70 Silane Adhesion Promoters Edwin P. Plueddemann Dow Corning Corporation References, 70-3 Silane adhesion promoters are organofunctional silicon compounds that promote adhesion of coatings to substrate, especially improving their resistance to debonding under humid conditions. 1t must be emphasized that these silanes are not related to polydimethylsiloxane fluids, which cause cratering and. poor repaintability in coatings. Silane adhesion promoters may help overcome such problems of poor Wetting and intercoat adhesion in coatings. Silane adhesion promoters ate generally formulated into primers or added at relatively low levels to coatings, in contrast to silicone resins, which are typically used at about 30% level in silicone-alkyd or silicone-acrylic formulations. These silanes are ambifunctional compounds of the general structure (CHO), Si-R-X, where X isan organofunctional group chosen for compatibility with the organic coating, and the alkoxysilane portion provides bonding to mineral substrates.’ ‘The alkoxysilane may be prehydrolyzed to silanols that are reactive with hydrate metal oxide surfaces contribute siloxane cross-links. Methoxysilanes also react directly with metal hydroxides and then Jink in the presence of atmospheric moisture. Silane adhesion promoters are often effective in improving the adhesion of coatings to plastic surfaces or to oily metal surfaces. As additives in paints, they may he useful in improving intercoat adhesion, A recent trend iso formulate adhesion promoters by mixing silane monomers, partially prehydrolyzing the silanes, or by mixing silanes with polymer precursors such as epoxies and melamines Silane adhesion promoters are offered by silane manufacturers Dow Corning Corporation, Union Carbide Corporation, Petrarch Chemicals Division of Dynamit Nobel, and Peninsular Chemical Research, as well as by pro- prietary formulators such as Hughson Chemical Division of Lord Corporation. Adhesion promoters supplied by Dow Corning and recommended for coatings are described in Table 70. ‘Walker reviewed a study of silane primers and additives for adhesion of a two-part epoxy paint with polyamide cure,and a two-part aliphatic isocyanate adduct cured polyester paint on mild steel, aluminum, cadmium, copper, and zine surfaces. Silanes were tested as primers (essentially monolayer coverage on. metal), and as 0.1 to 0.4% additive based on total paint. Results, summarized in Table 70.2 for iron and. aluminum, indicate that the diamine-functional silane gave uniformly improved retention of adhesion under wet conditions and gave greater recovery of adhesion when the panels were dried. Methacrylate-, epoxy-, and mercaptofunctional silanes were also useful as adhesion promoters. Results were similar on. cadmium, copper, and zine. Paints with some silane additives showed litle deterioration in performance during 9 months of storage. ‘Some general recommendations on use of silane adhesion promoters of Table 70.1 for coating on glass, und steel are summarized in Table 70.32 aluminu 70-170.2 Coatings Technology Handbook, Third Edition ‘TABLE 70.1. Dow Corning Adhesion Promoters for Coatings Product Type 21 Addhive Amino (50% in butanol) 25 Additive Formulitedslane-melamine 6030 Methacrylate 6032 Vinyl benzylamine 6010 pony X1-6100 Mixed snes 1200 Primer Silicate 1205 Primer Formulate siane-epony TABLE 70.2. Wet and Recovered! Adhesion of Paints on Metals (Modified with Diamine-Functional Silane) Mil See ‘Aonuma Wer Revered We Recovered i ie Me Paint Metal Teestnent Ne —Detached—% Detached Detached! 9% Detached Polyuretiane Degreased Se 100 e810 Degresed, primed 7m 9% 25 Degtened, 02% additve 98 20210981000 Sandbasted us 95k St SundBasted primed 27 M8 Sandblsed, 04% addiive 213 20980670820 Eponide —_Degresed 7210 109 0581000 Degtesed, primed 27m) 200 Deptened, 02% additive 17716620 HE KD Sandbssted 92 100 2090S)? Sundbasted,primed 26350, R a] Sandssed, 0.2% additive 238 0283202 fer 1500 of immersion in wate. Died in air for 48h Sune: Adapted fom P. Walker, J. Coat, Tacha, 5268), 3 (198) ‘TABLE 70.3. Recommendations for Adhesion of Coating to Metals Coating Primer Additive ‘Asli solutions “Thermoplastic 1200P,X1-6100, 26040 21A, 26082 ‘Thetmovstting 12008, 25A, 26040 235A, Z6040,21-6100 Aerie emulsion ‘Thermophsic —_—~24A, Z6040,71-6100__-28A, 26082, 26040, 21-6100 ‘Thermoseting 214,254, 26040 254, 25030, 6040, 21-6100 Alkyd ‘200? None Polyester 1aone, 254, 26040 21A, 26032, 24040, XI-6100 “Tworpackage urethane Polyester 1200p, 258, 26082, 26040 21A,25A, 26080, 26040 Aerie 1200, 12059, 254, 26010 214, 28, 26082, X1-100 Epoxy Baking 1208, 214,254, 26040 21A, 284, 26082, 1-100 Aiedry 12007, 1205P, 254, 26010 21A,25A, 26082, Z6040 PVC plastisols 214, 26032 = © partly ydrolyed 214 devolatlied in higher alcools has been offered as i602 Source: Dow Corning Corporstion.Silane Adhesion Promoters 703, Silane adhesion promoters are also eflective in bonding coatings to plastic surfaces.‘ Primers 1200, 1205, and 25A are generally useful on engineering thermoplastics and thermosetting resin surfaces, while 1205P and 26032 ate most useful on polyolefins and vuleanized rubber surfaces. References 1. EP. Plueddemann, Silane Coupling Agents. New York, Plenum Press, 1982. 2. P. Walker, J. Coat. Technol, 32(668), 33 (1980). 3. P.G. Pape and W. A. Finzel, Dow Corning Corp. private communication, 4. E.P. Plucddemann, in Adhesion Aspects of Polymeric Coatings. K. L, Mitta, Ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1983, p. 363, ©2009 Tyr Ar Gap.