TERM PAPER REVIEW

Modern Physics and Electronics PHY112

Topic: SONAR

Submitted to: Ms. Preet Kaur Deptt. Of Physics

Submitted by: Mr. Anil Nikam Roll. No. A63 Reg.No 10907447 Class. D6903

Index

Sr. No.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Title
Introduction History Sound Propagation Types of Sonar Warfare Applications of Sonar Conclusion

Introduction
Sonar (originally an acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater) to navigate, communicate with or detect other vessels. There are two kinds of sonar: active and passive. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar.

History
Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube.In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards.

Sound propagation
Sonar operation is affected by variations in sound speed, particularly in the vertical plane. Sound travels more slowly in fresh water than in sea water, though the difference is small. The speed is determined by the water's bulk modulus and mass density.

Types Of Sonar
Following are the types of the sonar: 1) Active Sonar 2) Passive Sonar 3) Hand-held Sonar 4) Intercept Sonar

Warfare
Modern naval warfare makes extensive use of sonar. The two types described before are both used, from various platforms, i.e. water-borne vessels, aircraft and fixed installations. The usefulness of active versus passive sonar depends on the radiated noise characteristics of the target, generally a submarine.

Applications:
Civilian applications Of Sonar:
1) Fisheries 2) Echo sounding, 3) Net location, 4) Ship velocity measurement

Scientific applications:
1) Biomass estimation, 2) Wave measurement, 3) Water velocity measurement, 4) Bottom type assessment, 5) Bottom topography measurement.

Conclusion:
SONAR is the means of microwave communication .SONAR system is used to detect the base of sea .It is also used to detect the obstacle between the way of traveling the submarine , this avoids the accident in the sea , so this system is of great use for navigation purpose.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar