Oil exploration off the coast of Peru Block Z-35 and Z-36

Assessment of spills using M !" 3 model s#stem

$raft %$ &eport

Draft Report May 2011

Oil exploration off the coast of Peru Block Z-35 and Z-36
Assessment of spills using M !" 3 model s#stem
Draft HD Report

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CONTENTS
0 /G??ABH A=D ,6=,EG/"6=((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1 1 "=TB6DG,T"6=(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1 2 DC,B"-T"6= 6 THC /"TC(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1 < A--B6A,H(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1 <(1 HA&ro&Anam#5 mo&ell#ng((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2 <(2 6#l s1#ll mo&ell#ng((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( < <(< C5o$o!#5#$A o7 $he 5hem#5als #n &r#ll m8&(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((< 4 DATA A=D DATA A=AEH/"/(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1 4(1 ?e$-o5ean &a$a(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 2 4(2 Dr#ll ,8$$#ngs an& Dr#ll ?8& ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1 4(< 6#l 1ro1er$#es((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1 5 HHDB6DH=A?", ?6DCE /CT-G-(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2 6 BC/GET/((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1< 6(1 HA&ro&Anam#5 mo&el (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1< 6(2 Dr#ll ,8$$#ngs(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 15 6(< ?8& s1#lls((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 15 6(4 Tra5k#ng o7 o#l s1#ll ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((15 7 BC CBC=,C/((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1

APPENDICES
A : C5o$o!#5olog#5al &a$a I1en&#ngJ HD mo&ell#ng res8l$s

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

New oil explorations off the coast of Peru around Block Z-35 and Z-36 require the assessment of potential spills in terms of hydrocarbon barrels and drillin mud! "n this context #alsh Per$ %!&! has commissioned '(" to make an assessment of spills usin the )"*+ by '(" software! ,he scope of work is di-ided into two parts. +stablishment and -erification of a )"*+ 3 hydrodynamic model of the area around Block Z / 35 and Z-36 for summer0 winter0 +l Ni1o and 2a Ni1a conditions! &ssessment of potential spills utilisin the particle trackin and spill analysis model within )"*+ 30 hereunder o &ssessin oil spills and fate of drill mud and cuttin s 3and associated particles attached and water soluble toxic substances4 durin drill operations o &ssessin spreadin and fate of accidental oil spills durin the operation of producer wells

,he main focus of the model -alidation has been a proper representation of the o-erall current system of the Peru-ian coast! "n addition0 the hydrodynamic model includes a representation of the tidal currents! ,hus the model can capture seasonal as well as daily flow fluctuations! ,he latter is likewise important when tracin spills around the production wells! &lthou h the model has a finer resolution in the area between Block Z / 35 and Z-36 and the coastline0 further refinements may be required to study circulation in sensiti-e areas in more details! ,he hydrodynamic model was set-up for winter and summer conditions 3two periods of 5 months4 in 6778 and 6779 respecti-ely0 includin summer and winter periods and at the same time also +l Ni1o and 2a Ni1a e-ents! :enerally0 the model captures the temperature patterns obser-ed by satellite! ,he model results ha-e further been compared with &';P current measurements carried out in <uly0 67=7! &lthou h 67=7 is not within the calibration period the eneral flow directions a ree well with model simulations for similar months! ,he simulated current speed in 6779 is0 howe-er 0 only half of the speed measured in >ctober 67=7!

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INTRODUCTION
New oil explorations off the coast of Peru around Block Z-35 and Z-36 3?i ure =-=4 require the assessment of potential spills in terms of hydrocarbon barrels and drillin mud! ,he hydraulic conditions at the coastal re ion of Peru are complex! ,he re ion is dominated by upwellin of relati-ely cold water durin the pre-ailin winds from south! ,o be able to describe the associated circulation it is necessary to set up a 3-' hydrodynamic model of the coastal area around Block Z-35 and Z-36! & subsequent assessment of spreadin of potential spills requires the use of a particle trackin model combined with a description of the de radation processes 3the so-called weatherin processes4! "n this context #alsh Per$ %!&! requested '(" to make an assessment of spills usin the )"*+ by '(" software! ,he scope of work is laid down in a proposal prepared by '("0 dated ?ebruary0 66 67=70 and comprises. +stablishment and -erification of a )"*+ 3 hydrodynamic model of the area around Block Z-35 and Z-36 3?i ure = -=4 for summer0 winter0 +l Ni1o and 2a Ni1a conditions! &ssessment of potential spills utilisin the particle trackin and spill analysis model within )"*+ 30 hereunder o &ssessin oil spills and fate of drill mud and cuttin s 3and associated particles attached and water soluble toxic substances4 durin drill operations o &ssessin spreadin and fate of accidental oil spills durin the operation of producer wells

#alsh Per$ %!&!has pro-ided all rele-ant information@s such as local bathymetry0 &';P measurements and0 wind statistics!

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Figure 1-1

Location of block Z-35 and Z-36 (drill locations are marked green)

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DECRIPTION OF THE SITE

,he hydraulic conditions in the area are complicated and dominated by the Peru-ian ;urrent %ystem 3P;%40 see fi ure 6-=! "n the coastal area the Peru-ian ;urrent %ystem consists of a northward flowin surface current known as the Peru-ian ;hilean ;ostal ;urrent 3P;;;4 or the (umbolt ;urrent! Below the P;;; a current of relati-ely cold0 nutrient rich and anoxic water called the Peru-ian ;oastal Ander ;urrent 3P;A;4 flows towards south! ,he P;% is partly dri-en by a southerly wind parallel to the coast from 53B % towards equator! ,his wind is the south east trade wind bein deflected northward by the &ndes )ountains and a sea breeCe! 'ue to the ;oriolis force the P;;; is di-erted towards west 3called the +kman transport4 thereby dra in the cold nutrient rich water from the deeper P;A; to the surface at the coast and out to the sea0 see ?i ure 6 -6! ,his upwellin of water is common alon the coast of ;hile and Peru from about 5B % until about 53B %0 ref! 60 eneratin one of the most producti-e waters in the sea!

Figure 2-2

Principle of t e Peru!ian "urrent #$stem

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,he warm surface layer is about 67-67 m thick0 but may be deeper durin +l NiDo e-ents and situations with costal trapped lon wa-es 3 enerated by *el-in wa-es4 passin from equator to the poles! ,he southern winds and thereby the upwellin seem to be most stable and frequent durin winter! ,he abo-e description of the hydraulic conditions in the Pacific and the coastal waters may be disrupted by *el-in wa-es of warm water tra-ellin from the western part of the Pacific towards east hittin the coasts of +cuador and Peru! ,his wa-e may tri er an +l NiDo e-ent which may last a year! 'urin +l NiDo with its associated *el-in wa-es the warm surface layer becomes thicker and the upwellin has a smaller associated nutrient content! "n case of accidental spills from Block Z-35 and Z-36 the main concern will be sensiti-e resources alon the coast line likely to be effected by the spill!

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APPROACH
,he obEecti-e of the modellin is to assess the impact of potential spills in terms of hydrocarbon barrels and drillin mud under specific meteorolo ical and ocean current conditions! "n order to describe the associated circulation it is necessary to set up a 3- ' hydrodynamic model of the coastal area around Block Z-35 and Z-36! ,he assessment of spreadin of potential spills requires the use of a particle trackin model combined with a description of the de radation processes 3the so-called weatherin processes4! ?urthermore0 the spreadin of mud particles and dissol-ed toxic substances require the use of ad-ection and sediment transport models! ,he )"*+ 3 model complex 3de-eloped by '(" and applied worldwide in marine and coastal areas4 comprises all of the abo-e features and has been applied for the present study! ,he Block Z-35 and Z-36 co-ers the area comprised between the coast and 87B # of lon itude and between FB % and ==B % of latitude! (owe-er0 the hydrodynamic model will extend much further alon the coast and off shore in order to be able to capture the complex circulation and of course the sensiti-e areas in the -icinity of the potential spill areas! ,he spill scenarios comprise. 'umpin of drill cuttin s. 5 tons instantaneously or 57 tonnes released o-er one hour 'umpin of drillin mud. 57 barrels instantaneously and 577 barrels o-er one hour &ccidental oil spill. =7 barrels o-er 67 minutes0 =777 barrels o-er 67 minutes and =777 barrels o-er =87 minutes! "n this context it is assumed that the spills take place at the sea surface

Ge ardin the spills0 different model approaches as outlined below will be applied. Drill cuttings! ;uttin s are represented by coarse material that will deposit quickly in the area around the drill ri ! Based on typical flow -elocities an assessment of the horiContal distance from the ri 3by assumin some rain diameter and fall -elocity4 will be made! ,he calculations are supported by simulations utiliCin the )"*+ 3 P& particle model! ,hus0 the results shall be considered as typical spreadin distances! ?urthermore0 an assessment of toxic substances attached to the cuttin s 3whether the concentrations are considered harmful to the sea habitats4 can be made based on a-ailable information re ardin toxicity! ,he latter is important in order to assess the potential ecolo ical impacts! Water-based drilling muds! ,he toxic compounds associated with the drillin mud will either stick to the fine mud particle and settle to the ocean floor 3 and they could be

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harm full to benthic habitats if they are bioa-ailable4 or they will be totally dissol-ed ?or this reason the spill of drill mud is di-ided into two assessments. ,he transport and dilution of soluble substances! ,he results comprise predicted chemical concentrations in the water column! ,hese concentrations are compared with the PN+; for the water phase! ,he spreadin 0 deposition and re-suspension of fine particles! ,he settlin is modelled i-in predicted thickness layers of solid drillin muds! ?urthermore0 the concentration of the chemicals in the pore water is estimated and compared with the PN+; for the water phase!

?or this assessment0 information on the amount of the dischar ed mud0 the amount of each chemical oin to the water column0 respecti-ely to the solid phase is needed! #ithin Block Z-35 and Z-36 a total of 36 wells are comprised by the present in-esti ation! (owe-er0 in order to reduce the amount of simulation the modellin will focus on two selected locations within each block! 2ocations closest to the coastline will most likely be the most critical in case of accidental spills! Oil spill! &ll thou h the oil spill simulations are fully 3-'0 only the transport and fate of the oil on the surface has been assessed! ,he simulations will be prepared for selected wells only 3two locations in each Block is foreseen as this is considered sufficient in order to assess the impact areas4! "n order to be able to access the risk of an oil spill reachin any i-en area as a percenta e0 a lar e number of oil spill scenarios 3=77H for each season4 will be simulated! ,he time of spillin 3and hence the met ocean conditions in terms of weather0 wa-es and currents4 will be selected at random within the two periods utilisin a )onte ;arlo principle! Based on the lar e number of simulations a statistical analysis will produce risk maps showin probability cur-es of reachin specific locations alon the coast or other sensiti-e areas! Gesults will also comprise oil thickness and mass0 stranded oil and risk maps showin the influence area 3down to 5 or = I probability of reachin a certain location4!

3.1

Hydrodynami mod!""in#
,he )"*+ 3 hydrodynamic model simulates unsteady flow takin into account density -ariations0 bathymetry and external forcin such as meteorolo y0 tidal ele-ations0 currents and other hydro raphic conditions! ,he hydrodynamic model pro-ides the platform for the oil spill module! ,he hydrodynamic modellin system is based on the numerical solution of the threedimensional incompressible Geynolds a-era ed Na-ier-%tokes equations subEect to the assumptions of Boussinesq and usin an assumption of hydrostatic pressure! ,he solution to the equations are sol-ed by finite -olume techniques with the -ariables defined on a flexible mesh horiContally and a combined stretched J-C discretiCation in

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the -ertical! ,he flexible mesh pro-ides the possibility of refinin areas of special interestK namely a re ion between the potential spill locations in block Z-35 and Z-36 and the coast line!

,he (' model will be set up for two periods of 5 months comprisin flow conditions correspondin to summer0 winter and also +l Ni1o and 2a Ni1a conditions! ,he necessary model initial and boundary conditions in terms of water le-els0 salinity and temperature for the 6 periods ha-e been established from -arious data sources such as the P%L3 lobal data from the )ercator >perational %ystem! ,he model is subsequently -erified based on the a-ailable data! ,hese data mainly comprise satellite pictures of sea surface water temperature and selected measured data on currents and water le-els!

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DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

Gele-ant model data are collected for the desi n periods listed in ,able 5 -= and ,able 5-60 which pro-ide an o-er-iew of the -arious types of data and the source for information! ,wo periods were selected to co-er two possible combinations of +l Ni1oM2a Ni1a and summerMwinter conditions! Period =. = <anuary 6778-= )ay 6778 Period 6. = <uly 6779 - = No-ember 6779

Period = represent summer and is characteriCed as stron +l Ni1o conditions whereas Period 6 represent winter and is characteriCed as weak 2a Ni1a conditions 3 see ?i ure 5 -34!

Figure %-3 #&' inde( from ttp)**+++,bom,go!,au*climate*current*soi2,s tml, - negati!e #&' impl$ .l /i0o and La /i0a is represented b$ a positi!e #&'

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#elected model periods

Summer conditions @an8arA 200>-1 ?aA 200> Is$rong Ea =#Ka e2en$J

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)a$er le2el

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,he )+G;&,>G >;+&N data comprise daily a-era e -alues of temperature0 salinity0 -elocity A 3meridional40 -elocity N 3Conal4 and sea surface ele-ation within the entire domain comprised by 85B# to F8B# and 67B% to 6B%! 'ata are pro-ided for the entire full domain at a =M5B horiContal resolution! "nformation on tide is established usin the tidal prediction tool based on an in-ersion of the ,>P+OMPoseidon altimetry data! ,hus0 the tidal data are based on the astronomical tidal constituents only and do not include the pressure and wind set-up0 the latter of which is0 howe-er0 included in the )+G;&,>G >;+&N data! ,he response to lar e scale atmospheric pressure radients is included -ia assumin a static in-erse barometer effect at the boundary usin the pressure from the :?% wind field! ,he model water le-el boundary used in the model is thus the sum of the tidal prediction0 atmospheric pressure and the wind set-up! &n example of the water le-el boundary 3?ebruary 67784 at a central point alon the western seaward boundary 3F8# to 85#4 is shown in ?i ure 5 -5! ?i ure 5 -5 pro-ides wind roses as extracted from the :?%- lobal forecast system 3wind speed and direction -ia N;+P- N>&&4 3-hourly data close to the land stations
2
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;himbote and Pacasmayo! ,he statistics is based on the two desi n periods in 6778 and 6779 respecti-ely! &ccordin to these lobal data the pre-ailin wind direction is %%#! "n 6778 the direction is more %-%+ at Pascamayo! %tatistical data ha-e been pro-ided for the two land stations co-erin the years =9F9 to 6779! &t both stations the dominant direction is %+ 3=57 de rees4 which is somewhat in contradiction to the N;+P-N>&& data! ,he main difference is belie-ed to be due to the fact that the lobal weather data from N;+P-N>&& does not reflect the offshore sea breeCe! ,his discrepancy is howe-er only considered important close to land! ;onsequently the lobal data are found adequate for the model simulation and assessment of oil spill spreadin on the surface! )oreo-er0 the area described in section 5 is of the same order of ma nitude as the synoptic meteorolo ical -ariability0 and the N;+P-N>&& wind forcin is therefore used instead of extrapolatin the measurements to the entire domain!

Figure %-%

3ater le!el !ariation at a central point along t e +estern model boundar$

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Figure %- 5

3ind roses establis ed from 4F#- global forecast s$stem (/".P- /&-- data ) near t e land stations at " imbote and Pacasma$o,

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%,2

2rill "uttings and 2rill 5ud

Pending

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&il properties
Pending

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9$drod$namic 5odel set-up

The model set-up comprises the offshore region around block Z-35 and Z-36 bounded by longitude 85W to 8W and latitude !"# to !#$ The resolution %aries bet&een 3" to ! km &here the latter the finer resolution is pro%ided in the region bet&een the potential spill locations in block Z-35 and Z-36 and the coastline$ ' %arying %ertical resolution &ith !" layers has been applied starting &ith (-! meters near the surface and increasing in layer thickness up to (""" m$The finer resolution in the upper part of the &ater column ensures that the surface currents and %ertical mi)ing can be resol%ed satisfactorily$ The model area and hori*ontal resolution are depicted in +igure 5 -6$ +igure 5 - pro%ides the model bathymetry, and +igure 5 -8 pro%ide an o%er%ie& of the a%ailable data utili*ed during the model construction$ The setup has three open boundaries as seen in +igure 5 - - ' northern, a southern and a &estern boundary$ .oth the tidal, &ind dri%en and regional ocean currents are simulated in the oceanographic hydrodynamic model$ .oundary and initial conditions in terms of le%els, mean currents, temperature and salinity boundary are e)tracted from the /012'T31 320'4 data$ #ubse5uently tidal boundary conditions are e)tracted from global tidal constituents prepared by T3P067Poseidon and superposed to the /012'T31 boundary conditions$ 3n all open boundaries these superposed &ater le%els and depth a%eraged currents are applied %ia +lather8s 91ef 737: non-reflecti%e boundary condition formulation 9+lather (; 6: and prescribed 3< baroclinic %elocities and ad%ecti%e temperature and salinity conditions are further used$ Wind and pressure fields as pro%ided %ia 420P-43'' data are applied in order to represent &ind shear stress on the sea surface and atmospheric pressure gradients$ =n addition 420P-43'' data for air temperature, relati%e humidity and cloudiness are used to describe the heat e)change bet&een the sea surface and the atmosphere &ithin the model area$

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Figure 5- 6

5odel area: resolution (left) and a location of +ells +it in ;lock Z-35 and Z-35 (rig t),

Figure 5- <

5odel bat $metr$

Figure 5- 7

#ources regarding model bat $metr$) .1&P& (offs ore): "-5-P (along t e coast) and local 4'# data from 3als Per= #,-,

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results
The follo&ing sections pro%ide model results and assessments for the different tasks starting &ith the %erification of the hydrodynamic ocean model$

6,1

9$drod$namic model
The model has been set-up for &inter and summer conditions including 0l 4i>o and ?a 4i>a e%ents for the periods specified in Table @ -($ /odel parameters ha%e been adAusted in order to match e)isting satellite obser%ations of sea surface temperatures$ /odel results for selected days are pro%ided in figure .-( through figure .-3 $ =n +igure 6 -; through +igure 6 -(( is sho&n model simulated &ater le%els at %arious coastal locations$ The simulated le%els are compared to those that can be e)tracted directly from 2-/'P 9tidal constituents only:$ 's seen there is a good agreement$ The model results, ho&e%er, also include the set-up from &ind and pressure fields and are thus more representati%e for the actual conditions$ '<2P current measurements ha%e been carried out in Buly !"(" at Cuarmey 9.lock 36: and ?as <elicias 9.lock 35:$ .y inspection of the measurements it seems that only the '<2P at ?as <elicias is in open &ater$ 2onse5uently model comparisons are only rele%ant for this station e%en though simulations and measurements are from different periods$ .y inspection of the measured and simulated current directions it is clear that there is a good agreement regarding the o%erall direction 9see +igure 6 -(! and +igure 6 -(3:$ 'lthough the results are from different years the general flo& direction seems to be to&ards northeast$ The simulated current speeds in !""; are ho&e%er, only half of those measured in !"("$ The current speed has a dominating geostrophic component$ The surface density gradient therefore largely determines the &ater le%el tilt, &hich is perpendicular to the geostrophic %elocity$ The density gradient is 5uite %ariable in time and space dominated by a long shore front aligned &ith the P222$ The position and intensity of this front and hence the speed %aries significantly as sho&n by the satellite images in 'ppendi) .$ ' more detailed %erification of the model &ould re5uire additional simulations 9and model boundary data: for 3ctober, !"("$ Co&e%er, the o%erall flo& pattern resembles the general trends in the Peru%ian current system as depicted in +igure ! -!$ 's an e)ample the north&ard flo&ing surface current kno&n as the Peru%ian 2hilean 2ostal 2urrent 9P222: can be identified on +igures .-5, .-(5, .-!3, .-!8 and .-33$ The up&elling of colder &ater near the cost is also captured by the model$ The right side plot on +igures .-5, .-(", .-(5, .-!3, .-!8 and .-33 sho&s %ertical profiles of &ater temperature$ =t is difficult to %erify the up&elling on these plots due to the selected scale$ The coastal up&elling is more clearly depicted in +igure 6 -(@$ Denerally, the model captures the temperature patterns obser%ed by satellite$ Co&e%er, it must be noted that the final purpose is simulation of currents rather than temperature$ Thus, the %alidation process should focus on relati%e temperature distributions and their ad%ecti%e characteristics re%ealing the currents$
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Summer conditions Banuary !""8-( /ay !""8 9strong ?a 4i>a e%ent:

Winter conditions Buly !""; - ( 4o%ember !""; 9&eak 0l 4i>o e%ent:

+igure .-( through +igure .-(8 sho& the results for Banuary through /ay !""8, &hich is a ?a 4i>a summer e%ent$ =t is obser%ed that the model succeeds in modelling a clear south&ard ad%ection of &arm e5uatorial surface &ater from the northern part of the domain and a re-bounce to the initial standard situation &ith north and north&est&ard ad%ection of cold up&elling &ater$ ' particularly con%incing %alidation plot is the transient south&ard ad%ection of the &arm e5uatorial &ater in figure .-; 9!; +ebruary !""8:$ +igure .-(; through +igure .-3 sho& the results for Buly through 4o%ember !"";, &hich is a &eak 0l 4i>o &inter e%ent$ ' robust de%elopment of the ad%ection patterns is obser%ed in this period$ <espite e)cessi%e cloud co%er in the period, both ##T obser%ations and model results sho&n a fairly stable up&elling situation &ith much less mo%ement of the e5uatorial e)tend of the up&elling &ater mass$

Figure 6-6 5odel simulated and "-5-P e(tracted +ater le!el comparison at Paita,

Figure 6-18 5odel simulated and "-5-P e(tracted +ater le!el comparison at 5alabrigo

Figure 6-11 5odel simulated and "-5-P e(tracted +ater le!el comparison at "allao

Figure 6-12 5easured current direction and speed <-23 >ul$ 2818 at Las 2elicias ? < m belo+ sea surface

Figure 6-13 5odelled current direction and speed at Las 2elicias ? < m belo+ sea surface

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Figure 6-1%

#imulated !ertical temperature structure on >an-27 12)88: 2887 #ummer .l /ino (see also Figure ;-5)

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2rill "uttings
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5ud spills
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2eposition of fine particles Pending #oluble to(ic substances Pending

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1racking of oil spill

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@eferences
Pe%en P, E$ 0che%in, B$ Pasapera, +$ 2olas, B$ Tam, !""5$ '%erage circulation cycle, and mesoscale dynamics of the Peru 2urrent #ystem- ' model approach$ Bournal of Deophysical research$ Eol ((", 92(":, !""5$ 2ro5uette, /$, D$ 0ldin, and E$ 0che%in, !""@- 3n the 2ontributions of 0kman Transport and Pumping to the <ynamics of 2oastal Fp&elling in the #outh-0ast Pacific$ Dayana 92oncepc$:, 68, (36G(@($ =##4 " ( -65!6 +lather, (; 6 1$'$ +lather, ' tidal model of the north-&est 0uropean continental shelf, /em$ #oc$ 1$ #ci$ ?iHge 6 9(; 6: 9(":, pp$ (@(G(6@

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appendi(

.coto(icological data of c emicals in +ater based mud

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5&2.LL'/4 @.#AL1#

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