Commutative Algebra Exercise sheet N.

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E. C. Mistretta November 6, 2012

Ring extensions and normalisation

Exercise 1. Let k be a eld. Then k [X 2 ] k [X ] is a nite ring extension, hence it is integral. For any polynomial P (X ) k [X ], nd the integral dependence relation over k [X 2 ]. Exercise 2. Let A B be an integral extension of rings, and let y , z B satisfy quadratic integral dependence relations: y 2 + ay + b = 0, and z 2 + cz + d = 0. Find the explicit integral dependence relations for y + z and yz over A (following the path sketched in class). What if y and z satisfy higher order dependence relations? Exercise 3. Find the normalizations of the following rings: i. A = k [X, Y ]/(Y 2 X 3 ); ii. A = k [X, Y ]/(Y 3 X 5 ). Exercise 4. Let A = k [X ], with k algebraically closed and char(k ) = 2, and let f A. Let B = k [X, Y ]/(Y 2 f (X )), nd the necessary and sucient conditions that f must satisfy in order for B to be a domain. Assume this holds, and let K = Frac(B ). Then i. show that K = k (x)( f ); ii. show that for any K there exists a polynomial h(T ) A[T ] such that h() = 0 [Hint: write = a + b f with a, b k (x)]; iii. show that B is normal if and only if f has no square factors; iv. if B is not normal show how to obtain its normalisation in terms of f .

Hilberts Nullstellensatz

Exercise 5. Let k be an algebraically closed eld, and let X k n be a Zariski closed subset (i.e. X = VZ (J ) for some ideal J k [X1 , . . . Xn ]). 1

Show that X = VZ (I (X )). What if k is not algebrically closed? In general, if X = V (J ) SpecA is a closed subset, and if I (X ) = show that X = V (I (X )).

pX

p=

J,

Exercise 6. Let f C[X, Y ] be a nonconstant polynomial, and suppose that all a C veries f (a, a) = f (a, a) = 0. Show that f (X 2 Y 2 ) C[X, Y ]. Exercise 7. Let k be an algebraically closed eld. Consider the following ideals J k [X, Y, Z ]: (a) J = (Y 2 X 4 , X 2 2X 3 X 2 Y + 2XY + Y 2 Y ); (b) J = (XY + XZ + Y Z, XY Z ); (c) J = ((X Z )(X Y )(X 2Z ), X 2 Y 2 Z ). i. Describe the irreducible components of VZ (J ) k 3 , for each of the ideals above. ii. For at least one of the ideals J above, nd an element f I (VZ (J )) such that f / J. Exercise 8. Let k be an algebraically closed eld. For f k [X1 , . . . , Xn ], let VZ (f ) = {x k n | f (x) = 0} be the hypersurface dened by f . Prove that if f is irreducible and f does not divide g , then VZ (f ) VZ (g ). Deduce that the set of the irreducible components of VZ (g ) k n is made by all and only the VZ (fj ), where g = (constant) fj , and fj are irreducible. Exercise 9. Let k be an algebraically closed eld, and F k [X1 , . . . , Xn ] a reduced polynomial (i.e. F has no multiple irreducible factors). Let V = VZ (F ), show that F generates I (V ).