Experiment -9: To determine the effect of temperature on toughness and ductile-tobrittle transition temperature of mild steel using Charpy

Impact Test
Objective: To interpret ductile brittle behavior of mild steel from the absorbed energy during impact at various temperatures. e!uirements for the experiment a) V-notched specimen b) Swing pendulum Impact Testing Machine c) i!uid nitrogen d) "ptical pyrometer e) Temperature controller heater f) #ater g) Stopwatch "rief #escription of the E!uipment$%achine Impact testing machine used for this e$periment contains a heavy swing pendulum. This pendulum has the ma$imum capability of impacting energy of %&' ft pound force( %&' ).*)'+m ,.+ms-% ).'-*&% .g ( *'*.,// 0. 1 scale is provided in the machine2 which range from ) 3 %&' foot pound 4ft b). 1n indentor will move on this scale when pendulum is allowed from its hori5ontal static position to impact the V-notched specimen. There is a stand at the bottom of the machine where V-notched specimen is supported as a beam in hori5ontal position. Theory Impact test is undoubtedly the most commonly used test that is done to characteri5e the ductile to brittle transition behavior in materials. The impact test is done by placing a s!uare shaped V-notched specimen in the machine 46ig.7). &enerally' the Charpy specimen has a s!uare cross-section of dimensions ()mm ()mm and contains a *+) , notch of - mm deep .ith root radius of )/-+ mm/ 1 heavy pendulum released from a 8nown height stri8es the sample on its downward swing and fractures it. 1fter the test bar is bro8en2 the pendulum rebounds to a height that decreases as the energy absorbed in fracture increases. 9y 8nowing the mass of the pendulum and the difference between its initial and final heights2 the energy absorbed by the fracture can be measured. In impact testing machine will be used here has the indentor facility to indicate energy in foot pound 4ft b) force absorbed by the fracture. If the temperature of the testing is lowered2 the V-notch impact test can be used for determining the ductile to brittle behavior in a material. 1 typical curve in figure % shows different transition temperature on steel by different definition. Transition temperature of phosphorus and carbon are shown in figure * 4a) and 4b) respectively by four different definition of determination of transition temperature. 7

6ig.7 Schematic diagram of impact testing

6ig.% Typical curve showing different transition temperature on steel

4a)

4b)

6ig. * :ffect of 4a) phosphorus2 4b) carbon on transition temperature using different definition In ;harpy specimen2 the plastic constrain to the notch produces a tria$ial state of state of stress. The relative values of the three principal stresses depend strongly on the %

dimension of the bar and the geometry of the notch. The ma$imum plastic stress concentration2 . 4energy absorbed in fracturing the material) is given by . ( 7 +
% %

6racture surface e$amination shows fibrous 4shear fracture)2 granular 4cleavage fracture) or a mi$ture of both which can be distinguished in magnification glass or even without magnification. Experimental procedure : a) b) c) d) Slowly swing the pendulum. #hen pendulum velocity increases2 ta8e it to the hori5ontal position by applying upward force carefully so that the pendulum will stic8 over there. <raw the indentor to the position of %&' ft b. 6or determining the impact energy at lower temperature2 8eep the specimen in li!uid nitrogen for 7- minutes. The specimen to be dipped in li!uid nitrogen will be instructed by your T.1. .eep your stopwatch ready. =emove the specimen with the help of tung and immediately 8eep it at the bottom of the machine hori5ontally. Start your stopwatch >ust after bringing out the specimen from li!uid nitrogen. The notch of the specimen should remain behind to the impact load of the swing pendulum 4fig.7). Immediately measure the temperature of the specimen by optical pyrometer after 8eeping the specimen at the hori5ontal stand. The temperature noting for different specimens after removing from li!uid nitrogen should follow the interval of 7 mins2 % mins2 * mins2 ' mins2 - mins respectively according to instruction given by T.1. 1fter noting temperature2 release the pendulum immediately. ?ow indentor will move towards 5ero end of the scale. ;ount the number of division from 5ero to the position of the indnetor after impact. This will give the energy of the specimen absorbed by impact of the pendulum. 6or determining energy at room temperature2 simply put specimen hori5ontally2 record room temperature from optical pyrometer or room temperature from thermometer2 release the pendulum record the energy. 6or determining energy at higher temperature2 starting from *- );2 -));2 &-);2 +));2 ,));2 7)));2 8eep the specimen on the hot plate of temperature controller heater and set the temperature to re!uired value and cross chec8 it by thermometer after some times. Then remove the specimen2 8eep it immediately on the ;harpy stand and release the pendulum.

e) f) g)

Experimental data collection and presentation a) b) 1 plot can be obtained of temperature verses impact energy as shown in figure one for various specimens. 6inally2 the transition temperature can be determined by either of the four different definition. @ou are advised to obtain by 7- ft b definition.

#ata eporting :

a) b)

=eport the time allowed to the specimen before releasing pendulum and also report the temperature of the specimen before releasing pendulum. =eport energy of specimen absorbed due to impact

Conclusions a) :nergy absorbed of the specimen in impact testing determined. b) Mention if transition temperature is determined 4It would be possible after completion of all testing by all group) 0uestions a) ;omment on the fracture surface of the specimen b) Aow do the following factors affect the brittle to ductile transition transition temperatures i) Brain si5e ii) carbon content iii) Chosphorus content c) Aow do you measure <9TT D

'