Elemental Geosystems, 5e (Christopherson) Chapter 2 Solar Energy, Seasons, and the Atmosphere

1) Our planet and our lives are powered by A) energy derived from inside Earth. B) radiant energy from the Sun. C) utilities and oil companies. ) shorter wavelengths of gamma rays! "#rays! and ultraviolet. Answer$ B %) &hich of the following is true' A) (he Sun is the largest star in the )il*y &ay +ala,y. B) (he )il*y &ay is part of our Solar System. C) (he Sun produces energy through fusion processes. ) (he Sun is also a planet. Answer$ C -) &hich of the following is true about the )il*y &ay gala,y in which we live' A) .t is a spiral#shaped gala,y. B)

.t is one of millions of gala,ies in the universe. C) .t contains appro,imately /00 billion stars. ) All of the above are true. E) Only A and B are true. Answer$

/) (he planetesimal hypothesis pertains to the formation of the A) universe. B) gala,y. C) planets. ) ocean basins. Answer$ C 1) (he flattened structure of the )il*y &ay is revealed by A) the constellations of the 2odiac. B) a narrow band of ha3y light that stretches across the night s*y. C) the alignment of the planets in the solar system. ) the plane of the ecliptic.

Answer$ B 4) Earth and the Sun formed specifically from A) the gala,y.

B)

un*nown origins. C) a nebula of dust and gases. ) other planets. Answer$ C 5) &hich of the following is not true of stars' A) (hey form in great clouds of gas and dust *nown as nebula. B) 6ery few violent physical phenomena occur in stars. C) 7ew atoms are created inside stars. ) 7uclear fusion occurs inside stars. Answer$ B 8) 9ight travels at a speed of appro,imately A) 80!100 *ilometers per hour :10!000 mph). B)

-00!000 *ilometers per hour :184!000 mph). C) -00!000 *ilometers per second :184!000 mps). ) 1!000!000!000 *ilometers per second :4%1!118!01% miles per second). Answer$ B ;) (he plane of the earth<s orbit about the Sun is called A) perihelion.

B)

aphelion.

C)

the plane of the ecliptic. ) a great circle. Answer$ C 10) &hich of the following accurately describes Earth<s distance from the Sun' A) (he earth#Sun distance averages 110 million *ilometers :;- million miles). B) .t ta*es light an average of 8 minutes and %0 seconds to travel from the Sun to the earth. C) (he earth is closer to the Sun in =anuary :perihelion) and farther away in =uly :aphelion). ) All of these are correct. Answer$

11) &hich of the following statements is incorrect' A) A star and the planets that orbit it ma*e up a solar system. B) .t ta*es light about 100!000 years to cross our gala,y. C) A gala,y consists of billions of solar systems. ) (here are more gala,ies than stars in the universe. E) &hen we loo* at the stars in the night s*y! we are loo*ing bac* in time. Answer$

1%) &hich of the following is true of Earth<s orbit about the Sun' A) .t is perfectly circular. B) .t is elliptical. C) .t ta*es appro,imately the same time for the earth to orbit the Sun as it does for the rest of the planets in the solar system to orbit the Sun. ) (he orbit does not vary over millions of years. E) Both B and C are true. Answer$ B 1-)

.n which of the following past Earth atmospheres did photosynthesis begin' A) living atmosphere B) modern atmosphere C) evolutionary atmosphere ) primordial atmosphere Answer$ A 1/) Of all the matter in the Solar System A) the Sun captured over ;; percent. B) the bul* remains with all the planets and their satellites. C) most resides in the planet =upiterthe largest planet in the solar system. ) most is scattered about the solar system as individual atoms and molecules. Answer$ A 11) (he Sun produces which of the following' A) mainly visible light and infrared energy B) mainly ultraviolet and "#rays C) only solar wind

) only radiant energy that is beneficial to life Answer$ A 14) uring the process by which energy is produced inside of stars A) hydrogen is fused together to form helium. B) helium is fused together to form hydrogen. C) hydrogen splits to form helium. ) helium splits to form hydrogen. Answer$ A 15) Stars give off electromagnetic radiation because A) matter is converted into energy. B) matter and energy totally annihilate one another in matter#antimatter reactions. C) energy is converted into matter. ) *inetic energy is converted into potential energy. Answer$ A 18) (he solar wind consists principally of A)

neutral hydrogen and helium atoms. B) planetesimals. C) free neutrons. ) positively charged hydrogen nuclei and free electrons. Answer$

1;) &hich of the following is not true of sunspots' A) (hey can be several times larger than the earth. B) (hey can produce flares and prominences. C) (hey are brighter than the rest of the Sun<s surface. ) (heir origin and dynamics are not fully understood. Answer$ C %0) On its way to Earth! the solar wind first encounters A) the atmosphere. B) the magnetosphere. C) Earth<s surface. )

the lower atmosphere. Answer$ B %1) (he earth<s magnetosphere is generated by A) nuclear fusion in the earth<s core. B) nuclear fission in the earth<s core. C) dynamo#li*e motions in the earth<s interior. ) gravitational accretion. Answer$ C

%%) (he auroras in the upper atmosphere are caused by A) the interaction of electromagnetic energy with atmospheric gases. B) A) radio broadcasts. C) various weather phenomena. ) the interaction of the solar wind and atmospheric gases. Answer$

%-) &hich of the following is not a conse>uence of the solar wind' A) auroras B) disruption of radio communications C) overloads of electrical systems ) creation of the earth<s magnetosphere Answer$

%/) &hich of the following have been correlated with sunspot cycles' A) abnormally wet years B) droughts C)

both A and B ) none of the above Answer$ C %1) Astronauts deployed a solar wind measuring e,periment on the )oon because A) the lunar surface is protected by an atmosphere. B) there is no electromagnetic energy arriving there. C) the e,periment would not wor* if deployed at Earth<s surface due to protective aspects of Earth<s atmosphere. ) there is no solar wind arriving at the lunar surface. Answer$ C %4) ?adio waves have a @@@@@@@@ wavelength than visible light and are therefore @@@@@@@@ energetic. A) longerA less B) longerA more C) shorterA less

shorterA more Answer$ A %5)

(he two main portions of the solar spectrum that enter the atmosphere are A) "#rays and visible light. B) visible and infrared energy. C) infrared and gamma rays. ) ultraviolet and visible. Answer$ B %8) &hich of the following se>uences is arranged in order from shorter wavelength to longer wavelength' A) infrared! visible! ultraviolet! "#rays B) "#rays! ultraviolet! visible! infrared C) gamma rays! microwaves! visible! "#rays ) radio waves! light! heat! "#rays Answer$ B

%;) (he dominant wavelength of energy emitted by the sun is A) shorter than that emitted by the Earth. B) longer than that emitted by the Earth. C) the same length as that emitted by the Earth. Answer$ A -0) (he thermopause refers to A) Earth<s magnetic field. B) the solar atmosphere that e,tends into space. C) the top of Earth<s atmosphere! some /80 *m :-00 mi.) above the surface. ) the Sun<s surface. Answer$ C -1) .ntercepted solar radiation is called A) solar wind. B) thermosphere. C) solar constant. )

insolation. Answer$

-%) 1-5% watts per s>uare meter :% calories per A) ! per minute) refers to the

solar constant! which is the average value of energy received at the thermopause. B) solar wind input to the atmosphere. C) average energy receipt at Earth<s surface. ) amount of energy absorbed by the atmosphere. Answer$ A --) (he solar constant is measured at A) the Sun<s surface. B) the edge of the Sun<s atmosphere. C) the tropopause. ) sea level. Answer$ C -/) &hich of the following is true relative to net radiation at the thermopause' A)

7et radiation is evenly distributed with little change by latitude. B) positive values in lower latitudes and negative values toward the poles C) negative values along the e>uator and positive values toward the poles ) 7et radiation is composed of shortwave energy only. Answer$ B -1) A langley is A) an e,pression of the amount of energy received per unit area :calBcm%). B) another name for the visible light spectrum. C) solar wind input to the atmosphere. ) the average energy receipt at Earth<s surface. Answer$ A

-4) (he uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result of A) variability in the Sun<s output. B) the changing distance of Earth from the Sun. C) variation in the value of a watt. ) Earth<s sphericity! which presents varied angles to parallel solar rays. Answer$

-5) &hat is the name of the location on the surface of the earth that receives insolation when the Sun is directly overhead' :&hen this occurs! the Sun<s rays are perpendicular to this surface.) A) solar point

B)

3enith

C)

subsolar point ) 7orth Colar point Answer$ C -8) On the northern hemisphere<s summer solstice! the north polar region receives @@@@@@@@ daily insolation than areas nearer the e>uator because @@@@@@@@. A) moreA the Sun does not set B) moreA the Sun is higher in the s*y

C) lessA the Sun does not rise ) lessA the Sun is lower in the s*y Answer$ A -;) (he amount of energy received above the South Cole during the southern hemisphere<s summer solstice is @@@@@@@@ than that received above the 7orth Cole during the northern hemisphere<s summer solstice because @@@@@@@@. A) moreA the atmosphere is thinner above the South Cole B) moreA the earth is closer to the Sun during the southern hemisphere<s summer solstice C) lessA the atmosphere is thic*er above the South Cole ) lessA the earth is farther from the Sun during the southern hemisphere<s summer solstice Answer$ B /0) At all times during the year! the circle of illumination A) divides Earth between northern and southern hemispheres. B) divides Earth into eastern and western halves. C) separates winter from summer. ) divides Earth between e>ual halves of lightness and dar*ness. Answer$

/1) &hich of the following results from radiation imbalances at different latitudes' A) hurricanes B) global winds C) ocean currents ) all of these E) none of the above Answer$

/%) (he Sun<s altitude refers to A) the angular distance from the e>uator to the latitude at which direct overhead insolation is received. B) the angular height of the Sun above the hori3on. C) the subsolar point. ) how far the Sun is from Earth. Answer$ B /-) (he sun<s declination migrates through A) %-.1 degrees. B) -0 degrees. C) /5 degrees. ) 44.1 degrees. E) 1-- degrees. Answer$ C //) &hich of the following is true regarding daylength' A) (he e>uator e,periences at least 4 hours difference in daylength from winter to summer. B)

7owhere on Earth does daylength vary by as much as %/ hours. C) aylength varies more at the e>uator than at higher latitudes. ) (he people living at /0 degrees 7 or S latitude e,perience about si, hours difference in daylength from winter to summer. Answer$

/1) &hich of the following characteri3es the earth<s revolution' A) .t ta*es appro,imately %/ hours. B) .t is responsible for creating the circle of illumination! and hence! dayBnight relationships. C) .t is cloc*wise when viewed from above the 7orth Cole. ) .t determines the timing of seasons and length of the year. Answer$

/4) Earth<s rotation is described as A) east to west. B) north to south. C) west to east. ) cloc*wise when viewed from above the 7orth Cole. Answer$

C /5) &hich of the following is true regarding Earth<s a,is' A) (he amount of a,ial tilt fluctuates during the year and forms the basis for seasonal changes. B) (he a,is remains parallel to the plane of the ecliptic. C) A,ial tilt is unrelated to the phenomenon of seasonal change. ) (he a,is is tilted %-.1 degrees from a perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. Answer$

/8) &hich of the following is not true regarding rotational velocities at different latitudes' A) At ;0 degrees latitude! the rotational velocity is 1/1% *mph :;0% mph). B) At 0 degrees latitude! the rotational velocity is 1451 *mph :10/0 mph). C) At 40 degrees latitude! the rotational velocity is 8-8 *mph :1%1 mph). ) At -0 degrees latitude! the rotational velocity is 1//; *mph :;00 mph). Answer$ A

/;) On the earth! the Sun passes directly overhead at %1 degrees north latitude @@@@@@@@ times a year. A) 0 B) 1 C) % ) / Answer$ A 10) &hile standing at the (ropic of Cancer! Emma<s shadow points north at noon :sun time). Based on this! which of the following can be definitely concluded' A) .t must be the summer solstice. B) .t must be the winter solstice. C) .t must be one of the e>uino,es. ) .t must not be the summer solstice. E) .t must not be the winter solstice. Answer$

11) On =une %1! the Sun never sets at Dinn<s location. Based on this! it can be concluded that Dinn lives A) between the (ropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. B)

between the (ropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. C) 7orth of the Arctic Circle. ) South of the Antarctic Circle. Answer$ C 1%) &hich of the following statements is true' A) ecember %1 E vernal e>uino, B) September %% E summer solstice in Australia C) )arch %1 E e>ual day and nights everywhere on Earth ) =une %1 E e>ual day and nights everywhere on Earth E) ecember %1 E subsolar point at the (ropic of Cancer Answer$ C 1-) (he (ropic of Cancer refers to A) that parallel that occurs at %-.1 degrees south latitude. B) the location of the subsolar point on September %%. C) the parallel that is the farthest northern location for the subsolar point during the year. )

0 degrees latitude when the Sun crosses the e>uator. Answer$ C 1/) (he e>uino, A) occurs four times during the year. B) has twelve hours of day and 1% hours of night for all locations. C) is the longest day of the year at any given place. ) is when the subsolar point is at one of the tropics. Answer$ B 11) (he (ropic of Capricorn refers to A) that parallel that is %-.1 degrees south latitude. B) the location of the subsolar point on September %%. C) the parallel that is the farthest northern location for the subsolar point during the year. ) that parallel that is 44.1 degrees south latitude. Answer$ A 14) (he longest days of the year in the Southern Femisphere are e,perienced during the 7orthern Femisphere<s A)

summer solstice. B) spring e>uino,. C) winter solstice. ) autumn e>uino,. Answer$ C 15) (he longest days of the year in the 7orthern Femisphere are e,perienced during the A) time of %/#hour days at the South Cole. B) vernal e>uino,. C) winter solstice. ) autumnal e>uino,. E) time that the Sun is directly overhead at the (ropic of Cancer. Answer$ E 18) &hich of the following relationships is incorrect' A) ecember solstice # subsolar point at %-.1 degrees S latitude B) )arch e>uino, # subsolar point at 0 degrees latitude C) =une %1 # subsolar point at %-.1 degrees 7 latitude

) =une solstice # subsolar point at %-.1 degrees 7 latitude E) September e>uino, # subsolar point at %-.1 degrees S latitude Answer$ E 1;) &hich of the following is true regarding dawn and twilight' A) awn and twilight last longest at the e>uatorappro,imately %.1 hours. B) (he polar regions do not e,perience dawn and twilight. C) 40 degrees north and south latitudes receive the most dawn and twilight. ) (he duration of both increases with increasing latitude. Answer$

40) Air consists of A) a mi,ture of gases that behaves as if it were a single gas. B) gases that are not well mi,ed. C) o,ygen only. ) all of the above Answer$ A

41) 9ife is possible on Earth primarily because A) gamma rays and "#rays reach the surface. B) the o3onosphere and ionosphere shield the surface from harmful radiation. C) variable gases of all types e,ist in the atmosphere. ) ultraviolet radiation reaches the surface. Answer$ B 4%) (hree criteria used for classification of the atmosphere are A) structure! origin! temperature. B) structure! origin! evolution. C) composition! origin! evolution. ) composition! temperature! and function. Answer$

4-) Based on composition! the atmosphere is divided into A) one continuous region. B) two broad classifications$ homosphere and heterosphere. C) two functional areas that absorb radiation from the Sun. ) the troposphere and the stratosphere. Answer$ B 4/) Based on temperature! the atmosphere is divided into A) four regions$ ranging from the troposphere to the thermosphere. B) two broad regions. C) two functional areas that absorb radiation from the Sun. ) nitrogen! o,ygen! and argon. Answer$ A 41) Based on function! the atmosphere has A) five regions beginning with the outermost thermosphere. B) two functional areas that absorb radiation from the Sun. C)

one continuous region. ) the troposphere and the stratosphere. Answer$ B 44) (he heterosphere is the layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are @@@@@@@@ because of @@@@@@@@. A) well mi,edA thermal motions :i.e.! convection) B) well mi,edA the influence of gravity which causes gases of different weight to diffuse randomly C) poorly mi,edA thermal motions :i.e.! convection) ) poorly mi,edA the influence of gravity which causes gases of different weight to separate into layers Answer$

45) (he region of the atmosphere that is so evenly mi,ed that it behaves as if it were a single gas is the A) homosphere. B) heterosphere. C) e,osphere. ) thermosphere. Answer$ A 48) (he solar constant is measured at

A) the outer boundary of the e,osphere. B) the outer boundary of the thermosphere. C) the top of the stratosphere. ) the top of the troposphere. E) the earth<s surface at the e>uator. Answer$ B 4;) (he thermosphere closely corresponds to the A) ionosphere. B) heterosphere. C) homosphere. ) e,osphere.

E)

both the ionosphere and the heterosphere. Answer$ E

50) &hen the Sun is active! A) the thermopause lies closer to the earth<s surface. B) the thermopause e,tends farther from the surface of the earth. C) the thermosphere temporarily ceases to e,ist. ) the gases in the thermosphere become uniformly mi,ed. Answer$ B 51) &hich of the following is true of the ionosphere' A) .t primarily absorbs harmful infrared wavelengths. B) All radio signals pass through this region virtually unaffected. C) (he region principally absorbs gamma rays! "#rays! and interacts with the solar wind. ) .t is being depleted through interactions with human#produced chlorofluorocarbons. Answer$ C 5%) &hich of the following lists the correct se>uence of gases! from most to least! in terms of percentage within the homosphere' A) nitrogen! argon! o,ygen! ,enon! carbon dio,ide B) nitrogen! o,ygen! argon! carbon dio,ide! trace gases C)

o,ygen! CA7! o3one! nitrogen! carbon dio,ide ) nitrogen! o,ygen! neon! hydrocarbons! carbon dio,ide Answer$ B 5-) &hich of the following is true regarding the depletion of o3one in the o3onosphere' A) (he depletion is restricted to the arctic and antarctic regions. B) .t results from chemical reactions with chlorine that is derived from CDCs. C) .t results from the burning of fossil fuels. ) (here is little scientific evidence to support the idea that o3one is being depleted as a result of human activity. Answer$ B 5/) (he o3onosphere is critical to life because it A) affects temperatures. B) absorbs visible light wavelengths. C) absorbs most ultraviolet wavelengths. ) produces the auroras. Answer$ C 51)

(he three stable :i.e.! nonvariable) gases in the atmosphere! in order of abundance from most to least! are A) carbon dio,ide! argon! and o,ygen. B) o,ygen! carbon dio,ide! and argon. C) nitrogen! o,ygen! and argon. ) o,ygen! argon! and nitrogen. Answer$ C 54) (he two most abundant gases in the atmosphere are A) water vapor and carbon dio,ide. B) nitrogen and water vapor. C) nitrogen and o,ygen. ) o,ygen and carbon dio,ide. Answer$ C

55) About half of the earth<s crust consists of compounds containing A) nitrogen. B) argon. C) carbon dio,ide. ) o,ygen. E) o3one. Answer$

58) O,ygen :O%) is A) a gas that principally originates from volcanic sources. B) a by#product of plant#leaf operations that are stimulated by light. C) one of the gases from Earth<s earliest atmospheres. ) now measured at 58.08/ percent by volume in the homosphere. Answer$ B 5;) (emperatures within the stratosphere A) decrease with altitude according to the normal lapse rate. B)

remain about the same from the tropopause to the stratopause. C) increase with altitude because of the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. ) decrease with altitude due to radiation losses. Answer$ C 80) A by#product of photosynthesis is A) nitrogen. B) argon. C) o,ygen. ) ,enon. Answer$ C 81) &hich of the gases listed below has accumulated in the atmosphere as a result of biological processes' A) argon B) o,ygen C) nitrogen ) water vapor Answer$ B

8%) &hich of the following is not true of carbon dio,ide' A) .t is critically important in regulating the temperature of the planet. B) .t is a natural product of life processes :i.e.! respiration). C) .t occurs in large amounts in the atmosphere as one would e,pect given the important role it plays in life processes and in regulating the temperature of the planet. ) (he amount of carbon dio,ide has increased as a result of human activities. E) All of these are true. Answer$ C 8-) (emperatures increase with increasing altitude in what two atmospheric layers' A) troposphere and mesosphere B) troposphere and stratosphere C) stratosphere and mesosphere ) stratosphere and thermosphere Answer$ C 8/) (emperatures in the stratosphere @@@@@@@@ with increasing altitude because @@@@@@@@. A) decreaseA of the normal lapse rate effect

B) decreaseA o3one bloc*s sunlight from entering this layer C) increaseA o3one absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and then reradiates it at infrared wavelengths ) increaseA o3one acts as a greenhouse gas which traps ultraviolet energy radiated by the earth<s surface Answer$ C 81) &hich layer of the atmosphere contains noctilucent clouds' A) stratosphere B) thermosphere C) troposphere

mesosphere Answer$

84) &hich of the following is true of the mesosphere' A) .t contains clouds that are visible at night. B) &indstorms involving wind velocities in e,cess of -%0 *mph :%00 mph) occur in this layer. C) .t is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. ) All of these are true. E)

7one of these are true. Answer$

85) r. ?owland and A) r. )olina

first stated the photochemistry interactions of chlorofluorocarbons and o3one. B) found automobile e,haust and sunlight were producing photochemical smog. C) first wrote about the possible destruction of o3one in the year 1;8;. ) are not mentioned in the te,t. Answer$ A 88) &hich of the following is true of chlorofluorocarbons' A) (hey have been used as propellants in spray cans. B) (hey are used in refrigeration systems. C) (hey are used to ma*e foam products. ) All of the above are true. E) B and C only Answer$

8;)

&hich of the following is true of chlorofluorocarbons' A) (he main component of CDC molecules responsible for destroying o3one is the carbon in the CDC molecule. B) (he main component of CDC molecules responsible for destroying o3one is the fluorine in the CDC molecule. C) (he CDC molecules react with ultraviolet light to release chlorine! which then destroys o3one. ) )ost of the CDC#induced o3one destruction is occurring near the e>uator! rather than near the poles. Answer$ C

;0) &hich of the following is not true of the o3one hole' A) .n the winter of %00% it was larger than the Gnited States! Canada! and )e,ico combined. B) (he amount of o3one depletion has grown worse over the last few years. C) (he amount of o3one depletion is greatest over the northern polar regions. ) O3one loss is occurring over the midlatitudes as well as over the polar regions. E) (housands of people die each year in 7orth America as a result of s*in cancers some of which can be attributed to o3one depletion. Answer$ C ;1) &hich of the following are affected by the loss of o3one' A) crop yields

B)

phytoplan*ton populations C) immune systems ) eye tissues

E)

all of these Answer$ E ;%) .ncreased levels of ultraviolet light at Earth<s surface A)

pose a threat of s*in cancer to all races. B) are related to an increasing rate of s*in cancer. C) have been identified as causing damage to oceanic life forms. ) are tied to the general reduction in stratospheric o3one. E) All of these are correct. Answer$ E ;-) (he atmospheric portion of the biosphere occurs in the A) heterosphere. B) troposphere. C) o3onosphere. ) lithosphere. Answer$ B ;/) irectly above the midlatitudes! the tropopause :#15 degrees C) occurs at appro,imately A) 1 *m.

B)

1- *m :8 mi.). C)

-5 *m :%% mi.). ) 10 *m :-0 mi.). Answer$ B ;1) (he tropopause occurs at a @@@@@@@@ elevation above the tropics than above the poles because @@@@@@@@. A) lowerA the stratosphere is thic*er over the tropics and so it compresses the troposphere B) lowerA the troposphere weighs more in the tropics and so it sin*s C) higherA the troposphere is hotter in the tropics! and this causes the air to rise to greater heights ) higherA the stratosphere is thinner over the tropics and this allows the troposphere to e,pand Answer$ C ;4) &eather is confined to the troposphere because A) terrestrial radiation provides no heat whatsoever to the other layers of the atmosphere. B) solar radiation does not heat other layers of the atmosphere. C) cold air sin*s from the stratosphere into the troposphere. ) the temperature of the stratosphere prevents tropospheric air from rising into it. Answer$

;5) (he problem of air pollution was first reported during

A) the time of the ?omans :%000 years ago). B) the )iddle Ages :appro,imately 110 A C) the 1800s. to 1100 A ).

the %0th century. Answer$ A ;8) 6ariable atmospheric components refer to A) only natural gases and materials. B) nitrogen! o,ygen! argon! and carbon dio,ide. C) natural sources of dust and aerosols! such as volcanic dust and forest fire smo*e! but nothing anthropogenic :human#caused). ) both natural and anthropogenic gases and materials. Answer$

;;) (emperature inversions occur A) when surface temperatures are higher than overlying layers of air. B) when there is good air drainage and ventilation of the surface air. C) when surface temperatures are lower than warmer overlying air.

) during episodes of reduced air pollution. Answer$ C 100) Sources of natural variable gases and materials include all of the following e,cept A) volcanoes. B) forest fires. C) plants and decaying plants. ) industrial activity. Answer$

101) &ith regards to carbon mono,ide :CO)! which of the following is false' A) Anthropogenic CO is principally produced by automobiles. B) 7atural CO is produced by decaying organic debris! forest fires! or organic matter decomposition. C) Dew effects of CO on humans have been identified. ) .t is a colorless! odorless and tasteless gas. Answer$ C 10%)

(he reaction of automobile e,haust and ultraviolet light A) produces photochemical smog. B) produces industrial smog. C) is affecting the stratospheric o3one concentration. ) forms smo*e and fog. Answer$ A 10-) Chotochemical reactions produce A) principally sulfur dio,ides. B) particulates such as dust! dirt! soot! and ash. C) o3one and pero,yacetyl nitrates :CA7). ) carbon mono,ide. Answer$ C

10/) &hat three pollutants react in the presence of sunlight to produce o3one' A) particulates! carbon mono,ide! and water vapor B) sulfur o,ides! lead! and carbon mono,ide C) hydrocarbons! nitrogen dio,ide! and carbon mono,ide ) nitrogen dio,ide! particulates! and water vapor Answer$ C 101)

in the lower troposphere A) forms acid rain. B) is not associated with transportation. C) causes eye! nose! and throat irritation in humans. ) has not been found to cause any damage to crops and plants. Answer$ C 104) &hich of the following statements about o3one is false' A) O3one in the stratosphere protects human health. B)

O3one in the lower atmosphere protects human health. C) Anthropogenically#produced o3one in the lower atmosphere cannot offset the loss of o3one that is destroyed by CDCs in the upper atmosphere. ) All of these are false. Answer$ B 105) (he single maHor source for photochemical reactants in the Gnited States are A) steel mills and the agricultural industry. B) electrical generation stations. C) automobiles. ) rapid transit! buses! and e,cessive use of light rail systems. Answer$ C 108) .ndustrial smog is A) associated with photochemistry. B) principally associated with coal#burning industries. C) a relatively recent problem that developed during the latter half of this century. ) principally associated with transportation. Answer$

B 10;) 7atural rainfall is often slightly acidic. (he natural acidity primarily results from the interaction of water with A) carbon dio,ide. B) sulfur o,ides. C) nitrogen o,ides. ) CA7.

E)

o3one.

Answer$

A 110) .n the lower atmosphere! F%SO/ is A) formed from photochemical reactions. B) related to the problem of acid deposition. C) a problem that only occurred during the first half of this century. ) formed by a combination of O% and 7O%. Answer$ B 111)

&hat two pollutants react with water to produce acid rain' A) sulfur o,ides and nitrogen o,ides B) sulfur o,ides and o3one C) nitrogen o,ides and o3one ) sulfur o,ides and CA7 Answer$ A 11%) &hich of the following is a conse>uence of acid rain' A) the dying of forests B) damage to a>uatic ecosystems :rivers and la*es) C) changes in soil chemistry ) forest and soil damage only E) all of the above Answer$ E 11-) (he lower the pF of a li>uid A) the more acidic it is. B)

the more basic :al*aline) it is. C) the more neutral it is. ) 7one of the abovepF is not a measure of acidity! it is a measure of chemical reactivity. Answer$ A 11/) At sea level! the pressure of the atmosphere is about @@@@@@@@ *g per s>uare centimeter! or @@@@@@@@ pounds per s>uare inch. A) 1.0A 1/.5 B) %.4A ;./ C) 8.%A -.) 4.5A 1;.; Answer$ A 111) Falf of the earth<s atmosphere lies below an elevation of @@@@@@@@ meters. A) 1/!000

B)

11!000

C)

8!-00

1!100

Answer$

114) Of the people who die in the Gnited States each year! roughly @@@@@@@@ percent were *illed by air pollution. A) 1.1 B) %.0 C) -.0 ) /.8 Answer$ B 115) (he main ingredient in photochemical smog is A) o3one.

B)

particulate matter. C) nitrogen dio,ide. ) carbon mono,ide. Answer$ A

118) (he ECA has estimated that the Clean Air Act has led to a net positive financial impact of about @@@@@@@@ dollars. A) 100 million B) 100 billion C) % trillion ) %% trillion Answer$

11;) (he Clean Air Act A) is no longer in effect. B) did not result in significant reductions of any maHor air pollutants. C) was made stronger during the ?eagan administration. ) has saved the country several trillion dollars. Answer$

1%0) Between 1;50 and 1;;4! this pollutant saw increased emissions in the Gnited States A) nitrogen o,ides. B)

carbon mono,ide. C) sulfates. ) particulate matter. Answer$ A 1%1) (he Clean Air Act saved about @@@@@@@@ lives in 1;;0. A) 1!000

B)

5!000

C)

;1!000

110!000

E)

%00!000

Answer$

E 1%%) &hich of the following is true' A) 51 percent of the atmosphere occurs below 10!500 m :-1!101 ft). B) ;0 percent of the atmosphere is below 1000 m :--00 ft). C) All but 0.001 percent of the atmosphere is accounted for within the troposphere. )

;0 percent of the atmosphere is above the tropopause at 14!000 m :1%!100 ft). Answer$ A 1%-) (he most distant gala,ies yet observed are at least 10 billion light years away. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1%/) ?elative to the speed of light! Earth is! on average! only 8 minutes and %0 seconds from the Sun. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1%1) Earth is at perihelion in early =anuary when it is closest to the Sun. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1%4) &e live on a continent on a small planet that orbits about an average star that is located near the trailing edge of a gala,y that is in a local group of gala,ies in the Gniverse. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1%5) Earth is farthest from the Sun at perihelion and closest at aphelion.

Answer$ (rue

Dalse 1%8) (he Sun and Earth formed from a collapsing cloud of dust and gas. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1%;) (he Solar System! Sun! and Earth formed about /.4 to 1 billion years ago. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-0) Energy is liberated within the Sun<s interior through a process *nown as nuclear fusion. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-1) (he electromagnetic spectrum of radiant energy travels in waves at the speed of light in all directions from the Sun. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-%)

Sunspots vary in a cycle from 5 to 15 years! averaging 11 years from a ma,imum to ma,imum pea*. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1--) (he correct order for wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation! from shortest to longest is$ gamma rays! "#rays! infrared! radio waves! visible light! and ultraviolet. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 1-/) (he Sun produces more gamma rays than the earth. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-1) (he amount of the solar energy received by a given location is not really constant it varies depending upon the season and the earth<s distance from the Sun. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-4) (he latitude of the subsolar point is its declanation. Answer$

(rue

Dalse 1-5) (he Sun<s height in the s*y above the hori3on is termed its altitude. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-8) Seasonality involves the variability of both daylength and the altitude of the Sun. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1-;) ?otation is Earth<s motion on its a,isA revolution is its motion about the Sun. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1/0) Earth<s a,is is tilted %-.1 degrees from a perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1/1) (he subsolar point is at the (ropic of Cancer on Answer$ (rue ecember %1.

Dalse 1/%) All places on Earth receive the same period of day and night on )arch %1. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1/-) (he duration of dawn and twilight tends to increase with increasing latitude. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1//) On the northern hemisphere<s summer solstice! the north polar region receives more total daily energy than the e>uator. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1/1) According to chaos theory! weather systems are insensitive to small fluctuations in air pressure. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 1/4) (he modern atmosphere! with the amount of o,ygen that e,ists today! developed as early as 400 million years ago. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1/5) &eather :rain! fog! storms! etc.) occurs primarily in the troposphere. Answer$

(rue Dalse 1/8) Based on composition! the atmosphere is divided into two broad regions$ the ionosphere and the o3onosphere. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 1/;) (he heterosphere has a layered structure! whereas the homosphere occurs as an even mi,ture of gases. Answer$

(rue Dalse 110) &hen the Sun is active! the thermosphere increases in si3e. Answer$

(rue Dalse 111) (he principal gases of the homosphere :by volume) are nitrogen! helium! and argon. Answer$

(rue

Dalse 11%) (he o3one layer protects Earth<s surface from most of the incoming ultraviolet radiation. Answer$

(rue Dalse 11-) (he first maHor statement proposing the interaction of CDCs and stratospheric o3one was made in the 1;50s. Answer$

(rue Dalse 11/) As soon as the theoretical basis for o3one destruction by CDCs was wor*ed out! political leaders in the G.S. immediately proposed legislation to ban the production of all CDCs. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 111) Both nitrogen dio,ide and sulfur dio,ide are principally produced by automobiles. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 114)

(he fact that nature produces more pollution than humans do means that anthropogenic pollution is insignificant! and we need not worry about it. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 115) Atmospheric circulation ultimately connects all places on the earth to one another. Answer$

(rue Dalse 118) (he higher the G6 .nde,! the faster a person will sunburn. Answer$

(rue Dalse

11;) S*in damage resulting from e,posure to the Sun is cumulative! i.e.! the s*in never completely heals from previous sunburns. Answer$

(rue Dalse 140) Chotochemical smog results from the interaction of sunlight with the combustion products of automobiles. Answer$

(rue Dalse 141) )ore than half the air pollution in the G.S. is produced by automobiles. Answer$

(rue Dalse 14%) 7ormal rainfall has a neutral pF. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 14-) Acid rain with a pF comparable to that of lemon Huice has fallen in the G.S. Answer$

(rue

Dalse 14/) Air pressure is produced through the motion! si3e! and number of air molecules. Answer$

(rue Dalse 141) (he atmosphere e,erts an average force of appro,imately 1 *gBcm % :1/.5 lbsBin%) at sea level. Answer$

(rue Dalse 144) Appro,imately fifty percent of the atmosphere is compressed by gravity below an elevation of 1100 m :18!000 ft). Answer$

(rue Dalse 145) O3one is the main ingredient of photochemical smog. Answer$

(rue Dalse 148) (he Clean Air Act actually saves fewer than 1000 lives per year. Answer$

(rue

Dalse 14;) (he Clean Air Act has not been cost effective. Answer$ (rue

Dalse 150) +as mileage for %00- vehicles was better than for %00% vehicles. Answer$ (rue

Dalse