Joshua S.

Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ch. 5 Culture truncates biology - has to inscribe masculine/feminine duality -> training soldiers. Biological gives us overlapping bell curves, cultural gender gives us squared off boxes. Culture makes males into warriors -> manhood/masculinity. Fighting a war traumatic, so need to overcome fear, provide material and non-material rewards.

Need to overcome fear - paralysis, being routed, need to face near-certain death in assaulting positions. Critical moments - when tide turns, need to soldier on. Ways of overcoming this - need to nd this to make good soldiers. Often, but not always, gendered. Alcohol (but does harm military success as well). Not gendered - the Dahomey women soldiers, for example. Religion - 1980s Iranian martyrs, reincarnation - Japanese soldiers, Christian soldiers go to heaven. Not gendered, and not enough - need to do more than just die for your country. make the other poor dumb bastard die for his country. More gendered - combat trauma experience. Fatigue/trauma - maximum efciency only lasts about a month (Normandy campaign), have to cycle people back in to the ght (immediate comfort). Longer term fatigue - PTSD shell shock, combat neuroses. 400,000 psychiatric casualties in US during WW2, nearly 1/3 of Israeli Egyptian casualties in 1973 war. More intense ghting - historical product of 20th century. Trauma - not gendered. PTSD victims in Vietnam - female veterans suffered it to. Similar trauma to victims of rape? Combat trauma doesnt depend on gender, but cultural responses to it do - men are made not born. Real men, be a man. Conformity in manhood. Heroic imager of achieved manhood people who dont are faggots pussies women. Common warrior qualities - not bloodlust, but

- physical courage - endurance - strength/skill (not thuggery) - honour Suppressing emotions - bravery. Taboo on tenderness (crying), not celebration of violence. Hardening of men. Harmful for caregivers - women not subjected to this, have to pick up emotional slack. Shame about failure - isolation. Women shaming men into war - white feathers in Conscientious Objectors - women will reject you if youre not in khaki. Observable also in Chile, Apaches, Zulu warriors - women shame men for having lost/failed. p274-275 - lots of examples of gendering. Civil War, Great War - source of manhood? Heavily rooted in gender roles, demonstration of manly virtues. A bit less in WW2 - manliness discredited, but shame still present. But Vietnam - tougher mainliness present.

Gulf war and on - manly vulnerability used to extend manly power. Media - reinforces this postwar remasculisation postwar, although certainly changes over time. Masculinity as autonomy. Summary

Mens movement - Sam Keen - the male psyche is, rst and foremost, the warrior psyche. Nothing shapes, informs, and moulds us so much as societys demand that we become specialists in the use of power and violence. Could I kill?

Warren Farrell - MRA - men as disposable war slaves? Blames feminism. Johnson - mens war trauma massive suffering, but not oppression - men not oppressed by patriarchy as men. Argument weakened by its discussion of non-patriarchal societies. Suspicious of mens movement. Wars since 1945 - repudiate the soldier, since these wars have not bred heroism (Gerzon). Provider, instead? Toughening up boys? Attention to boys? Teachers, parents less concerned about androgyny for daughters - boys may have to ght war. Boys dont cry, etc. Basically patriarchy f*s you up. Socialisation for aggression?

Raising children in war zones - threatens social identity, belief people can be trusted - but the child soldiers who result from this can be girls, too. Violent TV, games, war play (Toys etc.)? Sports? Teasing sissy vs. tomboy. Gender as boundary - need to defend women, femininity. Need for women supporting soldiers to keep them going.. Women - not always protected status? West Point - distinguish between female comrades and regular women. Women nurturing me warriors? Comfort, support men (e.g. women in nursing positions) gets men back in the ght. Need to make sure of female report at home. Mothers - often precise opposite of wartime sphere. Sweethearts, nurses too. Nurses - free up manpower, but still seen as lowly. Other psychological war support roles for women - witnessing - shaming - mothering Brought in to take over work, in wartime. tend to be temporary. Womens peace activism?Womens Peace Party, WILPF. First woman in congress Jeanette Rankin - pacist. Greenham Common, Puget Sound Womens Peace Camp. Men tend to be more hawkish.

Dilemma of womens peace movement - participation in war organisation, avoid othering? Making peace feminine - masculinises war, helps soldiers to kill.