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& Srrucfures Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 935-950, 1996 Copyright 0 19% Elsevier Scimce Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights named 00457949/96 $15.00 + 0.00
efficiencyand reliability of determining stressesin the neighborhood of large or interacting multiple holes is demonstrated by using hybrid FEM elements. This is significant because the anisotropic behavior of composites can result in large stress concentrations at geometric diseontinuities. Accurate stress evaluations under such situations have not been readily available if the geometric discontinuities are large or if there are multiple discontinuities having interacting stress fields. In addition to the degree
Abstract-The of orthotropy, results show that with multiple holes, stress severity is influenced by relative hole size and spacing. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
most of the open literature on perforated composites considers only a single hole [ ld], Kosmodamiansky [7j studied the stresses in a loaded infinite orthotropic laminate containing two circular holes of different sizes and gave the first approximate stress distribution around the contour of the smaller hole. Lin and Ueng [8] and Fan and Wu [9] analyzed the stresses in an infinite composite containing two elliptical holes. The present paper emphasizes the use of Gerhardts [lo] hybrid finite element method (FEM), which was modified in Ref. [l l] for multiple geometric discontinuities in general orthotropic composites, to evaluate the stresses in finite laminates containing one or multiple interacting circular holes. Each hole is contained within its own hybrid element and the structure beyond the hybrid elements is discretized into conventional nine-node isoparametric elements. The hybrid FEM is applied to determine the stresses around an extremely large single circular hole, i.e. c/W = 0.91 (c = diameter, W = width), for a variety of uniaxially loaded orthotropic materials. These range from slightly to highly orthotropic composites. This approach is then utilized to analyze a wide range of uniaxially loaded, infinite or finitewidth orthotropic composites containing either two identical circular holes or three circular holes. With three holes, the distance between the central and each of two auxiliary holes is equal, as are the diameters of the auxiliary holes. However, the diameters of the central and auxiliary holes are different. The hybrid FEM results are compared with those from other analyses.
Although
[Sl{o),
(1)
where S,,, &,. . . . , S, are elastic compliances. In the absence of body forces, the equilibrium equations are
(2)
a stress
a,,=7andr,=
ax
a=F
--.
a2F
axay
(3)
The compatibility
equation is
ay=
ax=
axay
Combining eqns (l), (3) and (4) gives the compatibility equation in terms of F. That equation can be solved using D, D,D, D,F = 0, where D, = @lay) -p&J/ax) and pc(t = 1,2,3,4) are the roots of the following characteristic equation [3]: Sup4 - 2S,J + (2Su + S,)P2 - 2&6/l + s,, = O.(S)
Consider multiple holes, defined by the individual curves r,, r2,. . . , T,,, . . . , r,, in an orthotropic
935
936
member. Also assume w(~),,w([)~, . . . ,w(t;),,, . . . , o(c), exist which map the unit circles I-,, , r12, . f , 7r(h, . . . , r,, in the complex C-planes into r,,rz ,..., r,,..., r, in the physical z-plane, see Fig. 1. For instance, the following function maps the unit circle, r(,,(h = 1,2, . . . , r), and its exterior in the c-plane into the corresponding elliptical hole and its exterior in the z-plane, rh(h = 1,2,. . . , r)[l2], Fig. 1:
o(()h=z
The branch of the square root of eqn (8) is chosen so that 1 J$1> I(! = 1,2). For a circular hole of diameter ~,a =b =c/2. In terms of the complex variables zr = x + p1y and z2 = x + p,y, the stresses of eqn (3) can be written as ]31 6, = 2Re[&(zr) =2Re +
r%@2)1
2
=(a+b)i+(a-b)i-+z
2 2 (h=1,2
[ EY ,...,
r).
pis+p:~$+], 1
by =
2ReM h I+ # (z2 )I
(6)
A physical elliptical hole described by eqn (6) has major and minor radii (I and b in the x- and y-directions, respectively, and its center is located at z, (= x, + iy,). For orthotropic materials, the corresponding transformation from the & plane to the z, plane (! = 1,2) for the &h-hole is given by [ 131
= -2Re [
~,~+pz~], I
(9)
2
where 4 and JI are the complex stress potentials. In the absence of rigid body motion, the displacements are u = 2Re1p,4(z1) +M(z2)1 = 2Re[p14(C,)
+P~+(C~N
c-plane
X z-plane
Fig. 1. Conformal mapping of multiple holes in the physical z-plane into the C-plane.
T 0
C 4
931
Central Hole L
cc>
Fig. 2. Infinite or finite-width uniaxially loaded tensile plates containing: (a) a single circular hole; (b) two equal-sized circular holes; and (c) three circular holes.
Let Ah(h=1,2,... , r) be subregions (hybrid elements) having individual entire boundaries &,(/I = 1,2, . . . , r) and which contain individual geometric discontinuities whose boundaries are denoted by rh(h = 1,2, . . , r), Fig. 1. Gerhardt [lo] assumed the stress function within subregion A,, ,4( t;, ), as a truncated Laurent expansion, i.e. &(<I) = *&kG Using analytic continuation given by (k # 0). (11)
G&k + U,c(:
Mater&l
(k # 0).
(12)
bk and ck are real numbers and m is a positive integer. The stresses associated with these complex stress functions 4([,) and $(cz) satisfy the traction-free conditions on the hole boundaries, f,, . Substituting eqns (11) and (12) into
and coefficients
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Fig. 3. Hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic (Table 1) tensile plate of Fig. 2a containing a single circular hole (c/W = 0.91, c = diameter, W = width). The region exterior to hybrid element A, is modeled using 20 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements. The quarter model uses a total of 111 nodes.
eqns (9) and (10) gives the following expression for the displacements and stresses within A,:
{ II I={
r} =
where matrices [U] and [v] are defined in the Appendix and {/I?} = {b_,, CL,,,,. . . , b,, c,,,}. Once coefficients bk and c, (i.e. {j?} or uk) are known, the stresses and displacements are available throughout subregion A,, (including on the boundary r,, of its associated hole or notch) from eqn (13). The k = 0 terms of eqns (11) and (12) contribute to rigid body motion and are omitted here. The elastic strain energy II of a hybrid element of total boundary S, which contains a hole having a traction free edge r, and subjected to prescribed displacements {q} at the nodes on (S, - r,,) is [lo] == where
Matrix [R] = [n][V], [n] are the direction cosines of the normal to the boundary and d.s is an element of length. Displacements {a} on the external boundary of the h th element are interpolated from the nodal displacements {q} on (S, - r,,) by {a} = [Z](q). The interpolation function [I] between the nodal displacements on (S,, - r,,) is assumed to be quadratic in form and is expressed using Lagranges interpolation formula [15]. Forty Gauss points are used between the nodal displacements to evaluate the line integrals [H] and [G]. Minimizing K of eqn (14) gives [lo, 1l]
{PI = Wl[Gl{q),
(1%
where [M] = ([HI + [HIT)- and [H] can be nonsymmetrical. Knowing { /?}, the stresses and displacements throughout this h th subregion A, are known
{B)T[3{q)-iWTWl{Bh
(14)
Table 2. Stress concentration (maximum tangential stress, u,, divided by uniformly applied remote stress, uO) in uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic (Table 1) tensile plates of Fig. 2a containing a single circular hole
(c/W = 0.91; c = diameter, W = width) Maximum a, /u,
WI =
Gl-Ep Hybrid FEM ANSYS Tan [5,6] Hong and Crewsll7l 22.8 24.0 23.9 -
939
from eqn (13), including on the boundary of the discontinuity, r, . Displacements (q} on (S, - r,) are obtained by modeling the complete component outside of the hybrid elements using conventional finite elements and performing a typical structural finite element analysis. Substituting eqn (15) into eqn (14) provides the stiffness matrix of the hth hybrid element, [ks],, . . , r), associated with the hth hole, (h=1,2,. 1~= f{q~*lksl,{q~~ with klh = 4PAWlT By superposition, of the individual -
(17)
WITWl WIWI.
(16)
the total stiffness matrix [k,] of all hybrid elements associated with r
where [k,],, comes from eqn (16). The stiffness matrix [k,,,] of eqn (17) can be inserted readily into most conventional finite element programs, where it is added to the stiffness matrix of the region exterior to the hybrid elements, [kc]. The stiffness matrix [k,] is determined here using plane nine-node isoparametric elements (3 x 3 Gauss quadrature) [15]. Utilizing the stiffness matrix [K] = ([k,] + [kc]) of the entire physical structure, the conventional finite element formulation provides the displacements {q} on (S,, - r,),
da
-
Hybrid FEM
ANSYS 0
20
Tan[5,6]
-5
I 0
I 30
1 60
I 90
f 20 -
E,,l E,,= 10
E,,lG,2= 30
c/W = 0.91
-5 ! 0
I 30
I 60
1 90
Fig. 4. Tangential stress on the boundary of the single circular hole in uniaxially loaded, finite-width Gl-Ep and Bo-Ep orthotropic tensile plates of Fig. 2a.
940
Fibers -
Fig. 5. Hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of uniaxially loaded, infinite tensile plate of Fig. 2b containing two equal-sized circular holes (c/W = 0.05, I/c = 1.5; c = diameter of two holes, W = width, I = distance between two holes). The region exterior to hybrid element A, is modeled using 28 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements. The quarter model uses a total of 135 nodes.
whereby the coefficient matrix (8) for each hybrid element is available from eqn (15). Stresses and displacements within the h th subregion AI are then determined from eqn (13). When specifying m of eqns (11) and (12), the number of coefficients in these equations must exceed the number of displacement components {q} on (S, - r,) minus three to ensure the correct rank of [k,],,[lO, 161.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Material properties The geometries of the uniaxially loaded, infinite or finite-width plates containing a single or multiple holes are shown in Fig. 2. Analyses are based on the four orthotropic materials of Table 1. These materials range from slightly orthotropic (E,,/E,, = 3 and
u2 = II2 + 1oc Y
L
Ilc =
1.25
Ilc = 3.0
Fig. 6. Hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic (Table 1) tensile plate of Fig. 2b containing two equal-sized circular holes (c/W = l/3, I/c = 1.25 or I/c = 3; c = diameter of two holes, W = width, I = distance between two holes). The region exterior to hybrid element A, is modeled using 10 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements. The quarter model uses a total of 59 nodes.
941
Fiber
Fig. 7. ANSYS discretization of one quarter plate (972 elements and 2969 nodes) of Fig. 2b for c/W = l/3, I/c = 1.25 and L = I + 20~.
E,,/Gi2 = 6 for Gl/Ep) to highly orthotropic (E,,/E, = 10 and E,,/G,2 = 30 for Bo/Ep) composites. In all cases the strong, stiff orientation of the composite is parallel to the load. Due to geometric and material symmetry, only one quarter of a plate was modeled numerically. 3.2. Extremely composites
large single hole in finite
tensile
The tmiaxially loaded, finite-width plate containing an extremely large single circular hole, c/W = 0.91,
was considered for each of the four orthotropic materials of Table 1, see Fig. 2a. Figure 3 is the hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of Fig. 2a. This quarterplate discretization utilizes one hybrid element, 20 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements and 111 nodes. Symmetry is imposed about the x-y axes of the hybrid element and the minimum number of coefficients a, required to ensure the correct rank of the stiffness matrix of eqn (16) is (2 x 15) - 3 = 27. For m = 27 used here, symmetry about the x-y axes gives 28 real and odd terms of a, in eqns (11) and (12).
Table 3. Values of u&r,, (tangential stress on the hole boundary divided by uniformly applied remote stress) in uniaxially loaded, infinite isotropic and orthotropic tensile plates of Fig. 2b containing two equal-size circular holes (c/W = 0.05, f/c = 1.5; c = diameter of two holes, W = width, I = distance between holes) Isotropy Hybrid FEM 0=90 Maximum 2.63 2.66 ANSYS 2.65 2.68 Peterson 1181 2.65 Lina 1191 2.62 -
8 of Maximum u,/u,: 85.5 (Hybrid FEM), 85.5 (ANSYS). Orthotropic (E,, = 11I .7 GPa, E,, /Ez = 5.475, E,, /G,, = 6.609, vu2 = 0.66 [9]) 0, I%
e
Hybrid FEM ANSYS Fan and Wu [9]
60
1.30
1.29
1.29
Maximum ~,/a, (0): 3.56 (88, Hybrid FEM), 3.55 (87, ANSYS).
942
e Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS
30
60
90
120
3.0
Gl-EP (En l&r = 3, E,, /G,r = 6) -0.06 1.53 3.11 0.76 -0.13 1.48 3.71 0.67 -0.14 1.52 4.18 1.30 -0.14 1.54 4.17 1.29 Gr-Al (E,,/E, = 5, E,, /G,, = 5.63) -0.41 -0.12 1.51 3.85 0.63 -0.41 -0.20 1.42 3.85 0.57 -0.46 -0.18 1.41 4.25 1.23 -0.48 -0.19 1.49 4.23 1.22 Gr-Ep (E,,/E,, = 13.49,I&/G,, = 22.91)
Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS
-0.08 0.74 5.12 0.22 -0.11 0.71 5.41 0.09 -0.10 0.70 6.08 0.47 -0.10 0.73 5.92 0.45 Bo-Ep (E,, /Ez2 = 10, E,,/GII = 30) -0.05 0.67 6.16 0.26 -0.07 0.66 5.78 0.09 -0.07 0.64 6.50 0.43 -0.06 0.68 6.25 0.41
The corresponding ANSYS finite element mesh (a quarter plate) uses 544 elements and 1746 nodes. Compared with the size of hybrid element A, of Fig. 3, the ANSYS model utilizes elements on the edge of the hole as small as 1.5 by 0.013~. The maximum values of a&r, for this case by hybrid FEM are compared in Table 2 with those by ANSYS and Tan [5,6] for the four orthotropic materials of Table 1. Table 2 also includes the result (conventional FEM) for the graphite-epoxy of Table 1 by Hong and Crews [17]. The hybrid FEM results of Table 2 agree within 8% with those from ANSYS, Tan[5,6] and Hong and Crews[l7]. Values of crt/a, are also plotted in Fig. 4 around the hole from 6 = O-90 for the glass-epoxy and boron-epoxy, where 0 is measured positive counter-clockwise from the loading (fiber) direction. 3.3. Two equal holes in infinite and finite tensile composites Motivated by the engineering prevalence of loaded composites containing several geometric discontinuities whose stresses interact, the effectiveness of the hybrid FEM for determining the stresses in members having multiple holes is considered. The uniaxially loaded infinite or finite-width plate containing two equal-sized circular holes of Fig. 2b is analyzed. These infinite isotropic and orthotropic (Eu = 111.7 GPa, E,,/Ez2 = 5.5, El,/Gu = 6.6, vu = 0.66) [9] plates have c/W = 0.05 and l/c = 1.5 (c = diameter of each of the two holes, W = width, I = distance between the two holes). The finite-width plates of Fig. 2b have c/W = l/3, l/c = 1.25 and I/c = 3 and
the four sets of orthotropic properties Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the hybrid of Table 1. FEM model
(a quarter plate) for the infinite and finite-width plates, respectively. The quarter model of Fig. 5 uses one hybrid element, 28 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements and a total of 135 nodes, whereas that of the finite plate of Fig. 6 uses one hybrid element, 10 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements and a total of 59 nodes. Since z, = l/2 here for eqn (6), z, = 0.75~ for the infinite plate of Fig. 5 and z, = 0.625~ and 1.5c, respectively, for the finite-width plates of Fig. 6. Symmetry about the x-axis is imposed on the hybrid element, i.e. within subregion A,, such that only real (even and odd) coefficients a, are retained here in the summation of eqns (11) and (12). The minimum number of coefficients a, needed to ensure the correct rank of the stiffness matrix of eqn (16) is (2 x 9) - 3 = 15 for both infinite and finite-width plates. For m = 8 used in each of these two cases, symmetry about the x-axis gives 16 real (even and odd) terms of a, in eqns (11) and (12). For isotropy, near isotropic properties were used to avoid any singularity problems since the formulation of this paper is for orthotropy, i.e. E,, = Ez2 = E, v,~ 1 vzL= v and G = E/2(1 + v). The ANSYS finite element mesh (a quarter plate) for each of the infinite plates, l/c = 1.25 of the finite-width plate (Fig. 7) and l/c = 3 of the finite-width plate uses 999 elements and 3028 nodes, 972 elements and 2969 nodes, and 1091 elements and 3354 nodes, respectively. Values of gt/u, on the boundary of the holes of these infinite and finite-width plates of Fig. 2b are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Table 3 compares the hybrid FEM results with those from ANSY S, Peterson [ 181and Ling [ 191for isotropy, and with those by ANSYS and Fan and Wu[9] for
Multiple holes in orthotropic composites orthotropy. The maximum values of q/u, evaluated using hybrid FEM in Table 3 agree within 2% with those computed otherwise. Table 4 contains the hybrid FEM and ANSYS results for the four orthotropic (Table 1), finite-width composites of Fig. 2b. The values of a&s, are plotted for the graphite+aluminum and graphitwpoxy in Fig. 8 from 0 = O-180 around the hole of the finite-width plate, l/c = 1.25. The maximum values of q/u, by hybrid FEM and ANSYS of Table 4 and Fig. 8 agree within 7%. The values of q/u, show their greatest discrepancies around 8 = 180, which is at the region of stress interaction associated with the two holes. However, the magnitudes of these stresses are rela-
943
tively small in this region. At least for two holes of equal size and within the range of parameters considered here, the maximum tangential stress on the boundary of each of the two holes increases with increased orthotropy and increased hole spacing. Note that for two equal holes, the stresses are not necessarily symmetrical about their y-axis so the maximum stress on the hole boundary need not occur at exactly 0 = 90. 3.4. Three composite
equally sized holes in infinite tensile
infinite
orthotropic
Q=
E,,/Glz=6.6,
-1
30
60
90
120
150
180
8 do.
-1
I 0
I 30
I 60
I 90 0
I 120
I 150
, 180
944
Fibers
I.12 = I + 10d -
Fig. 9. Hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of uniaxially loaded, infinite orthotropic (E,, = 111.7 GPa, E,, /ED = 5.5, E,, /G,, = 6.6, vu = 0.66) [9] tensile plate of Fig. 2c containing three equal-sized circular holes (c/W = d/W =0.05, c/d = 1, l/c = 1.5; c =diameter of central hole, d = diameter of auxiliary holes, W = width, I = distance between central and auxiliary holes). The region exterior to hybrid elements A, and A, is modeled using 40 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements. The quarter model uses a total of 193 nodes.
circular
containing three equally-sized (cl W = d/W = 0.05,1/c = 1.5; c = diameter of the central hole, d = diameter of the auxiliary holes, W = width, L = length, I = distance between the central and auxiliary holes) of Fig. 2c was also analyzed. The distance between the central hole and each of two auxiliary holes is equal, as is the diameter of the three holes. Figure 9 shows the hybrid FEM model. This quarter model uses two hybrid elements, 40 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements and a total of 193 nodes. Relative to eqn (6), z, = 0 for the central hole and z, = 1.5~ for the auxiliary hole here. For the first hybrid element, A,, containing the central hole, symmetry is enforced about both the x- and y-axes. As such only real and odd coefficients a, are taken in the summation of eqns (11) and (12) for subregion A,. For the second hybrid element, A,, which contains the auxiliary hole, symmetry is enforced only about the x-axis. Only real (even and odd) coefficients a, are therefore included in the summation of eqns (11) and (12) for subregion A,. The minimum number of coefficients a, needed to
holes
ensure the correct rank of the stiffness matrix of eqn (16) for these A, and A, hybrid elements are (2x7)-3=11 and (2x15)-3=27, respectively. We consequently used m = 11 in this case for A, and m = 14 for A,. The corresponding ANSYS finite element mesh (a quarter plate) for these perforated plates of Fig. 2c uses 1656 elements and 4975 nodes. Values of et/u, at discrete locations on the boundaries of the central and auxiliary holes for this case by hybrid FEM are compared with those by ANSYS and Fan and Wu [9] in Table 5. The maximum values of ut /a, of Table 5 by hybrid FEM and ANSYS agree within 1% for both the central and auxiliary holes. Although there are some discrepancies in the neighborhood of 0 = 0 for the central hole, and 6 = 0 and 180 for the auxiliary holes, the magnitudes of these stresses are relatively small in this region. 3.5. Three holes in finite tensile composites The uniaxially loaded, finite-width plates containing three circular holes of Fig. 7c were analyzed for
Multiple holes in orthotropic composites Table 5. Values of u,/u, (tangential stress on the hole boundary divided by uniformly applied remote stress) in uniaxially loaded, infinite orthotropic tensile plate of Fig. 2c containing three equal-size circular holes (c/W = 0.05, d/W = 0.05, c/d = 1, I/c = 1.5; c = diameter of
945
central hole, d = diameter of auxiliary holes, W = width, I= distance between central and auxiliary holes)
Orthotropic (E,, = 111.7 GPa, El, /Ez = 5.475, E,, /G,, = 6.609, vu = 0.66 [9]) 0, Ia, t7 Hybrid FEM ANSYS Fan and Wu [9] 0 -0.08 -0.11 -0.10 30 60 90 (Maximum a,/~,,) 2.91 2.88 2.85
Central hole -0.21 0.59 -0.19 0.59 -0.18 0.58 Auxiliary holes a, I%
e
Hybrid FEM ANSYS Fan and Wu [9]
Maximum ~,/a, (0): 3.45 (87.5, Hybrid FEM), 3.43 (87, ANSYS).
the four orthotropic materials of Table 1. In addition to being finite in width, these cases involve auxiliary holes whose diameter is appreciably different than that of the central hole. The distance, 1, between the central hole and each of the two auxiliary holes is equal, as is the diameter, d, of the two auxiliary holes. These finite-width plates containing three circular holes were analyzed for c/W = l/2, l/W = 0.7 (l/c = 1.4) and for each of d/W =0.167 (c/d = 3, d/l = 0.238) and d/W = 0.56 (c/d = 0.893, d/l = 0.80), respectively. Figures 10 and 11 show the hybrid FEM models (a quarter plates) for dl W = 0.167 and d/W = 0.56, respectively. The quarter model of Fig. 10 uses two hybrid elements, 29 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements and a total of 149 nodes, whereas that of Fig. 11 uses two hybrid elements, 19 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements and a total of 101 nodes. Hole centers
y Hybrid Element, Al
are at z, = 0 for the central hole and z, = 1.4c for the auxiliary hole in eqn (6). Symmetry about both the xand y-axes is imposed in both models for the 6rst hybrid elements, Al, but only about the x-axis for the second hybrid element, A,. These symmetry conditions are identical to those for the previous infinite composite containing three equally-sized circular holes. For d/W = 0.167 of Fig. 10, the minimum number of coefficients a, for the A, and A, hybrid elements are (2 x 9) - 3 = 15 and (2 x 11) - 3 = 19, respectively. We therefore used m = 15 and m = 10 here, respectively. For d/W = 0.56 of Fig. 11, the minimum number of coefficients a, for the first and second hybrid elements are (2 x 7) - 3 = 11 and (2 x 15) - 3 = 27, respectively. Integers m = 11 and m = 14 were therefore used here. For these cases the ANSYS finite element mesh (a quarter plate) for d/W =0.167 (Fig. 12) and d/W =0.56 uses 1600
Fig. 10. Hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic (Table 1) tensile plates of Fig. 2c containing three circular holes (c/d = 3, c/W = l/2, I/W = 0.7, I/c = 1.4, d/l = 0.238, d/W = O.l67,f= 0.75d, g = 0.7~). The region exterior to two hybrid elements A, and A, is modeled using 29 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements. The quarter model uses a total of 149 nodes.
946
1, Hybrid Element, A1
lz. -+I
I
Fig. 11. Hybrid FEM model (a quarter plate) of uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic (Table 1) tensile plates of Fig. 2c containing three circular holes (c/d = 0.893, c/W = l/2, I/W = 0.7,1/c = 1.4, d/l = 0.80, d/W = 0.56,f = 0.715d). The region exterior to hybrid elements A, and A, is modeled using 19 nine-node plane-stress isoparametric elements. The quarter model uses a total of 101 nodes. elements and 4845 nodes, and 1594 elements and 488 1 nodes, respectively. Tables 6 and 7 illustrate results at discrete locations on the hole boundaries for these geometries and the four orthotropic materials of Table 1. The maximum values of o&r, of these tables by each of hybrid FEM and ANSYS for the central and auxiliary holes agree within 5% when dl W = 0.167 and within 8% when d/W = 0.56. The values of O&T, for the central hole from 0 = O-90, and for the auxiliary holes from 0 = O-180, are shown in Fig. 13 (boron-epoxy, d/W = 0.167) and Fig. 14 (graphite-epoxy, d/W = 0.56), respectively. There are some discrepancies around 0 = 0 for the central hole and 0 = 0 and 180
Fiber
Fig. 12. ANSYS discretization of one quarter plate (1699 elements and 5170 nodes) of Fig. 2c for c/d = 3, c/W = l/2, I/W = 0.7, d/l = 0.238, d/W = 1.67 and L = 21+ 23.2~.
947
Table 6. Values of ~,/a, (tangential stress on the boundary of the central or auxiliary holes divided by uniformly applied remote stress) in uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic tensile plates of Fig. 2c containing three circular holes (c/d = 3, c/W = l/2, l/W = 0.7, l/c = 1.4, d/Z= 0.238, d/W = 0.167; c = diameter of central hole, d = diameter of auxiliary holes, W = width, I = distance between central and auxiliary holes) c,lc, Hole Central Auxiliary
e 0 30 60 90 120
150
180
Maximum 5.23 5.23 2.38 2.40 5.33 5.32 2.35 2.38 7.89 7.65 2.41 2.35 8.48 8.11 2.47 2.39
Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS
Central Auxiliary
Central Auxiliary
Central Auxiliary
Gl-Ep (E,, l& = 3, &/G,I = 6) -0.77 -0.39 1.54 5.23 -0.76 -0.40 1.53 5.23 -0.24 0.11 1.17 2.33 -0.25 0.10 1.16 2.35 Gr-Al (E,,/Ez2 = 5, E,, /G,2= 5.63) -0.57 -0.40 1.47 5.33 -0.56 -0.40 1.47 5.32 -0.20 0.04 1.13 2.29 -0.20 0.03 1.11 2.31 Gr-Ep (E,, /E, = 13.49, E,,/G,, = 22.91) -0.33 -0.22 0.69 7.89 -0.33 -0.24 0.70 7.65 -0.10 0.01 0.46 2.36 -0.11 0.01 0.42 2.30 Bo-Ep (E,, /Ez2= 10, E,,/G,2 = 30) -0.40 -0.19 0.64 8.48 -0.40 -0.21 0.65 8.11 -0.11 0.04 0.41 2.43 -0.11 0.04 0.37 2.35
0.55 0.56
0.004
0.011
-0.01 -0.01
0.46 0.47
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02 -0.03
0.02 0.05
-0.03 -0.04
-0.01 -0.01
0.03 0.05
-0.01 -0.02
-0.001 0.005
for auxiliary holes. However, the magnitudes of these stresses are small in this region. Figure 13 again illustrates a case in which the maximum stress occurs at other than 8 = 90. These data show that if the central hole is larger than auxiliary holes, i.e. for c/W = l/2 and d/W = 0.167 such that c/d = 3, the maximum values
at the central hole are larger than the values of UJQ, at the auxiliary holes. On hand, if the central hole is smaller than the holes, i.e. c/W = l/2 and dl W = 0.56 so
c/d = 0.893, the maximum values of Q,/Q, at the central hole are smaller than the maximum values of QJQ, at the auxiliary holes. At least for the cases considered here, the maximum values of q/e,, at the central hole decrease according to the relative increase in size of the auxiliary holes, and vice versa, i.e. the maximum values of q/a, at the auxiliary holes increase according to the relative increase in size of the auxiliary holes. These results suggest the possibility of reducing the stress concentration associated with a hole in loaded composites, and hence
Table 7. Values of et/u, (tangential stress on the boundary of the central or auxiliary holes divided by uniformJy applied remote stress) in uniaxially loaded, finite-width orthotropic tensile plates of Fig. 2c containing three circular holes (c/d=0.893, c/W=1/2, I/W=O.7, I/c=1.4, d/1=0.80, d/W=0.56; c = diameter of central hole, d =diameter of auxiliary holes, W = width, I = distance between central and auxiliary holes)
30
60
90
120
150
180
Maximum 3.05 3.02 5.36 5.43 3.01 2.99 5.43 5.48 3.70 3.53 7.45 7.21 3.85 3.60 7.94 7.58
Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS Hybrid FEM ANSYS
Gl-EP (E,,lE,, = 3, En/G,,= 6) 0.11 -0.04 0.57 3.05 0.16 -0.07 0.56 3.02 -0.81 -0.30 1.77 5.34 -0.81 -0.32 1.73 5.41 Gr-AI (E,, /Ez2 = 5, E,, /G,, = 5.63) 0.04 -0.07 0.49 3.01 0.06 -0.09 0.47 2.99 -0.59 -0.31 1.73 5.40 -0.59 -0.32 1.70 5.46 Gr-Ep (E,,/E, = 13.49, E,, /G,, = 22.91) -0.05 -0.03 0.03 3.70 -0.01 -0.05 0.02 3.53 -0.35 -0.52 0.83 7.43 -0.35 -0.16 0.81 7.21 Bo-Ep (E,,/E, = 10, E,, /G,, = 30) -0.02 -0.02 0.03 3.85 0.02 -0.04 0.02 3.60 -0.43 -0.13 0.76 7.93 -0.42 -0.13 0.73 7.58
1.04 1.01
-0.32 -0.34
-0.39 -0.38
0.95 0.92
-0.29 -0.30
-0.29 -0.28
0.25 0.23
-0.14 -0.14
-0.19 -0.18
0.24 0.21
-0.13 -0.13
-0.23 -0.21
CAS 61,s-o
948
6-
I 30 8
I 60
-1
30
60
increasing the strength, by introducing adjacent auxiliary holes. This concept of reducing stress concentrations in isotropic tensile members has been recognized for some time [20]. Results of Figs 13 and 14 and Tables 6 and 7 indicate that the application of this idea to composites would be influenced by the material properties [21].
4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
The reliability and effectiveness of Gerhardts hybrid FEM method [lo] is demonstrated for tensile
orthotropic members containing up to three holes whose stress fields intersect. Each hole of a multiplehole case is contained within its own hybrid element, whereas the structure beyond these hybrid elements is discretized using nine-node isoparametric elements. This study includes the effects of extreme variations in relative hole size as well as significant differences in the degree of orthotropy. With multiple holes aligned in the loading direction, the maximum stress concentration can occur at other than 90 from the direction of loading. For adjacent holes, the stressconcentration is influenced by relative hole spacing,
949
-1 3 0
HybridFEM ANSYS
30
60
90
ctW= 112, IIw=O.7,cld=O.893
= diameter of central hole, W = width, I = distance between central and auxiliary hole! id d = diameter of auxiliary holes.
Fig. 14. Tangential stress on the boundary of the holes in uniaxially loaded, finite-width Gr-Ep orthotropic (Z&/Ezz = 13.49, k&/G,, = 22.91) tensile plate containing three circular holes of Fig. 2c.
hole size and material properties. Results of the three-hole analyses suggest the feasibility of reducing stress concentrations in loaded composites by introducing auxiliary holes f21], much as is done with isotropic materials.
Acknowledgements-The authors wish to thank Professor R. Engelstad, Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, for use of her ANSYS software. Pat Grinyer proficiently typed the manuscript.
REFERENCES
1. S. G. Lekhnitsidi, Stresses in infInite anisotropic plate weakened by elliptical hole. DAN SSSR 4(3) (1936). 2. S. G. Lekhnitskii, Theory of Elasticity of an Antiototropic Elastic Body. Government Publishing, Moscow and Leningrad (1950). 3. S. G. Lekhnitskii, Anlrotropic Plates. Gordon and Breach, New York (1968). 4. G. N. Savin, Stress Distribution Around Holes. Naukova Dumka Press, Riev (tQ68).
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J. Rhee and R. E. Rowlands 19. C.-B. Ling, On the stresses in a plate containing two circular holes. J. uppl. Phys. 19, 77-81 (1948). 20. R. D. Cook and W. C. Young, Advanced Mechanics of Materials. Macmillan, New York (1985). 21. J. Rhee and R. E. Rowlands, Reducing stress concentrations in orthotropic members (submitted).
5. S. C. Tan, Finite-width correction factors for anisotropic plate containing a central opening. J. Compos. Mater. 22, 1080-1097 (1988). 6. S. C. Tan, Stress Concentrations in Laminated Composites. Technomic, Lancaster, PA (1994). 7. A. C. Kosmodamiansky, The stress state of an anisotropic plate with two nonidentical holes. Akud. Nuuk SSSR Izv. Otd. Tekh. Nauk Mech. Mash. 1. 175-177 (1961). 8. J. K. Lin and C. E. S. Ueng, Stresses in a laminated composite with two elliptical holes. Compos. Struct. 7,
l-20 (1987).
APPENDIX
PI=S,,P:+S,*-SK.P,, P2=SIIP:+S,*-S16P*,
9. W. XI Fan and J. G. Wu, Stress concentration of a laminate weakened by multiple holes. Compos. Strut.
10(4), 303-319 (1988).
41 = S,#,
+ 5
PI
- S26,
42 = S,zPz + 2
sz,,
10. T. D. Gerhardt, A hybrid-finite element approach for stress analysis of notched anisotropic materials. ASME J. aonl. Mech. 51. 804-810 (1984). 11. J. l&e, S. He and R. E.Rowlands, Hybrid stress analysis of perforated orthotropic composites using Moire interferometry and hybrid finite elements (submitted). 12. G. F. Carrier, M. Krook and C. E. Pearson, Functions ofa Complex Variable. McGraw-Hill, New York (1966). 13. L. M. Milne-Thomson, Plane Elastic Systems. SpringerVerlag, Berlin (1960). 14. 0. L. Bowie and C. E. Freese, Central crack in plane orthotropic rectangular sheet. ht. J. Fracture Mech. 8(l), 49-57 (1972). 15. R. D. Cook, D. S. Malkus and M. E. Plesha, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis, 3rd ehn. Wiley. New York (1989). 16. P. Tong, T. H. HI Pian and S. J. Lasry, A hybridelementapproach to crack problems in plane elasticity.
Int. J. numer. Meth. Enana 7(3). 297-308 (1973).
Wj)
= 2Re[P,G
+p2(CL! + gc;%
Cr(l,i+
1) =2Im[-_p,~~+~~(-CCr~+B5;~)1,
V(i,j)=(-l)-(2k)
(p;-l)wi;,;(~)
; (a:-,,-i:1;(:p:-))},
2
I
V(i, j + 1) = (- I)- (2k)
h-1
17. C. S. Hong and J. Hy Crews; Stress concentration factors for finite orthotropic laminates with a circular hole and uniaxial loading. NASA Technical Paper 1469, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA (1979). 18. R. E. Peterson, Stress Concentration Factors. Wiley, New York (1974).
(-E[;k-
MC2)
where i = l(u,), 2(r,), 3(u,), and if k < 0, j = 2(k + m) + 1, k # 0, and if k > 0, j = 2(k + m) - 1 [lo].