e an( show the#sel+es, "t not in that %or# in whi*h the$ (e&arte(, "t onl$ to (e*lare their re ellion, an( %or*e her to %ollow0 An( the sorrowin! one th"s la#entsA :20

Ah, (o!s o% A*t8on, ah, &ro"( in!ratesP Who# to the a o(e o% #$ (i+init$ ' sent, Witho"t ho&e (o $e ret"rn to #e, An(, *o#in! to the #otherBs si(e, $e rin! /a*) "nto #e a too "nha&&$ oon, Ye #an!le #e, an( will that ' li+e not0 Lea+e #e, li%e, that ' #a$ #o"nt "& to #$ s"n, A (o" le strea#let, #a(, witho"t #$ %o"ntP When shall this &on(ero"s #ass o% #e (issol+eK When shall it e, that, ta)in! #$sel% hen*e, An( swi%tl$ risin! to the hei!hts a o+e, To!ether with #$ heart ' #a$ a i(e, An( with #$ tho"!hts ' #a$ e (ei%ie(K The 1latonists sa$ that the so"l, as to its s"&erior &art, alwa$s *onsists in the intelle*t, in whi*h it has #ore o% "n(erstan(in! than o% so"l, seein! that it is *alle( so"l onl$ in so %ar as it +i+i%ies the o($ an( s"stains it0 So here, the sa#e essen*e whi*h no"rishes an( #aintains the tho"!hts on hi!h, to!ether with the e<alte( heart, is in("*e( $ the in%erior &art to a%%li*t itsel%, an( re*all the# as re els0 Ci*0 So that the$ are not two *ontrar$ e<isten*es, "t one, s" @e*t to two *ontra(i*tor$ ter#sK Tans0 So it is, &re*isel$0 As the ra$ o% the s"n whi*h to"*hes the earth, an( is @oine( to o s*"re an( to in%erior thin!s, whi*h it ri!htens, +i+i%ies, an( )in(les, an( is then @oine( to the ele#ent o% %ire>that is, to the star, when*e it &ro*ee(s, an( has its e!innin!, an( is (i%%"se(, an( in whi*h it has its own an( ori!inal s" sisten*e>so the so"l, whi*h is in the hori?on o% Nat"re, is *or&oreal an( in*or&oreal, an( *ontains that with whi*h it rises to s"&erior
91! 11:; 91! 111;

thin!s an( (e*lines to thin!s in%erior0 An( this, $o" #a$

&er*ei+e, (oes not ha&&en $ reason an( or(er o% lo*al #otion, "t solel$ thro"!h the i#&"lse o% one an( o% another &ower or %a*"lt$0 As when the sense rises to the i#a!ination, the i#a!ination to the reason, the reason to the intelle*t, the intelle*t to the #in(, then the whole so"l is *on+erte( into Go(, an( inha its the intelli!i le worl(, when*e, on the other han(, she (es*en(s in an in+erse #anner to the worl( o% %eelin!, thro"!h the intelle*t, reason, i#a!ination, sense, +e!etation0 Ci*0 't is tr"e that ' ha+e hear( that the so"l, in or(er to &"t itsel% in the "lti#ate (e!ree o% (i+ine thin!s, (es*en(s into the #ortal o($, an( %ro# this !oes "& a!ain to the (i+ine (e!rees, whi*h are three (e!rees o% intelli!en*e0 .or there are others in whi*h the intelle*t"al s"r&asses the ani#al, whi*h are sai( to e the *elestial intelli!en*es, an( others in whi*h the ani#al s"r&asses the intelle*t"al, whi*h are the h"#an intelli!en*es, others there are, o% whi*h those thin!s are eD"al, as those o% (e#ons or heroes0 Tans0 The #in( then *annot (esire e<*e&t that whi*h is near, *lose, )nown, an( %a#iliar0 The &i! *annot (esire to e a #an, nor wish %or those thin!s that are s"ita le to the h"#an a&&etite0 =e li)es
91! 112;

etter to t"rn a o"t in #"( than in a e( o% linen, he wo"l( &re%er a sow to the #ost ea"ti%"l o% wo#en, e*a"se the a%%e*tion %ollows the reason o% the s&e*ies0 An( a#on!st #en the sa#e thin! is seen, a**or(in! as so#e rese# le one s&e*ies o% r"te east an( so#e anotherA these ha+in! so#ethin! o% the D"a(r"&e(, an( those o% ir(s, an(, #a$ e, so#e a%%init$, whi*h ' will not e<&lain, "t thro"!h whi*h those ha+e een )nown who are a%%e*te( $ *ertain sorts o% easts0 Now, it is law%"l %or the #in( whi*h %in(s itsel% o&&resse( $ the

#aterial *on@"n*tion o% the so"l, to raise itsel% to the *onte#&lation o% another state, to whi*h the so"l #a$ arri+e, *o#&arin! the two, an( so thro"!h the %"t"re (es&ise the &resent0 '% a east ha( a sense o% the (i%%eren*e whi*h e<ists etween his own *on(ition an( that o% #an, an( the #eanness o% his own state with the no ilit$ o% the h"#an state, whi*h he wo"l( (ee# it not i#&ossi le to e a le to rea*h, he wo"l( lo+e (eath, whi*h wo"l( o&en to hi# that roa(, #ore than that li%e whi*h )ee&s hi# in the &resent state o% ein!0 When the so"l *o#&lains, sa$in!, -AhP (o!s o% A*t8onP- she is re&resente( as a thin! whi*h a&&ears onl$ in the in%erior &owers, an( a!ainst whi*h the #in( re els %or ha+in! ta)en awa$ the heart with it, that is to
91! 114;

sa$, the entire a%%e*tions, with all the ar#$ o% the tho"!hts0 So that, ha+in! a )nowle(!e o% the &resent state, an( ein! i!norant o% e+er$ other, an( not elie+in! that others e<ist a o"t whi*h she *an ha+e an$ )nowle(!e, she *o#&lains o% her tho"!hts, whi*h, tar(il$ t"rnin! towar(s her, *o#e rather to (raw her "& than to #a)e the#sel+es a**e&te( $ her0 An( thro"!h the (istra*tion whi*h she en("res on a**o"nt o% the or(inar$ lo+e o% the #aterial an( o% thin!s intelli!i le, she %eels hersel% la*erate( an( #an!le(, so that at last she is %or*e( to $iel( to the #ore +i!oro"s i#&"lse0 An( i%, $ +irt"e o% *onte#&lation, she rises or is *a"!ht "& a o+e the hori?on o% the nat"ral a%%e*tions, when*e with &"rer e$e she learns the (i%%eren*e etween the one li%e an( the other, then, +anD"ishe( $ the lo%t$ tho"!hts, an(, as i% (ea( to the o($, she as&ires to that whi*h is ele+ate(, an(, altho"!h ali+e in the o($, she +e!etates there as i% (ea(, ein! &resent as an ani#atin! &rin*i&le an( a sent in o&erati+e a*ti+it$, not e*a"se she (oes not a*t while the o($ is ali+e, "t that the a*tions o% this #ass are inter#ittent, wea),

an(, as it were, &"r&oseless0 Ci*0 Th"s a *ertain theolo!ian, who was sai( to e trans&orte( to the thir( hea+en an( en*hante( with the +iew o% it, sai( that what he (esire( was the (issol"tion o% his o($0
91! 11C;

Tans0 So, %irst *o#&lainin! o% the heart an( D"arrellin! with the tho"!hts, she now (esires to rise on hi!h with the#, an( e<hi its her re!ret %or the *onne*tion an( %a#iliarit$ *ontra*te( with *or&oreal #atter, an( sa$sA -Lea+e #e li%e M*or&orealN, an( (o not i#&e(e #$ &ro!ress "&war(s to #$ nati+e ho#e, to #$ s"n0 Lea+e #e now, %or no lon!er (o #$ e$es wee& tears, neither e*a"se ' *annot s"**o"r the# Mthe tho"!htsN, nor e*a"se ' *annot re#ain (i+i(e( %ro# #$ ha&&iness0 Lea+e #e, %or it is not %it nor &ossi le that these two strea#s sho"l( r"n witho"t their so"r*e, that is, witho"t the heart0 ' will not, ' sa$, #a)e two ri+ers o% tears here elow, while #$ heart, whi*h is the so"r*e o% s"*h ri+ers, is %lown awa$ on hi!h with its n$#&hs, whi*h are #$ tho"!hts0- Th"s, little $ little, %ro# (isli)e an( re!ret, she &ro*ee(s to the hatre( o% in%erior thin!s, whi*h she &artl$ shows, sa$in!, -When shall this &on(ero"s #ass o% #e (issol+eK- an( that whi*h %ollows0 Ci*0 This ' "n(erstan( ri!ht well, an( also that whi*h $o" wo"l( in%er a o"t the &rin*i&al intention, that is to sa$, that these are the (e!rees o% the lo+es, o% the a%%e*tions, an( o% the enth"sias#s, a**or(in! to the (e!rees o% !reater an( lesser li!ht, o% *o!nition, an( o% intelli!en*e0 Tans0 Tho" "n(erstan(est ri!htl$0 .ro# this
91! 11F;

tho" o"!htest to learn that (o*trine ta)en %ro# the 1$tha!oreans an( 1latonists, whi*h is, that the so"l #a)es the two &ro!ressions o% as*ent an( (es*ent, $ the *are that it has o% itsel% an( o% #atter, ein! #o+e( $ its own &ro&er lo+e o% !oo(, an( ein! "r!e( $ the &ro+i(en*e o% %ate0 Ci*0 /"t, &r$thee, tell #e rie%l$ what $o" #ean a o"t the so"l o% the worl(, i% she *an neither as*en( nor (es*en(K Tans0 '% $o" as) o% the worl(, a**or(in! to the *o##on si!ni%i*ation>that is, in so %ar as it si!ni%ies what is *alle( the "ni+erse>' sa$ that, ein! in%inite, it has no (i#ension or #eas"re, is i##o ile, inani#ate, an( witho"t %or#, notwithstan(in! it is the &la*e o% in%inite #o+in! worl(s an( is in%inite s&a*e, in whi*h are so #an$ lar!e ani#als that are *alle( stars0 '% $o" as) a**or(in! to the si!ni%i*ation hel( $ the tr"e &hiloso&hers>that is, in so %ar as it si!ni%ies e+er$ !lo e, e+er$ star, s"*h as this earth, the o($ o% the s"n, #oon, an( others>' sa$ that s"*h so"l (oes not as*en( nor (es*en(, "t t"rns in a *ir*le0 Th"s, ein! *o#&o"n(e( o% s"&erior an( in%erior &owers, with the s"&erior it t"rns ro"n( the (i+init$, an( with the in%erior, towar(s the #ass o% the worl(s, whi*h is $ it +i+i%ie( an( #aintaine( etween the tro&i*s o% !eneration an(
91! 117;

the *orr"&tion o% li+in! thin!s in those worl(s, ser+in! its own li%e eternall$, e*a"se the a*t o% the (i+ine &ro+i(en*e, alwa$s &reser+es it with (i+ine heat an( li!ht, with the sa#e or(er an( #eas"re, in the or(inar$ an( sel%6sa#e ein!0 Ci*0 ' ha+e now hear( eno"!h "&on this s" @e*t0

Tans0 't ha&&ens then that in(i+i("al so"ls *o#e to e in%l"en*e( (i%%erentl$ as to their ha its an( in*linations, a**or(in! to the (i+erse (e!rees o% as*ension an( (es*ension, an( *o#e to (is&la$ +ario"s )in(s an( or(ers o% enth"sias#s, o% lo+es, an( o% senses, not onl$ in the s*ale o% Nat"re a**or(in! to the or(ers o% (i+erse li+es whi*h the so"l ta)es "& in (i%%erent o(ies, as is e<&ressl$ (e*lare( $ the 1$tha!oreans, Sa("*hi#i an( others, an( $ i#&li*ation, 1lato, an( those who (i+e #ore &ro%o"n(l$ into it, "t still #ore in the s*ale o% h"#an a%%e*tions, whi*h has as #an$ (e!rees as the s*ale o% Nat"re, %or #an, in all his &owers, (is&la$s e+er$ s&e*ies o% ein!0 Ci*0 There%ore %ro# the a%%e*tions one #a$ )now so"ls, whether the$ are !oin! "& or (own, or whether the$ are %ro# a o+e or %ro# elow, whether the$ are !oin! on towar(s e*o#in! easts or towar(s (i+ine ein!s, a**or(in! to the s&e*i%i*
91! 118;

ein! as the 1$tha!oreans "n(erstoo( it, or a**or(in! to the si#ilit"(e o% the a%%e*tions onl$, as is *o##onl$ elie+e(, the h"#an so"l not ein! a le, Mso lon! as it is tr"l$ h"#anN to e*o#e so"l o% a r"te, as 1lotin"s an( other 1latonists well sai(, on a**o"nt o% the D"alit$ o% its e!innin!0 Tans0 Now to *o#e to the &ro&ositionA .ro# ani#al enth"sias#, this so"l, as (es*ri e(, is &ro#ote( to heroi* enth"sias#, sa$in!, -When shall it e that ' rise "& to the hei!ht o% the o @e*t, there to (well in *o#&an$ with #$ heart an( with #$ %le(!lin!s9A; an( hisK- This sa#e &ro&osition he *ontin"es when he sa$sA :40 Destin$, when, shall ' that #o"ntain #o"nt,

Whi*h, liss%"l to the hi!h !ates rin!in!, rin!, Where those rare ea"ties ' shall *o"ntin!, *o"nt, When 0e #$ &ain with *o#%ort *o#%ortin!, Who #$ (is@ointe( #e# ers @oine(, An( lea+es #$ ($in! &owers not (ea(K 7$ s&iritBs ri+al #ore than ri+alle( is '%, %ar %ro# sin, it "nassaile( #a$ sail, '% thither ten(in!, it #a$ waitin!, wait, An( "& with that hi!h o @e*t risin!, rise, An( i% #$ !oo( alone, alone ' ta)e, .or whi*h ' s"re re#o+e o% ea*h (e%e*t e%%e*t, An( so at last #a$ *o#e to en@o$ with @o$, As he who all %oretells *an tell0 9A; 1"l*ini0

91! 115;

O Destin$P O .ateP O (i+ine i##"ta le 1ro+i(en*eP when shall it e that ' shall *li# that #o"nt>that is, that ' #a$ arri+e at s"*h altit"(e o% #in(, as trans&ortin! #e shall rin! #e into those o"ter an( inner *o"rts where ' #a$ ehol( an( *o"nt those rare ea"tiesK When shall it e, that he will e%%e*t"all$ *o#%ort #$ &ain, loosenin! #e %ro# the ti!htene( on(s o% those *ares in whi*h ' %in( #$sel%, he, who %or#e( an( "nite( #$ #e# ers, whi*h e%ore were (is"nite( an( (is@oine(A that is Lo+e, he who has @oine( to!ether these *or&oreal &arts, whi*h were as %ar (i+i(e( as one o&&osite is (i+i(e( %ro# another, so that these intelle*t"al &owers whi*h, thro"!h his a*tion he has e<tin!"ishe(, sho"l( not e le%t D"ite (ea(, "t e a!ain re6ani#ate( an( #a(e to as&ire on hi!hK When, ' sa$, will he %"ll$ *o#%ort #e, an( !i+e #$ &owers %ree an( s&ee($ %li!ht, $ whi*h #eans #$ s" stan*e #a$ !o an( nestle there, where, $ #$ e%%orts, ' #a$ #a)e a#en(s an( *orre*t #$ (e%e*ts, an( where Mi% ' arri+eN #$ s&irit will e #a(e e%%e*t"al or &re+ail o+er #$ ri+al, e*a"se there, no e<*ess will o&&ose, no o&&osition

o+er*o#e, no error assailK OhP i% $ %or*e he #a$ arri+e there, at that hei!ht whi*h he is waitin! to rea*h, he will re#ain on hi!h, at the ele+ation o% his o @e*t, an( he will ta)e that !oo(
91! 1:3;

that *annot e *o#&rehen(e( $ an$ other than one, that is, $ hi#sel%, seein! that e+er$ other has it in the #eas"re o% his own *a&a*it$, an( this one alone has it in all its %"lness0 Then will ha&&iness *o#e to #e in that #anner whi*h he sa$s, -who all %oretells-, that is, at that ele+ation in whi*h the sa$in! all an( the (oin! all is the sa#e thin!, in that #anner that he sa$s an( (oes who all %oretells, that is, who is s"%%i*ient %or all thin!s an( &ri#ar$, an( whose wor( an( &re6or(ainin! is the tr"e (oin! an( e!innin!0 This is how, in the s*ale o% thin!s s"&erior an( in%erior, the a%%e*tion o% Lo+e &ro*ee(s, as the intelle*t or senti#ent &ro*ee(s %ro# these intelli!i le or )nowa le o @e*ts, to those, or %ro# those to these0 Ci*0 Th"s the !reater n"# er o% sa!es elie+e that Nat"re (eli!hts in this *han!e%"l *ir*"lation whi*h is seen in the whirlin! o% her wheel0
91! 1:1;

Fi't& Dialo !". '0 Ci*0 Now show #e how ' #a$ e a le %or #$sel% to *onsi(er the *on(itions o% these enth"siasts, thro"!h that whi*h a&&ears in the or(er o% the war%are here (es*ri e(0 Tans0 /ehol( how the$ *arr$ the ensi!n o% their

a%%e*tions or %ort"nes0 Let "s lea+e the *onsi(eration o% their na#es an( ha its, eno"!h that we stan( "&on the #eanin! o% the "n(erta)in! an( the intelli!i ilit$ o% the writin!, ali)e that whi*h is &"t %or the %or# o% the o($ o% the %i!"re, as well as that whi*h is #ostl$ &"t as an el"*i(ation o% the "n(erta)in!0 Ci*0 Th"s will we (o0 =ere then is the %irst, who *arries a shiel( (i+i(e( into %o"r *olo"rs, an( in the *rest is (e&i*te( a %la#e "n(er the hea( o% ron?e, %ro# the holes in whi*h, iss"e in !reat %or*e a s#o)$ win(, an( a o"t it is writtenA -At re!na senser"nt tria091! 1::;

Tans0 .or the e<&lanation o% this ' wo"l( sa$A that the %ire there is that whi*h heats the !lo e, insi(e o% it is the water, an( it ha&&ens that this h"#i( ele#ent, ein! rare%ie( an( atten"ate( $ +irt"e o% the heat, an( th"s resol+e( into +a&o"r, it reD"ires #"*h !reater s&a*e to *ontain it, there%ore i% it (oes not %in( eas$ e<it, it !oes on with e<tre#e %or*e, noise, an( (estr"*tion to rea) the +essel, "t i% it %in(s s&a*e an( eas$ e<it, so that it *an e+a&orate, it !oes o"t with less +iolen*e, little $ little, an(, a**or(in! as the water is resol+e( into +a&o"r, it is (issi&ate( in &"%%s into the air0 =ere is si!ni%ie( the heart o% the enth"siast where, $ a *le+erl$ &lanne( all"re#ent ein! *a"!ht $ the a#oro"s %la#e, it ha&&ens that so#e o% the +ital s" stan*e s&ar)les with %ire, while so#e in the %or# o% tear%"l *ries ren(s the oso#, an( so#e other $ the e<&"lsion o% !"st$ si!hs a!itates the air0 There%ore he sa$sA -At re!na senser"nt tria0- Now this -at- s"&&oses a (i%%eren*e, or (i+ersit$, or o&&osite, as one #i!ht al#ost sa$ there e<ists so#ethin! whi*h #i!ht ha+e the sa#e sense, "t has it not, whi*h is +er$ well e<&laine( in the %ollowin! rh$#esA :C0

.ro# these twin li!hts o% #e>a little earth> 7$ wonte( tears strea# %reel$ to the sea0 The !ree($ air re*ei+es %ro# o"t #$ reast No ni!!ar( &art o% all that reast *ontains, An( %ro# #$ heart the li!htnin!s are "nlo*)e( That rise to hea+en, an( $et (i#inish not0 Th"s &a$ ' to the air, the sea, the %ire, The tri "te o% #$ si!hs, #$ tears, #$ ?eal0 The sea, the air, the %ire, a**e&t a &art o% #e, /"t #$ (i+init$ no %a+o"r shows0 En)in( she t"rns awa$0 Near her 7$ tears %in( no res&onse, 7$ +oi*e she will not hear, Nor &iti%"ll$ will she t"rn to note #$ ?eal0 =ere the s" @e*t #atter si!ni%ie( $ -earth- is the s" stan*e o% the enth"siast, whi*h is &o"re( %ro# the twin li!hts>that is, %ro# the e$es>in *o&io"s tears that %low to the sea, he sen(s %orth %ro# his reast into the wi(e air si!hs in a !reat #"ltit"(e, an( the li!htnin!s %ro# his heart, not li)e a little s&ar) or a wea) %la#e, whi*h, *oolin! itsel% in the air, s#o)es, an( trans#i!rates into other ein!s, "t, &otent an( +i!oro"s>rather a*D"irin! %ro# others than losin! o% its own>it @oins its *on!enial s&here0 Ci*0 ' "n(erstan( it all0 To the ne<t0 ''0 Tans0 Close $ is &ortra$e( one who has on his shiel( a *rest, also (i+i(e( into %o"r *olo"rs0 There is a s"n whose ra$s e<ten( to the a*) o% the earth,
91! 1:4; 91! 1:2;

an( there is a le!en( whi*h sa$sA -'(e# se#&er " iD"e tot"#0-

Ci*0 ' &er*ei+e that the inter&retation o% it will e (i%%i*"lt0 Tans0 The #ore e<*ellent the #eanin! the less o +io"s is it, an( $o" will see that it is "neD"alle(, "niD"e, an( not straine(0 Yo" are to *onsi(er that the s"n, altho"!h with re!ar( to the +ario"s re!ions o% the earth he is %or ea*h one (i%%erent as to ti#e, &la*e, an( (e!ree, $et in res&e*t o% the whole !lo e as s"*h, he alwa$s an( in e+er$ &la*e a**o#&lishes e+er$thin!, %or in whate+er &art o% the e*li&ti* he is to e %o"n(, he #a)es winter, s"##er, a"t"#n, an( s&rin!, an( #a)es the whole !lo e o% the earth to re*ei+e within itsel% the a%oresai( %o"r seasons, %or ne+er is it hot at one si(e "nless it is *ol( on the other, when it is to "s +er$ hot in the tro&i* o% Can*er it is +er$ *ol( in the tro&i* o% Ca&ri*orn, so that %or the sa#e reason it is winter in that &art when it is s"##er in this, an( to those who are in the #i((le, it is te#&erate a**or(in! to the as&e*t, +ernal or a"t"#nal0 So the earth alwa$s %eels the rains, the win(s, the heat, the *ol(, nor wo"l( it e (a#& here i% it were not (r$ in another &art, an( the s"n wo"l( not war# it on this si(e i% it ha( not alrea($ le%t o%% war#in! it on the other0
91! 1:C;

Ci*0 E+en e%ore $o" ha+e %inishe(, ' "n(erstan( what $o" wo"l( sa$0 Yo" #ean that as the s"n !i+es all the i#&ressions to the earth, an( this re*ei+es the# whole an( entire, so the O @e*t o% the enth"siast, with its a*ti+e s&len(o"r, #a)es hi# the &assi+e s" @e*t o% tears, whi*h are the waters, o% ar(o"rs, whi*h are the %ires, an( o% si!hs, whi*h are *ertain +a&o"rs, whi*h &arta)e o% oth, whi*h lea+e the %ire, an( !o to the waters, or lea+e the waters an( !o to the %ire0 Tans0 This is well e<&laine( elow0

:F0 When as the s"n towar(s Ca&ri*orn (e*lines, Then (o the rains enri*h the strea#s, As towar(s the line he !oes, or then*e ret"rns, 7ore %elt is ea*h Rolian #essen!er, War#in! the #ore with e+er$ len!thenin! (a$ What ti#e towar(s "rnin! Can*er he re#o"nts0 An( eD"al to this heat, this *ol(, this ?eal Are these #$ tears, #$ si!hs, the ar(o"r that ' %eel0 7$ *onstant si!hs, #$ ne+er wanin! %la#es Are onl$ eD"al to #$ tears0 7$ %loo(s an( %la#es howeBer intense the$ e, Are ne+er #ore so than #$ si!hs, ' "rn with %er+i( heat, An(, %ir#l$ %i<e(, ' e+er si!h an( wee&0 Ci*0 This (oes not so #"*h (e*lare the #eanin!
91! 1:F;

o% the *oat o% ar#s, as the &re*e(in! (is*o"rse (i(, "t it rather s"&&le#ents or a**o#&anies that (is*o"rse0 Tans0 Sa$, rather, that the %i!"re is latent in the %irst &art, an( the le!en( is well e<&laine( in the se*on(, as oth the one an( the other are +er$ &ro&erl$ si!ni%ie( in the t$&e o% the s"n an( o% the earth0 Ci*0 1ass on to the thir(0 '''0 Tans0 The thir( ears on his shiel( a na)e( *hil(, stret*he( "&on the !reen t"r%, who rests his hea( "&on his ar#, with his e$es t"rne( towar(s the s)$ to *ertain e(i%i*es, towers, !ar(ens, an( or*har(s, whi*h are a o+e the *lo"(s, an( there is a *astle o% whi*h the #aterial is %ire, an( in the #i((le is the si!n ins*ri e(A -7"t"o %"l*i#"r0-

Ci*0 What (oes that #eanK Tans0 't #eans that enth"siast, si!ni%ie( $ the na)e( *hil( as si#&le, &"re, an( e<&ose( to all the a**i(ents o% Nat"re an( o% %ort"ne, who at the sa#e ti#e $ the %or*e o% tho"!ht, *onstr"*ts *astles in the air, an( a#on!st other thin!s a tower, o% whi*h the ar*hite*t is Lo+e, the #aterial is the a#oro"s %ire, an( the "il(er is hi#sel%, who sa$sA -7"t"o %"l*i#"r->that is, ' "il( an( "&hol( $o" there with
91! 1:7;

#$ tho"!ht, an( $o" "&hol( #e here with ho&e, $o" wo"l( not e in e<isten*e were it not %or the i#a!ination an( the tho"!ht with whi*h ' %or# an( "&hol( $o", an( ' sho"l( not e ali+e were it not %or the re%resh#ent an( *o#%ort that ' re*ei+e thro"!h $o"r #eans0 Ci*0 't is tr"e that there is no %an*$ so +ain an( so *hi#eri*al that #a$ not e a #ore real an( tr"e #e(i*ine %or an enth"siasti* heart than an$ her , #ineral, oil, or other sort o% thin! that Nat"re &ro("*es0 Tans0 7a!i*ians *an (o #ore $ #eans o% %aith than &h$si*ians $ the tr"th, an( in the worst (iseases the &atients ene%it #ore $ elie+in! this or that whi*h the %or#er sa$, than in "n(erstan(in! that whi*h the latter (o0 Now let the rh$#es e rea(0 :70 A o+e the *lo"(s in that hi!h &la*e, When o%t with (rea#in! ' a# %ire(, .or *o#%ort an( re%resh#ent o% #$ so"l An air$ *astle %ro# #$ %ires ' "il(, An( i% #$ a(+erse %ate in*line awhile, An( witho"t s*orn or ire will "n(erstan( This lo%t$ !ra*e %or whi*h ' (ie,

Oh ha&&$ then #$ &ains, ha&&$ #$ (eath0 The ar(o"r o% those %la#es she (oes not %eel, Nor is she hin(ere( $ those snares

91! 1:8;

With whi*h, oh o$P tho"Brt wont to ensla+e An( lea( into *a&ti+it$ oth #en an( !o(s, /$ &it$Bs han( alone, oh Lo+e, /$ showin! all #$ woe, tho" shalt &re+ail0 Ci*0 =e shows that whi*h %ee(s his %an*$ an( athes his s&irit, $et, inas#"*h as he is witho"t *o"ra!e to e<&lain hi#sel% an( #a)e )nown his s"%%erin!s, altho"!h he is so (ee&l$ s" @e*te( to that an!"ish, i% it sho"l( ha&&en that his har(, "n*o#&ro#isin! %ate sho"l( en( a little Mas, in the en(, %ate #"st soothe hi#, $ showin! itsel% witho"t s*orn or an!er %or the hi!h o @e*tN, he wo"l( *onsi(er no ha&&iness so !reat, no li%e so lesse(, as in s"*h a *ase wo"l( e his ha&&iness in his woes, an( his lesse(ness in his (eath0 Tans0 An( with this he *o#es to (e*lare to Lo+e that the #eans $ whi*h he will !ain a**ess to that reast, is not in the or(inar$ wa$ $ the ar#s with whi*h he "s"all$ *a&ti+ates #en an( !o(s, "t onl$ $ *a"sin! the %ier$ heart an( his tro" le( s&irit, to e lai( are, to o tain si!ht o% whi*h it is ne*essar$ that *o#&assion o&en the wa$, an( intro("*e hi# to that se*ret *ha# er0 'V0 Ci*0 What is the #eanin! o% that "tter%l$ whi*h
91! 1:5;

%l"tters ro"n( the %la#e, an( al#ost "rns itsel%K an( what #eans that le!en(, -=ostis non hostisKTans0 The #eanin! o% the "tter%l$ is not (i%%i*"lt, whi*h, se("*e( $ the %as*inations o% s&len(o"r, !oes

inno*entl$ an( a#i*a l$ to #eet its (eath in the (e+o"rin! %la#es0 Th"s, -hostis- stan(s written %or the e%%e*t o% the %ire, -non hostis- %or the in*lination o% the %l$0 -=ostis,- the %l$ &assi+el$, -non hostis,- a*ti+el$0 -=ostis,- the %la#e, thro"!h its ar(o"r, -non hostis,thro"!h its s&len(o"r0 Ci*0 Now what is that whi*h is written on the ta letK Tans0A :80 /e it %ar %ro# #e to #a)e *o#&laint o% lo+e, Lo+e, witho"t who# ' will not ha&&$ e, An( tho"!h thro"!h hi# these wear$ toils ' ear0 Yet what is !i+en #$ will shall not re@e*t0 /e *lear the s)$ or (ar), "rnin! or *ol(, To that one &h9oe;ni< eBer the sa#e 'Bll e, No %ate nor (estin$ *an eBer "ntie That )not whi*h (eath "na le is to loose, To heart, to s&irit, an( to so"l, No &leas"re is, no li ert$, no li%e, No s#ile, no ra&t"re, no (eli!ht, So sweet, so !rate%"l, so (i+ine, As these har( on(s, this (eath o% #ine, To whi*h $ %ate, $ will, $ nat"re ' in*line0 =ere, in the %i!"re, he shows the rese# lan*e
91! 123;

etween the enth"siast an( the "tter%l$ attra*te( towar(s the li!ht, in the sonnet, howe+er, he (e#onstrates rather (i%%eren*e an( (issi#ilarit$, as it is *o##onl$ elie+e(, that i% the "tter%l$ %oresaw its (estr"*tion, it wo"l( %l$ %ro# the li!ht #ore ea!erl$ than it now &"rs"es it, an( wo"l( *onsi(er it an e+il to lose its li%e thro"!h ein! a sor e( into that hostile %ire0 /"t to hi# Mthe enth"siastN it is no less &leasin! to

&erish in the %la#es o% a#oro"s ar(o"r than to e (rawn to the *onte#&lation o% the ea"t$ o% that rare s&len(o"r, "n(er whi*h, $ nat"ral in*lination, $ +ol"ntar$ ele*tion, an( $ (is&osition o% %ate, he la o"rs, ser+es, an( (ies #ore !ail$, #ore resol"tel$, an( #ore *o"ra!eo"sl$ than "n(er whatsoe+er other &leas"re whi*h #a$ o%%er itsel% to the heart, li ert$ whi*h #a$ e *on*e(e( to the s&irit, an( li%e whi*h #a$ e (is*o+ere( in the so"l0 Ci*0 Tell #e wh$ he sa$s, -e+er the sa#e 'Bll eKTans0 /e*a"se it see#s s"ita le to rin! %orwar( a reason %or his *onstan*$, seein! that the sa!e (oes not *han!e with the #oon, altho"!h the %ool (oes so0 Th"s he is "niD"e, as the &h9oe;ni< is "niD"e0 V0 Ci*0 /"t what si!ni%ies that ran*h o% &al#, aro"n( whi*h is the le!en(, -C8sar a(estK91! 121;

Tans0 Witho"t %"rther tal), all #a$ e "n(erstoo( $ that whi*h is written on the ta letA :50 En*onD"ere( +i*tor o% 1harsalia, Tho"!h all th$ warriors e well6ni!h s&ent, At si!ht o% thee the$ rise on*e #ore, Their stren!th ret"rns, the$ *onD"er their &ro"( %oes, So (oes #$ lo+e>that eD"als lo+e o% hea+en> /e*o#e a li+in! &resen*e thro"!h #$ tho"!hts, Tho"!hts that #$ ha"!ht$ so"l ha( )ille( with s*orn, Lo+e rin!s a!ain stron!er than lo+e hi#sel%, Th$ &resen*e is eno"!h, oh #e#or$P These to reani#ate in all their stren!th, An( with i#&erio"s so+Brei!nt$ the$ r"le

An( !o+ern ea*h o&&osin! %or*e0 7a$ ' e ha&&$ in this !o+ernan*e An( with these on(s, an( #a$ that li!ht neBer *ease0 There are ti#es when the in%erior &owers o% the so"l> li)e a +i!oro"s an( hostile ar#$, whi*h %in(s itsel% in its own *o"ntr$ &ra*tise(, e<&ert, an( rea($>re+olt a!ainst the %orei!n a(+ersar$, who *o#es (own %ro# the hei!ht o% the intelli!en*e to *"r the &eo&le o% the +alle$ an( o% the o!!$ &lains, where, thro"!h the ane%"l &resen*e o% the ene#ies an( o% s"*h o sta*les as (ee& (it*hes, a(+an*in! the$ lose the#sel+es, an( wo"l( e entirel$ lost, i% there were not a *ertain *on+ersion towar(s
91! 12:;

the s&len(o"r o% intelle*t"al thin!s thro"!h the a*t o% *onte#&lation, $ #eans o% whi*h the$ are *on+erte( %ro# in%erior (e!rees to s"&erior ones0 Ci*0 What (e!rees are theseK Tans0 The (e!rees o% *onte#&lation are li)e the (e!rees o% li!ht, whi*h e<ist not at all in the (ar)ness, sli!htl$ in sha(e, #ore in *olo"rs, a**or(in! to their or(ers, %ro# one o&&osite whi*h is la*) to the other whi*h is white, "t #ore %"ll$ (o the$ e<ist in the s&len(o"r (i%%"se( o+er &"re trans&arent o(ies, as in a loo)in!6!lass an( in the #oon, an( still #ore ri!htl$ in the ra$s (i%%"se( $ the s"n, "t &rin*i&all$ an( #ost rilliantl$ in the s"n itsel%0 Now the &er*e&ti+e an( the a%%e*tional &owers are or(ere( in this wa$, the ne<t %ollowin! alwa$s has a%%init$ %or the ne<t &re*e(in!, an( $ #eans o% *on+ersion to that whi*h ele+ates it, it e*o#es %orti%ie( a!ainst the in%erior, whi*h lowers it, as the reason, thro"!h its *on+ersion to the intelle*t, is not se("*e( or +anD"ishe( $ )nowle(!e or *o#&rehension or $ &assionate a%%e*tion, "t rather, a**or(in! to the law o% the intelle*t, it is ro"!ht to

!o+ern an( *orre*t the sa#e0 't *o#es to this, there%ore, that when the rational a&&etite stri+es a!ainst sens"al *on*"&is*en*e, i%, $ the a*t o% *on
91! 122;

+ersion, the intelle*t"al li!ht is &resente( to the e$es, it *a"ses the a o+e a&&etite to ta)e "& a!ain the lost +irt"e, an( !i+in! %resh stren!th to the ner+es, it alar#s an( &"ts to ro"t the ene#$0 Ci*0 'n what #anner (o $o" #ean that s"*h a *on+ersion ta)es &la*eK Tans0 With three &re&arati+es, whi*h are note( $ the *onte#&lati+e 1lotin"s in the oo) o% -'ntelle*t"al /ea"t$,- an(, o% these, the %irst is $ &ro&osin! to *on%or# hi#sel% to a (i+ine &attern, (i+ertin! the si!ht %ro# thin!s whi*h stan( etween hi# an( his own &er%e*tion, an( whi*h are *o##on to those thin!s whi*h are eD"al an( in%erior0 The se*on( is $ a&&l$in! hi#sel%, with %"ll intention an( attention, to s"&erior thin!s0 The thir( is $ rin!in! into *a&ti+it$ to Go( the whole will an( a%%e*tionA %or %ro# this it *o#es to &ass that, witho"t (o" t, the (i+init$ will in%l"en*e hi#, who is e+er$where &resent, an( rea($ to *o#e to the ai( o% whosoe+er t"rns to =i# thro"!h the a*t o% the intelli!en*e, an( who "nreser+e(l$ &resents hi#sel% with the a%%e*tion o% the will0 Ci*0 't is not then *or&oreal ea"t$ whi*h *an all"re s"*h an oneK Tans0 No, *ertes, e*a"se in that there is no
91! 124;

tr"e nor *onstant ea"t$, an( %or this reason it *annot e+o)e tr"e nor *onstant lo+e0 That ea"t$, whi*h is seen in o(ies is a**i(ental an( transitor$, an( is li)e

those whi*h are a sor e(, *han!e(, an( s&oile( $ the *han!in! o% the s" @e*t, whi*h +er$ o%ten, %ro# ein! ea"ti%"l, e*o#es "!l$, witho"t an$ *han!e ta)in! &la*e in the so"l0 The reason then *o#&rehen(s the tr"est ea"t$, thro"!h *on+ersion, to that whi*h #a)es the ea"t$ o% the o($, an( %or#s it in lo+eliness>it is the so"l whi*h has th"s "ilt an( (esi!ne( it0 Now (oes the intelle*t rise still hi!her, an( learns that the so"l is in*o#&ara l$ #ore ea"ti%"l than an$ ea"t$ that #a$ e in o(ies, "t $et it *annot &ers"a(e itsel% that it is ea"ti%"l o% itsel% an( &ri#aril$, %or i% it e so, what is the *a"se o% that (i%%eren*e whi*h e<ists in the D"alit$ o% so"ls, $ whi*h so#e are wise, a#ia le, an( ea"ti%"l, others st"&i(, o(io"s, an( "!l$0 We #"st then raise o"rsel+es to that s"&erior intelle*t whi*h is ea"ti%"l in itsel% an( !oo( in itsel%0 This is that sole s"&re#e *a&tain who alone, &la*e( e%ore the e$es o% the #ilitant tho"!hts, enli+ens, en*o"ra!es, stren!thens the#, an( ren(ers the# +i*torio"s a o+e the s*orn o% e+er$ other ea"t$ an( the re&"(iation o% e+er$ other !oo( whatsoe+er0 This is the &resen*e whi*h
91! 12C;

*a"ses e+er$ (i%%i*"lt$ to e o+er*o#e an( all o&&osition to e s" ("e(0 Ci*0 ' "n(erstan( it all, "t what is the #eanin! o%, -7a$ ' e ha&&$ in this !o+ernan*e an( with these on(s, an( #a$ that li!ht not *easeKTans0 =e #eans, an( he &ro+es, that e+er$ sort o% lo+e, the !reater its (o#inion an( the s"rer its hol(, the #ore ti!ht are the on(s, an( the #ore %ir# the $o)e, an( the #ore ar(ent the %la#es that are %elt, as *o#&are( with the or(inar$ &rin*es an( t$rants, who a(o&t a !reater ri!o"r where+er the$ see the$ ha+e less hol(0

Ci*0 Go on0 V'0 Tans0 =ere we see (es*ri e( the i(ea o% a %l$in! &h9oe;ni<, towar(s whi*h is t"rne( a o$ who is "rnin! in the #i(st o% %la#es, an( there is the le!en(, -.ata o stant0- /"t in or(er etter to "n(erstan( it, let "s rea( the ta letA 230 Sole ir( o% the s"n, tho" wan(erin! &h9oe;ni<P That #eas"rest th$ (a$s as (oes the worl( With lo%t$ s"##its o% Ara ia .eli<0 Tho" art the sa#e tho" wast, "t ' what ' was notA ' thro"!h the %ire o% lo+e, "nha&&$ (ie, /"t thee the s"n with his war# ra$s re+i+es, Tho" "rnBst in one, an( ', in e+er$ &la*e, Eros #$ %ire, while thine A&ollo !i+es0 1re(estine( is the ter# o% th$ lon! li%e, Short s&an is #ine, An( #ena*e( $ a tho"san( ills0 Nor (o ' )now how ' ha+e li+e(, nor how shall li+e, 7e (oes lin( %ate *on("*t, /"t tho" wilt *o#e a!ain, a!ain ehol( th$ li!ht0 .ro# the #eanin! o% these lines, $o" will see that in the %i!"re is (rawn the *o#&arison etween the %ate o% the &h9oe;ni< an( that o% the enth"siast, an( the le!en(, -.ata o stant,- (oes not si!ni%$ that the %ates are a(+erse either to the o$, or to the &h9oe;ni<, or to oth, "t that the %atal (e*rees %or ea*h are not the sa#e, "t are (i+erse an( o&&osite0 The &h9oe;ni< is that whi*h it was, e*a"se the sa#e #atter, $ #eans o% the %ire, renews itsel%, an( e*o#es a!ain the o($ o% the &h9oe;ni<, an( the sa#e s&irit an( so"l *o#e to inha it it0 The enth"siast is that whi*h he was not, e*a"se the s" @e*t, whi*h is a #an, was %irst o% so#e
91! 12F;

other s&e*ies, a**or(in! to inn"#era le (i%%erentiations0 So that what the &h9oe;ni< was, is )nown, an( what it will e, is )nown, "t this s" @e*t *annot ret"rn, e<*e&t thro"!h #an$ an( "n*ertain #eans, to in+est the sa#e or a si#ilar nat"ral %or#0 Then the &h9oe;ni<, thro"!h the s"nBs &resen*e, *han!es
91! 127;

(eath into li%e, an( that other, $ the &resen*e o% lo+e, trans#"tes li%e into (eath0 The one )in(les his %ire on the aro#ati* altar, the other %in(s it e+er &resent with hi# an( *arries it where+er he !oes0 The one a!ain, has *ertain *on(itions o% a lon! li%e, "t the other, thro"!h the in%inite (i%%eren*es o% ti#e an( inn"#era le *ir*"#stan*es, has the #"ta le *on(itions o% a short li%e0 The one )in(les with *ertaint$, the other with (o" t as to whether he will see the s"n a!ain0 Ci*0 What (o $o" thin) that this #eansK Tans0 't #eans the (i%%eren*e that e<ists etween the lower intelle*t *alle( the intelle*t o% &ower, either &ossi le or &assi+e, whi*h is "n*ertain, #"lti%ario"s, an( #"lti%or#, an( the hi!her intelle*t, whi*h, &erha&s, is li)e that whi*h is sai( $ the 1eri&ateti*s to e the lowest o% the intelli!en*es, an( whi*h e<erts an i##e(iate in%l"en*e o+er all the in(i+i("als o% the h"#an s&e*ies, an( is *alle( the a*ti+e an( a*tin! intelle*t0 This s&e*ial h"#an intelli!en*e whi*h in%l"en*es all in(i+i("als is li)e the #oon, whi*h &arta)es o% no other s&e*ies "t that one alone whi*h alwa$s renews itsel% $ the trans#"tation *a"se( in it $ the s"n, whi*h is the &ri#al an( "ni+ersal intelli!en*e, "t the h"#an intelle*t, oth in(i+i("al an( *olle*ti+e, t"rns as (o
91! 128;

the e$es towar(s inn"#era le an( #ost (i+erse o @e*ts, when*e, a**or(in! to the in%inite (e!rees whi*h e<ist, it ta)es on all the nat"ral %or#s0 =en*e it is that this &arti*"lar intelle*t #a$ e as enth"siasti*, +a!"e, an( "n*ertain, as that "ni+ersal one is D"iet, %i<e(, an( *ertain, whether as re!ar(s the (esire or the *o#&rehension0 Now there%ore, as $o" #a$ +er$ well &er*ei+e %or $o"rsel%, it #eans that the nat"re o% the *o#&rehension o% sense an( its +arie( a&&etite, is +a!"e, in*onstant, an( "n*ertain, an( the *on*e&tion an( (e%inite a&&etite o% the intelli!en*e is %ir# an( sta le0 This is the (i%%eren*e etween sens"al lo+e, whi*h has no sta ilit$ nor (is*retion as to its o @e*t, an( intelle*t"al lo+e, whi*h ai#s onl$ at one, s"re an( %i<e(, towar(s whi*h it t"rns, thro"!h whi*h it is ill"#inate( in its *on*e&tion, $ whi*h, ein! )in(le( in its a%%e*tions, it e*o#es in%la#e( an( ri!htene(, an( is #aintaine( in "nit$ an( i(entit$ o% *on(ition0 V''0 Ci*0 /"t what is the #eanin! o% that %i!"re o% the s"n, with a *ir*le insi(e an( another o"tsi(e, with the le!en( -Cir*"it0Tans0 The #eanin! o% this ' a# *ertain ' sho"l( ne+er ha+e "n(erstoo( i% ' ha( not hear( it %ro#
91! 125;

the (esi!ner o% it hi#sel%0 Now $o" #"st )now that -Cir*"it- has re%eren*e to the #o+e#ent the s"n #a)es ro"n( the *ir*le whi*h is (rawn insi(e an( o"tsi(e, in or(er to si!ni%$ that the #o+e#ent oth #a)es an( is #a(e, an( hen*e, as a *onseD"en*e, the s"n is to e %o"n( in e+er$ &art o% those *ir*les, so that, i% he #o+es an( is #o+e(, an( is o+er the whole *ir*"#%eren*e o% the *ir*le eD"all$, then $o" %in( in hi# oth #o+e#ent an( rest0

Ci*0 This ' "n(erstoo( in the (ialo!"es on the in%inite "ni+erse an( the inn"#era le worl(s, where it is (e*lare( that the (i+ine wis(o# is e<tre#el$ #o ile, as Solo#on sai(, an( also that the sa#e is #ost sta le, as all those (e*lare who )now0 Now !o on an( #a)e #e "n(erstan( the &ro&osition0 Tans0 't #eans that 9A;his s"n is not li)e this one, whi*h is *o##onl$ elie+e( to !o ro"n( the earth with the (ail$ #o+e#ent in twent$6%o"r ho"rs, an( with the &lanetar$ #o+e#ent in twel+e #onths, an( $ whi*h he *a"ses the %o"r seasons o% the $ear to e %elt, a**or(in! as he is %o"n( to e in the %o"r *ar(inal &oints o% the ?o(ia*, "t he is s"*h an one, that, ein! the ethereal eternit$ itsel%, an( *onseD"entl$ an entire an( *o#&lete totalit$, he *ontains the winter, the s&rin!, the s"##er,
91! 143;

the a"t"#n, to!ether with the (a$ an( the ni!ht, %or he is all an( %or all, in all &oints an( &la*es0 9A; 'l s"o sole0 Ci*0 Now a&&l$ that whi*h $o" ha+e sai( to the %i!"re0 Tans0 't ein! i#&ossi le here to (esi!n the entire s"n in e+er$ &oint o% the *ir*le, two *ir*les are (elineate(, one whi*h *ontains the s"n to si!ni%$ that the #o+e#ent is #a(e thro"!h hi#, the other whi*h is *ontaine( $ the s"n to show that he is #o+e( $ it0 Ci*0 /"t this e<&lanation is not +er$ *lear an( a&&ro&riate0 Tans0 S"%%i*e it that it is the *learest an( #ost a&&ro&riate that he was a le to #a)e0 '% $o" *an #a)e a etter one, $o" shall ha+e &er#ission to re#o+e this one an( &"t it in its &la*e, %or this has onl$ een &"t in,

so that the so"l sho"l( not e witho"t a o($0 Ci*0 What (o $o" sa$ a o"t that -Cir*"itKTans0 That le!en( *ontains all the #eanin! o% the thin! in so %ar as it *an e e<&laine(, %or it #eans that he t"rns an( is t"rne(, that is to sa$ #o+e#ent &resent an( a**o#&lishe(0 Ci*0 E<*ellentP An( there%ore those *ir*les whi*h so ill e<&lain the *ir*"#stan*e o% #o+e#ent an( rest, we *an sa$ are &la*e( there to
91! 141;

si!ni%$ the *ir*"lation onl$0 Th"s a# ' satis%ie( with the s" @e*t an( with the %or# o% the heroi* (e+i*e0 Now rea( the lines0 Tans0A 210 7il( are th$ ra$s, oh, SolP %ro# Ta"r"s sent, An( %ro# the Lion th$ ea#s #at"re an( "rn, An( when th$ li!ht %ro# &"n!ent S*or&ion (arts Trans*en(ent is the ar(o"r o% th$ %la#es0 .ro# %ier*e De"*alion all is str"*) with *ol(, Sti%%ene( the la)es an( lo*)e( the r"nnin! strea#s0 With s&rin!, with s"##er, a"t"#n, an( with winter, ' war#, ' )in(le, "rn an( la?e %or e+er0 So ar(ent #$ (esire, The o @e*t so s"&re#e %or whi*h ' "rn, Glowin! an( "nen*"# ere( ' ehol(, An( #a)e #$ li!htnin!s %lash "nto the stars0 No #o#ent *an ' *o"nt in all the $ear To *han!e the9A; ine<ora le *ross ' ear0 =ere o ser+e that the %o"r seasons o% the $ear are si!ni%ie(, not $ %o"r #o+a le si!ns, whi*h are Aries, Can*er, Li ra, an( Ca&ri*orn, "t $ the %o"r whi*h are

*alle( %i<e(>na#el$, Ta"r"s, Leo, S*or&io, an( AD"ari"s, to si!ni%$ the *on(ition, %er+o"r, an( &er%e*tion o% those seasons0 Note %"rther, that in +irt"e o% those a&ostro&hes, whi*h are in the ei!hth line, $o" *an rea(A ' war#, )in(le, "rn, la?e, or, e tho" war#e(, )in(le(, "rnin!, la?in!, or, let hi# war#, )in(le, "rn, la?e0
91! 14:;

9A; Sor(i a%%anni0 Yo" ha+e %arther to *onsi(er that these are not %o"r s$non$#s, "t %o"r (i%%erent ter#s, whi*h si!ni%$ so #an$ (e!rees o% the e%%e*ts o% the %ire, whi*h %irst war#s, se*on(l$ )in(les, thir(l$ "rns, an( %o"rthl$ la?es or in%la#es that whi*h it has war#e(, )in(le(, an( "rnt0 An( th"s are (enote( in the enth"siast, (esire, attention, st"($, a%%e*tion, in whi*h he ne+er %or a #o#ent %eels an$ *han!e0 Ci*0 Wh$ (oes he &"t the# "n(er the title o% a *rossK Tans0 /e*a"se the o @e*t, whi*h is the (i+ine li!ht, is, in this li%e, #ore %elt as a &ain%"l lon!in! than in D"iet %r"ition, e*a"se o"r #in( is towar(s that, as the e$es o% ni!ht ir(s to the s"n0 Ci*0 1ro*ee(, %or %ro# what $o" ha+e sai( ' "n(erstan( all0 V'''0 Tans0 On the ne<t *rest there is &ainte( a %"ll #oon an( the le!en(A -Talis #ihi se#&er "t astro,- whi*h #eans that to the star>that is, to the s"n>she is e+er s"*h as she here shows hersel%, %"ll an( *lear in the entire *ir*"#%eren*e o% the *ir*le, whi*h, in or(er that $o" #a$ etter "n(erstan(, ' will let $o" hear that whi*h is written on the ta let0

91! 142;

2:0 Oh, *han!e%"l #oon, in*onstant #oonP With horns now %"ll, now +oi(, tho" wan(erest0 7o"ntin!, th$ s&here now white now (ar) a&&ears0 The #o"ntains an( the +alle$s o% the north tho" ri!htenest, An( t"rnin! $ th$ ("st6en*"# ere( ste&s, Tho" li!htest in the so"th the L$ ian hei!hts0 7$ #oon %or #$ *ontin"al &ain0 's *onstant e+er, e+er %"ll0 So is #$ star, Whi*h e+er %ro# #e ta)es an( nothin! !i+es, .or e+er "rns an( e+er shines, Cr"el alwa$s $et alwa$s ea"ti%"l0 This no le li!ht o% #ine Tor#ents #e still an( still (eli!hts #e0 't see#s to #e, that it #eans that his &arti*"lar intelli!en*e is to the "ni+ersal intelli!en*e e+er the sa#e>that is to sa$, the one is e+er ill"#inate( $ the other, o+er the whole he#is&here, notwithstan(in! that to the in%erior &owers, an( a**or(in! to the in%l"en*e o% his a*tions, it a&&ears now (ar), an( now #ore an( less *lear0 Or &erha&s it #eans that his s&e*"lati+e intelle*t, whi*h is e+er in+aria le in its a*tion, is alwa$s t"rne( an( a%%e*te( towar(s the h"#an intelli!en*e si!ni%ie( $ the #oon0 /e*a"se, as this is sai( to e the lowest o% all the stars, an( is nearest to "s, so the ill"#inatin! intelli!en*e o% all o% "s in this state is
91! 144;

the last in or(er o% the other intelli!en*es, as A+erroes an( the #ore s" tle 1eri&ateti*s sa$0 That intelli!en*e, in so %ar as it is not in an$ a*t, !oes (own e%ore, or sets to the &otential intelle*t, or as i% so to sa$, it e#er!e( %ro# the otto# o% the o**"lt he#is&here,

an( showe( itsel% now +oi(, now %"ll, a**or(in! as it !i+es #ore or less li!ht o% intelli!en*e0 Now its s&here is (ar), now li!ht, e*a"se so#eti#es it shows itsel% as a sha(ow, a se# lan*e, an( a +esti!e, an( so#eti#es #ore an( #ore o&enl$A now it (e*lines towar(s the so"th, now it #o"nts towar(s the north>that is, now it re#o+es %arther an( %arther awa$, an( now it a&&roa*hes nearer an( nearer0 /"t the intelle*t, a*ti+e with its *ontin"al !rie%>seein! that it is not thro"!h its h"#an *on(ition an( nat"re that it %in(s itsel% so wret*he(, so o&&ose(, *o"rte(, soli*ite(, (istra*te(, an(, as it were, torn $ the in%erior &owers>sees its o @e*t sta le, %i<e( an( *onstant, an( e+er %"ll, an( in the sa#e s&len(o"r o% ea"t$0 Th"s it e+er ta)es awa$, in so %ar as it (oes not *on*e(e, an( e+er !i+es, in so %ar as it *on*e(es0 't e+er "rns in the a%%e*tion in so %ar as it shines in tho"!hts, an( is alwa$s *r"el in with(rawin! itsel% thro"!h that whi*h with(raws itsel%, as it is alwa$s ea"ti%"l in *o##"ni*ation with that to
91! 14C;

whi*h it &resents itsel%0 Alwa$s (oes it tor#ent when it is (i+i(e( %ro# hi# $ (i%%eren*e o% lo*alit$, as alwa$s it (eli!hts hi# ein! @oine( to it $ a%%e*tion0 Ci*0 Now a&&l$ $o"r intelli!en*e to the le!en(0 Tans0 =e sa$s then, -talis #ihi se#&er,- that is, e*a"se o% the *ontin"al a&&li*ation o% #$ intelle*t, #$ #e#or$, an( #$ will, e*a"se ' will re#e# er, "n(erstan( an( (esire no other, she is e+er the sa#e to #e, an( in so %ar as ' *an "n(erstan( her, she is entirel$ &resent, an( is not se&arate( %ro# #e $ an$ (istra*tion o% #$ tho"!hts, nor (oes she e*o#e (ar)ene( to #e thro"!h an$ want o% attention, %or there is no tho"!ht that *an (i+ert #e %ro# that li!ht nor an$ ne*essit$ o% nat"re whi*h %or*es #e to a less *onstant attention, -talis #ihi se#&er- on her si(e,

e*a"se she is in+aria le in s" stan*e, in +irt"e, in ea"t$, an( in e%%e*t, towar(s those thin!s that are *onstant an( in+aria le towar(s her0 She sa$s %"rther, -"t astro,- e*a"se in res&e*t o% the s"n, the ill"#inator o% her, she is e+er eD"all$ l"#ino"s, seein! that she is e+er t"rne( eD"all$ towar(s hi#, an( he at the sa#e ti#e (i%%"ses his ra$s eD"all$0 As, &h$si*all$, this #oon that we see with the e$es, altho"!h towar(s the earth she a&&ears now (ar), now
91! 14F;

shinin!, now #ore, now less ill"#inate( an( ill"#inatin!, $et is she e+er eD"all$ irra(iate( $ the s"n, e*a"se she alwa$s re%le*ts his ra$s o+er at least the whole o% her he#is&here0 So also is the he#is&here o% this earth e+er eD"all$ irra(iate(, altho"!h %ro# the water$ s"r%a*es she %ro# ti#e to ti#e sen(s her s&len(o"rs "neD"all$ to the #oon,>whi*h li)e inn"#era le other stars we *onsi(er as another earth> in the sa#e #anner, she also sen(s hers to the earth, on a**o"nt o% the &erio(i*al *han!es whi*h oth e<&erien*e in %in(in! the#sel+es now the one, now the other, nearer to the s"n0 Ci*0 =ow *an this intelli!en*e e si!ni%ie( $ the #oon whi*h li!hts "& the he#is&hereK Tans0 All the intelli!en*es are si!ni%ie( $ the #oon, in so %ar as the$ are sharers in a*t an( in &ower, in so %ar as the$ ha+e the li!ht #ateriall$ an( $ &arti*i&ation, re*ei+in! it %ro# another, ' sa$ that, as not ein! li!hts o% the#sel+es, nor $ their own nat"re, "t $ re%le*tion %ro# the s"n, whi*h is the %irst intelli!en*e, whi*h is &"re an( a sol"te li!ht, as it is also &"re an( a sol"te a*tion0 Ci*0 All those thin!s, then, that are (e&en(ent, an( are not the %irst a*t an( *a"se, are the$ *o#&ose(

91! 147;

o% li!ht an( sha(e, o% #atter an( %or#, o% &ower an( a*tionK Tans0 't is so0 ."rther#ore this so"l o% o"rs, in all its s" stan*e, is si!ni%ie( $ the #oon whi*h shines thro"!h the he#is&here o% the s"&erior &owers, $ whi*h it is t"rne( towar(s the li!ht o% the intelli!i le worl(, an( is (ar) thro"!h the in%erior &owers, $ whi*h it is o**"&ie( with #aterial thin!s0 'O0 Ci*0 't see#s to #e that what has @"st een sai( has so#e *onne*tion an( analo!$ with the i#&ression that ' see on the ne<t shiel(, where stan(s a !narle( an( r"!!e( oa), a!ainst whi*h the win( is ra!in!, an( it is *ir*"#s*ri e( $ the le!en(, -"t ro ori ro "r,- an( here is the ta let, whi*h sa$sA 220 Ol( oa), that s&rea(Bst th$ ran*hes to the air, An( %ir#l$ in the earth (ost %i< th$ roots, No shi%tin! o% the lan(, no #i!ht$ ele#ents, Whi*h =ea+en %ro# the stor#$ north "nlo*)s, Nor whatsoBer the !r"eso#e winter sen(s, Can tear thee %ro# the s&ot where tho" art *haine(0 Tho" art the +erita le &ortrait o% #$ %aith, Whi*h, %i<e(, re#ains B!ainst e+er$ *as"al *han*e0 E+er the sel%6sa#e !ro"n( (ost tho" Gras&, *"lti+ate an( *o#&rehen(, an( stret*h Th$ !rate%"l roots "nto the !enero"s reast0 E&on one onl$ o @e*t ' =a+e %i<e( #$ s&irit, sense, an( intelle*t0 Tans0 The le!en( is *lear, $ whi*h the enth"siast oasts o% ha+in! the stren!th an( +i!o"r o% the oa),
91! 148;

an( as e%ore sai( o% ein! e+er the sa#e in res&e*t to the one onl$ &h9oe;ni<, an( in the ne<t &re*e(in! one, *on%or#in! hi#sel% to that #oon whi*h e+er shines so ri!htl$ an( is so ea"ti%"l, an( also in that he (oes not rese# le this anti*hthon etween o"r earth an( the s"n in so %ar as it *han!es to o"r e$es, "t in that it e+er re*ei+es within itsel% an eD"al a#o"nt o% the solar s&len(o"r, an( thro"!h this re#ains *onstant an( %ir# a!ainst the ro"!h win(s an( te#&ests o% winter, thro"!h the sta ilit$ that he has in his star, in whi*h he is &lante( $ a%%e*tion an( intention, as the roots o% the oa) twist an( wea+e the#sel+es into the +eins o% the earth0 Ci*0 ' hol( it etter worth li+in! in D"iet an( witho"t +e<ation than to e %or*e( to en("re so #"*h0 Tans0 That is a #a<i# o% the E&i*"reans whi*h, ein! well "n(erstoo(, wo"l( not e *onsi(ere( so "nworth$ as the i!norant hol( it to e, seein! that
91! 145;

it (oes not (etra*t %ro# what ' ha+e *alle( +irt"e, nor (oes it i#&air the &er%e*tion o% %ir#ness, "t it rather a((s to that &er%e*tion as it is "n(erstoo( $ the +"l!ar, %or E&i*"r"s (oes not hol( that, a tr"e an( *o#&lete stren!th an( %ir#ness whi*h %eels an( ears in*on+enien*es, "t that whi*h ears the# an( %eels the# not0 =e (oes not *onsi(er hi# &er%e*t in (i+ine heroi* lo+e, who %eels the s&"r, the *he*), or re#orse or tro" le a o"t other lo+e, "t hi# who has no %eelin! o% other a%%e*tions, so that ein! %i<e( in one &leas"re, there is no (is&leas"re that has an$ &ower to @ostle hi# or (islo(!e hi# %ro# his &la*e0 An( this it is to to"*h the hi!hest lesse(ness o% this state, to ha+e ra&t"re an( no sense o% &ain0 Ci*0 The i!norant (o not elie+e in this #eanin! o%

E&i*"r"s0 Tans0 /e*a"se the$ neither rea( his own oo)s, nor those that re&ort his #a<i#s witho"t in+i(io"sness, "t there are those who rea( the *o"rse o% his li%e an( the *on(itions o% his (eath, where with these wor(s he (i*tate( the e!innin! o% his testa#entA -/ein! in the last, an( at the sa#e ti#e, the ha&&iest (a$ o% o"r li%e, we ha+e or(aine( this with a health$, tranD"il #in( at rest, %or whate+er a*"te sorrow #a$ tor#ent "s %ro# one si(e, that
91! 1C3;

tor#ent is entirel$ ann"lle( $ the &leas"re o% o"r own in+entions an( the *onsi(eration o% o"r en(0- An( it is #ani%est that he no lon!er %elt #ore &leas"re than sorrow in eatin!, (rin)in!, re&ose, an( in !eneratin!, "t in not %eelin! h"n!er, nor thirst, nor %ati!"e, nor sens"alit$0 .ro# this #a$ e "n(erstoo( what is a**or(in! to "s the &er%e*tion o% %ir#ness, not in this, that the tree neither en(s nor rea)s, nor is rent, "t in that it (oes not so #"*h as stir, an( its &rotot$&e )ee&s s&irit, sense, an( intelle*t, %i<e( there, where the sho*) o% the te#&est is not %elt0 Ci*0 Do $o" then thin) it is a thin! to e (esire(, to ear sho*)s in or(er to &ro+e that $o" are stron!K Tans0 Yo" sa$ -to ear,- an( this is a &art o% %ir#ness, "t it is not the whole o% that +irt"e, whi*h *onsists in earin! stron!l$, as ' sa$, or in not %eelin!, as E&i*"r"s sai(0 Now this loss o% %eelin! is *a"se( $ ein! entirel$ a sor e( in the *"lti+ation o% +irt"e, or o% real !oo( an( %eli*it$, in s"*h wise that Re!"l"s (i( not %eel the *hest, L"*retia the (a!!er, So*rates the &oison, Ana<a!oras the #ortar, S*8+ola the %ire, Co*les the a $ss, an( other worthies %elt not those thin!s

91! 1C1;

whi*h wo"l( tor#ent an( %ill with terror the +"l!ar *row(0 Ci*0 Now &ass on0 O0 Tans0 Loo) at this other who ears the (e+i*e o% an an+il an( a ha##er, ro"n( whi*h is the le!en( -a AetnaP- /"t here V"l*an is intro("*e(A 240 Not now to #$ Si*ilian #o"nt ' t"rn, Where tho" (ost %or!e the th"n(er olts o% Go+e, =ere, r"!!e( V"l*an will ' sta$, =ere, where a &ro"(er !iant #o+es, Who "rns an( ra!es a!ainst =ea+en in +ain, Soli*itin! new *ares an( (i+ers trials0 =ere is a etter s#ith an( 7on!i ello9A; A etter an+il, etter %or!e an( ha##er, .or here ehol( a oso# %"ll o% si!hs, Whi*h lows the %"rna*e an( the %ire re+i+es0 The so"l nor $iel(s nor en(s to these ro"!h lows, /"t ears e<"ltin! this lon! #art$r(o#, An( #a)es a har#on$ %ro# these shar& &an!s0 9A; 7o"nt Etna0 =ere are shown the &ains an( tro" les whi*h eset lo+e, &rin*i&all$ lo+e o% a low )in(, whi*h is no other than the %or!e o% V"l*an, that s#ith who #a)es the olts o% Go+e whi*h tor#ent o%%en(in! so"ls0 .or ill6 or(ere( lo+e has in itsel% the e!innin! o% its
91! 1C:;

own &ain, seein! that there is a Go( near "s, in "s, an( with "s0 There is in "s a *ertain sa*re( #in( an( intelli!en*e, whi*h s"&&lies an a%%e*tion o% its own,

whi*h has its own a+en!er, whi*h, thro"!h re#orse %or *ertain short*o#in!s, %la!ellates the trans!ressin! s&irit as with a ha##er0 't notes o"r a*tions an( o"r a%%e*tions, an( as it is treate( $ "s, so are we treate( $ it0 'n e+er$ lo+er ' sa$ there is this s#ith V"l*an, an( as there is no #an that has not a !o( within hi#, so there is no lo+er that has not a !o( within hi#, an( no lo+er within who# this !o( is not0 7ost *ertainl$ there is a !o( in e+er$ #an, "t what !o( it is in ea*h one is not so eas$ to )now0 An( e+en tho"!h we sho"l( e<a#ine an( (istin!"ish, $et (o ' elie+e that none other than Lo+e *o"l( (e*lare it, he ein! the one who &"lls the oars, an( %ills the sails, an( #o(i%ies this *o#&o"n(, so that it *o#es to e well or ill a%%e*te(0 ' sa$ well or ill a%%e*te( as to that whi*h it &"ts in e<e*"tion thro"!h the #oral a*tions an( thro"!h *onte#&lation, %or the rest, all lo+ers are a&t to e<&erien*e so#e (i%%i*"lties, thin!s ein! as the$ are, so entan!le(, there ein! no !oo( whate+er, either o% *on*e&tion or o% the a%%e*tions, whi*h is not @oine( to or stan(s in o&&osition to e+il, as there is no tr"th whi*h is not
91! 1C2;

@oine( or o&&ose( to what is %alse, so there is no lo+e witho"t %ear, ar(o"r, @ealo"s$, ran*o"r, an( other &assions, whi*h &ro*ee( %ro# their o&&osites, an( whi*h (ist"r "s, as the other o&&osite *a"ses satis%a*tion0 Th"s the so"l stri+in! to re*o+er its nat"ral ea"t$ see)s to &"ri%$ itsel%, to heal itsel%, an( to re%or# itsel%, an( to this en( it "ses %ire, e*a"se, ein! li)e !ol(, #i<e( with earth an( *r"(e, with a *ertain ri!o"r it tries to li erate itsel% %ro# (e%ile#ent, an( this res"lt is o taine( when the intelle*t, the real s#ith o% Go+e, &"ts itsel% to the wor) an( *a"ses an a*ti+e e<er*ise o% the intelle*t"al &owers0

Ci*0 't see#s to #e that this is re%erre( to in the -/anD"et- o% 1lato, where it sa$s that Lo+e has inherite( %ro# his #other, 1o+ert$, that (rie(6"&, thin, &ale, are6%oote(, an( s" #issi+e *on(ition witho"t a ho#e, witho"t an$thin!, an( thro"!h these is si!ni%ie( the tort"re o% the so"l that is torn with *ontrar$ a%%e*tions0 Tans0 So it is, e*a"se the s&irit, %"ll o% this enth"sias#, e*o#es a sor e( in &ro%o"n( tho"!hts, stri*)en with "r!ent *ares, )in(le( with %er+ent (esires, e<*ite( $ %reD"ent *risesA when*e the so"l, %in(in! itsel% in s"s&ense, e*o#es less (ili!ent an( a*ti+e in the !o+ern#ent o% the o($ thro"!h the
91! 1C4;

a*ts o% the +e!etati+e &ower, th"s the o($ e*o#es lean, ill6no"rishe(, atten"ate(, &oor in loo(, an( ri*h in #elan*hol$ h"#o"rs, an( these, i% the$ (o not a(#inister to the (is*i&line( so"l, or to a *lear an( l"*i( s&irit, #a$ lea( to insanit$, %oll$, an( r"tal %"r$, or at least to a *ertain (isre!ar( o% sel%, an( a *onte#&t o% its own ein!, whi*h is s$# oli?e( $ 1lato in the are %eet0 Lo+e e*o#es s" @e*te( an( %lies s"((enl$ (own to earth when it is atta*he( to low thin!s, "t %lies hi!h when it is %i<e( "&on #ore worth$ enter&rises0 'n *on*l"sion, whate+er lo+e it #a$ e, it is e+er a%%li*te( an( tor#ente( in s"*h a wa$ that it *annot %ail to s"&&l$ #aterial %or the %or!e o% V"l*an, e*a"se the so"l, ein! a (i+ine thin!, an( $ nat"re, not a ser+ant "t the #istress o% *or&oreal #atter, she e*o#es tro" le( in that she +ol"ntaril$ ser+es the o($ wherein she %in(s nothin! to satis%$ her, an( al eit, %i<e( in the thin! lo+e(, $et now an( then she e*o#es a!itate(, an( %l"*t"ates a#i(st the wa+es o% ho&e, %ear, (o" t, ar(o"r, *ons*ien*e, re#orse, (eter#ination, re&entan*e, an( other s*o"r!es, whi*h

are the ellows, the *oals, the %or!e, the ha##er, the &in*ers, an( other instr"#ents whi*h are %o"n( in the wor)sho& o% the sor(i( !ri#$ *onsort o% Ven"s0
91! 1CC;

Ci*0 Eno"!h has een sai( "&on this s" @e*t0 Let "s see what %ollows0 O'0 Tans0 =ere is a !ol(en a&&le, ri*h with +ario"s )in(s o% &re*io"s ena#el, an( there is a le!en( a o"t it whi*h sa$s, -1"l*hriori (et"r0Ci*0 The all"sion to the %a*t o% the three !o((esses who s" #itte( the#sel+es to the @"(!#ent o% 1aris is +er$ *o##on0 /"t rea( the lines whi*h #ore s&e*i%i*all$ (is*lose the #eanin! o% the &resent enth"siast0 Tans0A 2C0 Ven"s, the !o((ess o% the thir( hea+en M7other o% the ar*her lin(, who *onD"ers allN, She whose %ather is the hea( o% He"s, An( G"no, #ost #a@esti* wi%e o% Go+e, These *all the Tro@an she&her( to e @"(!e, An( to the %airest !i+e the r"(($ s&here0 Co#&are( with Ven"s, 1allas, an( the L"een o% =ea+en, 7$ &er%e*t !o((ess ears awa$ the &al#0 The C$&rian D"een #a$ oast her ro$al li# s, 7iner+a *har# with her trans*en(ent wit, An( G"no with a #a@est$ s"&re#e, /"t she who hol(s #$ heart all these e<*els 'n wis(o#, #a@est$, an( lo+eliness0 =ere he #a)es a *o#&arison etween his o @e*t Mor
91! 1CF;

i(ealN whi*h *o#&rises all *ir*"#stan*es, all *on(itions, an( all )in(s o% ea"t$, in one s" @e*t, an( others whi*h e<hi it ea*h onl$ one, an( that thro"!h +ario"s h$&otheses, as with *or&oreal ea"t$, all the *on(itions o% whi*h A&elles *o"l( not %in( in one, "t in #an$ +ir!ins0 Now here, where there are three )in(s o% the ea"ti%"l, altho"!h it see#s that all o% these e<ist in ea*h o% the three !o((esses>Ven"s not ein! %o"n( wantin! in wis(o# an( #a@est$, G"no not la*)in! lo+eliness an( wis(o#, an( 1allas ein! %"ll o% #a@est$ an( ea"t$, in ea*h *ase it is a %a*t that one D"alit$ e<*ee(s the others, so that it *o#es to e hel( as (istin*ti+e o% the one, an( the other as in*i(ental to all, seein! that o% those three !i%ts, one &re(o#inates in ea*h an( &ro*lai#s her so+erei!n o+er the others0 An( the *a"se o% this (i%%eren*e lies in the %a*t o% &ossessin! these D"alities, not &ri#aril$ an( in their essen*e, "t $ &arti*i&ation an( (eri+ation, as in all thin!s whi*h are (e&en(ent, their &er%e*tion (e&en(s "&on the (e!rees o% #a@or an( #inor an( #ore an( less0 /"t in the si#&li*it$ o% the (i+ine essen*e, all e<ists in totalit$, an( not a**or(in! to an$ #eas"re, an( there%ore wis(o# is not !reater than ea"t$ an(
91! 1C7;

#a@est$, an( !oo(ness is not !reater than stren!thA not onl$ are till the attri "tes eD"al, the$ are one an( the sa#e thin!0 As in the s&here all the (i#ensions are not onl$ eD"al, the len!th ein! eD"al to the (e&th an( rea(th, "t are also i(enti*al, seein! that what in a s&here is *alle( (ee&, #a$ also e *alle( lon! an( wi(e0 Li)ewise is it, as to hei!ht in (i+ine wis(o#, whi*h is the sa#e as the (e&th o% &ower an( the rea(th o% !oo(ness0 All these &er%e*tions are eD"al, e*a"se the$ are in%inite0 O% ne*essit$, one is a**or(in! to the s"# o% the other, seein! that where thin!s are %inite it #a$ res"lt in this, that it is #ore wise than ea"ti%"l or

!oo(, #ore !oo( an( ea"ti%"l than wise, #ore wise an( !oo( than &ower%"l, an( #ore &ower%"l than !oo( or wise0 /"t where there is in%inite wis(o# there *annot e other than in%inite &ower, otherwise there wo"l( e no in%inite )nowle(!e0 Where there is in%inite !oo(ness there #"st e in%inite wis(o#, otherwise there wo"l( e no in%inite !oo(ness0 Where there is in%inite &ower there #"st e in%inite !oo(ness an( wis(o#, e*a"se there is the ein! a le to )now an( the )nowin! to e a le0 Now, o ser+e how the o @e*t o% this enth"siast, who is, as it were, ine riate( with the (rin) o% the !o(s, is in*o#&ara l$ hi!her than
91! 1C8;

others whi*h are (i%%erent0 ' #ean to sa$ that the (i+ine essen*e *o#&rehen(s in the +er$ hi!hest (e!ree &er%e*tion o% all )in(s, so that a**or(in! to the (e!ree in whi*h this &arti*"lar %or# #a$ ha+e &arti*i&ate(, he *an "n(erstan( all, (o all, an( e s"*h an atta*he( %rien( to one that he #a$ *o#e to %eel *onte#&t an( in(i%%eren*e towar(s e+er$ other ea"t$0 There%ore to her sho"l( e *onse*rate( the s&heri*al a&&le as to her who see#s to e all in all, not to Ven"s, who is ea"ti%"l "t is s"r&asse( in wis(o# $ 7iner+a, an( $ G"no in #a@est$, not to 1allas than who# Ven"s is #ore ea"ti%"l, an( the other #ore #a!ni%i*ent, not to G"no, who is not the !o((ess o% intelli!en*e or o% lo+e0 Ci*0 Tr"l$, as are the (e!rees o% Nat"re an( o% the essen*es, so in &ro&ortion are the (e!rees o% the intelli!i le or(ers an( the !lories o% the a#oro"s a%%e*tions an( enth"sias#s0 O''0 Ci*0 The %ollowin! ears a hea( with %o"r %a*es, whi*h low towar(s the %o"r *orners o% the hea+ens, an( are %o"r win(s in one s" @e*t, a o+e these stan( two stars,

an( in the *entre the le!en(

91! 1C5;

-No+ae ortae aeoliae0- ' wo"l( li)e to )now what that si!ni%ies0 Tans0 ' thin) that the #eanin! o% this (e+i*e is *onseD"ent "&on that whi*h &re*e(es it, %or, as there the o @e*t is (e*lare( to e in%inite ea"t$, so here is &ro&ose( what #a$ e *alle( a si#ilar as&iration, st"($, a%%e*tion, an( (esire0 ' elie+e that these win(s are set to si!ni%$ si!hs, "t this we shall see when we *o#e to rea( the linesA 2F0 Sons o% the Titan Astr8"s an( A"rora, Who tro" le hea+en, earth, an( the wi(e sea, Lea+e now this stor#$ war o% ele#ents, An( %i!ht anon with the hi!h !o(s0 No #ore in #$ Rolian *a+es $e (well, No #ore (oes #$ restrainin! &ower *o#&el, /"t *a"!ht are $e an( *lose( within that reast, With #oans an( so s an( itter si!hs o&&rest0 T"r "lent rothers o% the stars, Co#&anions o% the te#&ests o% the seas, Those li!hts are all that #a$ a+ail 1ea*e to restore, #"r(ero"s $et inno*ent, Whi*h, o&en or *on*eale(, Will less with *al#, or *"rse with &ri(e0 E+i(entl$, here, Rol"s is intro("*e( as s&ea)in! to the win(s, whi*h he (e*lares are no lon!er te#&ere( $ hi# in the Rolian *a+erns, "t $ two stars in the reast o% this enth"siast0 =ere,
91! 1F3;

the two stars (o not #ean the two e$es whi*h are in the %orehea(, "t the two a&&re*ia le )in(s o% (i+ine

ea"t$ an( !oo(ness, o% that in%inite s&len(o"r, whi*h so in%l"en*es intelle*t"al an( rational (esire, that it rin!s hi# to a *on(ition o% in%inite as&iration, a**or(in! to the wa$ an( the (e!ree with whi*h he *o#es to *o#&rehen( that !lorio"s li!ht0 .or lo+e, while it is %inite, *ontente(, an( %i<e( in a *ertain #eas"re, is not in the %or# o% the s&e*ies o% (i+ine ea"t$, "t as it !oes on with e+er hi!her as&irations, it #a$ e sai( to +er!e towar(s the in%inite0 Ci*00 =ow is reathin! #a(e to #ean as&irin!K What relation has (esire with the win(sK Tans0 Whosoe+er in this &resent *on(ition as&ires, also si!hs, an( the sa#e reathes, an( there%ore the +ehe#en*e o% the as&iration is note( $ the hiero!l$&h o% stron! reathin!0 Ci*0 /"t there is a (i%%eren*e etween si!hin! an( reathin!0 Tans0 There%ore it is not &"t as i% one stoo( %or the other, or as ein! i(enti*al, "t as ein! si#ilar0 Ci*0 Go on then with o"r &ro&osition0 Tans0 The in%inite as&iration then, in(i*ate( $ the si!hs an( s$# oli?e( $ the win(s, is not "n(er the (o#inion o% Rol"s in the Roli* *a+erns,
91! 1F1;

"t o% the a%ore#entione( two li!hts, whi*h are not onl$ la#eless, "t ene+olent in )illin! the enth"siast, inas#"*h as the$ *a"se hi# to (ie to e+er$ other thin!, e<*e&t the a sor in! a%%e*tion, at the sa#e ti#e, the$, ein! *lose( an( *on*eale(, ren(er hi# "nD"iet, an( ein! o&en, the$ will tranD"illi?e hi#, e*a"se at this ti#e, when the e$es o% the h"#an #in( in this o($ are *o+ere( with a ne "lo"s +eil, the so"l, thro"!h s"*h

st"(ies, e*o#es tro" le( an( harasse(, an( he ein! th"s torn an( !oa(e(, will attain onl$ that a#o"nt o% D"iet as will satis%$ the *on(ition o% his nat"re0 Ci*00 =ow *an o"r %inite intelle*t %ollow a%ter the in%inite i(ealK Tans0 Thro"!h the in%inite &oten*$ it &ossesses0 Ci*0 This wo"l( e "seless, i% e+er it *a#e into e%%e*t0 Tans0 't wo"l( e "seless, i% it ha( to (o with a %inite a*tion, where in%inite &oten*$ wo"l( e wantin!, "t not with the in%inite a*tion where in%inite &oten*$ is &ositi+e &er%e*tion0 Ci*0 '% the h"#an intelle*t is %inite in nat"re an( in a*t, how *an it ha+e an in%inite &oten*$K Tans0 /e*a"se it is eternal, an( in this e+er has (eli!ht, so that it en@o$s ha&&iness witho"t en( or
91! 1F:;

#eas"re, an( e*a"se, as it is %inite in itsel%, so it #a$ e in%inite in the o @e*t0 Ci*0 What (i%%eren*e is there etween the in%init$ o% the o @e*t an( the in%init$ o% the &otentialit$K Tans0 This is %initel$ in%inite, an( that in%initel$ in%inite0 /"t to ret"rn to o"rsel+es0 The le!en( there sa$sA -No+8 Li&ar88 8oli8,- e*a"se it see#s as i% we are to elie+e that all the win(s whi*h are in the a $s#al *a+erns o% Rol"s were *on+erte( into si!hs, i% we in*l"(e those whi*h &ro*ee( %ro# the a%%e*tion, whi*h as&ires *ontin"all$ to the hi!hest !oo( an( to the in%inite ea"t$0 O'''0

Ci*0 =ere we see the si!ni%i*ation o% that "rnin! li!ht aro"n( whi*h is writtenA -A( +ita#, non a( hora#0Tans0 1ersisten*e in s"*h a lo+e an( ar(ent (esire o% tr"e !oo(ness, $ whi*h in this te#&oral state the enth"siast is *ons"#e(0 This, ' thin), is shown in the %ollowin! ta letA 270 9A;What ti#e the (a$ re#o+es the orient +a"lt, The r"sti* &easant lea+es his h"# le ho#e, An( when the s"n with %ier*er tan!ent stri)es, .ati!"e( an( &ar*he(, he sits hi# in the sha(e, Then &lo(s a!ain with har(, la orio"s toil, Entil la*) ni!ht the he#is&here enshro"(s0 An( then he rests0 /"t ' #"st e+er *ha%e At #ornin!, noon6(a$, e+enin!, an( at ni!ht0 These %ier$ ra$s Whi*h strea# %ro# those two ar*hes o% #$ s"n, NeBer %a(e %ro# the hori?on o% #$ so"l0 So wills #$ %ate, /"t la?in! e+er$ ho"r .ro# their #eri(ian the$ "rn the a%%li*te( heart0 9A; L"an(o il sen (Boriente il !iorno s!o# ra0 Ci*0 This ta let e<&resses with !reater tr"th than &ers&i*a*it$ the sense o% the %i!"re0 Tans00 't is not ne*essar$ %or #e to #a)e an$ e%%ort to &oint o"t to $o" the a&&ro&riateness, as it onl$ reD"ires a little attenti+e *onsi(eration0 The ra$s o% the s"n are the wa$s in whi*h the (i+ine ea"t$ an( !oo(ness #ani%est the#sel+es to "s, an( the$ are %ier$ e*a"se the$ *annot e *o#&rehen(e( $ the intelle*t witho"t at the sa#e ti#e )in(lin! the a%%e*tions0 The two ar*hes o% the s"n are the two )in(s o% re+elation, that s*holasti* theolo!ians *all earl$ an( late, when*e o"r

91! 1F2;

ill"#inatin! intelli!en*e, as an air$ #e(i"#, (e("*es that s&e*ies, either in +irt"e, whi*h it *onte#&lates in itsel%, or in e%%i*a*$, whi*h it ehol(s in its e%%e*ts0 The hori?on o% the so"l, in this &la*e, is that &art o% the s"&erior &otentialities where the +i!oro"s i#&"lse o% the a%%e*tion *o#es to ai( the li+el$ *o#&rehension o% the intelle*t,
91! 1F4;

ein! si!ni%ie( $ the heart, whi*h, "rnin! at all ho"rs, tor#ents itsel%, e*a"se all those %r"its o% lo+e that we *an !ather in this state are not so sweet that the$ ha+e not "nite( with the# a *ertain a%%li*tion, whi*h &ro*ee(s %ro# the %ear o% i#&er%e*t %r"itionA as es&e*iall$ o**"rs in the %r"its o% nat"ral a%%e*tion, the *on(ition o% whi*h ' *annot (o etter than e<&lain in the wor(s o% the E&i*"rean &oetA E< ho#inis +era %a*ie, &"l*hroD"e *olore Nil (at"r in *or&"s &r8ter si#"la*ra %r"en("# Ten"ia, D"8 +ento s&es *a&tat s8&e #isella0 Et i ere in so#nis sitiens *"# D"8rit, et h"#or Non (at"r, ar(ore# in #e# ris D"i stin!"ere &ossit, Se( lati*"# si#"la*ra &etit, %r"straD"e la orat, 'n #e(ioD"e sitit torrenti %l"#ine &otansA Si* in a#ore Ven"s si#"la*ris l"(it a#antis, Ne* satiare D"e"nt s&e*tan(o *or&ora *ora#, Ne* #ani "s D"i*D"a# teneris a ra(ere #e# ris 1oss"nt, errantes in*erti *or&ore toto0 DeniD"e *"# #e# ris *onlatis %lore %r""nt"r Rtatis, ("# @a# &r8sa!it !a"(ia *or&"s, AtD"e in eo est Ven"s, "t #"lie ria *onserat ar+a, A(%i!"nt a+i(e *or&"s, i"n!"ntD"e sali+as Oris, et ins&irant &ressantes (enti "s ora, Ne*D"iD"a#, D"onia# nihil in(e a ra(ere &oss"nt, Ne* &enetrare, et a ire in *or&"s *or&ore toto0 'n the sa#e wa$, he @"(!es as to the )in( o% taste that

we *an ha+e o% (i+ine thin!s, whi*h, while we %or*e o"rsel+es to &enetrate, an( "nite with the#, we %in( that we ha+e #ore &ain in the (esire than
91! 1FC;

&leas"re in the reali?ation0 An( this #a$ ha+e een the reason wh$ that wise =e rew sai( that he who in*reases )nowle(!e in*reases &ain, e*a"se %ro#, the !reater *o#&rehension !rows the !reater (esire0 An( this is %ollowe( $ !reater +e<ation an( !rie% %or the (e&ri+ation o% the thin! (esire(0 So the E&i*"rean, who le( a #ost tranD"il li%e, sai( o&&ort"nel$A Se( %"!itare (e*et si#"la*ra, et &a "la a#oris A ster!ere si i, atD"e alio *on+ertere #ente#, Ne* ser+are si i *"ra# *ert"#D"e (olore#A El*"s eni# +ires*it, et in+eteras*it alen(o, 'nD"e (ies !lis*it %"ror, atD"e 8r"#na !ra+es*it0 Ne* Veneris %r"*t" *aret is, D"i +itat a#ore#, Se( &oti"s, D"8 s"nt, sine &oena, *o##o(a s"#it0 Ci*0 What is #eant $ the #eri(ian o% the heartK Tans0 That &art or re!ion o% the will whi*h is hi!hest an( #ost e<alte(, an( where it e*o#es #ost stron!l$, *learl$, an( e%%e*t"all$ )in(le(0 =e #eans that s"*h a%%e*tion is not as in its e!innin!, where it stirs, nor as at the en(, where it re&oses, "t as in the #i((le, where it e*o#es %er+i(0 O'V0 Ci*0 /"t what #eans that !lowin! arrow, whi*h has %la#es in &la*e o% a har( &oint, aro"n( whi*h
91! 1FF;

is en*ir*le( a noose with the le!en(A -A#or instat "t instans-K Sa$, what (oes it #eanK Tans0 't see#s to #e to #ean that lo+e ne+er lea+es

hi#, an( at the sa#e ti#e eternall$ a%%li*ts hi#0 Ci*0 ' see the noose, the arrow, an( the %ire0 ' "n(erstan( that whi*h is writtenA -A#or instat-, "t that whi*h %ollows ' *annot "n(erstan(>that is, that lo+e as an instant, or &ersistin!, &ersists, whi*h has the sa#e &o+ert$ o% i(ea as i% one sai(A -This "n(erta)in! he has %ei!ne( as a %eint, he ears it as he ears it, "n(erstan(s it as he "n(erstan(s it, +al"es it as he +al"es it, an( estee#s it as he who estee#s it0Tans0 't is eas$ %or hi# to (e*i(e an( *on(e#n who (oes not e+en *onsi(er0 That -instans- is not an a(@e*ti+e %ro# the +er -instare,- "t it is a no"n s" stanti+e "se( %or the instant o% ti#e0 Ci*0 Now, what is the #eanin! o% the &hrase -lo+e en("res as an instantKTans00 What (oes Aristotle #ean in his oo) on Ti#e, when he sa$s that eternit$ is an instant, an( that all ti#e is no #ore than an instantK Ci*0 =ow *an this e, seein! that there is no ti#e so short that it *annot e (i+i(e( into se*on(sK 1erha&s he wo"l( sa$ that in one instant there is
91! 1F7;

the .loo(, the Tro@an war, an( we who e<ist now, ' sho"l( li)e to )now how this instant is (i+i(e( into so #an$ *ent"ries an( $ears, an( whether, $ the sa#e r"le, we #i!ht not sa$ that the line is a &ointK Tans0 '% ti#e e one, "t in (i%%erent te#&oral s" @e*ts, so the instant is one in (i%%erent an( all &arts o% ti#e0 As ' a# the sa#e ' was, a#, an( shall e, so ' #$sel% a# alwa$s the sa#e in the ho"se, in the te#&le, in the %iel(, an( wheresoe+er ' a#0

Ci*0 Wh$ (o $o" wish to #a)e o"t that the instant is the whole o% ti#eK Tans0 /e*a"se i% it were not an instant, it wo"l( not e ti#e, there%ore ti#e in essen*e an( s" stan*e is no other than an instant, an( let this s"%%i*e, i% $o" "n(erstan( it, e*a"se ' (o not inten( to &erorate "&on the entire &h$si*s, so that $o" #"st "n(erstan( that he #eans to sa$ that the whole o% lo+e is no less &resent than the whole o% ti#e, e*a"se this -instans- (oes not #ean a #o#ent o% ti#e0 Ci*0 This #eanin! #"st e s&e*i%ie( in so#e wa$, i% we (o not wish to see the #otto in+ali(ate( $ eD"i+o*ation, $ whi*h we are %ree to s"&&ose that he #eant to sa$ that his lo+e was "t %or an
91! 1F8;

instant>that is, %or an ato# o% ti#e, an( o% nothin! #ore, or that he #eans that it is as $o" inter&ret it, e+erlastin!0 Tans0 S"rel$, i% these two *ontrar$ #eanin!s were i#&lie(, the le!en( wo"l( e nonsense0 /"t it is not so, i% $o" *onsi(er well, %or it *annot e that in one instant, whi*h is an ato# or &oint, lo+e &ersists or en("res, there%ore one #"st o% ne*essit$ "n(erstan( the instant in another si!ni%i*ation0 An( %or the sa)e o% !ettin! o"t o% the #esh, rea( the stan?aA 280 One ti#e s*atters an( one !athers, One "il(s, one rea)s, one wee&s, one la"!hs, One ti#e to sa(ness, one to !aiet$ in*lines, One la o"rs an( one rests, one stan(s, one sits, One &ro%%ers an( one ta)es awa$, One sta$s an( one re#o+es, one ani#ates, one )ills0 'n all the $ears, the #onths, the (a$s, the ho"rs,

Lo+e waits on #e, stri)es, in(s, an( "rns0 To #e *ontin"al (issol"tion, Contin"al wee&in! hol(s #e an( (estro$s0 All ti#es to #e are %"ll o% woe, All thin!s ti#e ta)es %ro# #e, An( !i+es #e na"!ht, not e+en (eath0 Ci*0 ' "n(erstan( the #eanin! D"ite &er%e*tl$, an( *on%ess that all thin!s a!ree +er$ well0 't is ti#e to &ro*ee( to the ne<t0
91! 1F5;

OV0 Tans0 =ere ehol( a ser&ent lan!"ishin! in the snow, where a la o"rer has thrown it, an( a na)e( *hil( "rnin! in the #i(st o% the %ire, with *ertain other (etails an( *ir*"#stan*es, with the le!en( whi*h sa$sA -'(e#, iti(e# non i(e#0- This see#s #ore li)e an eni!#a than an$thin! else, an( ' (o not %eel s"re that ' *an e<&lain it at all, $et ' (o elie+e that it #eans that the sa#e %ate +e<es, an( the sa#e tor#ents oth the one an( the other>that is, i##eas"ra l$, witho"t #er*$ an( "nto (eath, $ #eans o% +ario"s instr"#ents or *ontrar$ &rin*i&les, showin! itsel% the sa#e whether *ol( or hot0 /"t this, it see#s to #e, reD"ires lon!er an( s&e*ial *onsi(eration0 Ci*0 So#e other ti#e0 Rea( the linesA 250 Li#& sna)e, that writhest in the snow, Twistin! an( t"rnin! here an( there To %in( so#e ease %ro# the tor#entin! *ol(, '% the *on!ealin! i*e *o"l( )now th$ &ain, Or ha( the sense to %eel th$ s#art, An( tho" *o"l(st %in( a +oi*e %or th$ *o#&laint, ' (o elie+e th$ ar!"#ent wo"l( #a)e it &iti%"l0

' with eternal %ire a# s*o"r!e(, a# "rnt, an( itten, An( in the i*iness o% #$ (i+init$ %in( no (eli+eran*e, No &it$ (oes she %eel, nor *an she )now, alasP The ri!oro"s ar(o"r o% #$ %la#es0 430
91! 173;

Ser&ent, tho" %ain wo"l(st %lee, "t *anst not, Tr$ %or th$ hi(in!6&la*e, it is no #ore, Re*all th$ stren!th, Btis s&ent, Wait %or the s"n, ehin( thi*) %o! he hi(es, Cr$ #er*$ o% the hin(, he %ears th$ tooth0 .ort"ne in+o)e, she hears thee not, the @a(eP Nor %li!ht, nor &la*e, nor star, nor #an, nor %ate Can rin! to thee (eli+eran*e %ro# (eath0 Tho" (ost e*o#e *on!eale(0 7eltin! a# '0 ' li)e th$ ri!o"rs, thee #$ ar(o"r &leases, =el& ha+e ' none %or thee, an( tho" hast none %or #e0 Clear is o"r e+il %ate>all ho&e resi!n0 Ci*0 Let "s !o, an( $ the wa$ we will see) to "ntie this )not>i% &ossi le0 Tans0 So e it0
1R'NTED /Y /ALLANTYNE, =ANSON AND CO0 LONDON AND ED'N/ERG=

THE APOLOGY OF THE NOLAN TO T=E 7OST V'RTEOES AND LOVELY LAD'ES0 O lo+el$, !ra*e%"l n$#&hs o% En!lan(P Not in re&"!nan*e nor in s*orn O"r s&irit hol(s $o", Nor wo"l( o"r &en a ase $o" 7ore than it #"st>to *all $o" %e#inineP E<e#&tion ' a# s"re $o" wo"l( not *lai#, /ein! s" @e*t to the *o##on in%l"en*e,

Shinin! on earth as (o the stars in hea+en0 Yo"r so+Brei!n ea"t$, la(ies, o"r a"sterit$ Cannot (e&re*iate, nor wo"l( (o so, .or we ha+e not in +iew a s"&erh"#an )in(, S"*h &oison,9A; there%ore, %ar %ro# $o" e set, .or here we see the one, the !reat Diana, Who is to $o" as s"n a#on!st the stars0 Wit, wor(s, learnin! an( art, An( whatsoeBer is #ine o% s*ri lin! %a*"lt$, ' h"# l$ &la*e e%ore $o"0 9A; Arseni*o0 Trans*ri ers NotesA 1a!e 1F:A Ori!inal so"r*e sai( 24

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