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Objective:
Reference: Sections 8-6 through 8-11 in Intro. to Fluid Mechanics; Fox, McDonald, and
Pritchard; 6th edition.
Inner Tank
Weight
Measured Water
Water Supply
12.2
A B C D E F G H J K L
22 22
34 37
52
54 67
82
102
Table 12.1
Manometer Diameter Distance
Tube # of Cross From Inlet
Section (mm)
(mm)
A(1) 26.00 0
B 23.20 20
C 18.40 32
D(2) 16.00 46
E 16.80 61
F 18.47 76
G 20.16 91
H 21.84 106
J 22.53 121
K 25.24 136
L 26.00 156
12.3
Experimental Procedure:
1- Make sure the air purge valve on the upper manifold is tightly closed.
2- Set both apparatus flow control and bench supply valve to approximately 1/3 their
fully open positions.
3- Switch on bench supply valve and allow water to flow. (Tap manometer tubes in
order to remove air bubbles from apparatus.)
5- Release air purge valve to allow water to rise approximately 2/3 the way up the
manometer tubes.
6- Open apparatus flow control valve to obtain full flow. (At this condition the pressure
difference between the Venturi inlet [A] and throat [D] is approximately 240mm.
7- Make 10 runs, being sure measure and calculate flow rate. Also measure h1 and h2,
where h1 is the height of water in manometer tube A (inlet) and h2 is the height of
water in manometer tube D (throat). Vary the flow rates so that (h1 – h2) goes from
approximately 240mm to 0mm. It is advisable to use enough weight on the arm that
the weighing tank takes about 60-90 seconds to fill.
8- Make an additional two runs (at relatively high flow rates) taking pressure readings
from all tubes along the length of the Venturi meter.
Theory:
Assumptions:
• Steady flow.
• Incompressible flow.
• Frictionless flow.
• Flow along a streamline.
In these equations the subscript 1 is for manometer tube section A and the subscript 2 is
for manometer tube section D.
For flow though the Venturi meter, Bernoulli’s theorem states that:
ui2 u2 u2
+ h1 = 2 + h2 = n + hn
2g 2g 2g
Equation 1
Where g is gravity, un is the velocity and h n is the manometer reading at section n. The
continuity equation says:
Q = constant = u1a1 = u2 a2 = un an
Equation 2
12.4
where Q is the volumetric flow rate or discharge and a is the cross-sectional area.
Solving the continuity equation for u1
and substituting it into the Bernoulli equation gives:
2
u22 a2 u22
+ h1 = + h2
2 g a1 2g
Equation 3
2 g (h1 − h2 )
u2 = 2
a
1− 2
a1
Equation 4
Q = u2 a2 and thus:
1
2
2 g (h1 − h2 )
Qcalculated = a2 2
a
1− 2
a1
Equation 5
The preceding equations are only valid for ideal situations in which viscosity is ignored.
Therefore, the values for Q that are measured will be slightly less than the values that are
calculated. A constant can be determined experimentally that accounts for the effects of
viscosity.
1
2
2 g (h1 − h2 )
Qmeasured = Cv a2 2
a
1− 2
a1
Equation 6
The value for Q that is measured experimentally is equal to the above equation. Once the
value for Q has been calculated and measured, the measured value can be divided by the
calculated value to determine the value of Cv , the discharge coefficient (typically
between 0.90-0.99).
Qmeasured = Cv Qcalculated
Equation 7
12.5
Lastly, the actual pressure distribution (head pressure) along the convergent-divergent
pipe from Bernoulli’s equation is:
u12 − un2
hn − h1 =
2g
Equation 8
In equation 8, the recorded height values are used (the left side of the equation). One may
also use the right hand side since the equality equals the dimensionless actual pressure
distribution, but for the purpose of this lab the left side will be used.
The ideal pressure distribution can be expressed as a fraction of the velocity head at the
throat of the meter (by combining equation 2 with equation 8):
2 2
a2 a u 22,ideal
hn − h1 = − 2
a1 an 2g
Equation 9
Report Requirements:
1- Using the values of h1 and h2 and the measured and calculated values for Q obtained
from the 10 runs, calculate Cv (discharge coefficient) for each of the different flow
rates. Note that due to errors the Cv may be greater than 1 for some of the
calculations, therefore calculate the avg value.
1
2- Graph (h1 − h2 )2 vs. Q for the Venturi meter.
12.6
4- Graph the actual and ideal pressure distributions (head pressures) vs. distance from
inlet (A) to exit (L) (i.e. for subscript n=b the equation for the actual pressure
distribution is hb − h1 and the equation for ideal pressure distribution
2 2
a2 a u 22,ideal
is − 2 ) using values obtained from both runs (11 and 12)
a1 ab 2g
where all pressure readings were taken. There will be 4 curves total.
Pressure Distribution
10 20 30 40
Distance from Inlet in mm
5-In the results section, discuss the experimental data, results, and sources of error.
Should the pressure distribution in the venturi meter at the inlet (A) be the same at the
outlet (L), why or why not?
The report should include sample calculations; compile collected data and calculated
results in tabular form with column headings.
The material in this report is used by permission of © TecQuipment Ltd, suppliers of the
Venturi Meter.
12.7
Experimental Data and Sample Calculations
12.8