in Murcia vineyards Bruno Bagnoli 1 , Alfonso L. Espadas 2 , Jos Serrano Palao 2 , Blanca M. Garcia Perez 2 , Maria Pastor Juan 2 , Arancha Puche Cascales 3 , Maria Ortega 3 , Paolo Sambado 3 and Andrea Lucchi 4 1 Research Council for Agriculture, Agrobiology and Pedology Research Centre, Florence, Italy 2 Consejeria de Agricultura y Agua, Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal, Murcia, Spain 3 CBC Iberia, Barcelona 4 University of Pisa, Dept. CDSL, Sect. Agricultural Entomology, Pisa, Italy IOBC/WPRS Working Group " Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture 2-5 October 2011 - Lacanau, France Food traps (i.e. fermented sugar baits) are well known as attractants for many insect species. Early in the twentieth century they were used for monitoring and detection of economically important lepidopteran pests. With the discovery of the first sex pheromone in 1959 and the further identification of the sex pheromones of over 2500 lepidopteranspecies, the use as well as the research in the area of the food traps have significantly declined. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 FOOD TRAPS A considerable importance in the monitoring of Lobesia botrana (early decades of the last Century). The bait for these traps: juices of various kinds such as vinegar, sugar, molasses, fruit juices, cider, beer . Thiery & Delbac, 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Trapping females with this kindof traps WAS and IS considered a valuable tool to predict the onset of oviposition, essential to properly time pesticide treatments. While nearly all moth sex pheromones are species specific and attract only males, food traps are generic and attract both males and females as well as nontarget insects. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 In the Ninety Seventies, pheromones for monitoring were not available yet and the problem to solve was to predict the onset of oviposition, essential to properly time pesticide treatments in vineyards for the production of table grapes. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 In Murcia the use of these traps started many years ago. Firstly thetraps werebaitedwithjuice of pear, more or lessconcentrated. Trapsworkedverywell andcapturedLobesia botrana adultsbut. showedsomeweakpoints: trapmainteinance(timeconsuming) handlingof insects(not easy) development of moulds on thejuicesurface(very frequent) IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 For all these reasons it was decided to turn towards the WINE TRAPS, still effective and easier to use. But in few years, also in Murcia, with the adoption of the pheromone traps, more comfortable and easy to handle, the wine traps were not used anymore. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Later on, with the application of MD on table grapes and the increase of the covered area from year to year, there was the need to adopt a DEVICE that would allow monitoring of flights and pesticide timing in an environment in which, as is known, the pheromone traps do not usually capture adults of the target species. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 H e c t a r e s Development of mating disruption in Murcia (Spain) Table grape Wine grape IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 The device A conical terra-cotta flower pot (upper diameter 15 cm; height 20 cm) surmounted by a circular disc positioned 10 cm over the rim. Filled to the brim with a water-alcoholic solution consisting of red wine (variety Monastrell), fixed to a pole just above the level of the clusters. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Traps were checked every 3-4 days for adults counting and pot refilling. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Capture figures of the last three years district of Murcia (Spain) are the object of this presentation. From 2008 to 2010 the monitoring activity have been carried out in vineyards of the red variety Monastrell in Yecla (Murcia) from April to October. In such a context the captures obtained in wine traps have been compared with the captures obtained in pheromone traps, both in mating disrupted and in not-mating disrupted vineyards. In 2008 and 2009 adults were not separated by gender, in 2010 they were IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Hoya del Mollidar, Pol. 68, parc. 44L -21B MD (Quant LB and Puffers Suterra) Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Castellanos, Pol. 69, parc. 27-25 conventional Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Rincn, Pol. 69, parc. 39 P-N conventional Murcia 2008 Yecla Campo Abajo IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 22/02 12/04 01/06 21/07 09/09 29/10 18/12 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2008 - Yecla Campo Abajo Wine traps in MD plot (Hoya del Mollidar) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Castellanos) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Rincon) Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Hoya del Mollidar, Pol. 68, parc. 44-21 MD (Quant LB and Puffers Suterra) Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Raspay, Pol. 67, parc. 45 conventional Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Casa Marta conventional Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Castellanos, Pol. 69, parc. 25-27 conventional Murcia 2009 Yecla Campo Abajo IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 06/02 28/03 17/05 06/07 25/08 14/10 03/12 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2009 - Hoya del Mollidar Wine traps in MD Basf and Puffer Suterra plots (Hoya del Mollidar) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Raspay) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Casa Marta) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Castellanos) Murcia 2009 Yecla Campo Abajo Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 2 Balsa Balsa, Pol. 50, parc. 11A MD (Quant LB) Pheromone based 2 Ardal Ardal, Pol. 79, parc. 96-92 conventional Pheromone based 2 Ardal Casa Palao, Pol. 79, parc. 136-139 conventional IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 06/02 28/03 17/05 06/07 25/08 14/10 03/12 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2009 - Yecla Campo Abajo Wine traps in MD Basf plot (Balsa) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Ardal) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Casa Palao) Murcia 2009 Yecla Campo Arriba Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 2 Yecla Campo Arriba Casa Santa A1 - PozueloA2 MD (Isonet L) Pheromone based 2 Carrasquilla-Pozuelo Casa del Cerro conventional Pheromone based 2 Cuadrado Cuadrado conventional IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 06/02 28/03 17/05 06/07 25/08 14/10 03/12 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2009 - Yecla Campo Arriba Wine traps in MD Isonet L plot (Casa Santa-Pozuelo) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Casa del Cerro) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Cuadrado) In 2010, adults caught in wine traps have been properly sexed and the females dissected to check the mating status. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Male Female IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Virgin Mated IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Murcia 2010 Hoya del Mollidar Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Hoya Mollidar, Pol. 70, parc. 39 MD (Exosect and Puffers Suterra) Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Raspay, Pol. 67, parc. 45 conventional Pheromone based 2 Hoya del Mollidar Rincn, Pol . 70, parc. 50 conventional IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 13/03 02/05 21/06 10/08 29/09 18/11 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2010 - Yecla Wine traps in MD Exosect and Puffer plots (Hoya Mollidar) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Raspay) Pheromone traps in conventional (Rincn) Murcia 2010 Yecla Campo Abajo Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 1 Yecla Campo Abajo Balsa, Pol. 50, parc .11A MD (Quant) Pheromone based 2 Yecla Campo Abajo Ardal Yecla, Pol. 79, parc. 96-92 conventional Pheromone based 2 Yecla Campo Abajo Casa Palao, Pol. 81, parc. 123 conventional IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 13/03 02/05 21/06 10/08 29/09 18/11 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2010 - Yecla Campo Abajo Wine trap in MD Quant plot (Balsa) Pheromone traps in conventional plot (Ardal) Pheromone trap in conventional plot (Casa Palao) Murcia 2010 Yecla Campo Arriba Traps N. Area Plot Lb control Wine based 2 Yecla Campo Arriba Molineta, Pol 200, parc 13 conventional Pheromone based 2 Yecla Campo Arriba Molineta, Pol 200, parc 13 conventional IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 13/03 02/05 21/06 10/08 29/09 18/11 A d u l t s
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d a y MURCIA 2010 - Yecla Campo Arriba Wine traps in conventional plot (Molineta) Pheromone traps in coventional plot (Molineta) Vineyard T.M. LB control Flight Pher. traps Wine traps Males Males Females Total Female ratio Mating ratio virgin mated total Molineta J umilla Pol. 200 Par. 13 Conv. first 196 57 second 596 110 10 86 96 206 0.47 0.90 third 487 165 11 93 104 269 0.39 0.89 Total 1279 275 21 179 200 475 0.42 0.90 Pozuelo Yecla Pol. 7 Par. 38 MD (Isonet) first 1 2 second 0 21 17 6 23 44 0.52 0.26 third 0 28 14 7 21 49 0.43 0.33 Total 1 49 24 20 44 93 0.47 0.45 Casa Santa Yecla Pol. 96 Par. 38 MD (Isonet) first 3 33 second 3 11 13 2 15 26 0.58 0.13 third 0 10 2 2 4 14 0.29 0.50 Total 6 21 15 4 19 73 0.26 0.21 IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Number of captured females in the MD plots in 2 nd gen.: 12-41. Mating ratio: 17-29%. Number of captured females in the control plots in 2 nd gen.: 117-176. Mating ratio: 97-100% Lobesia captures with wine traps in 2011 LB Control Plot Flight Males Unmated females Mated Females Total Female ratio Mating ratio Isonet L 1 1st 2 4 3 9 0.78 0.43 2nd 10 8 4 23 0.52 0.33 2 1st 0 3 1 4 1.00 0.25 2nd 9 10 2 21 0.57 0.17 3 1st 4 4 1 9 0.56 0.20 2nd 26 29 11 66 0.61 0.28 4 1st 2 4 1 7 0.71 0.20 2nd 14 17 7 38 0.63 0.29 5 1st 1 3 1 5 0.80 0.25 2nd 31 31 10 72 0.57 0.24 6 1st 0 3 2 5 1.00 0.40 2nd 18 23 6 47 0.62 0.21 Conven. 7 1st 4 0 2 6 0.33 1.00 2nd 82 4 113 199 0.59 0.97 8 1st 1 0 2 3 0.67 1.00 2nd 186 2 174 362 0.49 0.99 SUMMARY As for the first flight captures in wine traps are very little in comparison with captures in pheromone traps. Captures in the wine traps started 2-3 weeks later. The trend for second and third fligh is about the same for wine and pheromone traps. Wine traps have proven to be an excellent tool for mnitoring Lb flights in MD vineyards. IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Identification of the volatiles compounds present in the head space of the wine traps would represent an essential step toward transformation of these wet wine baits into more convenient dry baits that are easier to handle and prepare. Also, this might allow for the tranformation of these baits from generalist to more specialist attractants, targeting only specific insect pests and thus minimizing the catch on nontarget species. The future IOBC/wprs Meeting Integrated protection and production in Viticulture, Lacanau, 2-5 October 2011 Thanks for your attention
A HONEY AUTHENTICITY TEST BY INTERPHASE EMULSION REVEALS BIOSURFACTANT ACTIVITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE STINGLESS BEE NEST OF Scaptotrigona Vitorum 'CATIANA' FROM ECUADOR