November November 5,5, 2013 2013

EE; Fall semester 2013

Sub: Electrical Engineering d Semester (2K12) Class: 3rd

Department p of Mechanical Engineering
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AC Circuits
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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EE; EE; SPRING Fall semester semester 2013 2010

Alternating Quantities:

An alternating g / is voltage/current any g / voltage/current that varies both in g and magnitude direction with p to time. respect
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Representation (wave shape) of Alternating Quantities:

Alternating quantities can be represented graphically. graphically The shape of the curve obtained by plotting the alternating quantity at different instants on vertical axis and time (or angle) on horizontal axis is called the waveform or wave shape of the alternating quantity.

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Representation (wave shape) of Alternating Quantities:

An alternating quantity may have any wave form. e.g.

Rectangular waveform Triangular waveform Saw tooth waveform etc.

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Representation (wave shape) of Alternating Quantities:

It can be b proved d that th t any waveform f can be considered to be made of various combinations bi ti of f sine i waves (Fourier (F i series). This sine wave is basic to all alternating quantities.
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AC Circuits Plot of Alternating Quantities

Now a question arises when h alternating lt ti quantities are called sinusoidal q quantities or sinusoids

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Representation (wave shape) of Alternating Quantities:

Sinusoidal quantities or Sinusoids: The alternating quantities obeying sine law (similar to sin waveform) are called sinusoidal quantities or sinusoids. Sinusoid is most important signal/waveform i l/ f i electrical in l t i l engineering. i i
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Sinusoidal Function:
A sinusoidal alternating current may be expressed in the form i(t)= Im sin t ..equ. 3.1 If t = Then equ. 3.1 may be written as i(t)= Im sin ..equ. 3.2
where i(t)= instantaneous value of current at instant t Im = Maximum Ma im m or o peak value al e of current c ent = angular frequency/velocity in radians/sec.
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Sinusoidal Function:
Equation i(t)= Im sin gives us instantaneous value of current at any instant. Instantaneous values are denoted by small letters.

Hence i(t) denotes the instantaneous value of current and d v(t) ( ) instantaneous value l of f voltage. l
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Sinusoidal Function:

The graph of equation 3.2 is shown in figure. This graph and equation 3.2 shows that: h Current is continuously changing h i when h lies li between 0 and 2 (phi) radians radians. In the graph:
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Im = Maximum or peak or crest or amplitude value of current. EE; Fall semester 2013 it is denoted by capital letter and with subscript m.12

Sinusoidal Function:
Now we define cycle of a sinusoidal quantity.

From Figure:

There will be repetition of the first set of values when lies between 2 (p (phi) ) and 4 (p (phi) ) radians. One complete repetition of a set of values of an alternating quantity is called a cycle. cycle Figure shows one cycle of waveform is completed from point o o to point d. d.
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Sinusoidal Function:
Now we define p Two important terms w.r.t cycle of an alternating quantity tit .i.e. i

Time period Frequency

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Sinusoidal Function:

Time period It is the time required to complete one cycle of an alternating quantity.

denoted by y T. measured in seconds.

Frequency q y The number of cycles completed in one q y (f). () second is known as frequency The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).
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Sinusoidal Function:

1 hertz = 1 cycle per second or 1 Hz = 1c/sec The efo e Therefore

f= Number of cycles/Time in seconds

f=1/T / .equ q 3.3

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Sinusoidal Function:

end of one complete cycle). whereas: T is time required to complete one cycle. Hence: we can write = 2 /T = 2f rad/sec Now substituting value of w in equ 3.2. i(t)= Im sin 2f t equ3.4 i(t)= ( ) Im sin 2 t/T /
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From Figure:t= = 2 (at the

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General expression for Sinusoidal current/function:

We can write general expression f sinusoidal for i id l current t as. i(t)= Im sin(t + o) .equ3.5 equ3 5 Where o is called initial phase angle.
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General expression p for Sinusoidal current/function:

If o =+90o or -90o Then equation 3.5 i.e. i(t)= ( ) Im sin( (t + o) ) becomes: i(t)= Im cos(t); [sin(t +90o or -90o) =cos (t)] This is a cosine function. function If o =0 0o i(t)= Im sin(t) which is a sine function.
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General expression for Sinusoidal current/function:

Hence sinusoid is more general term which includes both sine and cosine functions Equation 3.5 i.e. i(t)= Im sin(t + o) shows that a sinusoid is characterized by three quantities.

Magnitude Phase angle Frequency

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Now we will study how we can calculate:

Average A e age Value Val e of a complete cycle. c cle Average Value of a half cycle.

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Average Value of a complete cycle :

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Average Value of a Sinusoid:

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Why we define Effective or Root mean square q value?

An alternating current varies from instant to instant. It is therefore necessary to determine equivalent direct current that will produce the same heat/energy in the same time in the same resistor as the alternating current. In other words:
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Effective or Root mean square value?

We measure alternating W lt ti current ti in terms t of f di direct t current which has constant value. This particular value of current is called its effective or RMS value.

Definition The effective or RMS value of an alternating current is equal to that value of direct current which will produce the same heat in the same time in the same resistor.
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Effective or Root mean square value?

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Effective or Root mean square value?

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Effective or Root mean square value?

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Effective or Root mean square value?

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Form Factor and Peak Factor

Form Factor:

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Form Factor and Peak Factor

Peak Factor:

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Application of Form Factor and Peak Factor

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Phasor Representation of a Sinusoid

A sinusoidal quantity may be represented by a line f d at one end fixed d and d rotating counterclockwise at constant angular velocity . The length g of line is equal q to peak value of the sinusoid and the rotating line is called phasor. phasor
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Phasor Representation of a Sinusoid

Phasors are represented by bold face upper case l tt symbols. letter b l Example: Suppose the phasor OA=Im is rotating with an angular g velocity y . After time t seconds it occupies a position OA as shown h in i figure. fi

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Phase of an Alternating Quantity wrt Phasor

The PHASE of an alternating quantity at any time t is defined by the angle which the phasor makes k with ith the th reference f line. Phase angle is taken +ve, +ve when measured in counter clockwise and ve ve in the clockwise direction.
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General expression for sinusoidal current and examples of different sinusoids:

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Above sinusoids may be represented by phasors. Since all phasors are rotating with same angular velocity , they all are stationary wrt each other. By convention, the phasors are drawn for the instant t=0. t=0 0 when t t=0, 0, the phasor represented by Since sint equation 3.6 is drawn horizontal. Phasor Im2 makes an angle with horizontal. Phasor Vm3 makes an angle with horizontal horizontal. Phasor Vm4 is also horizontal.
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Phasor Diagram and its Advantage:

Phasor Diagram: The graphical representation of sinusoidal quantities taken at the same frequency and with proper phase relationship wrt to each other is called p phasor diagram. g Advantage: The representation of sinusoidal voltages and currents as phasors eliminate time as a variable in circuit equations, but the phase difference is retained.
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