1221

ECCENTRICITY COEFFICIENT (CE)

Special cases for RoRo Terminals
Modern RoRo terminals commonly use two different approach modes during berthing. PIANC defines these as mode b) and mode c). It is important to decide whether one or both approach modes will be used, as the berthing energies which must be absorbed by the fenders can differ considerably.

Mode b)

Mode c)

Breasting dolphins

15
A

Outer end

R
0.25LS Approach

V1 R
0.25LS

Breasting dolphins

V1

1.05LL

15

V2

0.25LS

V2
B

0.25LS
Inner end

V3
0.25LS C

V3

0.25LS C

End fender and shore based ramp

Fender Side Side End

End fender and shore based ramp

Fender Side Side End Typical values 1000mm/s V1 3000mm/s 500mm/s V2 1000mm/s 200mm/s V3 500mm/s

A B C

Typical values 100mm/s V1 300mm/s 60 90 N/A 300mm/s V2 500mm/s 200mm/s V3 500mm/s 0 10

A B C

0 50 0 50 0 10

RoRo vessels with bow and/or stern ramps make a transverse approach to the berth. The ships then move along the quay or dolphins using the side fenders for guidance until they are the required distance from the shore ramp structure. B Lower berthing energy B Reduced speeds may affect ship manoeuvrability B Increased turn-around time B CE is smaller (typically 0.40.7)

RoRo vessels approach either head-on or stern-on with a large longitudinal velocity. Side fenders guide the vessel but ships berth directly against the shore ramp structure or dedicated end fenders. B Quicker berthing and more controllable in strong winds B High berthing energies B Risk of vessel hitting inside of fenders or even the dolphins B CE can be large (typically 0.60.9)

M1100-S12-V1-3-EN Trelleborg AB, 2011

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HULL PRESSURES
W Allowable hull pressures depend on hull plate thickness and frame spacing. These vary according to the type of ship. PIANC gives the following advice on hull pressures:
Vessel type Size/class < 1 000 teu (1st/2nd generation) < 3 000 teu (3rd generation) < 8 000 teu (4th generation) > 8 000 teu (5th/6th generation) 20 000 DWT > 20 000 DWT 20 000 DWT 60 000 DWT > 60 000 DWT LNG/LPG Hull pressure (kN/m ) < 400 < 300 < 250 < 200 400700 < 400 < 250 < 300 150200 < 200 < 200 Usually fitted with beltings (strakes)

P=

R WH
Container ships

General cargo Oil tankers Gas carriers

P = average hull pressure (kN/m ) R = total fender reaction (kN) W = panel width, excluding bevels (m) H = panel height, excluding bevels (m)

Bulk carriers RoRo Passenger/cruise SWATH Source: PIANC 2002; Table 4.4.1

BELTINGS
Most ships have beltings (sometimes called belts or strakes). These come in many shapes and sizes some are well-designed, others can be poorly maintained or modified. Care is needed when designing fender panels to cope with beltings and prevent snagging or catching which may damage the system. Belting line loads exert crushing forces on the fender panel which must be considered in the structural design.
Application Light duty Medium duty Heavy duty Vessels Aluminium hulls Container RoRo/Cruise Belting Load (kN/m) 150300 5001 000 1 0001 500

Belting types

h
3

Belting range

Belting range is often greater than tidal range due to ship design, heave, roll, and changes in draft.

Common on RoRo/Cruise ships. Projection 200400mm (typical). Common on LNG/Oil tankers, barges, offshore supply vessels and some container ships. Projection 100250mm (typical).

M1100-S12-V1-3-EN Trelleborg AB, 2011