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Prepared by:
Saeed Khamis Al Haddadi Nayel Rashid Al Shamsi Mansour Mohd Al Shebli Saeed Nahyan Al Ameri Muath Mohd Al Mazrooei 200203853 200216968 200204979 200204458 200205340
United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Graduation Project II
Advisers name:
Dr. Amr S. El Dieb
2st Semester 2007/2008
Introduction Objective Mix Design Methods Experiment and Testing Gant Chart
HPC is defined as concrete which meets special performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved by using only the conventional materials Concrete is composed principally of aggregates, Portland cements, water, and may contain other cementations materials and/or chemical admixtures.
The selection of concrete proportions involves a balance between economy and requirements for place ability, strength, durability, and density (i.e. its performance). HPC is characterized by its high performance in any of its properties or characteristics Usually the term HPC is used to define high durable concrete (i.e. concrete characterized by high durability)
The required durability characteristics are governed by the application of concrete and by conditions expected to be encountered at the time of placement. These characteristics should be listed in the job specifications.
Environment
Impact
Concrete
Impact Resistance Durable Concrete (HPC)
Deterioration
Environment
Concrete
Objective
The effect of different SCM with various dosages on HPC mixes will be evaluated for various aggressive environments. Different concrete mix design methods will be implemented and compared to design HPC mixes. Control concrete mix will be designed having a compressive strength of 40 to 50 MPa, slump between 100 120 mm and the cement content is 350 kg/m3.
To perform a concrete mix design several criteria (i.e inputs) are needed together with the properties of the used materials The criteria needed includes: Required strength Required slump Minimum cement content Properties of available or used materials; investigated in GPI
BS Method
Approximate compressive strength (N/mm2) of concrete mixes made with a free water/cement ratio 0.5
BS Method..
Relationship between compressive strength and free water-/cement ratio
47
From this graph w/c ratio is determined for the required strength
0.47
BS Method
Approximate free water content (Kg/m3) required to give various levels of workability.
BS Method
Estimated wet density of fully compacted concrete to calculate the aggregate quantity
2420
170
BS Method
Determines the mixing ratio of fine and coarse aggregates depending on the grading zone of the fine aggregate (1,2,3 &4)
BS Method
35%
ACI Method
Relationship between water-cement or water- cementations materials ratio and compressive strength of concrete
ACI Method
Approximate mixing water and air content requirements for different slumps and nominal maximum sizes of aggregates
ACI Method
Volume of coarse aggregate per unit of volume of concrete
Discussion
After we used two methods we found ACI method is not appropriate to design our control mix because the maximum strength we can design using this method is 34 MPa and it is using cylinder not cube so BS method is used.
Also there isnt any mix design method which considers the incorporation of supplementary materials such as Slag and Silica fume. Typical concrete mix used in the country is designed using material investigated in GPI.
Batch Quantities
Cement Sand 22.4 35.5
Dune sand 11.9 C.Agg.(S220mm) C.Agg.(S1-10mm) Water Slag 50.5 21.3 10.6 0 Silica Fume 0
Admixtures Variable
Introduction
SCM
SCM usually works in two ways: As microfilling materials i.e. physical effect (in early stages) Pozzolanic materials (in late stages)
Introduction
Pozzolanic Reaction
SCM in finely divided form provides a source of reactive silica that in the presence of moisture will combine with CH to form C-S-H and other cementing. Typically slow down hydration, but significantly improve durability and long-term strength
Introduction
Pozzolanic Reaction
2C3S + 6H C-S-H + 3CH 2C2S + 4H C-S-H + CH CH + SCM + H C-S-H
Introduction
Hydration of C3S & C2S
CH
C-S-H
SCM Material
Silica Fume
Result of the reduction of high-purity quartz with coal in an electric arc furnace in the manufacture of silicon or ferrosilicon alloy.
Have large surface area
SCM Material
Slag
Made from iron blast-furnace slag. It is a non-metallic hydraulic cement consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium.
Mixes
Batch Quantities
Total Quantities C1 Cement Sand Dune Sand kg kg kg 22.4 35.5 11.9 50.5 21.3 10.6 0.0 0.0 C1-SF5 C1-SF8 C1-SF15 C1-S25 21.3 35.4 11.8 50.4 21.2 10.6 0.0 1.1 20.6 35.3 11.8 50.3 21.2 10.6 0.0 1.8 19.0 35.1 11.8 50.0 21.1 10.6 0.0 3.4 16.8 35.4 11.8 50.4 21.2 10.6 5.6 0.0 C1-S40 13.4 35.3 11.8 50.2 21.2 10.6 9.0 0.0 C1-S60 C1-S25-SF5 C1-S25-SF8 C1-S40SF5 for all Mixes 9.0 35.2 11.8 50.1 21.1 10.6 13.4 0.0 15.7 35.3 11.8 50.3 21.2 10.6 5.6 1.1 15.0 35.3 11.8 50.3 21.2 10.6 5.6 1.8 12.3 35.3 11.8 50.2 21.1 10.6 9.0 1.1 166 353 118 503 212 106 48 10
Admixtures
kg
Lab strategy
Batching Strategy
Table 4.2.1
Mix name C1 C1-S25- C1-S25- C1-S40C1-SF5 C1-SF8 C1-SF15 C1-S25 C1-S40 C1-S60 SF5 SF8 SF5 Th 6/3 Mo 10/3
Mix date Mon 18/2 Tu 19/2 Th 21/2 Mo 25/2 Tu 26/2 Th 28/2 Mo 3/3 Tu 4/3
Lab strategy
Testing Strategy
Table 4.2.2
Laboratory
Laboratory
Laboratory
Laboratory
Laboratory
Testing
We did four type of tests which are: Compressive Strength (Cube Test): Normal compressive strength Compressive Strength in Sulfate Solution
Tensile Strength.
Sorptivity Test. Resistivity Test
Compressive Strength
10 cm
10 cm
Figure 5.4: Compressive strength at 7, 28 and 56 days for different dosage of silica fume
Figure 5.5: Compressive strength at 7, 28 and 56 days for mixes with different dosage of slag
Figure 5.6: Compressive strength at 7, 28 and 56 days for mixes combination with slag and silica fume in different dosage.
Water heater
Figure 5.7: Effect of sulfate solution on cube strength in ambient temperature for mixes with different SF dosage
Figure 5.8: Effect of high temperature sulfate solution on cube strength for mixes with different dosage of SF
Figure 5.9: Difference in strength between hot results and ambient for differ percentages of SF in sulfate solution
Figure 5.10: Effect of ambient temperature sulfate exposure on mixes with different Slag contents
Figure 5.11: Effect of high temperature sulfate exposure on mixes with different Slag contents
Figure 5.12: Difference in strength between hot results and ambient for differ percentages of Slag in sulfate solution
Table 5.3.3.1: Test results for different percentage of Slag and Silica Fume
Figure 5.13: Effect of high temperature sulfate exposure on mixes with combined slag and silica fume with different contents
Figure 5.14: Effect of ambient temperature sulfate exposure on mixes with different Slag and Silica Fume contents
Figure 5.15: Difference in strength between hot results and ambient for differ percentages of Slag and Silica Fume in sulfate solution
Table 5.3.4.1: Reduction in compressive strength for combined slag and silica fume mixes in sulfate solution
Strength Reduction:
Tensile strength
Splitting tensile Strength
10 cm
Ft =
Tensile strength
Tensile strength
Split Strength in Difference Ages in Slica Fume
5.00 4.50 4.00
Tensile Strength (Mpa)
3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 C1 C1-SF5 C1-SF8 C1-SF15 Mixes Name 7 Days 28 Days
Tensile strength
Tensile strength
Figure 5.20: Splitting tensile strength for combine slag & silica fume mixes.
Sorptivity test
ASTM C 1585; Sorptivity Test
This test is based on the Halls theory and adopted in ASTM recently Require a concrete disc of at least 300gm weight Concrete specimens are oven dried The specimens sides are sealed using any sealant One surface of the specimen is exposed to water and the change in weight with time is measured (at least 5 measurements) over 30 minutes period Plot the graph between penetration depth (i) and square root of time (time1/2) to calculate Sorptivity
Sorptivity test
Surface sealant (electrical vinyl tape)
Container
Circular support
Sorptivity test
Sorptivity test
One dimensional flow through partially saturated concrete can be expressed using Halls expression
Constant Exposure time (min)
i A S t
Penetration depth (mm)
Rate of Absorption i.e. Sorptivity (mm/min1/2)
Sorptivity test
Change in specimen weight (gm)
W i A
Water density (gm/mm3)
i
Slope = Sorptivity (S) mm/min1/2
Constant = A
Time1/2
Sorptivity test
Specimen Location and Code = C1-1 Specimen Diameter (mm) = 100 mm
Sorptivity test
Table 5.1.1: Average Sorptivity test value at 28 and 56 days of age
Sorptivity test
Figure 5.1: Comparison of Sorptivity values between control mix and different dosage of silica fume.
Sorptivity test
Figure 5.2: Comparison of Sorptivity values between control mix and different dosage of Slag.
Sorptivity test
Figure 5.3: Comparison of Sorptivity values between control mix and different dosage of Slag and silica fume.
Resistivity test
This test is based on the electrical conductivity of concrete. electrolytic process that takes place by the movements of ions in the cement matrix. This ionic movement will take place when contaminants such as chloride ions or carbon dioxide are introduced into the cement mortar matrix. A highly permeable concrete will have a high conductivity and low electrical resistance.
Resistivity test
Resistivity test
The concrete resistivity was considered to be a measure on how the concrete would protect the steel reinforcement against corrosion.
Resistivity test
Resistivity test
Resistivity test
Conclusion
Sulfate Environment
Slag Dosage
Conventional Mix
Sl ag
Si l ic a
Figure 6.1: Schematic diagram for selecting SCM (slag and silica fume) for different exposure conditions
Corrosive Environment
Gant Chart