VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF HMA MIXTURES

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures 1

Volumetrics

All matter has mass and occupies space Volumetrics are the relationships between mass and volume

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Specific Gravity, G Mass

Volume * w

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Basic Terms

Specific Gravity (G): Gxy x: b = binder s = stone (i.e., aggregate) m = mixture y: b = bulk e = effective a = apparent m = maximum Example: Gmm = gravity, mixture, maximum (i.e., maximum gravity of the mixture)

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Basic Terms (cont.)

Mass (P) or Volume (V) Concentration: Pxy or Vxy x: b = binder s = stone (i.e., aggregate) a = air y: e = effective a = absorbed Example: Pb = percent binder

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Volumetric Relationships
Va Vb V ba Vse Vmm VMA

Vmb

Vsb

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

HMA Volumetric Terms

Bulk specific gravity (Gmb) of compacted HMA Maximum specific gravity (Gmm) Air voids or voids total mix (Va) Effective specific gravity of aggregate (Gse) Voids in mineral aggregate, VMA Voids filled with asphalt, VFA

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Gmb of Compacted HMA

AC mixed with agg. and compacted into sample

Mass agg. and AC Gmb = Vol. agg., AC, air voids

Vmb
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Testing

Mixing of asphalt and aggregate Compaction of sample Mass of dry sample Mass under water Mass saturated surface dry (SSD)

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Testing
Obtain mass of dry compacted sample

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Soak in water for 3 5 minutes

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Testing
Obtain mass of specimen at SSD

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Calculations

Gmb = A / ( B - C ) Where: A = mass of dry sample B = mass of SSD sample C = mass of sample under water

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Maximum Specific Gravity

Loose (uncompacted) mixture
Mass agg. and AC Gmm = Vol. agg. and AC

Vmm
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Testing
Mixing of asphalt and aggregate Mass in air Mass under water

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Testing
Loose Mix at Room Temperature

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Residual Manometer

Testing

Metal Bowl with Lid

Vacuum Pump

Shaker Table
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Calculations

Gmm = A / ( A - C ) Where: A = mass of dry sample C = mass of sample under water

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Air Voids
Calculated using bulk and maximum specific gravities Gmm Gmb Air voids (Va) = 100 * Gmm Va Vmb

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Why Are Air Voids Important?

Related to Rut Resistance Related to Durability (aging and fatigue)

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Effective Specific Gravity

Surface Voids

Gse =
Solid Agg. Particle

Mass, dry Effective Volume

Vol. of water-perm. voids not filled with asphalt Absorbed asphalt

Effective volume = volume of solid aggregate particle + volume of surface voids not filled with asphalt
Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures 21

Effective Specific Gravity

Gse = 100 - Pb 100 - Pb Gmm Gb Gse is an aggregate property Determined from a mix test

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Voids in Mineral Aggregate

VMA = 100 Gmb Ps Gsb VMA VMA is an indication of film thickness on the surface of the aggregate
Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

Vmb

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Voids Filled with Asphalt

VMA V a VFA = 100 x VMA VFA is the percent of VMA that is filled with asphalt cement

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Percent Binder Absorbed

Gse - Gsb Pba = 100 ( Gse Gsb ) Gb

Pba is the percent of absorbed asphalt by wt. of aggregate

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Effective Asphalt Content

Pba Pbe = Pb 100 The effective asphalt content is the total asphalt content minus the percent lost to absorption? Ps

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Dust /Asphalt Ratio

F % passing No. 200 = A % Pbe

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Factors That Influence Volumetric of HMA

Asphalt viscosity Mix temperature Time held at elevated temperature

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Important Considerations
Consistent laboratory procedures Equiviscous mixing temperatures Mixing times Curing time to simulate field conditions

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Example Problem
Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures 30

- Example Problem

Lets assume we have a compacted HMA mixture with the following properties.

Bulk Specific Gravity of the Mixture - Gmb = 2.425 Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity - Gmm = 2.521 Asphalt Binder Specific Gravity - Gb = 1.015 Asphalt Content - Pb = 5.0 % (by mass of total mix) Percent passing No. 200 = 5.3%

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- Example Problem

Lets also assume that three stockpiled aggregates were used to manufacture this HMA mixture. The percent of each aggregate and the Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb) for each is as follows:
Aggregate % of Total Aggregate A B C 50 % 25 % 25 % G sb 2.695 2.711 2.721

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-Example Problem

Based on the information given for this problem, the following steps should be followed: Calculate the bulk specific gravity of the combined aggregate Calculate the effective specific gravity of the aggregate Calculate the percent absorbed asphalt for the mixture Calculate the percent effective asphalt for the mixture Calculate the percent voids in total mix for the mixture Calculate the percent voids in mineral aggregate for the mixture Calculate the percent voids filled with asphalt for the mixture Calculate the dust to asphalt ratio

-Example Problem

Bulk Specific Gravity of the Combined Aggregate - Gsb

( PA + PB + PC ) PA GA

Gsb =

PB GB

PC GC

Where: PA, PB & PC = Percent by Mass of Each Aggregate in Blend GA, GB & GC = Bulk Specific Gravity of Each Aggregate

Based on the information given: PA = 50% PB = 25% PC = 25% GA = 2.695 GB = 2.711 GC = 2.721 ( 50+ 25 + 25 ) Gsb = 50 2.695 2.711 2.721 = 2.705

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-Example Problem

Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate - Gse

Gse = 100 - Pb 100 Gmm
Where: Pb

Pb Gb

Based on the information given: Pb = 5.0 % Gmm = 2.521 Gb = 1.015 100- 5.0 Gse =

= Percent Asphalt Binder by Total Mass of Mixture Gmm = Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of Mixture Gb = Specific Gravity of Asphalt Binder

2.521 1.015
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100

5.0

= 2.735

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

-Example Problem

Percent Absorbed Asphalt Binder - Pba

Pba = (100 * Gb) (Gse - Gsb) Gse * Gsb
Where: Gb = Specific Gravity of Asphalt Binder Gse = Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate Gsb = Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate

Based on the information given: Gb = 1.015 Gse = 2.735 Gsb = 2.705 ( 100 * 1.015 ) (2.735 - 2.705 ) Pba = ( 2.735 * 2.705 ) = 0.4 %

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-Example Problem

Percent Effective Asphalt Binder - Pbe

Pbe = Pb ( Pba * Ps ) 100
Where: Pb = Percent Asphalt Binder in Total Mix Pba = Percent Absorbed Asphalt Binder in Total Mix Ps = Percent Aggregate in Total Mix

Based on the information given: Pb = 5.0 % Pba = 0.4 % Ps = 95.0 % Pbe = 5.0 ( 0.4 * 95.0 ) 100 = 4.6 %

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-Example Problem

Percent Voids in Total Mix - Va

( Gmm - Gmb ) Gmm
Where: Gmm = Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of Mix Gmb = Bulk Specific Gravity of Mix

Va, % = 100 *

Based on the information given: Gmm = 2.521 Gmb = 2.329 (2.521 - 2.425 ) Va = 100 * 2.521 = 3. 8 %

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-Example Problem

Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate - VMA

( Gmb * Ps ) Gsb
Where: Gmb = Bulk Specific Gravity of Mix Ps = Percent Aggregate in Total Mix Gsb = Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate

VMA, % = 100 -

Based on the information given: Gmb = 2.329 Ps = 95.0 % Gsb = 2.705 ( 2.425 * 95.0 ) VMA = 100 2.705 = 14.8

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-Example Problem

Percent Voids Filled with Asphalt - VFA

( VMA - Va) VMA
Where: VMA = percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate Va = percent Voids in Total Mix

VFA, % = 100 *

Based on the information given: VMA = 14.8 % Va = 3.8 %

( 14.8 - 3.8 ) VFA = 100 * 14.8 = 74 %

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Dust /Asphalt Ratio

F % passing No. 200 = A Pbe Given: P-200 = 5.3% F 5.3 = = 1.15 A 4.60
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Example Problem Volumetric Equations

Summary Gsb Gse Pbe , % Pba , % Va, % VMA , % VFA, % F/A
Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

= 2.705 = 2.732 = 4.6 % = 0.4 % = 3.8 % = 14.8 % = 74 % = 1.15

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Classroom Exercise

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Lets assume we have a compacted HMA mixture with the following properties at 25o C.

Bulk Specific Gravity of the Mixture - Gmb = 2.413 Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity - Gmm = 2.501 Asphalt Binder Specific Gravity - Gb = 1.025 Asphalt Content - Pb = 4.3 % (by mass of total mix) Percent Passing No. 200 = 4.8%

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Lets also assume that four stockpiled aggregates were used to manufacture this HMA mixture. The percent of each aggregate and the Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb) for each is as follows: Aggregate A B C D % of Total Aggregate 45 % 15 % 25 % 15 % Gsb 2.650 2.661 2.675 2.697
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Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

- Classroom Exercise 1

Based on the information given for this problem, the following steps should be followed:
Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity of the combined aggregate Calculate the Effective Specific Gravity of the aggregate Calculate the Percent Absorbed Asphalt for the Mixture Calculate the Percent Effective Asphalt For the Mixture Calculate the Percent Voids in Total Mix for the Mixture Calculate the Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate for the Mixture Calculate the Percent Voids Filled with Asphalt for the Mixture Calculate the Dust/AC Ratio
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Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

- Classroom Exercise 1

Bulk Specific Gravity of the Combined Aggregate - Gsb

( PA + PB + PC + PD ) PA GA + PB GB + PC GC + PD GD
Where: PA , PB , PC & PD = percent by mass of each aggregate in blend GA , GB , GC & GD= Bulk Specific Gravity of each aggregate

Gsb =

Based on the information given: PA = PB = PC = PD = % % % % GA = GB = GC = GD =

Gsb =
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- Classroom Exercise 1

Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate - Gse

Gse = 100-Pb 100 Gmm
Where:

Pb Gb

= percent asphalt binder by total mass of mixture Gmm = Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of mixture Gb = Specific Gravity of asphalt binder

Pb

Based on the information given: Pb = %

Gmm = Gb =

Gse =

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Percent Absorbed Asphalt Binder - Pba

Pba = (100 * Gb) (Gse - Gsb) Gse * Gsb
Where: Gb = Specific Gravity of asphalt binder Gse = Effective Specific Gravity of aggregate Gsb = Bulk Specific Gravity of aggregate

Based on the information known: Gb = Gse = Gsb =

Pba =

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Percent Effective Asphalt Binder - Pbe

Pbe = Pb ( Pba * Ps ) 100
Where: Pb = percent asphalt binder in total mix Pba = percent Absorbed Asphalt Binder into aggregate Ps = percent aggregate in total mix

Based on the information known: Pb = Pba = Ps = % % %

Pbe =

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Percent Voids in Total Mix - VTM

( Gmm - Gmb ) Gmm
Where: Gmm = Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of mix Gmb = Bulk Specific Gravity of mix

Va, % = 100 *

Based on the information known: Gmm = Gmb =

Va =

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate - VMA

( Gmb * Ps ) Gse
Where: Gmb = Bulk Specific Gravity of mix Ps = percent aggregate in total mix Gse = Effective Specific Gravity of aggregate

VMA, % = 100 -

Based on the information known: Gmb = Ps = %

VMA =

Gse =

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- Classroom Exercise 1

Percent Voids Filled with Asphalt - VFA

( VMA - Va)
Where:

VFA, % = 100 *

VMA

VMA = percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate Va = percent Voids in Total Mix

Based on the information known: VMA = Va = % %

VFA =

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Dust /Asphalt Ratio

F = A
P-200 = Pbe = % passing No. 200 Pbe

Based on the information known:

=
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Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

- Classroom Problem 1 Summary

Gsb Gse Pba , % Pbe , % Va, % VMA, % VFA, % F/A

Volumetric Analysis of HMA Mixtures

= = = = = = = =
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Classroom Exercise 2
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Classroom Exercise 3

Given
Gmm = 2.474 Asphalt Content = 4.5 % Bulk Sp. Gravity of Aggregate = 2.603 Bulk Sp. Gravity of Asphalt = 1.020

Determine Gmm at 5.0, 5.5 & 6.0 %

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Asphalt Content Gmm

4.5%

5.0%

5.5%

6.0%

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Questions does it all make sense?

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