PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS 1)Counting 1.1 Basics of Counting_tut_ pe _co!" Introduction: Pe !utations an# co!

$inations %e e t&e concepts int o#uce# in !at&e!atics 'ust as !at&e!atica( too(s to assist counting. E)e *#a* %e #o so !an* acti)ities t&at e+ui es counting. In t&is section %e %i(( 'uts int o#uce so!e p o$(e!s %&ic& can $e so()e# !e e(* $* counting an# a(so see %&* t&e e %as a nee# fo Pe !uatations an# Co!$inations. e.g. Consi#e a se((e of co(o s in a s!a(( sca(e. ,e $u*s t& ee co(o s B(ue- . een B(ac/an# Re#. No% &e !i0es t%o co(o s at a ti!e an# se((s t&e! . ,o% !an* co(o s #oes &e se((1 So(ution " ,e can fo ! t&e sets of 2 in t&e fo((o%ing %a*s " 3B(ue-. een)- 3B(ue-B(ac/)3B(ue-Re#)-3. een-B(ac/)-3. een-Re#)-3B(ac/-Re#). A(( t&ese co!$inations %i(( fo ! a ne% co(o an# so &e is se((ing 4 co(o s in a((. But i!agine a (a ge co!pan* %&icg $u*s p(ent* of co(o s- !i0es t&e! an# se((s t&e!.Suc& co!panies cannot #o a(( t&e counting to fin# out &o% !an* p o#ucts t&e* a e se((ing.T&e* nee# a !at&e!atica( too( to so()e t&ei p o$(e!s. 1.2 A##ition Ru(e_tut_pe _co!" Definition: Principal of addition : If t%o e)ents E1 an# E2 can occu in#epen#ent(* in ! an# n %a*s especti)e(*- t&en eit&e of t&e t%o e)ents can occu in 3!5n)%a*s. e.g. If a pe son &as t&e option of going to &is 'o$ $* %a(/ing- c*c(ing- scoote - te!po $us an# ca . If it is as/e# t&at in &o% !an* #iffe ent %a*s can &e go fo &is 'o$. T&e ans%e %i(( $e 4 %a*s- t&e a##ition of a(( t&ese !o#es of t anspo t. 1.6 Mu(tip(ication Ru(e_tut_pe _co!" Definition Principal of multiplication: If an e)ent can occu in ! #iffe ent %a*s- fo((o%ing %&ic& anot&e e)ent can occu in n #iffe ent %a*s- t&en t&e tota( nu!$e of occu ence of t&e e)ents in t&e o #e gi)en is !7n. e.g. T&e e a e 8 oa#s f o! to%n A to B an# 4 oa#s f o! to%n B to C. In &o% !an* %a*s can a pe son go f o! to%n A to to%n C1 So(ution " T&is is a #i ect app(ication to t&e p incipa( of counting. T&e pe son can c&oose a oa# f o! A to B in 8 %a*s an# co espon#ing to eac& oa# ta/en t&e e a e 4 ot&e oa#s f o! B to C.So t&e tota( nu!$e of %a*s 9 8749 6: %a*s. e.g Suppose t&e e a e ; $o*s an# 6 gi (s in a c(ass - &o% !an* %a*s can a coup(e $e fo !e#1

So(ution" T&is a(so a #i ect app(ication of t&e fi st p incipa( of counting. T&e nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing a $o* is ; an# to eac& se(ecte# $o* %e can c&oose a gi ( in 6 %a*s. So it is a case of c&oosing a $o* in ; %a*s an# a gi ( in 6 %a*s. So t&e tota( nu!$e of fa)ou a$(e %a*s 9;76912. <e can a(so see t&e 12 co!$inations . Suppose %e nu!$e t&e $o*s as B1-B2-B6-B; an# t&e gi (s as .1-.2-.6. T&e t%e()e pai s a e " B1.1- B1.2-B1.6 B2.1- B2.2-B2.6 B6.1-B6.2- B6.6 B;.1-B;.2-B;.6 e.g. T&e e a e 1: +uestions in an e0a!ination an# eac& +uestion &as ; c&oices- in &o% !an* #iffe ent %a*s can one ans%e t&e +uestions1 So(ution" T&is is a(so an app(ication to t&e p incipa( of counting.Suppose %e c&oose a +uestion - to e)e * +uestion pic/e# t&e e a e ; c&oices of ans%e ing t&e +uestion- eit&e A-B-C-=. So fo eac& +uestion t&e e a e ; %a*s an# again to t&e ne0t one t&e e %i(( $e ; %a*s. So in tota( t&e e %i(( $e ;7;7;7;7.........1: ti!es. So t&e e+ui e# nu!$e of %a*s is ;1:. e.g. ,o% !an* #iffe ent %a*s can one fo ! a ; #igit nu!$e using t&e nu!$e s 1>? %it& epetition1 So(ution " Consi#e an* #igit it can $e fi((e# in ? %a*s an# again go to t&e ne0t #igit - it can a(so $e fi((e# in ? %a*s. So t&e nu!$e of %a*s of fi((ing eac& #igit is ?. So t&e tota( nu!$e of cases ?7?7?7?9 ? ; 1.; =iffe ence $et%een AN= an# OR_tut_pe _co!" Introduction: T&e t&u!$ u(e is t&at %&ene)e t&e state!ent OR occu s in a p o$(e! t&e e is an addition a!ong t&e cases. <&ene)e t&e state!ent AN= occu s t&e e us a multiplication a!ong t&e cases. Most(* t&e a##ition is to $e #one %&en t&e e a e t%o e)ents %&ic& #o not ta/e p(ace si!u(taneous(*- t&e e is a(%a*s a c&oice to $e !a#e a!ong t&e t%o " eit&e t&is or t&at. @ou %i(( $e e+ui e# to #o !u(tip(ication in !ost of t&e cases an# t&ese p o$(e!s %i(( $e suc& t&at t&e* %i(( occu si!u(taneous(*. e.g. Suppose t&at t&e e a e 2: stu#ents in a c(ass &a)ing 8 gi (s an# 18 $o*s. a)In &o% !an* %a*s can a &ea# $e c&osen %&e e t&e &ea# can $e eit&e a $o* o a gi (1 $)In &o% !an* %ats can a &ea# gi ( an# a &ea#$o* $e c&osen1 So(ution" a)Note t&e OR in t&is p o$(e!. <e &a)e to c&oose a &ea# %&ic& can $e eit&e a gi ( o a $o* . So %e can c&oose a gi ( out of 8 gi (s 3tota( %a*s is 8) o a $o* out of 18 $o*s318

%a*s). So t&e tota( nu!$e of %a*s is 851892: $)Note t&e %o # AN= in t&e p o$(e!. <e &a)e to c&oose a &ea# gi ( an# a(so a &ea#$o*.C&oosing one &ea#gi (38 %a*s) an# c&oosing one &ea#$o*318) %a*s. Sice $ot& t&e e)ents &a)e to ta/e p(ace si!u(taneous(* so t&e e %i(( $e a !u(tip(ication $et%een t&e e)ents.So tata( nu!$e of %a*s9 87189A8 BuiC > 1 1.A Di(!sta &as 2: pai s of s&oes an# ;: soc/s - in &o% !an* %a*s can &e %ea a s&oes an# soc/s on a pa ticu(a #a* 1 A) 600 B)800 C) 1200 D) 650 2. A pe son &as 8 t a)e((ing $ag - 6 ca!e a an# 2 poc/et /ni)es. In &o% !an* %a*s can &e t a)e( if &e ca ies one of eac& t*pe1 A)30 B)2 C)60 D)36 3.A !u(tip(e c&oice test consists of 18 +uestions an# if eac& of t&ese +uestions &as 8 c&oices - in &o% !an* %a*s can a stu#ent ans%e t&e +uestions if &e atte!pts a(( t&e +uestions1 A)515 B)155 C)1012 D)612 .In &o% !an* %a*s can a pe son sen# in)itation ca #s to 4 of &is f ien#s if &e &as ; se )ants to #ist i$ute t&e ca #s 1 A)
!

B)

C) 6 D)6!

2)Permutation" and com#ination": 2.1 $actorial%tut%per%com: T&e notation nE ep esents t&e p o#uct of fi st n natu a( nu!$e s- i.e.- t&e p o#uct 1 F 2 F 6 F . . . F 3n G 1) F n is #enote# as nE. <e ea# t&is s*!$o( as Hn facto ia(I. T&us- 1 F 2 F 6 F ; . . . F 3n G 1) F n 9 n E e.g. Ca(cu(ate 8E9 87;7672719 12: 2.2 Pe !utations_tut_pe _co!" Definition: A pe !utation is an a ange!ent in a #efinite o #e of a nu!$e of o$'ects ta/en so!e o a(( at a ti!e. T&e nu!$e of pe !utations of n #iffe ent o$'ects ta/en r at a ti!e- %&e e : J r K n an# t&e o$'ects #o not epeat is n 3 n G 1) 3 n G 2). . .3 n G r 5 1)- %&ic& is #enote# $* nPr.
n

P 9 nEL3n> )E Introduction: <&ene)e %e ta(/ a$out a ange!ents an# #ist i$ution it !eans %e &a)e to use

pe !utations.<e use pe !utations %&e ee)e t&e o #e of t&ings is i!po tant. e.g. In &o% !an* %a*s can 8 #iffe ent t&ings $e #ist i$ute# a!ong 8 peop(e 1 So(ution" T&e %o # #ist i$ution s&o%s t&at %e &a)e to use pe !utations. It is not&ing $ut t&e pe !utations of 8 t&ings ta/en 8 at a ti!e so 8P8. e.g. In &o% !an* %a*s can 8 c&i(# en $e pic/e# out of 18 an# a ange# in a (ine. So(ution" Note again t&e /e* %o # a ange!ent. T&is %o # s&o%s t&at %e &a)e to use pe !utations. T&is is not&ing $ut t&e pe !utations of 18 t&ings ta/en 8 at a ti!e so 18P8 2.6 Co!$inations_tut_pe _co!" Definition: Co!$ination is not&ing $ut se(ecting fe% o a(( of t&e o$'ects f o! a gi)en set of o$'ects. T&e fo !u(a fo fin#ing t&e nu!$e of co!$inations of n #iffe ent o$'ects ta/en r at a ti!e- #enote# $* nCr..
n

C 9 nEL3n> )E7 E

Introduction: <&ene)e %e co!e ac oss t&e %o #s se(ecting - g ouping etc - %&e e t&e o #e of t&ings is not t&at i!po tant t&en %e a e #ea(ing %it& co!$inations. e.g. In &o% !an* %a*s can one se(ect 8 #iff ent $a((s out of a $o0 containing 18 #iffe ent $a((s. So(ution"Note t&e %o # se(ect- it in#icates t&at %e &a)e to use co!$inations. T&is is not&ing $ut t&e co!$ination of 18 t&ings ta/en 8 at a ti!e so 18C8 e.g. Suppose t&at a $ag contains 1: e# $a((s an# 18 g een $a((s. In &o% !an* %a*s can a g oup of 8 e# an# 8 g een $e !a#e. So(ution" Note t&e %o # g oup- t&is i!p(ies t&at %e a e #ea(ing %it& co!$ination &e e.A(so as %e &a# #iscusse# ea (ie - note t&e %o # Man#M- t&is #enotes t&at %e &a)e to si!u(taneous(* se(ect e# an# g een $a((s so t&e e !ust $e a !u(tip(ication $et%een t&e t%o. C&oosing 8 e# $a((s in 1:C8 %a*s an# c&oosing 8 g een $a((s in 18C8 %a*s an# so t&e tota( no of %a*s is 1:C87 18C8 2.; Un#e stan#ing t&e #iffe encce $et%een pe !utations & co!$ination_tut_pe _co!" Suppose t&e e a e ; $o*s B1 B2 B6 an# B; . a) In &o% !an* %a*s can g oups of 2 $e fo !e# 1 So(ution <e %i(( so()e t&is p o$(e! fi st $* si!p(e counting. T&e e a e si0 g oups possi$(e na!e(* as B1B2- B1B6- B1B;- B2B6- B2B;- B6B; Essentia((* %e &a)e se(ecte# g oups of 2 out of ;. T&is se(ection p oce#u e is ca((e# as co!$ination an# is #enote# $* ;C2.

No% if %e c&oose one suc& g oup- suppose B1B2 - %&i(e se(ecting a g oup of t&ese t%o t&e a ange!ent #oes not !atte in %&ate)e %a* t&e* occu t&e* fo ! a g oup. But if %e !a/e t&e! seat on 2 seats t&e a ange!ent co!es into pictu e. T&e* can $e seate# in t%o %a*s B1B2 o B2B1. Se(ection an# a ange!ent toget&e is /no%n as pe !utations. $)So if t&e p o$(e! sa*s t&at in &o% !an* %a*s can g oups of 2 $e a ange# out of ; Bo*s1 T&e ans " ; P29 12 %a*s. NSe(ection %as #one in 4 %a*s an# eac& suc& se(ecte# can $e a ange# in 2 %a*s. So tota( 12 %a*s.O MSe(ecting is /no%n as Co!$ination an# an# se(ecting an# a anging toget&e is /no%n as Pe !utationM e.g. a)Din# t&e nu!$e of %a*s of in %&ic& ; Bo*s can $e se(ecte# out of a c(ass &a)ing 12 Bo*s1 $)In &o% !an* %a*s can t&e* $e se(ecte# an# nu!$e e# f o! 1>; 1 So(ution" a) T&is is a p o$(e! of co!$inations %&e e *ou &a)e to se(ect ; out of 12 - so t&e co ect ans%e 9 12C; $) Se(ecting ; $o*s an# t&en nu!$e ing t&e! as 1-2-6-; in)o()es se(ecting ; out of 12 an# t&en a anging t&e! . So it is p o$(e! of a ange!ent an# t&e ans%e is 12P;. e.g. In &o% !an* %a*s can 8 !o)ie tic/ets $e #ist i$ute# to 8 peop(e if t&e tic/ets a e nu!$e e#. So(ution" See %&en t&e fi st pe son co!es t&e e a e 8 options of gi)ing t&e tic/et - an* of t&e 8 tic/ets can $e gi)en to &i!. Do t&e ne0t pe son t&e e a e ; %a*s to gi)e t&e tic/ets an# t&en fo t&e t&i # %e &a)e 6 %a*s- fo ; t& %e &a)e 2 %a*s an# 8 t& %e &a)e 1 %a*. No% t&ese %a*s can occu toget&e in an* %a* so t&e tota( nu!$e of %a*s987;767271912: %a*s. T&is cou(# $e #i ect(* #one using t&e pe !utation fo !u(a $ecause t&e p o$(e! &e e is t&e a nge!ent of 8 tic/ets out of 8 so t&e so(utin is 8P89 8EL:E 9 8E9 12:N Note t&at :E91O e.g. ,o% !an* 8 #igit nu!$e s can $e fo !e# using t&e #igits 2-6-;-8-4 if t&e epitition is not a((o%e#1 So(ution" If %e consi#e 8 #igits of a nu!$e . T&e fi st #igit can $e fi((e# in 8 %a*s- as t&e epitition is not a((o%e# so t&e secon# #igit can $e fi((e# in ; %a*s- t&e ne0t in 6 %a*s- t&e ne0t in 2 %a*s an# t&e (ast one in 1 %a*. No% an* nu!$e can co!e in an* p(ace an# a(( t&ese e)ents occu toge&te so tota( nu!$e of %a*s is 87;767271. T&is can $e #i ect(* using t&e pe !utations fo !u(a $ecause f o!ing a 8 #igit nu!$e out of t&ese 8 nu!$e s is not&ing $ut a ange!ent of t&ese 8 nu!$e s ta/en a(( at a ti!e. So t&e so(ution is 8P89 8EL:E 9 8E9 12:N Note t&at :E91O e.g.T&e e a e 8: stu#ents in a c(ass- &a)ing 6: gi (s an# 2: $o*s. In &o% !an* %a*s can one $o* an# one gi ( $e c&osen a!ong t&ese1

So(ution" C&oosing a gi ( out of 6: &as 6: possi$i(ities $ecause t&e e a e 6: gi (s in t&e c(ass. Si!i(a (* c&oosing a $o* out of 2: $o*s can a(so $e #one in 2: %a*s. As c&oosing t&e $o* an# t&e gi ( occu s toge&te so tota( nu!$e of %a*s is 6:72:94:: %a*s. T&is can $e #one #i ect(* using t&e co!$ination fo !u(a. ,e e %e a e se(ecting an# !a/ing a se(ection !eans co!$ination. No of %a*s of se(ecting a gi ( out of 6: gi (s is 6:C1 No. of %a*s of se(ecting a $o* out of 2: $o*s is 2:C1 So t&e tota( nu!$e of %a*s9 6:C172:C194:: %a*s. e.g. Suppose t&e e a e P consonants an# 8 )o%e(s. a)In &o% !an* %a*s can one c&oose ; consonants an# 2 )o%e(s. $)In &o% !an* %a*s can t&ese ; consonants an# 2 )o%e(s $e a ange# to fo ! a %o #1 So(ution" a) Nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing ; consonants out of P is PC; an# t&e nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing 2 )o%e(s out of 8 is 8C2. So t&e nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing t&e consonants an# )o%e(s toget&e is PC;7 8C2. $) Once %e &a)e c&osen ; consonants an# 2 )o%e(s so %e &a)e tota((* 4 (ette s fo a ange!ent to fo ! %o #s. T&e a ange!ent of t&ese 4 can ta/e p(ace in 4E %a*s. BuiC 2 1)Ca(cu(ate 6E7 8C6 A);: B)8: C)4: =)A: 2) a)In &o% !an* %a*s can ; gifts $e c&osen out of 1: gifts1 A) 28: B) 24: C) 22: =)21: $) In &o% !an* %a*s can ; gifts out of 1: $e se(ecte# an# #ist i$ute# to ; peop(e1 A) 8:;: B) 8:1: C) ;:?4 =)?842 6) Suppose t&e e a e P consonants an# 8 )o%e(s. In &o% !an* %a*s can ; consonants an# 2 )o%e(s $e c&osen out of t&ese an# a ange# to fo ! %o #s 1 A) 26;::: B)8:;::: C) 6:;::: =)12;::: ;) a)In &o% !an* %a*s can t&e (ette s of t&e %o # PQUN.E $e a ange#1 A) 284 B) 2;: C) A2: =) A4: $),o% !an* of t&ese %o #s sta t %it& Q1 A) 12: B) 16: C) 1;: =)18: 8) a),o% !an* ; #igit nu!$e s can $e fo !e# %it& t&e #igits 2-6-;-8 if t&e epetition of t&e #igits is not a((o%e#1 A) B) C) =)2; $),o% !an* ; #igit nu!$e s can $e fo !e# using t&e #igits 2-6-;-8 if an* #igit can $e epeate# an* nu!$e of ti!es. A) ;; B) 2; C) 6; =) 6;

3. Practical da& to da& application" 6.1 Pac/ of ca #s_tut_pe _co!" Introduction: A pac/ of ca # &as in tota( 82 ca #s consisting of 16 ca #s of eac& suite . T&e suites a e na!e# as =ia!on#s- Spa#es- ,ea ts an# C(u$s. T&e ca #s a e #iscusse# in t&is c&apte $ecause a (ot of se(ection an# a ange!ent goes on in t&e ga!e of ca #s an# so #oing so!e p o$(e!s on it %ou(# i!p o)e t&e concepts on pe !utations.Note t&at a!ong t&ese 2 suits #ia!on#s an# &ea ts a e e# an# t&e ot&e 2 suits spa#es an# c(u$s a e $(ac/. A(so t&e e a e in tota( 12 face ca #s i.e. 6 ca #s in eac& of t&e suite. e.g. a) In &o% !an* %a*s can one se(ect 1: ca #s in a ga!e of ca #s. $) In &o% !an* %a*s can t&e ca #s $e #ist i$ute# a!ong 1: peop(e so t&at e)e *one gets one ca # eac&. So(ution" a) It is not&ing $ut se(ecting 1: ca #s out of 82- so it can $e #one in 9 82C1:%a*s. $)No% once 1: ca #s &a)e $een se(ecte# it can $e #ist i$ute# to 1: peop(e in 1: E %a*s. T&is co!es f o! t&e fact t&at t&e fi st ca # can $e gi)en in 1: %a*s - ne0t in ? %a*s ne0t in P %a*s an# so on. So t&e tota( nu!$e of %a*s of se(ecting t&e ca #s an# #ist i$uting is 1: E 7 82C1:%a*s %&ic& is not&ing $ut 82P1: %a*s. e.g. In &o% !an* %a*s can ; c a#s $e c&osen out of a pac/ of ca #s suc& t&at t&e e a e 2 e# ca #s an# 2 $(ac/ c a#s. So(ution" T&e e a e 24 e# ca #s an# 24 $(ac/ ca #s. <e &a)e to c&oose 2 e# ca #s out of t&ese 24 e# ca #s an# c&oose 2 $(ac/ out of 24 $(ac/ ca #s.So t&e ans%e s&ou(# $e 24 C27 24 C2. Note" T&e p o$(e!s in)o()ing pic/ing out $a((s f o! a $ag a e t&e sa!e as t&ose of ca #s as #iscusse# a$o)e. <e can un#e stan# t&is $* an e0a!p(e e.g. Suppose in a $ag t&e e a e 24 #iffe ent $(ac/ $a((s an# 24 #iffe ent e# $a((s.In &o% !an* %a*s can one pic/ 8 $(ac/ $a((s an# ; e# $a((s. So(ution" T&is is t&e sa!e case as t&at of ca #s %&e e %e &a)e 24 e# ca #s an# 24 $(ac/ ca #s an# t&en %e !a/e a c&oice. T&e ans%e %i(( $e not&ing $ut c&oosing 8 $(ac/ $a((s out of 24 #iffe ent $(ac/ $a((s an# ; e# $a((s f o! 24 e# $a((s.So 24C8724C; Note " Ti(( no% %&ene)e %e ta(/e# a$out se(ection %e ta(/e# a$out #iffe ent t&ings an# ne)e a$out i#entica( t&ings. <&en a(( t&e $a((s a e #iffe ent t&en pic/ing eac& $a(( gi)es a se(ection %&ic& is #iffe ent. But %&en %e ta(/ a$out i#entica( $a((s eac& pic/up %i(( gi)e t&e sa!e se(ection. So if t&e e a e 1: #iffe ent $a((s in a $ag t&en t&e nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing one $a(( %i(( $e 1: %a*s. Eac& se(ection %e %i(( !a/e %i(( gi)e a #iffe ent se(ection of a $a((. But %&en a(( t&e $a((s a e i#entica( t&en !a/ing a se(ection %i(( gi)e t&e sa!e $a(( so t&e nu!$e of %a*s of se(ecting one $a(( out of 1: i#entica(

$a((s %i(( $e 'ust one %a*. e.g. Suppose t&at t&e e a e 8 i#entica( e# $a((s an# 1: #iffe ent $(ac/ $a((s in a $o0.In &o% !an* %a*s can one c&oose 2 e# $a((s an# 8 $(ac/ $(ac/ $a((s. So(ution" Note t&at &e e %e &a)e 8 i#entica( e# $a((s an# 1: #iffe ent $(ac/ $a((s.T&e nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing 2 e# $a((s out of t&e i#entica( e# $a((s is 1 an# t&e nu!$e of %a*s of c&oosing 8 $(ac/ $a((s out of 1: #iffe ent $(ac/ $a((s is 1:C8. 6.2 .eo!et * p o$(e!s_tut_pe _co!" Introduction: T&e concept of pe !utations is use# in a (ot of geo!et ica( p o$(e!s. T&ese geo!et ica( p o$(e!s can $e easi(* so()e# using si!p(e co!$inations. T&e t ic/ (ies in #eci#ing %&at to c&oose an# &o% to p ocee#. In t&is section %e %i(( #ea( %it& so!e e(e!nta * p o$(e!s in geo!et * using t&ese concepts. e.g If t&e e a e 8 points in a p(ane suc& t&at none of t&e! a e co((inea N (*ing on t&e sa!e st aig&t (ineOR. So(ution" i!agine &o% can one fo ! a st aig&t (ine- 'ust $* 'oining t%o points. So c&oosing an* 2 points out of 8 points %i(( gi)e a st aig&t (ine. So t&e p o$(e! essentia((* $ ea/s into se(ecting 2 out of 8 %&ic& is not&ing $ut 8C2 Si!i(a (* %e ca(cu(ate t&e nu!$e of t iang(es an# nu!$e of +ua #i(ate a(s out of t&ese 8 points fo %&ic& %e nee# to se(ect 6 an# ; points especti)e(*. e.g. If t&e e is a set of 8 pa a((e( (ines an# anot&e set of ; pa a((e( (ines %&ic& a e pe pen#icu(a to t&e initai( set. Din# t&e nu!$e of ectang(es t&at can $e fo !e#1

It is again )e * si!p(e - a(( t&at is nee#e# is to i!agine &o% a ectang(e can $e fo !e#.It can $e fo !e# $* an* t%o pa a((e( (ines f o! one set an# t&e ot&e t%o (ines f o! t&e ot&e set. In si!p(e te !s if %e c&oose an* t%o (ine out of t&e set of 8 pa a((e( (ines an# in si!u(ataneous(* %e c&oose 2 (ines out of t&e ot&e set of ; pa a((e( (ines %e get a ectang(e. So t&e e+ui e# nu!$e of ectang(es is 8C27 ;C29 1:749 4: %a*s. 6.6 Tossing a coin_tut_pe _co!"

Introduction: Tossing a coin can gi)e on(* t%o outputs &ea#3,) an# tai(3T).It is $est to un#e stan# t&at a tossing of coin !eans #oing a t&ing in t%o %a*s. T&e p o$(e!s &e e a e ana(ogous to a(( t&e counting p o$(e!s on #igits t&at %e &a)e a( ea#* #one.It is (i/e fi((ing a p(ace of a #igit in t%o %a*s. e.g. ,o% !an* outputs %i(( $e t&e e fo a coin $eing tosse# 6 ti!es 1 So(ution" It is sa!e as fi((ing 6 #igits of a nu!$e s %&e e e)e * #igit can $e fi((e# in 2 %a*s. <e /no% t&at a coin can gi)e an output in 2 %a*s so t&e tota( nu!$e of outputs fo t&e coin %i(( $e 27272 9 P %a*s. <e can a(so s&o% t&ese P outputs in t&e fo ! of set S 3,,T)-3,,,)-3,T,)-3,TT)3TTT) 3T,T)3TT,)3T,,)T T&e sa!e concept can $e e0ten#e# to t& o%ing of #ice. Qi/e in a t& o%ing of a #ice %e &a)e t%o outco!es - %e &a)e 4 possi$(e outco!es in t& o%ing of #ice. e.g. ,o% !an* outputs %i(( $e t&e e if a #ice is t& o%n 2 ti!es1 So(ution" It is t&e sa!e as fi((ing 2 #igits of a nu!$e %it& t&e outco!es of a #ice %&e e e)e * #igit can $e fi((e# in 4 %a*s . So t&e tota( nu!$e of outco!es %i(( $e 474 9 64 %a*s. T&e 64 outco!es can $e (iste# as fo((o%s S31-1)- 31-2)- 31-6)- 31-;)-31-8)-31-4)... 32-1)-32-2)....................34-1)-34-2)-4-6)-34-;)-34-8)-34-4)T BuiC >6 1. In &o% !an* %a*s can ; face ca #s $e c&osen out of a pac/ of ca #s1 A)8:: B);?8 C)8:8 =)81: 2. In &o% !an* %a*s can 18 ca #s $e c&osen out of a pac/ of ca #s so t&at 1: a e e# an# 8 a e $(ac/1 A) 324C1:)U2 B)84A;8 C) 24C1: 7 24C8 =) 1444A: 6.Din# t&e nu!$e of ectang(es in a P $* P c&ess $oa # 1 A) 1;8: B)1284 C)12:: =) 12?4 ;. Din# t&e nu!$e of #iagona(s of a A si#e# &eptagon 1 A) 1; B) 14 C)12 =) 11 8. Din# t&e nu!$e of %a*s in ; coins can $e tosse# so t&at t&e fi st coin a(%a*s gi)es an output as &ea#1 A) 14 B) ; C) 2 =) P 4.T&e e a e 8 i#entica( pens an# 4 i#entica( u$$e s an# ; #iffe ent penci(s.In &o% !an* %a*s can one pic/ t&ese so as to &a)e one of eac&. A) 12: B) 6: C)64 =) ;

. 'ol(ed pro#lem" 1.Din# t&e nu!$e of ; (ette %o #s- %it& o %it&out !eaning- %&ic& can $e fo !e# out of t&e (ette s of t&e %o # ROSE- %&e e t&e epetition of t&e (ette s is not a((o%e#.1 So(ution" T&e fi st p(ace can $e fi((e# in ; #iffe ent %a*s $* an*one of t&e ; (ette s R-O-S-E. Do((o%ing %&ic&- t&e secon# p(ace can $e fi((e# in $* an*one of t&e e!aining 6 (ette s in 6 #iffe ent %a*s- fo((o%ing %&ic& t&e t&i # p(ace can $e fi((e# in 2 #iffe ent %a*sV fo((o%ing %&ic&- t&e fou t& p(ace can $e fi((e# in 1 %a*. T&us- t&e nu!$e of %a*s in %&ic& t&e ; p(aces can $e fi((e#- $* t&e !u(tip(ication p incip(e- is ; F 6 F 2 F 1 9 2;. ,ence- t&e e+ui e# nu!$e of %o #s is 2;. 2. A co!!ittee of 6 pe sons is to $e constitute# f o! a g oup of 2 !en an# 6 %o!en. In &o% !an* %a*s can t&is $e #one1 ,o% !an* of t&ese co!!ittees %ou(# consist of 1 !an an# 2 %o!en1 So(ution" ,e e- o #e #oes not !atte . T&e efo e- %e nee# to count co!$inations. T&e e %i(( $e as !an* co!!ittees as t&e e a e co!$inations of 8 #iffe ent pe sons ta/en 6 at a ti!e. ,ence- t&e e+ui e# nu!$e of %a*s 8C691: %a*s FNo%- 1 !an can $e se(ecte# f o! 2 !en in 2C1 %a*s an# 2 %o!en can $e se(ecte# f o! 6 %o!en in 6C2 %a*s. T&e efo e- t&e e+ui e# nu!$e of co!!ittee 27694 %a*s. 6. )*ere are 20 pla&er" and a team of 11 *a" to #e formed+ 'olution: )*e order of "election i" not important. If &ou pic,ed t*e pla&er" a" -P1. P2 . P3. P . P5. P6. P/. P12. P15. P1!. P20 0 or a" -P1. P20. P5. P6. P/. P1!. P . P12. P15. P3. P2 0. note t*at it i" t*e "ame team t*at &ou *a(e pic,ed. 'o &ou *a(e to u"e 1 2 nCm 2 20C11 2 203 4 5/3 6 113) .A p*oto7rap*er *a" to ta,e a picture of a famil& con"i"tin7 of mem#er" 8 a fat*er. a mot*er. a "on and a dau7*ter. In *o9 man& 9a&" can *e po"ition t*e mem#er" to create a famil& p*oto7rap* containin7 all t*e mem#er" + All t*e mem#er" "*ould #e in a "in7le ro9.+ 'olution::ou can con"ider t*at t*ere are po"ition". Po"ition 1. Po"ition 2. Po"ition 3. Po"ition E0pe i!ent " =iffe ent %a*s in %&ic& ; o$'ects can $e a ange#. It can $e con#ucte# in ; steps Step 1 " Se(ect a pe son fo position 1 3M 9 ; %a*s) Step 2 " Se(ect a pe son fo position 2 3N 9 6 %a*s) Step 6 " Se(ect a pe son fo position 6 3O 9 2 %a*s) Step ; " Se(ect a pe son fo position ; 3P 9 1 %a* ) Tota( %a*s 9 M 0 N 0 O 0 P 9 ; 0 6 0 2 0 1 T&is is sa!e as" ;P; 9 ;E L 3;>;)E 9 ;E 5. Cal(in. ;o##e". 'u<ie and =o"al&n are pal" plannin7 to 7o for an outin7 in Cal(in>"

car. All four can dri(e. )*e car i" a "tandard model 9it* 2 "eat" in t*e front 5one #ein7 t*e dri(er>" "eat ) and t9o at t*e #ac,. 1. In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated in t*e car + 2. In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated in t*e car. if ;o##e" doe" not 9ant to dri(e + 3. In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated. if Cal(in and ;o##e" 9ant to "it ne6t to one anot*er + . In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated. if Cal(in and 'u<ie do not 9ant to "it ne6t to one anot*er in t*e "ame ro9 + 5. If =o"al&n in"i"t" on dri(in7. in *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated + 'olution: 1. In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated in t*e car + E0pe i!ent " =iffe ent %a*s in %&ic& ; pe sons can $e seate# in ; seats. It can $e con#ucte# in ; steps Step 1 " Se(ect a pe son fo seat D1 3M 9 ; %a*s- since a(( can # i)e) Step 2 " Se(ect a pe son fo seat D2 3N 9 6 %a*s) Step 6 " Se(ect a pe son fo position B1 3O 9 2 %a*s) Step ; " Se(ect a pe son fo seat B2 3P 9 1 %a*s) )otal 9a&" 2 ? 6 1 6 @ 6 P 2 6 3 6 2 6 1 2. In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated in t*e car. if ;o##e" doe" not 9ant to dri(e + E0pe i!ent " =iffe ent %a*s in %&ic& ; pe sons can $e seate# in ; seats if ,o$$es #oes not %ant to # i)e. It can $e con#ucte# in ; steps Step 1 " Se(ect a pe son fo seat D1 3M 9 6 %a*s- since a(( can # i)e- $ut ,o$$es is not %i((ing) Step 2 " Se(ect a pe son fo seat D2 3N 9 6 %a*s) Step 6 " Se(ect a pe son fo position B1 3O 9 2 %a*s) Step ; " Se(ect a pe son fo seat B2 3P 9 1 %a*s) )otal 9a&" 2 ? 6 1 6 @ 6 P 2 3 6 3 6 2 6 1 3. In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated. if Cal(in and ;o##e" 9ant to "it ne6t to one anot*er + E0pe i!ent " =iffe ent %a*s in %&ic& ; pe sons can $e seate# in ; seats if Ca()in an# ,o$$es %ant to sit ne0t to one anot&e . It can $e con#ucte# in 6 steps Step 1 " Di st a((o% Ca()in an# ,o$$es to sit ne0t to one anot&e 3M 9 ; %a*s- since t&e t%o can $e seat eit&e in f ont o $ac/. <it&in t&at t&e e a e t%o %a*s. i.e. D ont " Ca()in an# ,o$$es o ,o$$es an# Ca()in Bac/ " Ca()in an# ,o$$es o ,o$$es an# Ca()in) Step 2 " Se(ect a pe son fo t&e t&i # seat 3N 9 2 %a*s. Reason- one Ca()in an# ,o$$es occup* one o%- *ou can c&oose $et%een SuCie o Rosa(*n fo t&e 6 # seat) Step 6 " Se(ect a pe son fo t&e (ast seat 3O 9 1 %a*s) )otal 9a&" 2 ? 6 1 6 @ 2 6 2 6 1 . In *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated. if Cal(in and 'u<ie do not 9ant to "it ne6t to one anot*er + E0pe i!ent " =iffe ent %a*s in %&ic& ; pe sons can $e seate# in ; seats if Ca()in an# SuCie

#o not %ant to sit ne0t to one anot&e in t&e sa!e o%. It can $e con#ucte# in ; steps Step 1 " Di st seat Ca()in 3M 9 ; %a*s- since &e can $e seate# in an* of t&e ; seats) Step 2 " Seat SuCie 3N 9 2 %a*s. Reason- once Ca()in occupies a seat- SuCie cannot $e seate# in t&at o%. S&e &as to $e seate# in t&e ot&e o%. T&e e a e 2 seats f o! %&ic& s&e can c&oose) Step 6 " Se(ect a pe son fo t&e 6 # seat 3O 9 2 %a*s. @ou can c&oose $et%een ,o$$es an# Rosa(*n) Step ; " Se(ect a pe son fo t&e ;t& seat 3P 9 1 %a*s. On(* one is (eft- #epen#ing on %&o! *ou se(ect in step 6) )otal 9a&" 2 ? 6 1 6 @ 6 P 2 6 2 6 2 6 1 5. If =o"al&n in"i"t" on dri(in7. in *o9 man& 9a&" can t*e& #e "eated + It can $e con#ucte# in ; steps Step 1 " Di st seat Rosa(*n in t&e # i)e s seats 3M 9 1 %a*) Step 2 " Se(ect a pe son fo seat D2 3N 9 6 %a*s) Step 6 " Se(ect a pe son fo position B1 3O 9 2 %a*s) Step ; " Se(ect a pe son fo seat B2 3P 9 1 %a*) )otal 9a&" 2 ? 6 1 6 @ 6 P 2 1 6 3 6 2 6 1 =e(ie9 te"t 1. If nC;91;4 t&en fin# t&e )a(ue of nP; 1 A) 1;4 B) 1;472E C) 1;47;E =)None of t&ese 2. ,o% !an* 8 (ette e# %o #s can $e fo !e# out of 1: consonants an# ; )o%e(s- suc& t&at eac& contains 6 consonants an# 2 )o%e(s1 A)48:78E B) 4A:78E C) A2:78E =) 66:78E 6.,o% !an* !oto )e&ic(es nu!$e s can $e fo !e# suc& t&at it &as 8 #igits- t&e fi st 2 $eing an* of t&e eng(is& a(p&a$ets an# ot&e 6 $eing intege s f o! :>? %it&out epitition 1 A) 821::: B) 2;2::: C)212::: =) ;4P::: ;.T&e e a e 1: points on a ci c(e- &o% !an* #istinct t iang(es can $e fo !e# using t&ese points1 A)12: B) 64: C)2:: =)2;: 8.A !enu &as ; appetiCe s-A !ain cou ses an# 8 #esse ts. ,o% !an* co!p(ete !ea(s can $e c&osen f o! t&is !enu1 A)1;: B)18: C)14: =)1A: 4. a) If t&e e a e 18 i#entica( e# $a((s- in &o% !an* %a*s can one c&oose ; $a((s out of t&e (ot1 A)1648 B)1 C)1;:: =);

$) If t&e e a e 18 #iffe ent e# $a((s in &o% !an* %a*s can one c&oose ; $a((s out of t&e (ot 1 A)1648 B)1 C)1;:: =); c) T&e e a e 1: #iffe ent e# $a((s an# ; #iffe ent g een $a((s - in &o% !an* %a*s can one c&oose 2 e# $a((s an# 2 g een $a((s out of t&e (ot 1 A) 16: B) 2;: C)2A: =) 6:: A. A $as/et$a(( tea! consists of t%o fo %a #s- t%o gua #s an# a cente . In &o% !an* %a*s can a coac& c&oose a sta ting (ine up f o! 8 fo %a #s-A gua #s an# 6 cente s1 A)41: B)42: C)46: =)4;: P. In &o% !an* %a*s can a &an# of 4 c(u$s $e c&osen f o! a #ec/ of ca #s1 A)1A4: B) 1P:4 C)1P4: =)1A14 ?.D o! a #ec/ of ca #s- if ; ca #s a e # a%n- in &o% !an* %a*s of t&ese a) Dou ca #s a e of t&e sa!e suit1 A) 2P4: B)2?;: C)61:: =)2P1: $); ca #s $e(ong to #iffe ent suits1 A) 2P84: B) 2P841 C) 2P842 =)2P846 c); ca #s a e face ca #s1 A)8:: B) ;?: C);?8 =) 81: #) 2 a e e# ca #s an# 2 a e $(ac/1 A) 1:8421 B) 1:8422 C)1:8426 =)1:8428 e) ca #s a e of t&e sa!e co(o 1 A) 2??:: B) 2?84: C)2PPP: =)21684 1:) T&e e a e 8 contestants fo a !iss In#ia pageant - in &o% !an* %a*s can one %inne an# a unne up $e c&osen 1 A)28 B)6: C)68 =)2: 11) In &o% !an* can 8 pe sons (ine up to get into a $us 1 A)128 B)12: C) 16P =)1;: 12)T&e e a e 1: points in a p(ane out of %&ic& 6 points a e co((inea - &o% !an* st aig&t (ines can $e # a%n using t&ese points 1 A)62 B) 64 C) ;2 =) ;8

C1 F 6C2 9 4 %a*s