THE BARBAROUS

RADIATES

FROM

RICHBOROUGH

J.A.Davies

The b a r b a r o u s radiates from Richborough are the largest collection of these coins from a single e x c a v a t e d site in the south of E n g l a n d . Despite the advances made towards an understanding of this strange currency, our knowledge has so far come almost exclusively from hoard studies. The a n a l y s i s of site collections is an essential step towards a fuller understanding of these coins, a n d in particular to determine what types were in everyday use a n d how they circulated. I n d e e d , of the large number of h o a r d s b u r i e d d u r i n g the late third century containing b a r b a r o u s r a d i a t e s , m a n y comprise coins which never reached circulation. Some contain coins w h i c h h a v e come straight from a mint, still accompanied b y others struck from the same dies. It is not possible to make firm conclusions about the b e h a v i o u r a n d function of this coinage without some reference to large site collections. Classification and composition

Where possible, the 2010 1 coins h a v e been separated between Central Empire a n d Gallic Empire copies. Others, though exhibiting some sign of being i r r e g u l a r , but which defy identification because of corrosion a n d w e a r , are totalled separately. Both major categories list total copies of each emperor. U n d e r the second category the vast majority of coins derive from Tetrican prototypes, a n d these h a v e been sorted into reverse types, as used b y Dr Further categories considered under the Gallic Empire section Sutherland. 2 include b a d l y w o r n , partially identified coins, as well as m a n y unusual types w h i c h deserve separate consideration a n d discussion. The poor preservation of coins recovered from the site is in contrast to the condition of m a n y hoards a n d is an inhibiting factor in the identification process. As well as the problem of corrosion, these site finds exhibit w e a r derived from vigorous circulation prior to deposition. The assemblage as a whole contains a great variety of types a n d represents a complete sequence from the earliest to the latest copies, which is seldom seen in a single h o a r d . The Richborough coins also show the usual w e a k n e s s e s of this series including illiterate, or absent, l e g e n d s , off-centre striking, blurring from over-use of dies a n d a wide variety of flan sizes a n d s h a p e s . Some ninety per cent of the coins h a v e been classified to some d e g r e e , for comparative p u r p o s e s . The types found to be most numerous are those which commonly predominate in h o a r d s . Strangely the Central Empire as a whole, but in particular the ubiquitous Divo Claudio types, are poorly represented a n d are sparser than on comparable sites. 3 From the Gallic Empire category coins a s s i g n a b l e to Victorinus are a g a i n rather few. The bulk of the collection derives from Tetrican prototypes, with P a x a n d Spes reverses p r e d o m i n a t i n g , but with

18

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

List of Types at Richborough No. of coins % of total

A.

Central

Empire

types

Gallienus Claudius 2 Divo C l a u d i o Aurelian B. Gallic Empire types

10

28
25 3

Postumus Victorinus Tetricus 1 a n d 2 Aequitas Felicitas Fides Militum Fortuna Hilaritas Jupiter Laetitia Mars Pax Pietas, Implements Providentia Salus Spes Victoria Virtus Tetricus 1, illegible r e v . Tetricus 2 , illegible r e v . Uncertain o b v . , female figure 'Pin figure' rev. Unidentified minims U n u s u a l types C. Illegible, above minim size Grand Total number of minims recorded

3 77 3

3.8

2 16
10

28 2
31 1

1.4 1.5 15.4 2.4 4.9 9.1

310
49

16
98 183

18
40 123 69 174 85

2.0

rev.

300
76

14.9 11.4

230
Total:

2,010
697 34.7

Hilaritas, Laetitia, Pietas (sacrificial implements), Salus a n d Virtus also popular. One reason for the a p p a r e n t l y low tally u n d e r Victorinus must be the lack of really distinctive reverse types used b y this emperor, apart from Invictus a n d P a x , with transverse sceptre. His b e n i g n features a n d hooked nose become indistinguishable among the near caricature, poorer copies, w h i c h predominate. The classification of the smallest coins as minims again facilitates easier comparison. Although they represent a later p h a s e of copying'* they do a p p e a r to h a v e circulated alongside b a r b a r o u s radiates of larger module. However, as Mr Boon has w a r n e d elsewhere, this separation is not intended to reflect a denominational d i s t i n c t i o n . 5 The coins termed minims, in common with this coinage as a whole, refuse to conform to a n y strict constraints, m e a n i n g that no rigid criteria could be used for their classification. Mr Boon has shown that weight c a n differ a p p r e c i a b l y between coins struck from

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

the same d i e s . 6 A study of the m a n y die-linked groups present in the Sussex minim h o a r d s from Worthing, Goring a n d Hove clearly confirms that there w a s no precise s t a n d a r d size or weight associated with a particular die combination.7 One group from the Goring hoard contains nineteen coins w h i c h share common obverse a n d reverse dies. T h e y all exhibit very irregular flan s h a p e s , of between 10mm a n d 15mm diameter. Thickness varies from 1 . 5 m m to 3 . 5 m m a n d weight between 0 . 5 5 g a n d 3-40g. In the present s t u d y , 13mm has been taken as the uppermost limit, measured across the widest part of the flan, with the coin thickness a n d die-size also b e i n g considered. No less than 697 coins fall into this category, w h i c h is thirty-five per cent of the total b a r b a r o u s r a d i a t e s . The Richborough coins exhibit the diverse r a n g e of m a n u f a c t u r i n g techClipping of flans is shown b y niques associated with b a r b a r o u s r a d i a t e s . 8 numerous angular and square-shaped flans (Pl.l, 2). Some flans are clearly derived from quartered antoniniani (Pl .l, l ) . 9 A general lack of desire for precision is shown b y the incompatibility of die a n d flan sizes (Pl .l, 4 ) . There w a s also a single b r o c k a g e . Die axes are totally arbitr a r y , indicating no attempt to align d i e s . Unusual coins and internal linking

Upon initial e x a m i n a t i o n , the r a n g e a n d variety of types present at Richborough appears almost unlimited. Apart from less-obvious h y b r i d s that cannot be a s s i g n e d to the s t a n d a r d groups (two such examples are shown in P I . 2 , 27-8), m a n y others show figures stylised in such a w a y as to w a r r a n t the term ' p i n figures' (PI.2, 34-6).10 Nine coins carry reverses which are in v a r y i n g states of disintegration towards d e s i g n s . Pl.l, 7, shows a Hilaritas derivative w h i c h has not quite lost its figure shape. Other distinctive types can be g r o u p e d together, each type being a p p a r e n t l y linked b y a common e n g r a v e r . Because the most u n u s u a l coins are recognised in this w a y , a n d are most easily remembered, they tend to form the basis of die- a n d style-linked g r o u p s . A representative selection of the coins discussed is illustrated in the two plates. One such group of four coins is characterised b y a tiny, grotesque h e a d a n d vigorous legend (Pl .l, 28-30). Another distinctive g r o u p , with two examples here, d i s p l a y s the s q u a r e j a w of C l a u d i u s Gothicus on the obverse, coupled with the uncommon transverse sceptre variety of P a x on the reverse ( P I . 2 , 1-2). There are two examples with similar obverse in the Richborough This h o a r d , housed at the British M u s e u m , contains a few (1931) h o a r d . 1 1 coins w h i c h d i s p l a y a closeness of style with the site coins, a n d include a single die-linked specimen. Two u n u s u a l site coins share a common die-linked reverse, w h i c h depicts an animated male figure, w e a r i n g a halo (Pl .l, 20-1). Another internal style-group contains four coins with similar obverses ( P I . 2 , 6-9). A different distinctive trait seen on a small number of coins is a grossly accentuated j a w on a portrait of Tetricus II (Pl .l, 13-15). Some u n u s u a l types are represented by single e x a m p l e s . One such coin has a reverse legend w h i c h is a mirror image of the letters P I E T A S , r e a d i n g from right to left (Pl .l, 3 ) . Another u n u s u a l reverse, of a s t a n d i n g figure with crossed legs, b r i n g s to mind a reverse from the Newgate Street (Paternoster Row) hoard from London ( P I . 2 , 3 0 ) . 1 2 Worthy of note is a C l a u d i u s Gothicus derivative w h i c h combines a joined-hands reverse, a type used by Gallienus a n d by Postumus (Pl .l, 1 6 ) . Two radiates, coins of a depict a reverse type so far unrecorded female figure seated (Pl .l, 11-12). This is in barbarous a copy of the

20

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

Concordia reverse used b y Aurelian a n d S e v e r i n a . The figure is very well engraved in both cases. What c a n only be described as 'mint marks' a p p e a r in the exergue on three coins ( P l . l , 9-10), although one example is clearly the result of a n extended b a r b a r o u s l e g e n d . Professor Mattingly h a s identified the same phenomenon in the Sussex minim h o a r d s , where he found five examples at Worthing a n d two at G o r i n g , a n d also in the Lightwood a n d Calverton h o a r d s . 1 3 Examples of reverses with two or more figures occur occasionally in collections a n d h a v e been recorded elsewhere. 1 1 1 There are four examples at R i c h b o r o u g h . B a r b a r o u s radiates with more than one figure often show prominent a n d s u b s i d i a r y figures, but the example illustrated ( P l . l , 17) shows two well-engraved figures of e q u a l size. This reverse type is a g a i n derived from one of several such issues of Aurelian ( p r o b a b l y RIC 215 or 394) but the obverse clearly depicts the features of Victorinus. One other type illustrated (Pl.l, 8) is still rarer amongst irregular c o i n a g e . It is a version of the non-figurative Saeculi Frugifero ( w i n g e d caduceus) reverse of Postumus. There are two other reverse types present at Richborough w h i c h , though not common, recur occasionally on sites a n d therefore w a r r a n t some discussion. T h e y clearly illustrate the process b y which new types were derived from a limited r a n g e of o r i g i n a l s , b y successive c o p y i n g . The first of these shows a female or male figure b r a n d i s h i n g a spear a n d a circular shield ( P l . l , 5-6). The prototype is not immediately a p p a r e n t , especially r e g a r d i n g the circular shield. It is likely that through the process of copying from copies, this h a s been derived from the wreath held b y the Laetitia figure. Two examples are present at R i c h b o r o u g h . A second, a n d at first glance more p u z z l i n g , type is a g a i n represented b y two examples ( P I . 2 , 25-6). A single ' p i n figure' stands centrally in a ' t r o u g h ' . This m a y be a derivative of the sacrificial implements type, or possibly represents a d e b a s e d Virtus A u g g of Tetricus. Whatever the o r i g i n a l , this derivative is present elsewhere, notably at Verulamium a n d in the Newgate Street h o a r d . The style of w o r k m a n s h i p is obviously different in these examples a n d shows that this distinctive type w a s arrived at i n d e p e n d e n t l y . F i n a l l y , examples from other internal groups are illustrated. T w o examples come from a group characterised b y their grotesque obverse portraits ( P l . l , 31-2). Similarly, three other coins show equally poor reverses ( P l . l , 33-5). E x a m p l e s of coins linked b y obverse portraiture are shown b y two other groups ( P I . 2 , 4-5, a n d 32-3). Similarity of reverse style is shown b y another ( P I . 2 , 10-11). Links with other sites

Professor H . B . M a t t i n g l y h a s established evidence of the w a y in which barHis groupings, barous radiates travelled widely a n d freely in B r i t a i n . 1 5 b a s e d on die-links a n d closeness of style in h o a r d s , provide a reference point from which to relate the types present at R i c h b o r o u g h . M a t t i n g l y ' s M i d l a n d s - Sussex P a x A u g group is the largest numerical group of b a r b a r o u s radiates established so f a r , k n o w n to h a v e come from a single s o u r c e . 1 6 There are eight examples of this group at Richborough ( P l . l , 22-27). The link with the Sussex hoards is further strengthened b y three coins b e a r i n g very close affinity to die-linked groups from Goring-onSea17 ( P I . 2 , 21) a n d two other examples resembling another group from the same hoard ( P I . 2 , 22-3, with a Goring example illustrated, number 2 4 ) . One reverse contains a rather a n g u l a r variety of Spes, coupled with a distinctively square head on the obverse ( P l . l , 18). This coin is part of a larger group recognised b y Professor Mattingly, with examples from the

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

Hollingbourne h o a r d , Kent, from the Newgate Street hoard a n d from Verulamium. 1 8 Another coin shares obverse and reverse dies with an unpublished coin from Silchester ( P l . l , 19). A single minim example characterised by its high quality e n g r a v i n g , absence of legend a n d distinctly pointed features of Claudius II is part of a larger group with examples from Cirencester, and from the hoards of Newgate Street, Worthing a n d Mere, Wiltshire. 1 9

Site Hoard

Location of sites and hoards in the south of England mentioned in the text R. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Richborough Cirencester Woodeaton Verulamium Mildenha11 Silchester Paternoster Row (Newgate St) hoard Lime St hoard 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Mere hoard Winchester Hollingbourne hoard Canterbury Goring-on-Sea hoard Worthing hoard Hove hoard

Examples from two other groups commonly found on sites a n d in hoards are present at Richborough. These types share characteristics that were initially recognised by M a t t i n g l y , 2 0 both groups being related by their obverse treatment which reduces the imperial portrait to very a n g u l a r lines, usually accompanied by a V-shaped neck. Flan size lies in the range of 13-15mm diameter. The first of these groups is characterised by a ewer reverse, derived from the implements type. The ewer dominates the flan and has a large spiral handle. The legend is often reduced to a series of dashes ( P I . 2 , 12-13). The second group is distinguished by a male figure on the reverse, usually Sol, in a very animated stance ( P I . 2 , 14-16). Examples of these groups are found on many sites a n d hoards across the south of E n g l a n d . 2 1 They do not cluster in any particular area, on the basis of current evidence.

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

The thif main external links can be d e s c r i b e d . One very b a s i c , linear fevtrii (PI.2, I?) eloeily resembles a coin from the Newgate Street hoard {PI.2, 18). Thif London link is strengthened b y another coin ( P I . 2 , 31) which hfti a very similar obverse to another Newgate Street coin. A more legal link is provided by a distinctive obverse e n g r a v i n g ( P I . 2 , 3) which Fiitmblei thi ttehnique used on a number of C a n t e r b u r y coins. In contrast, ther fflOFi distant linki are present. On obverse ( P I . 2 , 19) is v e r y similar i a Girgngestii' coin (PI.2, 20) and one other reverse ( P l . l , 36) resembles a ein lp@m thi Calvgrton hoard, from Nottinghamshire.22 In relation to an internal group already described (Pl.l, 33-5) a coin from the M i l d e n h a l l , -Suffolk, heard is also of this type." Th range of types and styles in evidence at Richborough is very w i d e and undoubtedly many types will resemble others b y coincidence, a n d a eautious appreaeh is accordingly taken here. A more thorough consideration @f Style and technique is essential in order to reinforce the die- a n d stylelinks deseribed. Despite this necessarily cautious a p p r o a c h , m a n y other eoins d possess likentsset to coins from other areas, and the proportion f linking will in fact be higher, which suggests that these coins were part of a circulation pool which stretched at least right across the south of Ingland, te the Midlands and probably further. * The problems involved are shown* for example, by a number of small Richborough coins, all having very simple engravings and no legend. These coins closely resemble others Verulamium but in the absence of specific diagnostic details, stylistic siwilarity in such cases is very hard t describe and to prove. On the basis of the comparative date available, the present study has so far isolated about forty external links, with a comparable number of internal linfcs-. Others undoubtedly exist, in particular amongst the heavily worn
m a t e r i a l%

o f die- and close style-links identified The attvely small peeportiosi < in tta% t.vr sit olleetie (approximately five per cent o f f legible coins) eleacly the huge scale of output of this coinage and that the high pFe^vf?tea o f die-iiftkiftg see in many boards is not representative of those < e d i t t % 4ft general eiPCWilattjn.4Si Hewever, the lumber f links identified is high efto^h te establish a coherent picture. External links coir right ae0%% the sorth Eftglaftd fewt withourt any evident main axis of contact at preseftt-. As the arao^nt < o f eowiparative Material increases, these external liftfcs wouM tee ejected te iaeieease accordingly., Mattiftgly aftd Steteteiaig suggested a local mint at Mehtermiighs based, ft evidence f internal die-linMag in the 1951 hoard. The association o f f the teoapt ^Sth the site oisns and the degree o f f internal linking identified ay 4ft fatt ^effect s t e o a i aaw&ffaeti&re,, the small proportion o f f aims 4ft ^westteft shows that if si&eh a wiini existed,, it was nt applying the sole ftee&s this site tey afty wieafts-. Only abort- three per cent of the ideaittiffsatete 'OOiftS swidiod he?e ae te&nd te Mfe internally. Mstiftatwe waits that have teteft <oteseied in the irregu&lar oiimage off feitalft whteh h a w teeesi as relating te teeal ptp^wctio! eaeist fen SSfftaiffii a%as-. sch styles <aBif>rise the distiwetiw <otmdr types auwd
Mfttes,, tewiiiti^ WMSta&aMe style gwaps.. itowewsr,, ewt<fc>e fltoam KfecBa

teowJugh Mattwg%''s pietwire < ! f a v M e eirewilatie) aiarf! as moans mateTiM is swtieft it ai tee seesn that imamy these gjpps aire w a t t flssaawfl -soteffy tei ifeither is it sate te assssmie that am sg]tawr was weoessatuly te&affly whsm swoh a geeswip is toaawi,.

BARBAROUS

RADIATES

FROM

RICHBOROUGH

23

The period between the Gallic a n d British Empires allows for significant developments in the production of irregular coinage, which is reflected in the enormous r a n g e of quality, size, a n d type of coins in question. This coinage would h a v e been produced on a scale according to particular requirements over time, in different a r e a s . The evidence from Richborough contributes to our knowledge of some major mint g r o u p s , which can be seen to h a v e served wide areas of the country, a n d indicates a degree of more centralised production alongside the local production which occurred in many areas. TABLE 1 Summary of internal Characteristics 1. 2-3. 4-7. 8-9. 10-13. Obv. Rev. Style & Rev. die-link See Richborough (1931) report, P I . 1 3 , 3 . Pin Tiny Head Head Rev. figure, head, shape and legend and legend with halo hoard Pl.l, Pl.l, PI.2, Pl.l, Pl.l, PI.2, 20-1 28-30 4-5 31-2 33-5 1-2 groups

die-link group

legend

14-16.
17-18.
19-20. 21-23.

figure

See 2 coins from (1931) hoard report, P I . 6 , 7 & P I . 1 1 , 7 . With coins from Head Obv. Head Obv. Head Rev. shape treatment shape, beard (1931) hoard

Pl.l,

13-15

24-26. 27-28.
29-30. 31-34. 35-36.

PI.2,

32-3

treatment shape figure PI.2, PI.2, 6-9 10-11

24

BARBAROUS

RADIATES TABLE

FROM 2

RICHBOROUGH

Summary 1-8. Die- & style-link

of external

groups Pl.l, 22-7

W o r t h i n g , G o r i n g , Hove h o a r d s , S u s s e x ; Calverton h o a r d , Notts.; Lightwood h o a r d , S t a f f s . ; Whitchurch h o a r d , Avon. Silchester, Hants. Kent; St h o a r d ,

9.

Obv.

&

Rev.

die-link

Pl.l, Pl.l,

19 18

10.

Die- & group Style

style-link

Hollingbourne h o a r d , V e r u l a m i u m ; Newgate London. Goring Goring hoard hoard Wilts.

11-13. 14-15.

group

PI.2, PI.2,

21 22-3

16.
17.

Mere h o a r d , Various, Various, hoard Various Various Calverton Woodeaton, Cirencester,

especially especially

Verulamium Newgate St PI.2, PI.2, PI.2, 17 12-13 14-16 36

18. 19-20.
21-25.

26.
27.

hoard Oxon. Gloucs. London? coins.

Pl.l,

28.
29. 30-34. 35. 36-37. 38. 39-40. 41. 42-44.

PI.2,

19

Lime St h o a r d , Various Newgate

Verulamium St hoard Wilts.

PI.2,

31

Mildenhall, Winchester? Various,

especially Kent. hoard,

Gorhambury. PI.2, Suffolk Pl.l, 3 33-5

Canterbury, Mildenhall

NOTES I am extremely grateful to Professor H . B . M a t t i n g l y , Dr M . G . F u l f o r d a n d Julie G a r d i n e r for commenting on earlier drafts of this p a p e r . I would also like to t h a n k Dr R . M . R e e c e and Dr C . E . K i n g , for their assistance d u r i n g the preparation of the report, a n d staff of the Department of the Environment at Fortress House, in particular Mr N.Moore a n d Dr C . J . Y o u n g .

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

1. R.Reece, ' T h e Roman coins from Richborough - a s u m m a r y ' , Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, 18 ( 1 9 8 1 ) , 49-71. Reece lists 1966 barbarous radiates whereas the figure in this present report includes others from the heavily a b r a d e d material. C.H.V.Sutherland, 53. Coinage and currency in Roman Britain (1937), p p . 126-

2. 3-

The author has studied comparative assemblages from over 120 sites in the south of E n g l a n d . Central Empire derivatives normally form close to ten per cent of total imitations on sites. The low percentage here is not a reflection of the numbers of official types on the site (see Reece in note 1 ) . G.C.Boon, ' T h e counterfeiter's d e p o s i t ' , W a i n w r i g h t ( C a r d i f f , 1 9 6 7 ) , p p . 119-20. in Coygan Camp, edited by G.

4. 5. 6. 7.

G.C.Boon, 'Counterfeit coins in Roman B r i t a i n ' , in Coins and the Archaeologist, edited b y J . C a s e y a n d R.Reece ( B . A . R . 4 , 1 9 7 4 ) , p . 1 1 5 . Boon, 'Counterfeit coins', p.118.

For the publication of these h o a r d s , see H . M a t t i n g l y , ' T h e Hove radiate h o a r d ' , Sussex Notes and Queries, 7 ( 1 9 3 9 ) , 234-39; G . D . L e w i s a n d H . B . Mattingly, 'A hoard of b a r b a r o u s radiates from Mill R o a d , Worthing', NC 7th ser. 4 (1964), 189-99; H . B . M a t t i n g l y , 'A hoard of " b a r b a r o u s r a d i a t e s " from Goring-on-Sea', Sussex Arch. Colls, 105 ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 56-61. Boon, 'The counterfeiter's deposit', p.126.

8. 9. 10. 11.

Some clear examples of this are illustrated by G . C . B o o n in 'A Roman Bristol Spelaeological Soc. (1972), PI.4. counterfeiter's d e n ' , Proc. Univ. A term employed by H.B.Mattingly.

H.Mattingly and W . P . D . S t e b b i n g , 'The Richborough hoard of " r a d i a t e s " , 1 9 3 1 ' , American Numismatic Soc. Notes and Monographs, 80 ( 1 9 3 8 ) , PI.6, 7 a n d P I . 1 1 , 7. H.B.Mattingly, ' T h e Paternoster 7th ser. 7 ( 1 9 6 7 ) , P I . 7 , 24. Row hoard of "barbarous r a d i a t e s ' " , NC

12. 13.

Mattingly, ' B a r b a r o u s radiates from Mill R o a d , W o r t h i n g ' , p . 1 9 1 . The Lightwood a n d Calverton examples are discussed in his 'The Lightwood hoard a n d the coinage of " b a r b a r o u s r a d i a t e s ' " , N. Staffs. Jour. Field Studies, 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 26. P.V.Hill, 'Three b a r b a r o u s overstrikes', NC 6th ser. 8 Mattingly, ' T h e Lightwood h o a r d ' , p . 2 4 , with note 16 a n d Mattingly, 'The Lightwood hoard', pp.19-36; Mill and 1964. Worthing', P I . 16, 34-58, (1948), 93-95. P I . 2 , 34.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Mattingly, ' B a r b a r o u s radiates a n d description on p p . 198-99. Mattingly, 'The Paternoster

from

Road,

Row h o a r d ' ,

Pl.l,

5-7. a n d description p . 6 6 . illustrated in NC 6th barbarous 38. PI. See

Mattingly, ' T h e Paternoster See also, 1964, P I . 18, 101. ser. 8 ( 1 9 4 8 ) , p . 8 9 , n o . 5 .

Row h o a r d ' , P I . 7 , 36 Verulamium example

19. 20.

The Mere example is illustrated in H . M a t t i n g l y , 'A hoard of radiate coins from Mere, Wilts. ' , NC 5th ser. 14 ( 1 9 3 4 ) , P I . 1 0 , Mattingly, 16, 31-33. note 13.

' B a r b a r o u s radiates from Mill R o a d , W o r t h i n g ' , p . 192 a n d Also present in the Lightwood and Calverton h o a r d s .

26
21. 22. 23. 24. Personal

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

inspection by the author. See note 3. from Calverton', Suffolk, NC Trans. 6th ser.

H. B . M a t t i n g l y , Thoroton Soc. A.Robertson, 'A 14 ( 1 9 5 4 ) , P I . 5 ,

'Two hoards of Roman coins of Notts., 64 ( 1 9 6 0 ) , P l . l , 14. Roman 30. coin hoard from

Mildenhall,

Coins from English sites a n d hoards are k n o w n to die-link with continental h o a r d s . See Mattingly, ' T h e Lightwood h o a r d ' , p . 2 4 ; J.Lallemand and M.Thirion, Le Tresor de Saint-Mard 1 (Wetteren, 1970), pp.67-72; Boon, 'Counterfeit coins', and 'Counterfeiting in Roman Britain', Scientific American (1974), 120-30. The author knows of others, which will be discussed in future w o r k . Professor Mattingly has encountered a similar situation among site finds from Winchester (forthcoming report on the b a r b a r o u s from Winchester). Mattingly and Stebbing. den'. South the 370 radiates

25.

26. 27.

Boon, ' T h e counterfeiter's deposit' a n d 'A Roman counterfeiter's H.B.Mattingly, 'A hoard of b a r b a r o u s radiates from Sprotbrough, Y o r k s . ' , NC 142 ( 1 9 8 2 ) , 21-33.

BARBAROUS RADIATES FROM RICHBOROUGH

PLATE 1

1 r* j*

w
1

All coins

shown

are

from

Richborough

28

BARBAROUS

RADIATES

FROM

RICHBOROUGH

31

32

33

34

35

36

No. 18 is from the Newgate St h o a r d , L o n d o n ; n o . 2 0 is from Cirencester; n o . 2 4 is from the Goring-on-Sea h o a r d ; all others are from R i c h b o r o u g h .