Units: R= Joule/K Mol >Fluid is a substance that does not permanently resist distortion.

>Shear stress during slip depend on the magnitude of viscosity and rate of slidi ng. >Pressure depend upon the direction and orientation. >Mach Mach number is the relative velocity of a fluid compared to its sonic ve locity. Mach numbers less than 1 correspond to sub-sonic velocities, and Mach nu mbers > 1 correspond to super-sonic velocities. >Navier-Stokes Equations The motion of a non-turbulent, Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier-Stokes equation. The equation can be used to model turbulent flow, where the fluid para meters are interpreted as time-averaged values. >>>>>>The Prandtl number is a dimensionless number; the ratio of momentum diffu sivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity. It is named after the Germa n physicist Ludwig Prandtl. It is defined as: Pr= [Momentum diffusivity/Thermal diffusivity] = viscous diffusion rate / thermal diffusion rate =Cp (mu) / k - mercury has .015 and earth has 10^25, water around 7. >For mercury, heat conduction is very effective compared to convection: thermal diffusivity is dominant. For engine oil, convection is very effective in transfe rring energy from an area, compared to pure conduction: momentum diffusivity is dominant. In heat transfer problems, the Prandtl number controls the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layers. When Pr is small, it means that the h eat diffuses very quickly comp2ared to the velocity (momentum). This means that for liquid metals the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is much bigger tha n the velocity boundary layer. The mass transfer analog of the Prandtl number is the Schmidt number.

>>>>>schmidt number: ration of momentum diffusivity and mass diffusivity. Sc = (dynamics viscosity)/(density*mass diffusivity) viscosity= Pa. s and N.s/m^2 >>Mean free path in thermodynamics is the distance travelled before it again hit the molecules. >>prandtle mixing length is the distance travelled by the parcel of fluid before changing its property. >>Potential flow: No viscosity and incompressible, no dissipation of heat and n o eddies. >>Froude number: Internial force divided by gravitational force. >>Unit of kinematic viscosity is stoke. >>Limitation of bernouili:

The following two assumptions must be met for this Bernoulli equation to ap ply: the flow must be incompressible even though pressure varies, the density must re main constant along a streamline; friction by viscous forces has to be negligible. In long lines mechanical energy dissipation as heat will occur. This loss can be estimated e.g. using Darcy Weisb ach equation. -If the liquid is of curved path, it does not account for centrifugal force. -Mean velocity is considered. >>>>>>The Grashof number (Gr) is a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics and he at transfer which approximates the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force acting on a fluid. It frequently arises in the study of situations involving natural c onvection. It is named after the German engineer Franz Grashof. -- For turbulent force Gr is 10^8 to 10^9 >>>In forced convection the Reynolds Number governs the fluid flow. But, in natu ral convection the Grashof Number is the dimensionless parameter that governs th e fluid flow. Using the energy equation and the buoyant force combined with dime nsional analysis provides two different ways to derive the Grashof Number. >>Hydraulic diameter is the ration of area wetted divided by wetted perimeter. -for round tube: Dh = 4A/P. >>>The hydraulic radius is a measure of a channel flow efficiency. Flow speed al ong the channel depends on its cross-sectional shape (among other factors), and the hydraulic radius is a characterisation of the channel that intends to captur e such efficiency. Based on the 'constant shear stress at the boundary' assumpti on,[5] hydraulic radius is defined as the ratio of the channel's cross-sectional area of the flow to its wetted perimeter (the portion of the cross-section's pe rimeter that is "wet") Rh = A/P -- greater that hydraulic radius , greater the efficiency of channel and more vo lume it can carry. >> Fd= 6(pi)(mu)rv >>In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the loc al velocity of the fluid is zero. Stagnation points exist at the surface of objects in the flow field, where the f luid is brought to rest by the object. The Bernoulli equation shows that the sta tic pressure is highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is a t its maximum value at stagnation points. This static pressure is called the sta gnation pressure. >>Superficial velocity (or superficial flow velocity), in engineering of multiph ase flows and flows in porous media, is a hypothetical (artificial) fluid veloci ty calculated as if the given phase or fluid were the only one flowing or presen t in a given cross sectional area. Other phases, particles, the skeleton of the porous medium, etc. present in the channel are disregarded. >>>>>>>>>>>LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: --Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law hel

ps define the notion of temperature. --fIRST LAW: The increase in internal energy of a body is equal to the heat supp lied to the body minus work done by the body. For a thermodynamic cycle, the heat supplied to a closed system, minus that remo ved from it, equals the net work done by the system. --SECOND LAW: The second law of thermodynamics asserts the irreversibility of na tural processes, and the tendency of natural processes to lead towards spatial h omogeneity of matter and energy, and especially of temperature. It can be formul ated in a variety of interesting and important ways. --Third law: he entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperatu re approaches zero. --SEnsible heat: Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic sys tem that has as its sole effect a change of temperature Qs= mc(delta T) --Latent heat is the energy released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic sy stem during a constant-temperature process. A typical example is a change of sta te of matter, meaning a phase transition such as the melting of ice or the boili ng of water. L=Q/m --Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It includ es the system's internal energy and thermodynamic potential (a state function), as well as its volume and pressure >>equation of thermodynamics: 1) H= U+pV 2)A=U-TS 3)G=H-TS >>In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a const ant temperature. >>In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function; also known as free enthalpy[1] to distinguish it from Helmho ltz free energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the "usefulness" or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant tem perature and pressure (isothermal, isobaric). Just as in mechanics, where potent ial energy is defined as capacity to do work, similarly different potentials hav e different meanings. The Gibbs free energy is the maximum amount of non-expansi on work that can be extracted from a closed system; this maximum can be attained only in a completely reversible process. When a system changes from a well-defi ned initial state to a well-defined final state, the Gibbs free energy ?G equals the work exchanged by the system with its surroundings, minus the work of the p ressure forces, during a reversible transformation of the system from the same i nitial state to the same final state.