A transmission line of length more than 160 Km and line voltage higher 100 kV then it is called: Long Transmission

line

If the overhead transmission line is loaded with the loading equal to the surge impedance, then the voltage at receiving end is: Equals to the sending end

The value of charging current at the receiving end of the transmission line is: Zero

The square root of the ratio of line impedance to its shunt admittance is called: Surge impedance of the transmission line

If the receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage, regulation of transmission line is: Negative

What is Ferranti Effect

A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, Receiving end voltage being greater than sending end voltage in a transmission line is known as Ferranti effect. All electrical loads are inductive in nature and hence they consume lot of reactive power from the transmission lines. Hence there is voltage drop in the lines. Capacitors which supply reactive power are connected parallel to the transmission lines at the receiving end so as to compensate the reactive power consumed by the inductive loads. As the inductive load increases more of the capacitors are connected parallel via electronic switching. Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the consumption of reactive power from transmission line. However when the inductive loads are switched off the capacitors may still be in ON condition. The reactive power supplied by the capacitors adds on to the transmission lines due to the absence of inductance. As a result voltage at the receiving end or consumer end increases and is more than the voltage at the supply end. This is known as Ferranti effect.

Why does voltage rise on a long, unloaded transmission line?

The Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by the distributed capacitance of the transmission line itself is greater than the current associated with the load at the receiving end of the line. Therefore, the Ferranti effect tends to be a bigger problem on lightly loaded lines, and especially on underground cable circuits where the shunt capacitance is greater than with a corresponding overhead line. This effect is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. As this voltage drop affects the sending end voltage, the receiving end voltage becomes greater. The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the longer the line and the higher the voltage applied. The Ferranti Effect is not a problem with lines that are loaded because line capacitive effect is constant independent of load, while inductance will vary with load. As inductive load is added, the VAR generated by the line capacitance is consumed by the load.

How to Reduce Ferranti Effect:

Shunt Reactors and Series Capacitors:

The need for large shunt reactors appeared when long power transmission lines for system voltage 220 kV & higher were built. The characteristic parameters of a line are the series inductance (due to the magnetic field around the conductors) & the shunt capacitance (due to the electrostatic field to earth).

Both the inductance & the capacitance are distributed along the length of the line. So are the series resistance and the admittance to earth. When the line is loaded, there is a voltage drop along the line due to the series inductance and the series resistance. When the line is energized but not loaded or only loaded with a small current, there is a voltage rise along the line (the Ferranti-effect) In this situation, the capacitance to earth draws a current through the line, which may be capacitive. When a capacitive current flows through the line inductance there will be a voltage rise along the line. To stabilize the line voltage the line inductance can be compensated by means of series capacitors and the line capacitance to earth by shunt reactors. Series capacitors are placed at different places along the line while shunt reactors are often installed in the stations at the ends

of line. In this way, the voltage difference between the ends of the line is reduced both in amplitude and in phase angle. Shunt reactors may also be connected to the power system at junctures where several lines meet or to tertiary windings of transformers. Transmission cables have much higher capacitance to earth than overhead lines. Long submarine cables for system voltages of 100 KV and more need shunt reactors. The same goes for large urban networks to prevent excessive voltage rise when a high load suddenly falls out due to a failure. Shunt reactors contain the same components as power transformers, like windings, core, tank, bushings and insulating oil and are suitable for manufacturing in transformer factories. The main difference is the reactor core limbs, which have non-magnetic gaps inserted between packets of core steel. 3-phase reactors can also be made. These may have 3- or -5-limbed cores. In a 3-limbed core there is strong magnetic coupling between the three phases, while in a 5-limbed core the phases are magnetically independent due to the enclosing magnetic frame formed by the two yokes and the two unwound side-limbs. The neutral of shunt reactor may be directly earthed, earthed through an Earthing-reactor or unearthed. When the reactor neutral is directly earthed, the winding are normally designed with graded insulation in the earthed end. The main terminal is at the middle of the limb height, & the winding consists of two parallel-connected halves, one below & one above the main terminal. The insulation distance to the yokes can then be made relatively small. Sometimes a small extra winding for local electricity supply is inserted between the main winding & yoke. When energized the gaps are exposed to large pulsation compressive forced with a frequency of twice the frequency of the system voltage. The peak value of these forces may easily amount to 106 N/m2 (100 ton /m2). For this reason the design of the core must be very solid, & the modulus of elasticity of the non-magnetic (& non-metallic) material used in gaps must be high (small compression) in order to avoid large vibration amplitudes with high sound level consequently. The material in the gaps must also be stable to avoid escalating vibration amplitudes in the end. Testing of reactors requires capacitive power in the test field equal to the nominal power of the reactor while a transformer can be tested with a reactive power equal to 10 20% of the transformer power rating by feeding the transformer with nominal current in short circuit condition. The loss in the various parts of the reactor (12R, iron loss & additional loss) cannot be separated by measurement. It is thus preferable, in order to avoid corrections to reference temperature, to perform the loss measurement when the average temperature of the winding is practically equal to the reference temperature.

causes the Ferranti effect

Loads can be divided in three types: resistive load, capacitive load and capacitive load. Normally we are familiar with resistive loads but most of the loads connected with the transmission lines are inductive in nature. So the power requirement changes in to two types

*resistive or * reactive (capacitive/inductive) power.

real

power.

Power generated by the power plants supplies the actual power through the transmission lines. So, to get the required reactive power some steps are taken and some changes are made in the transmission lines. The most common of them is the power factor correction. The power factor can be corrected by introducing capacitors in parallel with the transmission lines. These capacitors will supply the required reactive power to the network. Now suppose the transmission lines are at no load or in very lightly loaded condition. Then reactive power requirement is zero or very low but the capacitors keep on supplying reactive power which will be added on to the transmission lines and ultimately increasing the receiving end voltage. The term Ferranti effect describes the phenomenon when the receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage. Hence the main cause of this phenomenon is when the transmission line is at no load or lightly loaded condition and then the receiving end voltage is higher.

How medium transmission lines are represented? Nominal representation of a medium transmission line In case of a nominal representation, the lumped series impedance is placed at the middle of the circuit where as the shunt admittances are at the ends. As we can see from the diagram of the network below, the total lumped shunt admittance is divided into 2 equal halves, and each half with value Y 2 is placed at both the sending and the receiving end while the entire circuit impedance is between the two. The shape of the circuit so formed resembles that of a symbol , and for this reason it is known as the nominal representation of a medium transmission line. It is mainly used for determining the general circuit parameters and performing load flow analysis.

Nominal T representation of a medium transmission line In the nominal T model of a medium transmission line the lumped shunt admittance is placed in the middle, while the net series impedance is divided into two equal halves and and placed on either side of the shunt admittance. The circuit so formed resembles the symbol of a capital T, and hence is known as the nominal T network of a medium length transmission line and is shown in the diagram below.

Why prefer nominal pi circuit over nominal T circuit in transmission line modeling?

Nominal Pi is used for the transmission line modeling as it makes the Y matrix representation more accurately and in actual sense and we get a conditioned matrix.