Plasma proteins

include proteins of blood plasma and proteins of interstitial fluid

Plasma proteins
Vladimra Kvasnicov

Distribution in body fluids

continual movement from blood vesels to intersticium transport by pinocytosis and through interendothelial junctions capillary basal membrane molecular sieve molecule size dependent passage through

protein
albumin transferrin haptoglobin 1-1 IgG IgA haptoglobin 2-2 2-macroglobulin IgM

Mr
(x 103)
66

intravascular
(%) 42 32 50 44 41 75 92 77

80

85

144

160 160

720

971

(accepted from book: Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics / Lothar Thomas)

Proteins of interstitial fluid

subcutaneous: albumin lymph: less proteins than in plasma

Plasma proteins
include proteins of blood plasma and proteins of interstitial fluid almost all are glycoproteins

liquor: 200x less than in plasma patological fluids:

transsudate exsudate < 30 g/l > 30 g/l

some groups of proteins are classified separatelly (enzymes, proteohormones) total protein ~ more than 300 proteins

Individual proteins of blood plasma

proteins are ampholytes: -COOH -NH2 + H+ -COO- + H+ -NH3+

they are negatively charged under physiological pH

ANIONS
The figure is from http://www.beckmancoulter.com/products/instrument/protein/proteomelab_igy_dcr.asp (Feb 2007)

Common functions of plasma proteins

buffer properties (maintenance of pH) maintenance of oncotic pressure of blood some transport proteins have an antioxidant function

Classification of plasma proteins

by electrophoretic mobility
prealbumins albumin alpha, beta and gama-globulins fibrinogen

The figure is from textbook: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

Principal proteins of each fraction

2-macroglobulin haptoglobin

immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM

1-antitrypsin orosomucoid
The figure is from textbook: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

transferrin C3-complement

 by specific function Position of lipoproteins in electrophoretic patern

transport proteins proteins of immune system system of proteases and antiproteases proteins of hemocoagulation system signal proteins enzymes
The figure is from: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

cellular proteins

by clinical use
cardiomarkers tumormarkers acute phase reactants cellular enzymes

Factors influencing concentration of proteins

total protein: 64 83 g/l velocity of synthesis and degradation distribution in body fluids loss into the third place

hormones

elimination from the body

cytokines

hydration of the body

other important factors:

elevation of concentration before taking blood sample
body position ( in supine position) tightening of arm

Consequences of abnormal concentrations

change in sedimentation of erytrocytes swelling polyuria increased sensitivity to infections

storage of biological speciment

Physiological variability
increased concentrations
plasma > serum (fibrinogen) stand-up position (by 10-15 %) increased muscle activity (by 12 %) dehydration

Location of synthesis
liver most of plasma proteins plasmocytes immunoglobulins other cells

decreased concentrations
children, pregnant women after starvation (albumin, transferrin, C3)

e.g. 2-microglobulin

25 g are synthesized and produced daily

Regulation of synthesis
INCREASE
inflammation hypertyroidism hypercotizolism grows hormone irron deficiency protein loss clonal production of Ig

Catabolism of proteins
location
liver kidneys pinocytosis endotelial cells hydrolysis in lysosomes other cells use of amino acids

DECREASE
liver damage with parench. tissue nutritional deficit hypotyroidism diabetes mellitus alcoholism

course
desialization of glycoproteins

catabolism can be influenced by

increased sialization of glycoproteins

HALF-LIFE of plasma proteins

is related to function of a protein

target receptors defect

the longest: structural proteins the smallest: regulatory proteins

it is influenced by
DECREASE IN CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS distribution velocity of catabolism and elimination

velocity of the catabolism is described by BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE USE IN DIAGNOSTICS

Elimination from organism

filtration in the kidneys excretion with urine physilogical loss: < 150 mg/day diffusion into gastrointestinal tract hydrolysis or excretion with feaces loss with skin laboratory determination

KNOWLEDGE of protein properties metabolism and function distribution and half-life

use in diagnostics

correct interpretation

http://www.sebia-usa.com/products/reagents.html (Feb 2007)