MATERIAL BALANCE

pressure and production

histories, PVT
Reserves Evaluation: Material Balance
Material Balance Evaluation (MBE) is based on production history data
MBE can be written in terms of volumes but, because volumes vary with
pressure, they must be referred at the same conditions (i.e. standard or
stock tank conditions).
MBE (or Schilthuis equation) expresses the concept that in the reservoir
the algebraic sum of volume variations of oil, gas and water must be null.
The reservoir is considered as a system described by overall parameters,
i.e. by total volumes of oil, gas and water and by the values of the
average pressure (p
av
) and average saturation at each moment. This
assumption is equivalent to consider the reservoir at equilibrium.
MBE
INPUT
reserve evaluation and
drive mechanism
identification
OUTPUT
N
remaining
= N
initial
- N
removed
Because of production, the reservoir pressure decreases from the
initial value p
i
until the average pressure value p
av
Material Balance
PRODUCED
FLUIDS
The removed fluids brought back in
the reservoir must occupy the
volume invaded by the remaining
fluids due to the effect of Ap
av i
p p p = A
ORIGINAL RESERVOIR
SYSTEM AT INITIAL
PRESSURE p
i
EXPANSION
Material Balance vs Numerical Simulation
PRESSURE DATA
PRODUCTION DATA
PVT DATA
NO GEOLOGICAL MODEL IS
NEDEED
MATERIAL
BALANCE
PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PRODUCTION DATA
PVT DATA
THE GEOLOGICAL MODEL IS
NEDEED
Hydrocarbons
originally in place
Drive mechanism
SIMULATION
Pressure values
Saturation values
a) Gas reservoirs
Gas Reservoir with Constant Porous Volume
R P
G G G =
g
wi p
R
B
) S 1 ( V
G

=
g
gi
g
wi p
P
B
GB
G
B
) S 1 ( V
G G =

=
gi
wi p
B
) S 1 ( V
G

=
gi wi p
GB ) S 1 ( V =
g
gi g
P
B
) B B ( G
G

=
Methods for gas reserves evaluation
p/z METHOD
g
gi g
P
B
) B B ( G
G

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
i
i
g
gi
P
p
p
z
z
1 G
B
B
1 G G
|
.
|

\
|
=
z
p
z
p
p
z
G G
i
i
i
i
P
T
T
p
p
z
) S 1 ( V
B
) S 1 ( V
G
sc
sc
i
i
wi p
gi
wi p

=

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
z
p
z
p
T
T
p
) S 1 ( V
G
i
i
sc
sc
wi p
P
z
p
P
G
i
i
z
p
G
P
G
G
z
p
P
wi p sc
sc
i
i
G
) S 1 ( V
T
T
p
z
p
z
p
|
|
.
|

\
|

= bx a y =
Possible
uncertainty
1. Water-drive Gas Reservoirs
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
T
1
p
T
W
z
p
p
p
z
z
1 G G
sc
sc
e
i
i
P
z
p
P
G
i
i
z
p
wrong
G
GWC
original GWC
S
w
= 1
S
wi
S
g
= 1-S
wi
S
w
= 1-S
gr
S
gr
Gas is trapped behind the forehead
water that is moving forward
01 . 0
02 . 0
9 . 0
4 . 0
2 . 0
k
k
M
g
rg
w
rw
~ =

=
In the presence of water drive, the production of gas must be
accelerated to maximize recovery so as to evacuate the gas
before the less mobile water can catch-up and trap significant
quantities of gas behind the advancing flood front.
THE GAS CAN MOVE 100 TIMES
FASTER THAN WATER BY WHICH
IT IS BEING DISPLACED
RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION BEHIND THE WATER FRONT
S
gr
= 0.3 - 0.4
dp
dz
z
1
p
1
c
g
=
g
wi
f w w wi g
ge
c
S 1
c S c ) S 1 ( c
c ~

+ +
=
2. Anomalous initial pressure Reservoirs
g ge
c c
only when pressure decreases
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
p
c
g
c
f
c
w
P
G
i
i
z
p
z
p
Overpressured f(c
e
)
Gas compressibility
predominates f(c
g
)
G
RAMAGOST-FARSHAD METHOD
( )
G z
G p
z
p
p p
S 1
c S c
1
z
p
i
p i
i
i
i
wi
f wi w
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

Hp: 1) constant effective formation compressibility

2) limited water drive
Accounting for the effective or equivalent formation compressibility:
wi
f w wi
e
S 1
c c S
c

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
z
p
z
p
p
z
G G
i
i
i
i
P
g
gi g
P
B
) B B ( G
G

=
Methods for gas reserves evaluation
G
p
G
wrong
GOIP
p/z method
Ramagost-Farshad method
Assuming:
( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= p p
S 1
c S c
1
z
p
y
i
wi
f wi w
p
G x =
i
i
z
p
ercept int =
G z
p
slope
i
i
=
Methods for gas reserves evaluation
American Gas Association (AGA) METHOD
p
i
i
gi g
g p
G
p
z
p
z
p
z
B B
B G
G

=
p
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
p
i
i
G
z
p
z
p
z
p
zz
pp
zz
pp
G
p
z
p
z
p
z
G

=
g
gi g
P
B
) B B ( G
G

=
G
G
z
p
z
p
z
p
p
i
i
i
i
=
p
i
i
i
i
G log
G
z
p
log
z
p
z
p
log + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

G
z
p
log
i
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

z
p
z
p
log
i
i
p
G log
45
G
x a y + =
Methods for gas reserves evaluation
MB equation linearization METHOD
g
gi g
P
B
) B B ( G
G

=
) B B ( G G B
gi g P g
=
) B B (
gi g

P g
G B
G
x a y =
i
i
g
gi
P
p
p
z
z
1
B
B
1
G
G
= =
Recovery factor
RECOVERY IS A FUNCTION OF:
Initial pressure of reservoir
Pressure drop due to the production
Chemical composition of gas
RECOVERY IS INDEPENDENT FROM TIME
g
w p e gi
P
B
) B W W ( GB
G G

=
R P
G G G =
Water-Drive Gas Reservoirs
W
e
IS THE WATER ENCROACHMENT
W
e
= f (B, t
c
, Ap
w
, aquifer geometry)
t
c
= CHARACTERISTIC TIME
B = AQUIFER STRENGTH (CONSTANT)
2
w e w,
r hc 2 B =
k
r c
t
2
w t
c
=
Ap
w
pressure difference at inner radius of the aquifer
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
w
e
D w w,e
2
w e
r
r
, t Q p c h r 2 W t
Van Everdingen-Hurst equation:
WATER ENCROACHMENT
t
p
k
c
r
p
r
1
r
p
t
2
2
c
c |
=
c
c
+
c
c
Transient flow
Van Everdingen-
Hurst Model
Carter-Tracy
Model
r
w
r
w
VAN EVERDINGEN-HURST SOLUTION

= =
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= =
=
= A = =
>
= =
w
e
w
e
i e
e
w i w w
i
r
r
0
r
p
r
r
p ) t , r ( p
r r
t cos p p ) t , r ( p r r
0 t
r p p 0 t
Initial and boundary conditions:
Van Everdingen-Hurst
SOLUTIONS
to diffusivity equation
VAN EVERDINGEN-HURST AQUIFER
Dimensionless water influx
|
|
.
|

\
|
A | t =
w
e
D t
2
w e
r
r
, t Q p c h r 2 W
Dimensionless time
2
w t w
D
r c
kt
t
|
=
Dimensionless radius
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
w
e
D
r
r
r
Cumulative Water encroachment:
|
|
.
|

\
|
A =
w
e
D w e
r
r
, t Q p B W
where B: water influx constant h r c B
w t
2
2t| =
hf r c B
w t
2
2t| =
360
u
= f
Dimensionless Time, t
D
W
a
t
e
r

I
n
f
l
u
x
,

Q
FUNCTION Q(r
e
/r
w
,t
D
)
CARTER-TRACY AQUIFER
The Carter-Tracy solution is not an exact solution to the
diffusivity equation, it is an approximation
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

A
+ =

n
D
1 n
D
n
D
n
D
1 n
e n
1 n
D
n
D
1 n
e
n
e
' p t p
' p W p B
t t W W
Where : B=Van Everdingen-Hurst water influx constant
n=current time step
n-1=previous time step
Ap
n
=total pressure drop, p
i
-p
n
p
D
=dimensionless pressure
p
D
=dimensionless pressure derivative
CONSTANT WATER INFLUX RATE
over each finite time interval.
Condition:
Havlena-Odeh Method
or
g
w p e gi
P
B
) B W W ( GB
G G

=
w p e gi g g P
B W W GB GB B G + =
e gi g w p g P
W ) B B ( G B W B G + = +
) B B (
W
G
) B B (
B W B G
gi g
e
gi g
w p g P

+ =

+
g
e
g
E
W
G
E
F
+ =
F = GE
g
+W
e
or
) B B (
W
G
) B B (
B W B G
gi g
e
gi g
w p g P

+ =

+
G
STRONG AQUIFER
MODERATE AQUIFER
VOLUMETRIC DEPLETION
g
e
g
E
W
G
E
F
+ =
p
G
GOIP
Havlena-Odeh method allows identification of the driving mechanism:
if W
e
=0: volumetric depletion; estimate of G
if the (F/E
g
) plot is a concave downward shaped arc: water drive
if the production rate is constant, the aquifer strength can be qualitatively
assessed
Methods for gas reserves evaluation
HAVLENA-ODEH METHOD
g
w p e gi
P
B
) B W W ( GB
G G

=
) B B (
W
G
) B B (
B W B G
gi g
e
gi g
w p g P

+ =

+
45
AQUIFER TOO STRONG
AQUIFER TOO WEAK
CORRECT MATCH
) B B (
W
G
) B B (
B W B G
gi g
e
gi g
w p g P

+ =

+
) B B (
W
G
) B B (
B W B G
gi g
e
gi g
w p g P

+ =

+
) B B (
W
G
) B B (
B W B G
gi g
e
gi g
w p g P

+ =

+
Recovery factor
) B W W (
GB
1
B
B
1
G
G
w p e
g g
gi p
+ =
T
1
p
T
z
p
) B W W (
G
1
p
p
z
z
1
G
G
sc
sc
w p e
i
i
p
+ =
RECOVERY IS A FUNCTION OF:
Initial pressure of reservoir
Pressure drop due to the production
Chemical composition of gas
Time (through W
e
)
WDI
DDI
1
D
r
i
v
e

I
n
d
e
x
0
t
Drive Index equation
1
B G
B W W
B G
) B B ( G
g p
w p e
g p
gi g
=

b) Oil reservoirs
Undersaturated-Oil Reservoir with
Constant Porous Volume
R P
N N N =
oi
wi p
B
) S 1 ( V
N

=
(

=
o
f
o
w
o
wi p
P
B
V
B
V
B
) S 1 ( V
N N
oi wi p
NB ) S 1 ( V =
(

A A
=
o
f w oi
P
B
V V NB
N N
p
V
V
1
c
A
A
= p cV V A = A
p S V c V
w p w w
A = A
p V c V
p f f
A = A
(

A A
=
o
p f wi p w oi
P
B
p V c p S V c NB
N N
] p ) c S c ( V NB [ NB B N
f wi w p oi o o P
A + =
p ) c S c (
S 1
NB
NB NB B N
f wi w
wi
oi
oi o o P
A +

+ =
p ) c S c (
S 1
NB
) B B ( N B N
f wi w
wi
oi
oi o o P
A +

+ =
p
V
V
1
c
A
A
=
oi wi p
NB ) S 1 ( V =
p
NB NB
NB
1
c
o oi
oi
o
A

=
p B c B B
oi o oi o
A =
p ) c S c (
S 1
NB
p B Nc B N
f wi w
wi
oi
oi o o P
A +

+ A =
p
S 1
c S c
c NB B N
wi
f wi w
o oi o P
A |
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
p
S 1
c S c ) S 1 ( c
NB B N
wi
f wi w wi o
oi o P
A
(

+ +
=
p c NB B N
e , o oi o P
A =
p p p
i
= A
p c NB B N
e , o oi o P
A =
o
i e , o oi
P
B
) p p ( c NB
N

=
t cos R GOR
s
= =
p s p
N R G =
w o
S 1 S =
) p p ( c B
i e , o oi

o P
B N
N
Methods for oil reserves evaluation
Nx y = p c NB B N
e , o oi o P
A =
Recovery factor
RECOVERY IS A FUNCTION OF:
Reservoir Initial pressure
Pressure drop due to production
Equivalent compressibility of oil
(~ 10
-5
psi
-1
)
) p p ( c
B
B
N
N
i e , o
o
oi P
=
ST
o
SC
gas
q
q
GOR =
ST
o
dissolved
SC
gas
free
SC
gas
q
q q
GOR
+
=
ST
o
ST
o S
ST
o
free
SC
gas
q
q R
q
q
GOR + =
ST
o
free
SC
g
S
q
q
R GOR + =
g
o
o
free
g
S
B
B
q
q
R GOR + =
g
o
g
o
o
g
S
B
B
k
k
R GOR

+ =
g
o
g
o
ro
rg
S
B
B
k
k
R GOR

+ =
Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR)
GOR = R
s,i
p
i
p
b
S
gc
B
g
G
O
R
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E
p
abn
N
p
/N
g
o
g
o
ro
rg
S
B
B
k
k
R GOR

+ =
GOR
Saturated-Oil Reservoirs with Constant
Porous Volume
(
(

+ =
g
o P oi
S P Si P
B
B ) N N ( NB
R ) N N ( NR G
R P
G G G =
GAS DISSOLVED
IN OIL
FREE GAS
P
P
P
N
G
R =
CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION RATIO
o P oi g S P g Si g P P
B ) N N ( NB B R ) N N ( B NR B R N + =
) B B B R B R ( N ) B B R B R ( N
o oi g S g Si o g S g P P
+ = +
)] R R ( B B B [ N )] R R ( B B [ N
S Si g oi o S P g o P
+ = +
Nx y =
N
)] R R ( B B [ N
S P g o P
+
) R R ( B B B
S Si g oi o
+
(
(

+
+
+ + =
g
w p e
g
f
g
w
g
o P oi oi
S P
gi
oi
Si P
B
B W W
B
V
B
V
B
)B N (N mNB NB
)R N (N
B
NB
m NR G
Combined Gas-Cap Drive and Water Drive
Saturated-Oil Reservoirs
General equation:
SATURATIONS
S
or,g
S
g
=1-S
wi
S
wi
S
g
=1- S
or,g
-S
wi
S
wi
S
o
S
wi
1
2
3
S
o
=0
S
g
=1- S
o
-S
wi
S
or,w
S
w
=1
S
w
=1- S
or,w
4
5
S
g
~0
S
o
=0
S
g
=0
S
or,g
=S
or,w
GAS
OIL
WATER
1
2
3
4
5
Reservoir Pressure Decline
PRODUCED OIL / OOIP (%)
A
V
E
R
A
G
E

P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

/

I
N
I
T
I
A
L

P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E


(
%
)
PRODUCED OIL/OOIP (%)
G
O
R





(
M
c
f
/
b
b
l
)
GOR
PRODUCTION DRIVE MECHANISM IDENTIFICATION
e fw g o
W ) E mE N(E F + + + =

w P S P g o P
B W )] R (R B [B N F + + =
) R (R B B B E
S Si g oi o o
+ =
) B (B
B
B
E
gi g
gi
oi
g
=
p ) c S (c
) S (1
B
m) (1 E
f wi w
wi
oi
fw
+

+ =

when m=0
fw o
E E
F
+
STRONG AQUIFER
MODERATE AQUIFER
VOLUMETRIC DEPLETION
p
N
OOIP
N