POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM

Mini Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology In ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGNEERING

By

SYED. HUSSAIN M. RADHA A. MADHAVI L. DEVSINGH Under guidance of Mr. J. Lingaiah

08UK1A0436 08UK1A0413 08UK1A0419 08UK1A0412

Asst. Prof

DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING

OF

ELECTRONIC

&

COMMUNICATION

VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, WARANGAL (Affiliated to JNTU HYDERABAD) Department of Electronic & communication Engineering

VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

P.O.BOLLIKUNTA, WARANGAL- 506 005

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project report enlited POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM Is being submitted by Mr. SYED. HUSSAIN, M. RADHA, A. MADHAVI, L. DEVSINGH Bearing H.T.No. 08UK1A0436, 08UK1A0413, 08UK1A0419, 08UK1A0412 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering to jntu Hyderabad is a bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision during academic year 2010-2011. The result presented in this report has not submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

J. Lingaiah Guide

CH. SURESH KUMAR Head of the Department

A. RAJI REDDY Principal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense pleasure we would like to take this opportunity to place it on record that POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM has taken shape, but without the cooperation extended to us by certain individuals it wouldnt have been possible. W e consider it as a privilege to thank all those persons who have helped us in completing this project.

We express a sincere and profound gratitude to A.RajiReddy, principal of Vaagdevi engineering college for his support help, guidance and encouragement in the course of our project.

We are very thankful to Mr.Suresh Kumar, Head of the dept. of electronics and communication engineering of vaagdevi engineering college, Bollikunta for providing necessary facilities in carrying out this project.

We wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my guide Mr.J.Lingaiah, for his inspiring and expert guidance through the tenure of this work, his encouragement and openminded discussions have been a source of inspiration during this project.

We acknowledge the help and cooperation of all teaching and non-teaching staff who have helped us in completion of this project successfully.

We apologize for any oversights and inaccuracies in our acknowledgment.

CONTENTS Abstract Chapter 1.Introduction

1.1 Field of Invention 1.2 Background of Invention 1

Chapter 2.Architecture Overview

2.1 Project Description 2.2 Circuit Diagram

Chapter 3.Hardware section

3.1 Resistor 3.2 Capacitor 3.3 Diode 3.4 Transistor BC558 3.5 LED 3.6 Piezo Buzzer 3.7 Mains Supply

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Chapter4.Appendix
i. Fabrication Of PCB ii. List Of Components Used

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Chapter 5.APPLICATIONS Conclusion Bibliography

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ABSTRACT
A power failure alarm for use in sounding a warning in the occasion of a power failure, with built in electrical connectors, and a temporary source of light. The device is housed in a molded plastic enclosure in a rectangular shape and includes an emergency light, nightlight, flashlight, and power failure alarm. All unit functions are completely automatic once the unit has been plugged into a standard 120 volt receptacle. The device has a three prong male plug on the back of the body and is designed to occupy one receptacle of a duplex receptacle thus leaving one receptacle still available for use. Alternate embodiments of the device are specifically intended to alert and notify the user of a power failure. The device utilized logic circuitry to determine if a power failure or improper setup has occurred. The battery charging and monitoring circuits ensure the batteries are always charged and ready for use.

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 FIELD OF INVENTION:

The present invention relates to a power failure alarm device, and more particularly, to a device that not only generates an audible signal to indicate when a connected power source has failed, but also is configured to incorporate a portable lamp and may be used in a variety of applications including refrigeration. An option available on this device will also alert the user when a power failure has occurred when connected to a standard dialup phone line.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

Numerous electrical appliances in home and commercial businesses require a continuous supply of electrical power in order to function, such as refrigerators, freezers, lamps, computers, clocks, and critical medical equipment. Most of these devices gain electrical power by connecting to a main power supply via a plug into a wall receptacle. However, on occasions these devices may become inoperable through a power failure, accidental unplugging, turning off the power switch, or a tripped circuit breaker. These occasions can happen without becoming noticeable. It is not uncommon for a motor driven appliance to fail and open the fuse or circuit breaker. Quite often a homeowner is not aware of the motor failure until it is too late, for example refrigerated food is spoiled or the basement is flooded. Supermarkets use multiple refrigerators providing open storage of chilled or frozen foods, thus if an unnoticed power failure occurs, the consequence would result in a large loss of inventory and revenue. Even though most commercial refrigeration is monitored by temperature alarm systems, an alarm on the power source would provide early warning of an imminent temperature rise.

CHAPTER 2 ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

Most of the power-supply failure indicator circuits need a separate power-supply for themselves. But the alarm circuit presented here needs no additional supply source. It employs an electrolytic capacitor to store adequate charge, to feed power to the alarm circuit which sounds an alarm for a reasonable duration when the mains supply fails. 1. During the presence of mains power supply, the rectified mains voltage is stepped down to a required low level. A zener is used to limit the filtered voltage to 15-volt level. Mains presence is indicated by an LED. The low-level DC is used for charging capacitor C3 and reverse biasing switching transistor T1. Thus, transistor T1 remains cut-off as long as the mains supply is present. As soon as the mains power fails, the charge stored in the capacitor acts as a power-supply source for transistor T1. Since, in the absence of mains supply, the base of transistor is pulled low via resistor R8, it conducts and sounds the buzzer (alarm) to give a warning of the power-failure. 2. With the value of C3 as shown, a good-quality buzzer would sound for about a minute. By increasing or decreasing the value of capacitor C3, this time can be altered to serve ones need. 3. Assembly is quite easy. The values of the components are not critical. If the alarm circuit is powered from a many external DC power-supply source, the mains-supply section up to points P and M can be omitted from the circuit. Following points may be noted. i. At a higher DC voltage level, transistor T1 (BC558) may pass some collector-to-emitter leakage current, c causing a continuous murmuring sound from the buzzer. In that case, replace it with some lowgain transistor ii. Piezo buzzer must be a continuous tone version, with built-in oscillator. To save space ,one may use five small sized 1000F capacitors (in parallel) in place of bulky high-value capacitor C3.
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2.2 Project Description:

This project is power supply monitoring device that will trigger a buzzer when the mains supply cuts off. At the same time, the light emitting diode will be turned ON. This device is helpful to inform the loss of power supply to some critical installation such as a pump in a fish tank. Once the buzzer sound, one will know that there is a loss of power supply and actions need to be taken to rectify the situation by providing alternative power supply or relocating the installation.

4. Most of the power supply failure indicator circuits need a separate power supply for themselves. But the alarm circuit presented here needs no additional supply source. It employs an electrolytic capacitor to store adequate charge, to feed power to the alarm circuit which sounds an alarm for a reasonable duration. This circuit can be used as an alarm for power supplies in the range of 5V to 15V. To calibrate the circuit, first connect the power supply (5 to 15V) then vary the potentiometer VR1 until buzzer goes from on to off .Whenever the supply fails, resistor R2 pulls the base of transistor low and saturates it, turning the buzzer ON.

CHAPTER-3 HARDWARE SECTION

3.1 RESISTOR:
A device used in electrical current conduction to control the direction of the current flowing to a circuit by applying resistance. Resistors may be fixed or variable both controlling the flow of current differently. It is sometimes not obvious whether a color coded component is a resistor, capacitor, or inductor, and this may be deduced by knowledge of its circuit function, physical shape or by measurement. Resistor values are always coded

in ohms , capacitors in picofarads (pF), and inductors in micro henries

Color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Silver None

Temp. Significant Multiplier Tolerance Coefficient figures (ppm/K) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 10

1

1% 2% (5%)

250 F 100 G 50 15 25

U S R P Q Z Z M K

102 103 10
4

105 106 10 108 109 10-1 10-2

7

0.5% D 20 0.25% C 10 0.1% B 5 0.05% A 1 (10%) 5% 10% 20% J K M

fig 3.1 color coding of Resistors

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The standard color code per EN 60062:2005 is as follows:

3.12 Capacitor:

Fig 3.12 Electrolytic Capacitor A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a nonconductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film. A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value ,capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference. 7

3.13 Theory of operation:

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

fig 3.13 parallel plate capacitor A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The nonconductive region is called the dielectric or sometimes the dielectric medium. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them

Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

Energy storage: C=

W=

dq

Current-voltage relation:
. ( )
( )

( )

( )

The dual of the capacitor is the inductor, which stores energy in the magnetic field rather than the electric field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing C with the inductance L. 3.14 DC circuits

Fig 3.14 RC Circuit

from Kirchhoff's voltage law that

( )

( )

( )

( )

Taking the derivative and multiplying by C, gives a first-order differential equation, ( ) ( ) At t = 0, the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the voltage across the resistor is V0. The initial current is then i (0) =V0 /R. With this assumption, the differential equation yields

where 0 = RC is the time constant of the system.

3.15 AC circuits Impedance, the vector sum of reactance and resistance, describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. Fourier analysis allows any signal to be constructed from a spectrum of frequencies, whence the circuit's reaction to the various frequencies may be found. The reactance and impedance of a capacitor are respectively

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3.2 HAZARDS AND SAFETY: Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable camera flash unit powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery contains a capacitor which may be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors restored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption.

ZENER Diodes:
Diodes that can be made to conduct backwards. This effect, called Zener breakdown, occurs at a precisely defined voltage, allowing the diode to be used as a precision voltage reference. In practical voltage reference circuits Zener and switching diodes are connected in series and opposite directions to balance the temperature coefficient to near zero.

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3.3 TRANSISTOR:
The BC558 is a general purpose silicon NPN BJT transistor found commonly in European electronic equipment; the part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. The BC548 is commonly available in European Union and Commonwealth Countries and is often the first type of bipolar transistor young hobbyists encounter. The BC548 is often featured in circuit diagrams and designs published in Electronics Magazines such as "Silicon Chip" and "Elektor".

Fig 3.3.1 BC558 Transistor

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3.4 LED:

fig 3.4.1 Structure of LED LED spotlight using 38 individual diodes for mains voltage power A LED is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased , electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
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This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Fig 3.4.2 Internal Diagram Of LED

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3.5 BUZZER:

fig 3.5.1 Buzzer

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed (change in shape is greatly exaggerated). A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect To measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical charge. One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors is that they cannot be used for truly static measurements. A static force will result in a fixed amount of charges on the piezoelectric material. While working with conventional readout electronics, imperfect insulating materials, and reduction in internal sensor resistance will result in a constant loss of electrons, and yield a decreasing signal.

3.6 MAINS SUPPLY:

Mains is the general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power supply. 240 V (always expressed as root-mean-square voltage). The two commonly used frequencies are 50 Hz and 60Hz.Worldwide, many different mains power systems are found for the operation of household and light commercial electrical appliances and lighting. The different systems are primarily characterized by their Voltage, Frequency Plugs and sockets but also by their Earthing system (grounding).Protection against over current damage (e.g., due to short circuit), electric shock, and fire hazards
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 Fig 3.6.1 Main Supply Voltage 3.6.1 Measuring voltage A distinction should be made between the voltage at the point of supply (nominal system voltage) and the voltage rating of the equipment (utilization voltage). Typically the utilization voltage is 3% to 5% lower than the nominal system voltage; for example, a nominal 208 V supply system will be connected to motors with "200 V" on their nameplates. This allows for the voltage drop between equipment and supply. Voltages in this article are the nominal supply voltages and equipment used on these systems will carry slightly lower nameplate voltages. Power distribution system voltage is nearly sinusoidal in nature. Voltage tolerances are for steady-state operation. Momentary heavy loads, or switching operations in the power distribution network, may cause short-term deviations out of the tolerance band. In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only single generator.

Utility frequency: At the end of 19th century, Westinghouse in the US decided on 60 Hz and AEG in Germany decided on 50 Hz, eventually leading to the world being mostly divided into two frequency camps. Most 60 Hz systems are nominally 120 volts and most 50 Hz nominally 230 volts.

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CHAPTER -4 APPENDIX
i.FABRICATION OF PCB
ii.List Of Components Used

4.1 INTRODUCTION:
The design of a PCB can be considered at the last step in electronic design as well as first major step in the production of PCBs. It forms a distinct factor in the electronic Ckt, performance and reliability. The producibility of PCB and its assembly and serviceability also depends on the design. The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one can go to artwork preparation. Designing a Ckt in to a smaller one is difficult task to perform. The detailed Ckt diagram is very important for the layout designer, but he must also familiar with designing concept and with philosophy behind the equipment with use of PCB, the task of the problem &rectification becomes very simple. TYPES OF PCBs: 1.single sideboards 2. double sideboards 4.12 SINGLE SIDE BOARD: For single sideboard, the conducting copper clad is only on one side of non-conducting hylam a sheet. From one side the components are placed & soldered on the other side of the PCB. The cost of such PCBs is minimum is very easy to trace. These PCBs are mostly used in entertainment electronics where manufacturing costs have to be kept low. However in industrial applications, the cost factor can be neglected & single sided boards are used where particular Ckt is small & simple enough to be accommodated on such PCBs. To jump over the conductor tracks components have to be utilized. This is not feasible, jumper wires are used. The number of on the board, however, it is restricted by economic reasons. If their number is more than a few then the use of double sided PCBs is considered.

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4.2

THE

ULTRA

SONIC

PROXIMITY

DETECTOR

IS

CONSTRUCTED ON A SINGLE SIDED BOARD AS SHOWN:

4.2.1 PCB DESIGN: to design a PCB layout must essentially to solve two tasks; one is to design the inter connections for the components. To minimize the magnitude and influence of the parasitic effects connected with the realization of such interconnections. The resistance or inductance of a conductor or the capacitance between the two conductors can cause parasitic effects influence working electronic circuit on o PCB. 4.2.2 ARTWORK: The generation of PCB artwork should be considered as the first step of the PCB

manufacturing process. The importance of the artwork should not be under estimated. Problems like inaccurate of registration, broken annual rings, or too critical spacing are often due to bad artwork. And even with the most sophisticated PCB production facilities, no PCB can be made better than the quality of artwork used. A common necessity for an artwork is needed for a clean and exact working, which means taking care of the smallest details. 4.2.3 SCREEN PRINTING: The process of screen-printing is well known to the primary industry. Its inherent capabilities of printing a wide range of inks on almost and kind of surface including metals, plastic, fabrics, wood, etc., But only of dimensionally high accurate and sable fine mesh fabrics of mono file materials made the screen-printing process applicable to fabrication of printed circuit boards. The screen-printing process is particularly suitable for large-scale production process. however, the preparations screen can also be economically attractive for a series of 100 PCBs or below. While photo printing is more accurate method to transfer a pattern onto a board surface. Screen-printing is considerable cheaper way to do a sufficient job for large series. With the screen-printing process, one can produce PCBs of as low 0.5 to 0.1mm and a registration error of 0.1mm on an industrial scale with high reliability.
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Therefore, screen-printing is a method by which worldwide largest numbers of PCB patterns are printed. The screen-printed boards are typically processed in the print and etch process. In its basic form, the screen-printing process is very simple. A screen fabric with uniform meshes and openings is stretched and fixed on a solid frame of metal or wood. The circuit pattern is photographically transferred on the screen, leaking the meshes in the pattern open, with the meshes in the pattern open, with the meshes in the rest of the area are closed. In actual printing step, ink is forced by moving the squiggle through the open meshes on to the surface of the material to be printed. 4.4.4 ETCHING: In all substructure PCB process, etching is one of the most important steps; The final copper pattern is formed by the selective removal of all unwanted copper, which is not protected by an etch resist. This looks very simple at the glance but in factors like under etching and overhang complicate the matter especially in the production of fine and highly precise PCBs. 4.4.5 UNDER ETCHING: During the etching process, it is expected that etching progress vertically. However, there is also an etching action sideways which attack the pattern below the etch resist. If the etching action is not stopped immediately after all unwanted copper has been removed, under etching will continue and can lead to considerable reduction of conductor line width. 4.4.6 OVER HANG: The exact control of the conductor width is further complicated where metal etch resist are used i.e., in pattern planting processes. The metal planting built up shows growth sideways also, resulting in over hang. The difficulties of overhang are reduced with the use of dry film resist. 4.7 TYPES OF ETCHANTS: Tank or bubble etching, in which boards are kept in rack, are lowered and full vide the fast, precise and uniform production, which is desired in todays electronic production. Another etching method is etching with a splash type etching machines. In these machines, etching is thrown by a centrifugal force via a routing device in the center of etching machines on the surface of the surrounding boards .latest versions of etching machines available.
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4.8 ETCHING SYSTEMS: When it comes to the choice of the most suitable etching system for a PCB production process, there are many factors to be considered. Firs it has to be matched to the etch resist used i.e., the etch resist should not allow the action of etching on the copper layer beneath it. Screen and photo resist can be either solvent or aqueous soluble type. The resist soluble in aqueous solution are not suitable for alkali etchings, but they offer sufficient other advantage with respect to environmental pollution and easy removal. Among many of the etchings ferric chloride was the earliest one used on massive scale. This is recommended for small PCB facilities where etching is occasionally carried out on a small number of boards. 4.8.1 FERRIC CHLORIDE: Ferric chloride is an etching very simple to use especially in case of small scale PCB production. In high volumes of productions this is not of much importance because it can hardly be regenerated and it attacks the common metal etch resists.

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CHAPTER-5 APPLICATIONS
1.Power supply circuits are most commonly used in domestic appliances i.e, household purposes. 2.Helpful to inform the loss of power supply with the help of a BUZZER. 3.Easy to install due its simple circuitry. 4.Low cost with high reliability.

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CONCLUSION

This project POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM can be helpful to know the information about the power loss by placing a BUZZER & even it supports placing another LED at the output side in turn resulting in proper usage of power in absence of mains supply.

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BIBLIOPGRAPHY:

1.LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS BY ROY CHOWDGARY 2.ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS BY SALIVAHANAN

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