6.

5 narrow rectangular cross section

If section is long and narrow soap bubble will be almost independent of long coordinate

The Prandtl soap-film analogy

Soap bubble equation

p z z + 2 = 2 S y x
2 2

By comparing to the torsion equation get

z 2G S = z , = p / S 2G p

Taking advantage of analogy

Soap film deflection
2 y z = z 0 1 h

2 z0 2z 2z + 2 = 2 2 x y h
Get z0=ph2/2S and
2 y 2 = G h 1 h

Stresses and torsional constant

Differentiate for stresses
zx =

Integrate for torque

b h

= 2 G y , zy = =0 y x

max = 2G h, for y = h

1 T = 2 dx dy = G (2b)(2h) 3 = G" J " 3 b h

1 " J " = (2b)(2h) 3 3

When section gets narrower for constant area, how do J and J change? Altogether
max =
3T T 3T 2Th = , = = G (2b)(2h) 3 G" J " (2b)(2h) 2 " J "

Cross sections made up of multiple narrow rectangles

You just straighten them up!

1 " J"= C 3

i =1

(2bi )(2hi ) 3

max

2Thmax T = , = " J" G" J "

If we have a rectangle, would we gain by halving the thickness on half the length and increasing it by 50% on the other half?

Example
For the section shown calculate the maximum shear stress and the angle of twist per unit length when the member is subjected to torque T = 100 in.lb. G=12Mpsi

Solution : Total length of the member, 2b = 2 x(1.125 - 0.05) + 1.5 0.05 2b = 3.65 in and 2h = 0.05 in 100 in-lb b 1.125 = 73 > 10 rectangula r approximat ion used. h
3T 3(100) = = 32,876 ksi 2 2 1.5 (2b)(2h) (3.65)(0.05) G = 12 x 10 psi 3T 3(100) = = = 0.0548 rad/in 3 6 3 G (2b)(2h) 12 x 10 (3.65)(0.05)

max =

Torsion of rectangular cross section members

Geometry:

= G ( h x
2

32 G h 2

n = 1, 3 , 5 ,...

( 1)

( n 1 ) 2

n x n y cosh 2h 2h n b 3 n cosh 2h cos

How fast does this converge?

Bringing to nondimensional form

Stiffness and stress
" J " = k1 (2h) (2b)
3

1 192 h k1 = 1 5 3 b

n = 1, 3 , 5 , ....

n b 1 tanh 5 n 2h
1 n b n2 cosh 2h
6 0.299 0.299 10 0.312 0.312 0.333 0.333

max = 2G hk2 / k1

k2 8 = 1 2 n = 1,3,5,..... k1

Torsional Parameters for Rectangular Cross Sections

b/h k1 k2 1 0.141 0.208 1.5 0.196 0.231 2 0.229 0.246 2.5 0.249 0.256 3 0.263 0.267 4 0.281 0.282

Hollow thin-wall torsion members and multiply connected cross sections

Hollow sections much more efficient than open ones Compare a hollow cylinder of radius R and thickness t to same cross section with a slit cut open
1 J cut = (2 r )t 3 3 2 J pipe r = 3 J cut t J pipe = 2 r 3t

Reading assignment
Section 6.7: Question: For a hollow cross section do we gain by reducing the thickness on half the perimeter and increasing it on the other half? Why?

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