International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), pp. 69-77 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJMET
IAEME

IMPLEMENTATION OF GRAPHICAL - ANALYTICAL METHOD IN DETERMINATION OF SPEED OF VEHICLE IN CASE OF ROAD ACCIDENT AND COMPARING OF RESULTS WITH THE SOFTWARE METHOD
1 1,2

Gzim HOXHA,

Nijazi IBRAHIMI

University of Prishtina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Traffic and Transport, St. Sunny Hill, n.n., 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo

ABSTRACT In this paper is treated the problem of determining the speed of movement of vehicles in case of road accident. One frequent cause of accidents in road is the speed of movement and adaptation conditions with circumstances of the road. For determination of speed is used the graphic-analytical method which based in maintaining the quantity of movement of the vehicles before and after the collision. This method takes into account several factors such as: measures of vehicles involved in the accident, angle between the directions of movements of the vehicles before and after the collision, the displacement distance of vehicle after the collision. Results obtained with graphicalanalytical method are compared with software method - through PC Crash software. Keywords: Velocity, Vehicle, Road, Angle, Distance, Collision, Simulations. 1. INTRODUCTION Determination of velocities of motion of vehicles participating in the accident constitutes the most important analysis in the delivery of final results to finding the cause of truly accident. Implementation of graphical analytical method for determination of speed of vehicle in the case of accident is treated for three different cases of accidents. In each of the accidents have been involved two vehicles with different technical features. Technical characteristics of vehicles involved in the accidents which have been subjected to treatment in this paper and the road conditions which are causing accidents are presented in Table1.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Table.1. Technical characteristics of vehicles involved in the accidentsand the road conditions
First case of road accident (Vehicle) Technical Characteristics Toyota Land Cruiser Land Cruiser 3.0 D-4D Diesel 96 2080 4.72 1.88 1.85 1.57 2.79 265/65R17S 13.1 1.08 0.840000 VW Golf3 TDI Second case of road accident (Vehicle) Truck DAF Mercedes Benz 200 Third case of road accident (Vehicle) Opel Astra Ford Eskort Escort 1.6 16V Benzin 66 1145 4.3 1.7 1.46 1.44 / 1.46 2.52 175/70R13 12.7 0.9 0.72 0.860000 1.35 0.82 0.81

Type Engine type: Engine power [kW]: Weight [kg]: Length [m]: Width [m]: Height [m]: Track width [m]: Wheelbase [m]: Tire dimensions : Accel. 0-100 [km/h]: Rear overhang [m]: Front overhang [m]: Type of road Number of lanes Vehicle traffic Road condition Visibility

1HXO Diesel 81 1055 4.15 1.74 1.44 1.51 / 1.49 2.51 195/65R15V 10.8 0.780000

2700 ATI Diesel 295 6100 5.63 2.5 2.10 / 2.10 4.4 295/80R22C -

124 Benzin 80 1321 4.74 1.74 1.44 1.49 2.8 185/65R14 9.6 -

X16SZR Benzin 55 1070 4.11 1.71 1.43 1.485 / 1.46 2.61 185/65R15 16.5 0.71

Regional road 1 lanes for directions average asphalt and dry good - sunny day

Highways 2 lanes for directions average asphalt and wet rainy weather

Regional road 1 lanes for directions average asphalt and wet rainy weather

2. ANALYSIS OF FIRST CASE OF ROAD ACCIDENT In this accident are involved two vehicles:Toyota Land Cruiser and VW Golf.Vehicles before the crash have been moving in the opposite direction with one another. Collision between vehicles is made at the angle 21 .After crash, vehicle " Toyota Land Cruiser " stopped in the distance of 11[m] from collision position, vehicle " VW Golf " stopped near collision position turned at 140from direction of motion before the crash .

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Figure 1. Positions of vehicles Toyota Land Cruiser and VW Golf before and after crash

2.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF GRAPHIC - ANALYTICAL METHOD IN CALCULATION OF SPEED VEHICLES TOYOTA LAND CRUISER AND VW GOLF This method is based on the law on maintaining the quantity of motion for vehicles Toyota Land Cruiser and B before and after the crash. According to this law have:

K T + K VW = K 'T + K 'VW ,

d K dt

= F = 0 K ' K = I,
(1)

K 'T K T = I T

dhe

K 'VW K VW = I VW ,

I T = I VW

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

K T = mT vT - quantity of motion of Toyota Land Cruiser before collision,

K 'T = mT v 'T - quantity of motion of Toyota Land Cruiser after collision,

KVW = mVW vVW - quantity of motion of VW Golf before collision,

K 'VW = mVW v'VW - quantity of motion of VW Golf after collision.
mT = m aT + m n + 2 m p = 2080 + 75 + 2 75 = 2305[ kg ] -weight of passangers.

Toyota Land Cruiser with

mVW = m aM + m n + 4 m p = 1055 + 75 + 4 75 = 1430 [ kg ] - weight of Toyota Land Cruiser with passangers.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

K VWx = mVW vVWx = mVW vVW cos 90 = 0

(7) , (8) (9) (10)

K VWy = mVW vVWy = mVW vVW = 1715 vVW

K Tx = m T v Tx = m T v T sin 21 o = 2305 v T 0 . 35 = 806 . 75 v T ,

K Ty = m T v Ty = m T vT cos 21 o = 2305 vT 0 . 93 = 2143 . 6 v T .
a2Tasf=5.0 [m/s2]- break of Toyota Land Cruiser after collision in asphalt a2Tdh=4.0 [m/s2]- break of Toyota Land Cruiser after collision in street earthy. Speed of Toyota Land Cruiser and VW Golf after collision :

v 'T =

2 a ' 2 asf S Tasf + 2 a ' 2 dh S T dh =

2 5 4 + 2 4 7 10 [ m / s ] = 36 [ km / h ]

(11) (12)

v 'VW =

2 a ' 2 asf S VWasf

2 5 2 = 4 . 4 [ m / s ] = 15 [ km / h ],

K 'Tx = mT v 'Tx = mT v 'T cos 30 o = 2305 10 0 .86 = 198213 [ kg m / s ]

K 'Ty = mT v 'Ty = mT v 'T sin 30 o = 2305 10 0 .5 = 11525 [ kg m / s ]
,

(13) (14) , (15) (16)

K 'VWx = mVW v 'VWx = mVW v 'VW cos 50 o = 1430 4 .4 0 .64 = 4026 [ kg m / s ]

K 'VWy = mVW v 'VWy = mVW v 'VW sin 50 = 1430 4 .4 0 .76 = 4782 [ kg m / s ]

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Figure 2. Graphics of maintaining quantity of motion for vehicles

From grafics is measured KVW=331cm= 33100[kgm/s] and KT = 638cm = 63800[kgm/s].

From (3) vT =

KT , mT
(17)

vT =

KT 63800 [ kg m / s ] = 27 [ m / s ] 97 [ km / h ] mT 2305 [ kg ]

From (5) vVW =

KVW , mVW
(18)

V VW =

K VW 33100 [ kg m / s ] = = 23 [ m / s ] 83 [ km / h ]. m VW 1430 [ kg ]

2.2. RESULTS OBTAINED WITH SOFTWARE METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF SPEEDS OF VEHICLESTOYOTA LAND CRUISER AND VW GOLF With simulations software PC-crash based in final positions of vehicles Toyota Land Cruiser and VW Golf after crash, are acquired results of velocities as follows :

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Figure 3. Speeds and final positions of vehicles Toyota Land Cruiser and VW Golf after collision- by software

3. ANALYSIS OF SECOND CASE OF ROAD ACCIDENT In the second case of accident are involved two vehiclesDAF (truck) and Mercedes 200. Vehicles before the crash have been moving in the opposite direction with one another. Collision between vehicles is made as in figure.4.

Fig.4. Positions of vehicles DAF and Mercedes 200 at the moment of collision

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Figure. 5. Final positions of vehicles DAF and Mercedes before and after collision Results obtained for this vehicles by graphical-analytical method and software method are showed in table2. Table 2. Results of speeds v [km/h] Graphicalanalytical method Software method Vehicles DAF 75 75 Mercedes 108 105

4. ANALYSIS OF THIRD CASE OF ROAD ACCIDENT In the third case of accident are involved two vehicles: Opel Astra and Ford Eskord. Vehicles before the crash have been moving in the direction as a fig.6. Position of collision and positions of vehicles after collision are showed in figure 7.

Figure 6. Positions of vehicles Opel Astra and Ford Escord at the moment of collision

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Figure 7. Final positions of vehicles Opel Astra and Ford Escortafter collision Results obtained for this vehicles by graphical-analytical method and software method are showed in table 3. Table 3. Results of speeds v [km/h] Graphicalanalytical method Software method Vehicles Ford Escort 79.9 79.4 Opel Astra 25 20.4

5. CONCLUSIONS Results of velocities by graphical-analytical method and software method , for the three cases of accidents analysis, summary are showed in table 4. Table.4. Results of velocities by graphical-analytical method and software method , for the three cases of accidents analysis Vehicles Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Toyota Land Cruiser VW Golf DAF Mercedes Opel Astra Ford Escort Results of speeds V[km/h] Graphical- analytical method Softwaremethod 97 100 83 75 108 25 79.9
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82 75 105 20.4 79.4

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) IAEME

Differences between results obtained of velocities through two methods used (graphicalanalytical method and software method) for vehicles with different technical characteristics and involved in different cases of fatal road accidents are shown on Diagram 1. Diagram1. Comparing the results

As seen from the comparison of results obtained in diagram 1, deviations between the results obtained by graphical-analytical method and software method are quite small. Based of this may conclude that graphical-analytical method is a quite accurate method for calculating the velocities of motion of vehicles before the crash. Especially in case of accidents when lacking sufficient data for the way that the accident occurred and when and when known only the final positions of vehicle, graphics method is more advantageous to use. 5. REFERENCES Prof.dr. Frankko Rotim Elementi sigurnosti cestovog prometa, svenska 3, Zagreb, 1991. Prof.dr. Franko Rotim Elementi sigurnosti cestovog prometa (Kinetika vozila), sveska 2, Zagreb, 1991. [3] Dr.sc.Ahmet Geca Siguria n komunikacion, , Prishtin, 2009. [4] Dr.sc.Heset Cakolli Teoria e lvizjes s automjeteve, Prishtin, 2010. [5] Dr. Steffan Datentechnik PC-CRASH - A Simulation Program for Vehicle Accidents, Linz, Austria, November 2008 . [6] Forbes, T. W.: Human Factors in Highway Traffic safety Research, Toronto, 1972. [7] Ing. Artur Sule, ing. Edmond Kazazi: Metodika e llogaritjes s aksidentit rrugor, Tiran, 2006. [8] Dhimitr Sotja Mekanika e automjeteve, Tiran, 2005. [9] Mr.ing. Ahmet Geca: Nelinearne oscilacije vozila Zaztava 101 u nestacionarnim uvjetima kretanja (Doktorska disertacija), Prishtin, 1987. [10] Sanjay H. Sawant and Dr. J. A. Tamboli, Analysis and Comparison of Vehicle Dynamic System with Nonlinear Parameters Subjected to Actual Random Road Excitations, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 284 - 299, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359.
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