DAYLIGHT CONSIDERATION FOR URBAN RENEWAL: BUILDING FORM AND MASSING 1

By : Beta Paramita MT 2 , M Donny Koerniawan,MT 3 , Dewi Larasati, MT 4

Abstract
There are strong correlation between urban climate and the urban design physical configuration and form pattern. Urban design with climatic considerations deals with the wholistic morphology of the city, as well as with the urban details such as street width, form, configuration and orientation, building heights, city compactness or dispersion, urban open space, integration or segregation of land use. Which all related with the physical problem. Response to Daylighting will of Course depend much upon personal experience, but whenever designed try to utilize daylight in a building, they are forced to consider a number of aspect that will crucially affect the form, spatial layout and solidity of the facade. In the hot humid (tropical) climate, the destination of global design are shading and maximize the wind, with the result that building form and massing require sun protective because daylighting intensity is so high. Shadowing is one of the way to protect the direct sun, but it have to considered, there are no surface which closed permanently because the high of the humidity can destroy the material. Creating solar envelope which combine between visual ratio and optimize daylighting result building envelope. This building envelope processing from solar envelope with azimuth and altitude on the critical hours, which the value came from vertical angle light obstruction analog the visual ration each 18, 30 and 45 This building envelope hopefully responsive with tropical (hot humid) climate, with that result urban design guideline, specially for building form and massing which comfort and humane. Key Word : Tropical Urban Design, Building Form and Massing, Solar gain, Shadowing, Visual Comfort

I. INTRODUCTION A fundamental requirement of urban space is actual physical enclosure or its strong articulation by urban form which deals with the physical quality of the environment. This quality of environment includes : compatibility of uses, presence of natural elements, distance to open space, visual interest of the street facade, quality of view, quality of maintenance, and microclimate. Urban space, like architectural spaces may be interconnected and best appreciated by moving from one to another. They may be purposefully designed to display their linkage, to highlight a special building in the space or to suggest an important direction of

1 2

5th Sustainable Environment and Architecture Seminar, UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2004 Urban Designer,Researcher, Semarang. Central Java, Indonesia 3 Laboratory of Simulation and Buikding Science, Department of Architecture, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 4 Department of Architecture, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

movement. Urban and architectural spaces form a hierarchy of spatial types, based on their size. The categories of urban space derive from the distance scale of human vision. Our eyes have a general field of view and a detailed field of view : the former sees general shape, the later details of the objects. Urban space as a primary element of urban design and the importance of the articulation by urban forms, scale and the sense of enclosure, those are many of the critical issues relating to building form and massing. This paper, from then on reviewing the connection between microclimate and quality of view to define urban form. This aspect of physical form by setting specifics of height, setback and coverage.

II. SPACE AND SHADOW Introducing natural light forces designers to think in 3 dimensions. Light must enter through the building envelope, be it either the wall or the roof. A cloudy sky is an extended light source and there are few ways of controlling and redirecting its light successfully. Light from cloudy skies can distributed by reflection, but remembering that it is an extended source, it will be reflected only in the manner of a diffuse reflector. If an area is to be accentuated, then it is necessary to reduce the light level in another area. This applies to all scales within the building, from the design of small louvers within a window to the building blocks that form the general massing of the building. Because the main methods of controlling and redirecting light are that of obscuration and plane diffuse reflection it is principally the architectural elements themselves that create the patterns of light. Thinking about lighting automatically ensures consideration of architectural form. There are some basic rules to be noted concerning urban thermal performance for hot humid area : (Golany, G.S, 1995) a. ventilation : open ends and dispersed form b. widely open streets to support wind movement c. extensive shadow d. dispersion of high rise buildings to support ventilation e. combined variation of building height f. wide, yet shadowed open spaces g. shadowing, planned tree zones The provision of daylight is an important consideration for most buildings and therefore at an early stage of design it is often necessary to consider whether or not a building development will be capable of meeting day lighting design requirements. Developments should be designed to ensure that their general form and disposition on site should allow: i) Rooms in the proposed building to be daylight, ii) The daylight within existing buildings to be safeguarded, iii) The potential for day lighting on adjacent sites to be maintained. Sun angles define by the relativity position of sun and the observation on earth which is depend on : a. the latitude of the object observation

b. season c. the frequency of daylight which depend on longitude of object observation

SEP applied to define the height and the building envelope which border on street or open space. ALO derive from sun angle applied to define setback from the total building height Those are part of principles and technique relating to building form and massing, which include scale as it relates to human vision. Sun position to a place influence the formed dark-bright pattern. Azimuth will determine the angle fall horizontal while altitude will determine the angle fall vertical of sun.

SEP (sky exposure plane)

Percentag of Shadow on ext

= ALO (angle light obstruction)

III. DAYLIGHTING IN URBAN SCALE Paul D. Spreiregen, mention as we move about in the city our normal frontal field of view in a space determines the degree of enclosure the sense of space-which we feel. The feeling of enclosure, whether channel or reservoir is largely determined by the relation of viewing distance to building height as seen by our normal frontal field of view.

45

30

18

45 (1:1) full enclosure

30 (1:2) threshold of enclosure

18 (1:3) minimum enclosure

This way of experiencing our surroundings is related to the concept of static and dynamic space. A static space is one which by its form, conveys a sense of rest and completeness, whereas a dynamic space implies movement and change. Here, a static and dynamic space formed by dark-bright of exposure as a result of daylighting performance.

If daylighting is to be utilized in a proposed building, it is necessary to determine its availability at the site. Surrounding objects such as other buildings, tree and land forms all act as daylight obstructions by blocking either direct sunlight or portions of the skydome that are visible from the building location. Because of its potentially large contribution to illumination, and because of its directionality, the position of the sun is of particular interest to the designer. In addition to its effect on illumination, solar position is important because of its effect on sun penetration for passive heating and on the design of shading devices Therefore, both daylighting and urban scale correlated to provides for articulating the building on site in order to provide an energy efficient and comfortable internal environment. Mainly, this paper discuss the connection between daylighting and urban scale. This connection spelled out by creating solar envelope with Vertical Sun Angle (VSA) as the element of daylighting and the degree of enclosure which meant human visual ratio 18, 30 and 45 as the element of urban scale. Emphasizing both element, result the building envelope which require economical, aesthetically pleasing, psychologically views out and the most important is environmentally respond to solar radiation.

IV. SOLAR ENVELOPE ON CASE STUDY Solar envelope one of the strategic of building groups plan which the upper edges of the vertical planes define the maximum volume that can be built on a slope site without shading beyond the site during critical hours. (GZ. Brown) Architecturally, the important element this envelope pointed to building, street and open space which main part of forming the group of building. Latitude, relation period, size of site, proportion, orientation and the shape of the edge are the variables which influnce the configuration of the envelope. South latitude enabling the height of larger ones because of volume which is more compared to north latitude. Lessening period of sun relation will generate a higher level top but rather sharply. Size measure of site will degrade the ratio of shroud and volume from envelope. If proportion from tread generate a back of hill of North-South envelope will contain the slimmer volume to be developed than if proportion tread the generating of a back of hill East-West Case study : Stailan Block in Semarang old town as case study, represent the area of culture pledge owning high historical value in growth of Semarang. From some block or site which is there are in Semarang old town, taken one site for sample which owning some building mass with the variation of height, orientation and also apart between building in one environmental unity. This sample named Stailan Block with dwelling function.

Geographically, Semarang located among 6 5 - 7 10' LS and 110 5 - 110 35' BT. To determine the position of sun and angle ;corner fall the shadow used a sun diagram 6 LS. Determination of local time use the meridian reference 105 BT, so that happened by the time correction in fact that is (110 - 105) x 4 minute = 20 minute Become the mid day of local time is 12.20
17 341

88

UTARA

To form the solar envelope, sun position determining is on 22 June and 22 December. Caused on 22 June is highest sun on course in the sky so that determine sloping of hill of part of south from the envelope, while on 22 December sun on course lowest in the sky determining slope of north part of the envelope.

Sun position with VSA determined 18 , 30 and 45 on 22 June and 22 December of each side of site shall be as follows :
West side (17 North) VSA 18 30 45 HSA 22 22 June Dec 42.5 45 51 4 5 9 AZIMUTH 22 22 June Dec 64.5 62 58 111 112 116 ALTITUDE 22 22 June Dec 15 22 25 22 30 45 HOUR 22 22 June Dec 07:40 08:20 09:10 07:50 08:24 09:30

East side (341 North) VSA 18 30 45 HSA 22 22 June Dec 43.5 46.5 51 3 3.5 3 AZIMUTH 22 22 June Dec 296 296.5 302 248 247 247 ALTITUDE 22 22 June Dec 14.5 21.5 34 18 31 47 HOUR 22 22 June Dec 16:59 16:40 15:40 17:05 16:24 15:55

VSA = Vertical Sun Angle

HSA = Horizontal Sun Angle

From tables above, by determining VSA, knowable of HSA of site which later will be known by the altitude and azimuth. Progressively lower the altitude, hence period of sun relation to site will longer. This determine the volume of solar envelope.

22 Desember azimuth periode pagi

22 Desember azimuth periode sore Punggung bukit sbg garis ketinggian maksimum bangunan

22 Juni azimuth periode pagi

22 Juni azimuth periode sore

solar envelope ground plan

To create the ground plan of solar envelope on site, its steps shall be as follows : 1. Selected of month when sun reside in lowest in the sky, that is December to determine sloping north side of envelope and month when sun highest in the sky, that is June to determine sloping part of south from envelope. 2. With auto CAD, create the frame of solar envelope ground plan by raise up the plane each of west side of site and east as high as each 18 , 30 and 45 as analogue VSA. Then, pulled the azimuth on 22 December for the slope of South and 22 June the slope of North. From this, create plane for north and south side, raise up until proportioned with the plane of west and east side. Each plane of every side of site will meet, so that form the quadrangle pyramid which representing solar envelope. 3. Intersection from that plane, form the diagonal of morning and day of sun period. later, this intersection form one back part mark with lines the potential hill. 4. This envelope which have affirmed the maximum building height at every edge of site which will not shading the site which borders at certain time according to height altitude on 22 December till 22 June. Following simulation result case study solar envelope got from the lowest and highest sun position, that is on 22 December and 22 June by VSA 18 , 30 and 45 seen at picture below :

DENAH

SOLAR ENVELOPE

BUILDING MASS SIMULATION

VSA 18

VSA 45

V. TABLES OF SHADOW PRECENTAGE OF BUILDING MASS SIMULATION.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
6:20 7:20 8:20 9:20 10:20 11:20 12:20 13:20 14:20 15:20 16:20 17:20 18:20

prosentase luas bygn

Percentage Of Wide of Shadow VSA 18 on extreme sun.

waktu edar matahari

22 juni

21 maret

22 desember

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
6:20 7:20 8:20 9:20 10:20 11:20 12:20 13:20 14:20 15:20 16:20 17:20 18:20

prosentase luas bygn

Percentage Of Wide of Shadow VSA 30 on extreme sun.

waktu edar matahari

22 juni

21 maret

22 desember

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
6:20 7:20 8:20 9:20 10:20 11:20 12:20 13:20 14:20 15:20 16:20 17:20 18:20

prosentase luas bygn

Percentage Of Wide of Shadow VSA 45 on extreme sun.

waktu edar matahari

22 juni

21 maret

22 desember

V. CONCLUSION

From sample which built with solar envelope strategy, the building envelope sign the maximum building which may be built and the percentage of shadow from its simulation. We can take conclusion as this below : 1. Solar envelope is one strategy we may consider to use in urban renewal with climate approach. Each site / block has its own guidelines to be built in their site. Setback of buildings along routes moving north-south and east-west, facades face as possible the north or south to avoid direct sun. The envelope show the height (max), setback and building orientation even open space considering for shading and draining area. 2. From the simulation seen, the more enclosure the more VSA results the more shading area. The comparison of shadow pattern yielded by building simulation as follows :

The degree of enclosure

Max Height

percentage of wide of shadow

Experince in Urban Scale

18 30 45

17.19 m 30.54 m 52.9 m

1 5% 1 - 6% 3 15%

minimum enclosure threshold of enclosure full enclosure

3. In tropical city, the main aim of design is maximize the shading, the more high the building, the more wide of shadow area, but, it will raising the building height and heedless the degree of enclosure. Its location in low latitude caused shading with building is inaccessible. Maximum shade occurred in the morning and the afternoon whereas in fact needed in day time. There fore, required selection and positioning of vegetation to shade building and its surrounding.

REFERENCES

Brown, GZ., Matahari, Angin dan Cahaya (Strategi Perancangan Arsitektur) terjemahan, Intermatra, Bandung, 1994 Golany, Gideon S., Ethics and Urban Design, John wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1995 Lippsmeier, George, Bangunan Tropis, Erlangga, Jakarta, 1994 Landsberg, Helmut E, The Urban Climate, Academic Press, New York, 1981. Moore, Fuller. Concept and Practice of Architectural Daylighting. Van Norstrand Reinhold Company. NY. 1984 McClusky, Jim. Roadform and Townscape, London, 1979 Shirvani, Hamid, The Urban Design Process, 1985 Spreiregen, Paul D., Urban Design: Architecture of Towns and Cities. 1965