Electricalal circuit lab report

November 26, 2013 Yuchen Hou I have neither given nor received any unauthorized help on this assignment, nor witnessed any violation of the UNC Charlotte Code of Academic Integrity. Yuchen Hou November 26, 2013

Memo An required electrical circuit was successfully built during this project and met all requirements by using variances tools (MS Word, MS Excel, MS Paint and Pswise) and background knowledges (Color code for resistor, Voltage Divider Rule, Rules of parallel circuits and the most basic and important :Ohms Law)

Summary This design project required to use electrical circuit knowledge (Ohms Law and Kichoffs Law) to build an required electrical circuit with certain constraint. The required circuit have five nodes at each node it required a certain node voltage where node1 is 15.86 V, node 2 is 8.6809 V, node 3 is 4.3809V, node 4 is 3.4349 V and node 5 is 0v. Also given the total current through the circuit. In order to design a circuit that for each node voltage is within 5% of the required node voltage. Using Ohms law to calculate the resistance values between each two nodes, and using the given resistors (220330, 2.2k, 3.3k and 10k five resistor for each resistance value) building the equivalent combination of series and parallel resistors to match the required resistance values After comparing several designs the best solution was selected. The final design has only 1% calculated value error with the required values. Then use the whiteboard and resistors to build the designed electrical circuit. Then test the designed circuit got following readings node1 is 15.85V, node 2 is 8.67 V, node 3 is 4.37V, node 4 is 3.42 V and node 5 is 0v. Comparing the data the designed electrical circuit met all requirements. And the testing data shows an excellent performance where all node voltages are within 1% of the required node voltage compare to the constraint which is 5%. The key of this project is try to minimize the percentage error of the required resistance value between two nodes, where the designed resistor values are all less than 1% error. Also, for the improvement, can try to use less resistors to minimize error, where this designed used 21 out of 25 total resistors, this project still a successful design project. Introduction This project aimed to apply the engineering design process to simple electricalal circuit problem in order to show the personal understanding of Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Current and Voltage Laws. The required circuit had five nodes and the power supply is 18 V. the first node is 15.866 V, the second node is 8.6809 V, the third node is 4.3809 V and the last node is 0V. The circuit current is 0.0009 A. The designed circuit needs to be within 5% of the required de voltage. The constraint of this project is only can use each 5 resistors of 220330, 2.2k, 3.3k and 10k Background Knowledge 1. Ohms Law: V = IR where, Or I = V R

V voltage among the resistor (v) I current across the resistor (A) R resistance of the resistor () 2. Rules of parallel circuits: a. The voltage is the same across each branch of a parallel circuit. b. The sum of the individual branch currents equals the total current in a parallel circuit. c. The reciprocal of the total resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of the individual branch resistance. 1 Rtotal 3. Voltage Divider = 1 1 1 1 + + + + R1 R2 R3 Rn

For series resistors, the voltage across each resistor equals total voltage times the ration of this resistors resistance over the total series resistance. V1 R1=Rtotal * Vsource

4.

Color code for resistor (Table 1) Color Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N/A N/A Multipller x10 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10
0 1 2 3 4

Tolerance N/A N/A 2% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5% 10%

Balck Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Sliver

x105
6 7 8 9

-1 -2

Methods and Procedure The required circuit have five nodes at each node it required a certain node voltage where node1 is 15.86 V, node 2 is 8.6809 V, node 3 is 4.3809V, node 4 is 3.4349 V and node 5 is 0v with total current 0.0009A. Using Ohms law to calculate the resistance values between each two nodes, and using the given resistors (220330, 2.2k, 3.3k and 10k five resistor for each resistance value) building the equivalent combination of series and parallel resistors to match the required resistance values, then built the actual circuit, and tested each node voltage.

The above figure is the final circuit design.

Design and Calculation Required Circuit

Figure 1 where, Calculations are: V= NodeX NodeY V I

Req =

(I=.0009A)

Node1

V = 18 15.866 = 2.134 V Req = 2.134/.0009 = 2371.11

Node2

V = 15.866 8.6809 = 7.1851 V Req = 7.1851/.0009 = 7983.44

Node3

V = 8.6809 4.3809 = 4.3 V Req = 4.3/.0009 = 4777.78

Node4

V = 4.3809 3.4349 = .946 V Req = .946/.0009 = 1051.11

Node5

V = 3.4349 0 = 3.4349 V

Req = 3.4349/.0009 = 3816.56

Designed Circuit

Figure 2 Node1 Req = 2.2k + 330//330 = 2.2k + 330*330/(330+330)=2.2k + 165 =2365 Node2 Req = 3.3k + 2.2k + 10k//3.3k = 5.5k + 10k*3.3k/(10k+3.3k) = 5.5k + 2481.2 = 7981.2 Node3 Req= 3.3k + 10k//10k//2.2k = 3.3k + 1/(1/10k +1/10k + 1/2.2k) = 3.3k + 1527.78 = 4827.78 Node4 Req = 220 + 220 + 330 + 2.2k//330 = 770 + 2.2k*330/(2.2k+330) = 770 + 286.95 = 1056.956 Node5 Req = 220 + 3.3k + 330//3.3k = 3520 + 330*3.3k/(330+3.3k) = 3520 + 300 = 3820 Required vs Designed (Table 2)

R(required) Node1 Node2 Node3 Node4 Node5 2371.11 7983.44 4777.78 1051.11 3816.56

R(designed) 2365 7981.2 4827.78 1056.956 3820

%error -0.25769 -0.02806 1.046511 0.556174 0.090134

Data and analyses Table 3 Voltage Divider Node Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5 Required Node Voltage (V) 15.866 8.6809 4.3809 3.4349 0 Test voltage (V) 15.85 8.67 4.37 3.42 0

% error 0.100845 0.125563 0.248807 0.425049

All the tested data are within 1% of the required node voltage, and can be considered as a good design. The possible causes of the error are the tolerance of resistor itself, and as the number of the resistor been used then error will increase and this design used 21 resistors out of 25 total resistors. Also, the designed resistance only close to the required resistance, using the resistance value of designed Table 2 times the total current 0.0009 A to calculate node voltage and compare it with the test data: Table 4 Designed 15.8715 8.68842 4.343418 3.392158 0 Test voltage (V) 15.85 8.67 4.37 3.42 0 % error -0.13546 -0.21201 0.612006 0.820775

Another major cause of error is the resistance of the connecting wire and the white board. Conclusion The overall design was successful. The designed electrical circuit met all requirements. And the testing data shows an excellent performance where all node voltages are within 1% of the required node voltage compare to the constraint which is 5%. The key of this project is try to minimize the percentage error of the required resistance value between two nodes, where the designed resistor values are all less than 1% error. Also, for the improvement, can try to use less resistors to minimize error, where this designed used 21 out of 25 total resistors, this project still a successful design project.

Reference ECGR 2155 Instrumentation and Networks, No.2 Basic Circuit Element, Accessed Nov 18 2013, http://ece.uncc.edu/sites/ece.uncc.edu/files/media/labs/2155/Basic_Circuit_Elements_with_ELVIS.pdf ECGR 2155 Instrumentation and Networks, No.4 Series Circuit Characteristics, Accessed Nov 18 2013, http://ece.uncc.edu/sites/ece.uncc.edu/files/media/labs/2155/4%20Series%20Circuit%20Characteristics .pdf ECGR 2155 Instrumentation and Networks, No.5 Parallel Circuit and Series-Parallel Circuit Characteristics, Accessed Nov 18 2013, http://ece.uncc.edu/sites/ece.uncc.edu/files/media/labs/2155/5%20Parallel%20and%20Series-Parallel% 20Circuits.pdf

Appendix MS Word MS Excel MS Paint Pswise