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Learning Outcomes
At the end of lectures of week 3 student will Be able to interpret the principle of waste minimization Able to identify the responsibility of many parties involves in minimization process Be able to identify the technique of waste minimization Able to identify the current management practice/disposal technique
TOPIC TO COVER
Introduction Principles of waste minimization Responsibility Techniques of waste minimization Example of waste types Phase separation process Design criteria and examples
INTRODUCTION
Minimization is defined as practices to reduce the
volume generated, the toxicity, or the recycle, reclaim, or reuse of the wastes to the extent practicable. Hazardous waste minimization is the first option before treatment or final disposal, and is preferably the source reduction rather than recycling, recovering or reusing. Minimization is an environmental option to solve the hazardous waste management problems and an economic opportunity to reduce production costs as well as treatment and disposal costs.
significant opportunities for protection of human health and the environment. The concepts of waste reduction and waste minimization can and should apply equally to industry, government, and other institutions, and to the private citizen.
RESPONSIBILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) Environmental Health and Safetys responsibilities include:
Act as a resource to College personnel, providing technical assistance and guidance on waste minimization. Review and monitor existing waste minimization practices. Conduct College-wide waste minimization studies to identify new waste minimization programs to be implemented. Provide training as requested.
RESPONSIBILITY (Cont..)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATIORS AND SUPERVISORS Principal Investigator and Supervisor responsibilities include:
Promote and practice waste minimization concepts. Establish procedures for conducting specific waste minimization activities. Ensure that all personnel and/or contractors adhere to the waste minimization concepts provided in this procedure and Department internal procedures.
Practice the waste minimization concepts provided in this procedure. Follow internal procedures developed by their Principal Investigator (PI) and/or supervisor.
RESPONSIBILITY (Cont..)
CONTRACTORS Contractors must ensure that:
All unopened or unused portions of chemicals brought on-site are removed by the contractor upon completion of services. Waste minimization techniques are used when feasible.
modify experimental or standard processes to decrease the quantity of hazardous chemicals used and generated. Where possible, micro and semi-micro techniques should be used to reduce the volumes of waste generated.
Non-mercury thermometers (e.g., Enviro-Safe). Detergents and enzymatic cleaners can be substituted for sulfuric acid/potassium dichromate (chromerge) cleaning solutions and ethanol/potassium hydroxide cleaning solutions.
RECYCLING
Recycling means that less hazardous waste requires disposal When a waste material is used for another purpose, treated and reused in the
same process, or reclaimed for another process. The following are some examples:
Re-distill used-solvents. When solvents are used for cleaning purposes, use contaminated solvents for the initial cleaning and use new solvents for the final rinse. Purchase compressed gas cylinders (including lecture bottles) from manufacturers who will accept the return of the empty or partially used cylinders. Return excess pesticides to the distributor.
Chemical containers should be stored and segregated according to their hazard (e.g., flammables, acids, bases, oxidizers, reactive, and poisons) and away from incompatible chemicals. Examples include: Water reactive chemicals are not to be stored under sinks. Acids are not to be stored under sinks. Flammables are not to be stored near ignition sources.
Chemical Labelling Practices All containers must have an appropriate container label intact and legible at all times. Any defaced, faded or separating labels should be addressed immediately, either by correcting the label or offering the chemical for disposal to EHS. Any unknown chemicals should be immediately submitted to EHS for disposal. Expired Chemicals Expiration dates should be clearly marked for chemicals that are in reactive groups or develop hazardous functional groups on long-term storage (e.g., peroxide forming chemicals).
Consider the possibility of including detoxification and/or neutralization steps in your laboratory procedures.
Cyanide (Sources : Metal & chemical industries) Arsenic (Sources : Glass manufacturing processes, pesticides) Cadmium (Sources : paint & plastic industries, battery manufacturers)
Infectious Waste (Sources : Hospitals, Clinics) Organic Solvents (Sources : plastic, adhesive, cosmetic industries) Radioactive Waste (Sources : nuclear power plant)
Batteries Corrosive, toxic Used oil flammable, toxic Empty Insecticide spray can unstable, toxic Broken thermometer toxic Unused drug or medicine toxic Floor detergents corrosive, toxic Cigarette lighters - flammable
Separation Process
Widely used both in minimization of hazardous
wastes and in the treatment of hazardous wastes before disposal. The treatment before disposal is done to recover valuable components and at the same time remove hazardous materials from the disposed stream. Closely linked to waste minimization practices because they recover valuable materials.
Waste Stream
Waste Generation
distillation, evaporation, flotation, ultrafiltration, and precipitation, etc Chemical transformation processes include neutralization, precipitation, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, ozonolysis, calcination, chlorinolysis, electrolysis, and microwave treatment. Biological methods of treatment - microorganisms in nature that can break down anything into its constituent elements and thus detoxify it (unless of course the elements themselves are toxic, such as mercury or thallium).
Schematic flow plans for (a) continuous distillation and (b)crystallization processes
can be utilized by another factory Detoxify and neutralize liquid hazardous waste by chemical and biological treatment. Destroy combustible hazardous waste in special high temperature incinerators equipped with proper pollution control and monitoring systems Recycle metals or others useful materials contained in hazardous waste Disposal of HW at designated facilities
Management Practices/Disposal
Underground storage
Secured Landfill
Incineration
Underground Storage
Incineration