PROTOZOA

-Some of the simplest organisms w/ most being single eukaryotic cells with motility, or they li e in simple colonies w/ no ten!ency to form more comple" colonies -#$ Proto%oa organisms are pathogenic to humans &ntestinal Proto%oa Amebiasis--Transmitte! through Oral-'ecal (AT)* ia cysts--foo! !e elope! in human-feces soil or cysts through feces on foo! han!lers han!s, or water borne cysts+ ,on-t go ass to mouth or gi e rim.obs+ &ncubation #-/ weeks+ Start out as cyst in feces then progresses to tropho%oites in large intestine+ 0$1 of PTs are asympotmatic, SS" consist of !iarheea, amebic colitis (Amebic !ysentery w/ ulcers in colon*, amebic li er abscess, 2 bloo!y stool+ ,iagnose! w/ stool O2P (3shoul! be repeate! for 4 !ays*, Treate! w/ metroni!a%ole (flagyl*+ This amount often causes se er nausea, Zofran for nausea+ 5otes

6iar!iasis- 6iar!ia 7amblia (&ntestinal Proto%oa*

-Also known as 8ea er 'e er (6iggity-giggity* -)ost pre alent proto%oa infection in the worl! -)ost pre alent waterborne pathogen (Purify your water9*, many cases in last #o yrs in :S

-Transmitte! through oral-fecal

ia cysts -;yst in feces get ingeste! then progress into tropho%oites in large intestine -SS" watery !iarrhea, ab cramping, wt loss, gas (sulfur/rotten egg smell* <$1-=$1 of PTs that are symptomatic present this way -,"- Stool O2P -T"- often self cures (o er >/# are asymptomatic*, )etroni!a%ole (flagyl*
5otes

Leishmaniasis
-3 forms--Visceral (black fever, kala-azar) deadly, Cutaneous (most common), Mucocutaneous (Rare, but destructive)
-Transmitted by promastigotes injected by sandfly which get phagocytized into amastiogotes, which multiply and infect different areas

-Visceral causes swollen spleen and damage to the liver and bone marrow. Causes swollen belly & skin to darken. Found in warm/moist environments like Tropics & Semi-tropics. -Cutaneous causes disfiguring lesions on face, arms, & legs and is found in dry/light environments like Deserts. -Mucocutaneous is only found in latin america and results in nasal and oral tissue destruction. -SSx Lesions, ab distention, -Dx lesions, Geimsa smears, ABx wont cure -Prevention: peremthrin, wear appropriate clothing, bug repellant -Tx pentostam 5OT?S

African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)

-Caused by the tsetse fly, while taking blood from a mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly injects

metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. -From the bite, parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream. -Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by binary fission. -SSx Sleepiness, lymphedema (Winterbottom sign is he swelling of lymph nodes along the

back of the neck, in the posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes, AMS-," Trypanosomes detected 2 ways. A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes. -Dried smear can be stained using Giemas or Fields technique and examined under a microscope. -Often, the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample, so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination. -Tx needs to be done by specialist NOTES

American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) -Transmitted by a triatomine becomes infected with T. cruzi by feeding on the blood of an infected person or animal. -During the day, triatomines hide in crevices in the walls and roofs. The bugs emerge at night, when the inhabitants are sleeping. -Because they tend to feed on people's faces, triatomine bugs are also known as "kissing bugs". -After they bite and ingest blood, they defecate on the person. Triatomines pass T. cruzi parasites (called trypomastigotes) in feces left near the site of the bite wound.

-SS"@ myocar!itis (common*, bug bite to face, flu like, Romana sign (swollen eye*-,"@ bloo! smears, "eno!iagnosis (exposing tissue to a vector and then examining the
vector for the presence of a microorganism or pathogen.

-T"@ supporti e 5OT?S

)alaria
-Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito -organisms from its saliva move into the person's circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver and rupture into merozoites, replicate in RBCs -SSx typically begin 825 days following infection; may occur later in those who have

taken antimalarial medications. Flu-like symptoms w/ paroxysmal fever (sweat & then chills) -Dx thick an! thin bloo! smears with 6iemsaPO; car! -T" ,o"y for prophyla"is an! also primaAuine for prolonge! e"posure (not to

6BP, !eficiency* ,onCt treat with same !rug as prophyla"is

5OT?S

P+ 'alciparum (Plasmodium falciparum)

-transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria caused by this species is the most dangerous form of malaria with the highest rates of complications and mortality. -It is much more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa than in many other regions of the world; in most African countries, over 75% of cases were due to P. falciparum, whereas in most other countries with malaria transmission, other, less virulent plasmodial species predominate. -Almost every malarial death is caused by P. falciparum. -SSx cerebral e!ema, renal failure (black water fe er*, parasitemia (parasites in bloo!*

-Dx thick an! thin bloo! smears with 6iemsaPO; car! -T" ,o"y for prophyla"is an! also primaAuine for prolonge! e"posure (not to

6BP, !eficiency* ,onCt treat with same !rug as prophyla"is 5OT?