Review: Imperatives

In a previous English course you learned how to use imperatives to give directions. Imperatives are also used to give commands or make polite requests, in which case, they are always used in combination with the word please:

Please, unlock the door Please, get in the car

The simple form of the verb is used to form the imperative. The simple form is the infinitive without the particle to:

Infinitive to reach to start to shift

Simple form reach start shift

Review: Imperatives
Also, with the imperative the understood subject of the sentence is always

This happens because the command or instruction is for the person the sp talking to, and that person is you.

See how in the following sentences, the speaker is talking to you, you are t of the command, instruction or request:

Start the engine!

Shift into reverse!

Imperative sentences are the only sentences in the active voice in English that do not require a subject (it is understood).

Review: The imperative in negative form

Making imperative verbs negative is only a matter of adding don't :

Don't + simple form of the verb Don't start the engine! Don't shift into reverse!

Practice 3

Imagine you are a driving instructor. Complete the following set of instructions with a verb from the list. Pay s attention to those sentences where a negative is indicated (-).Use each verb only once. Possible answers : put park shift go press release turn keep

Recommendations with should

The Modal verb should id used to give recommendations, that is, to indicate that it is a good idea or conveni something.

When you give a recommendation, you normally start with I think...or I believe...or she thinks...or someon believes... For example: I think you should change the oil in your car. I believe your brother should wash his car. It is really filthy! The mechanic believes we should buy new tires for our van.

As it happens with all modal verbs, should is always followed by a main verb in s form. Look at the following example: Before you take the driving test, you should breathe deeply and relax.
modal verb simple form

simple

To make negative sentences with should use shouldn't:

Should

shouldn't + simple form

Ie. You shouldn't take the test if you haven't studied.

Practice 5
A. Review of final [s] and [iz] sounds Pronunciation Practice: Final [s] sounds after the consonant sounds [f], [k], [p], [t]

( *NOTE: These 4 voiceless sounds can be easily remembered if you memorize "Frank Pritchett" which is a very c name in English culture and contains the [f] and [k] as the first and final sounds in "Frank" and [p] and [t] as the firs sounds in "Pritchett.") LISTENING Indicate the number of final [s] sounds

Practice 6
Listening Final [iz] sounds after fricative sounds: ch, sh, s, z, tch, x, etc Indicate the number of final [iz] sounds you hear.

UNIT 2

Modal Verbs of Advice

Modals of advice are used to give recommendations or make suggestions. Modals of advice include: should, ough better. As with other modal verbs, plan are always followed by a main verb in simple form. Look at the following ex

a. We b. We

should
modal verb

plan
simple form

our trip to Ireland about expenses!

ought to
modal verb

think
simple form

c. You' d better
modal verb

hurry! The plane leaves in 5 minutes!

simple form

Note: had better and ought to are two-word verbs. These two words always go together. Both w up the modal verb itself. The modal had better can be used in contracted form as follows:

You had better put your passport away before you lose it!
or

You'd better put your passport away before you lose it!

If you take a look to the sentences above (a, b and c) you will see that the sentences with should and ought to are recommendations while the sentence with had better sounds like a warning of a bad consequence: You'd better slow down! That car up ahead must only be going 15 miles an hour!

What this sentence implies is that if you don't slow down you will hit the car ahead of you. There is a sense of urge request that makes it sound more like a warning than a simple recommendation.

Urgency of Modals of Advice

These 3 verbs are used with the same sentence structure (after a subject and followed by a main verb in simple fo However, their meaning is very different because they express different degrees of urgency. Should expresses a recommendation that you may or may not follow, while had better warns you to do or not to do something in order bad Consequence. So, had better has a higher degree of urgency.

Practice 3
Select the right modal verb of advice to provide a solution for the following problems. Pay special attention to the context and the urgency on each situation.

Negative Forms of Modal Verbs of Advice

This is how you make negative sentences with should and had better: Should : shouldn't + simple form

Ie. You shouldn't take so many days off for your vacation. Had better: had better + not + simple form

Ie. You had better not take so many days off for your vacation Or with the contracted form: 'd better: 'd better + not + simple form

Ie. You'd better not take so many days off for your vacation Note: ought to is not usually used in negative form.

Practice 4
Louisa is leaving on vacation in two days. She and her sister Sophie are making final arrangements to make sure is OK during her trip. Complete the sentences in the dialogue below.

Choose one verb from the following list and use the modal verb of advice as indicated. The symbol - indicates that verb should be used in negative form.

Example: You (should -) buy those expensive tickets to Paris Resulting sentence: You shouldn't buy those expensive tickets to Paris

complete

be

argue

be

start

make

finish

UNIDAD 3

The Subjunctive
The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone's desire or a condition in nature, like weather. The subjunctive is formed as follows: Introduced by an expression like: It is necessary It is important Simple form of verb wear use Rest of sentence warm clothes during winter sunblock lotion at the beach headlights for driving in the fog boots and raincoats Salted. windows and doors during a hurricane.

subject you people

It is essential

that

Your father

turn on

It is advisable It is recommended It is better

children roads

wear be

we

shut

Model sentences:
It is important that your father turn on the lights when driving in the fog.
(simple form)

It is essential that people shut windows and doors during a hurricane.

(simple form)

The Subjunctive in Negative Form

To make a negative sentence with the Subjunctive, simply add not before the verb in simple form:

When it is rainy, it is advisable that you use an umbrella. (simple form)

When it is windy, it is advisable that you not use an umbrella. (simple form)

UNIT 4

Comparative Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns, they describe how things are (animate and inanimate). In the specific context of mailing a letter or package, four kinds of adjectives come in handy. These are: Adjectives describing dimension deep tall wide Adjectives describing weight light heavy

Adjectives describing size large bulky oversized small undersized

Adjectives describing price Cheap inexpensive moderate reasonable expensive

Comparative Adjectives

When you make comparisons using these adjectives you must use their comparative forms. Let's review how comparative forms are made: Short adjectives: add er I.e. This package is larger than this other. I.e. This package is heavier than this other. Longer adjectives: use the word more before the adjective I.e. First class mail is more expensive than surface mail.

Short adjectives ending in y: drop (eliminate) the y a add: ier

Note: in a setence, when the second term of the comparison (second object being compared) is included, yo the word than. Let's look at the previous examples again: This package is larger than this other.

This package is heavier than this other. First class mail is more expensive than surface mail.

omparative Adjectives
Sometimes when you compare you use the word less. This happens when the second object you are comparing has a given attribute in a lesser degree. The word less is used for all adjectives, short and long, and when you use it, the adjective remains intact. Look at the following examples: Bulky Expensive Tall Wide Cheap Reasonable less bulky less expensive less tall less wide less cheap less reasonable

UNIT 5

Go + gerund (ing form)

The combination Go + gerund (ing form) is used to refer to recreational activities, including hobbies and some s people enjoy when they go on a short trip or vacation. These activities are usually outdoor and entail some contact with nature. Look at the following expressions, taken from the listening above:

We We

went (past tense of go) went (past tense of go)

+ +

swimming gerund hunting gerund

nearly everyday for seashells

Practice 3
Select the correct option.

Simple Past Tense

Regular Verbs The simple past is created simply by adding -ED to regular verbs. Regular verbs have the same form for both, the and the past participle: Simple form Stay Carry Walk Simple Past Stayed Carried Walked Past Participle Stayed Carried Walked

(Click on the RED BOOK for a list of regular English verbs)

Some regular verbs, however, require additional changes to their ending. These is how they create their simple pa Examples: Verbs ending in e Add -d love loved live lived Examples: Verbs ending in consonant+y Drop the y and add ied Carry carried Copy copied Verbs ending in vowel +consonant (except y/w) Double the consonant before adding -ed Clap clapped Hug hugged

Regular Verbs List

There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common regular verbs. Note that some spelling variations in American English (for example, "practise" becomes "practice" in American English).

accept add admire admit advise afford agree alert back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam calculate call camp care carry carve cause challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew dam damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate delay delight

allow amuse analyse announce annoy answer apologise appear beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect colour comb command communicate deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop disagree disappear

applaud appreciate approve argue arrange arrest arrive ask boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double doubt drag drain dream

attach attack attempt attend attract avoid

brake branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle

dress drip drop drown drum dry dust

earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence gather gaze glow glue hammer hand handle hang happen harass identify ignore imagine impress improve include jail jam kick kill label land last laugh launch man manage

end enjoy enter entertain escape examine fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap grab grate grease greet harm hate haunt head heal heap increase influence inform inject injure instruct jog join kiss kneel learn level license lick lie matter measure

excite excuse exercise exist expand expect flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool grin grip groan guarantee heat help hook hop hope hover intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent joke judge knit knock lighten like list listen live milk mine

explain explode extend

force form found frame frighten fry

guard guess guide

hug hum hunt hurry

invite irritate itch

juggle jump knot

load lock long look love move muddle

march mark marry match mate nail name obey object observe pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform question race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold

meddle melt memorise mend mess up need nest obtain occur offend permit phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish queue refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin

miss mix moan moor mourn nod note offer open order pop possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press pretend

mug multiply murder

notice number overflow owe own prevent prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push

remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce request rescue retire return soothe sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil

rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule rush stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff

scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave shelter talk tame tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank undress unfasten vanish wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash x-ray yawn zip

sip ski skip slap slip slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak thaw tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow unite unlock visit waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip

spot spray sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stain stamp stare start stay steer step stir stitch trace trade train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip unpack untidy

subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch

trot trouble trust try tug tumble turn twist type

use

whirl whisper whistle wink wipe wish wobble wonder

work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle

yell

zoom

Irregular Verbs

Forming the past form of irregular verbs is not as easy as it is with regular verbs. What makes these verbs irregula the way in which they form their past tense and past participle forms, which, in most cases, are different. The follow are irregular, notice that their past tense and past participle forms are different: Simple form Come Go Do Simple Past came went did (Click on the RED BOOK for a list of regular English verbs) Of course, the most famous irregular verb in the English language is 'be'. This is how it forms its past tense: Singular I was You were He/she/it was Plural We were You were They were Past Participle come gone done

Irregular Verbs List

This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but these are the more common verbs.

Base Form Past Simple awake be beat become begin bend bet bid awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid

Past Participle awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bid

bite blow break bring broadcast build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drive drink eat fall feel fight find fly forget

bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew

bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn

dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt drove drunk ate fell felt fought found flew forgot driven drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten

forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend let lie lose make mean meet

forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met

forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met

pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand swim take teach tear tell think throw

paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw

paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown

understand wake wear win write

understood woke wore won wrote

understood woken worn won written

Practice 4
Select the correct option

Practice 5
Write the correct past tense form of the following verbs:

Time Markers Used with Past Tense

The simple past tense is used to refer to events in the past. It is usually accompanied with some expressions that indicatewhen things happened. These expressions are called time markers. Look at the following example: The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last week

The expression last week is a time marker. Many other words are used following last to indicate when something o the past: + day of the week: Last + month + season or holiday + night, week, year last Monday, last Saturday last January, Last November last winter, last Halloween last night, last year

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last summer

Or you can use words like: yesterday, the day/night before, the week before, a day of the week, month, year or da The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach on Friday Or The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach in July You can also use the word ago with to indicate the amount of time that has passed since something happened: Two days ago Two weeks ago Two days have passed Two weeks have passed

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach two weeks ago

UNIT 6

Negative Statements in Past Tense

In week 5 you learned about forming the simple past tense form of regular verbs. You also learned that irregular ve different verb form for the simple past. In this week you will learn to make negative statements in the past tense.

Changing from an affirmative to a negative statement in the past tense is very simple, all you have to do is use the auxiliarydid + not, or its contracted form, didn't + the simple form of your verb: They broke the rules We didn't break the rules This is true with all subjects, singular and plural, and all verbs, regular and irregular: I had You came She went We liked You went They stayed except the verb to be: I was You were She/he/it was We were You were They were I wasn't You weren't He wasn't We weren't You weren't They weren't They weren't at the game on Sunday He wasn't happy about the result I wasn't home on Saturday I didn't have You didn't come She didn't go We didn't like You didn't go They didn't stay I didn't have fun at the game You didn't come to the movies She didn't go dancing on Friday We didn't like that restaurant You didn't go out for dinner They didn't stay until the end

Practice 3
Fill in the blanks to make the following sentences negative:

Yes/No questions in Past Tense

To make a yes / no question, start with did, then the subject, then the simple form of your verb: Affirmative Yes/No question word order Did + subject + simple form Had Came Went Stay Did you have? Did you come? Did you go? Did you stay? Did you have fun at the game? Did you come home late on Saturday? Did you go to the movies last weekend? Did you stay home on Friday night?

Was/were Was/were + subject Was she at home ? No auxiliary is necessary Were you at the game? Take the place of the auxiliary (before the subject)

Sometimes, you also have to change the subject, to do this, what you normally do is use a different noun or prono The team lost the game Did they lose the game?

I had fun at the game

Did you have fun at the game?

Practice 4

Complete the following yes/no questions. Fill in the blanks with did + subject + simple form of the verb in parenth

Answering Yes / No questions

Let's take this question:

Did you go to the movies?

To answer, start with: Yes, + affirmative Or No, + negative No, I didn't go to the movies Yes, I went to the movies

A short answer is also possible, and very common when speaking:

Did you go to the movies?

Yes, I did

No, I didn't

Wh- Questions in Simple Past

Wh- questions are also called information questions, and they are used to get information that you don't know. Wh in the past tense are formed as follows: You can make a Wh- question to get information that is either in the subject or the predicate of your answer. Let's take the following answer:

Luis SUBJECT

talked to Gina in the garage PREDICATE

If you want to know who talked to Gina, then you're looking for information that is in the subject of your answer But if you want to know where they talked, then your information is in the predicate of your answer.

This is important because wh- questions are formed in two different ways, depending on the part of the answe (subject or predicate) where the desired information is.

Questions about the subject

To make a question about the subject, simply add who to the beginning of your y question. Then remove the subject. Note: the subject becomes part of your answer. Look at the following example:

Questions about the predicate

To make a Wh- question about the predicate, simply add a wh- word (what, wh how, how much, etc) to the beginning of your yes / no question.

Note: the rest of your yes / no question disappears and becomes part of your ans at the following examples:

When did you go out to dinner? Did you go out dinner? I went to dinner yesterday.

Where were you on Saturday afternoon ? Were you at the mall on Saturday afternoon? I was at the mall. Who talked to Gina in the garage? Did Luis talk to Gina in the garage? Luis talked to Gina in the garage

Practice 5

Complete these questions. Fill in the blanks with the auxiliary did + a verb in simple form or with the verb in simple the answers carefully to get clues about what to ask.

Practice 5

Complete these questions. Fill in the blanks with the auxiliary did + a verb in simple form or with the verb in simple the answers carefully to get clues about what to ask.

Practice 6
Anna is talking to her friend Martha about what she did over the weekend. Fill in the blanks with the verb in parenthesis in affirmative, negative or question form. (-) indicates negative, ex. go (-) = didn't go.

UNIT 7 REVIEW

1. Modals of Advice
Select the right modal of advice according to the situation:

2. Modals of Advice
Complete the following sentences with a modal of advice and a verb from the list: (-) indicates the modal verb is in negative form: shoudn't / 'd better not wear lock hurry do stay be buy change

4. Subjunctive:
Select the right verb form for each subjunctive sentence:

5. Past Tense

Complete the following conversation. Use affirmative past tense verbs and questions with the auxiliary Did / did + form of the verb: