The elements of halogen Elements Halogens (Group VIIA) is a non-metallic elements are reactive.

Halogen is composed of elements from Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), Iod (I), and Astatine (at. In general, Halogen elements are toxic and highly reactive. Toxicity and reactivity of halogens decreases from Fluor to Iod. in one class, from Fluor to Iod, atomic radius increases. Consequently, the stronger the interaction between the atoms, so that the boiling point and melting point increases. in the standard state (1 atm pressure and a temperature of 25 C), Fluor is a colorless gas yellowish, Chlorine is a pale green gas, bromine is a brownish red liquid, and Iod is solid purple-black. ionization energy decreases in one class, such as electronegativity and standard reduction potential (E red). means, most Flour easily reduced (strong oxidizer), while the most difficult Iod reduced (oxidizing weak).

Chlorine (Cl) In nature, chlorine is found only in the combined state, especially with sodium as salt (NaCl), carnallite and silfit.Klor element belonging to the group of halogen (salt-forming) and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis. Is a yellow-green gas and can be bound with nearly all elements. At a temperature of 10 C, one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30oC only 1.77 volume. Chlorine is widely used in the manufacturing of lot of consumer products. Is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies punsudah chlorinated. Chlorine is also used on a large scale in the process of making paper, dyes, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many products others. many of chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Furthermore, chlorine is used for the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and the extraction of organic brome. Chemical demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since many properties are consistent with those expected in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber.

Brom (Br) Bromine belongs to the halogen group. Retrieved from natural brine springs in Michigan and Arkansas. Brom also extracted from sea water, with content only for 82 ppm.Brom is the only liquid nonmetallic element. Nature weight, easy to move, reddishbrown liquid, volatile at room temperature into a red vapor with very sharp odor., Resembling chlorine, and having the effect of irritation of the eyes and throat. Bromine soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, not as powerful as chlorine but stronger than iodine. Can be bound with many elements and has the effect of bromine pemutih.Ketika spilled into the skin, will cause a sense of very painful. Brom lead to serious health hazards, and safety equipment must be observed during handling.

Uses Bromine is used for disinfecting, flame retardant, water purification compounds, dyes, drugs, sanitary cleaners, inorganic bromides for photography and others. Organic bromide jugasama importance. Iodine Belonging to the halogens iodine, iodide present in the form of sea water is assimilated by seaweeds, Chile saltpeter, nitrate-rich soil (known as the dull, the sedimentary rocks are hard calcium carbonate), salt water from the sea water is stored, and in the water brackish and salt from the oil wells. Iodine or iodine which is very pure can be obtained by reacting potassium iodide dengantembaga sulfate. Iodine forms compounds with many elements, but not reactive like other halogens, which then shifts iodide. Iodine exhibits the properties is like metal. Iodine soluble in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfidayang then form a beautiful purple solution. Iodine is only slightly soluble in water

The Properties of Halogen

1. Physical Properties

Physical properties State Color

Fluorin

Klorin

Bromin

Iodin

Astatin

gas Bright yellow -188,14oC -219,62oC

gas Yellowish green -34,6oC

Liquid Brownish red 58,78oC -7,25oC

Solid Purple 184,35oC 113,5oC

Solid 337oC 302oC

Boiling point Freezing point Density (g/cm3) Solubility in water (g/Lair)

100,98oC

1,1

1,5

3,0

5,0

Reacted

20

42

- Fluorine and chlorine are gaseous at room temperature because the boiling point and melting point / freezing lower than room temperature (25oC). Bromine has a higher boiling point than the temperature of the room, while a lower melting point so that liquid. Iodine and Astatine are solid because the boiling point and freezing point is higher. Halogen solubility in water in one class from top to bottom is getting smaller due to increased solubility relative atomic mass. However, fluorine is insoluble but react: 2F2 + 4HF + O2 2H2O While most large solubility of bromine as a liquid (most soluble). Iodine sparingly soluble in water. To be well dissolved iodine, KI added salt. Reaction: I2 + KI KI3

2. Chemical properties of the halogens

Chemical properties Atomic mass Atomic radius (pm) Ionic radius XElectronegativy Ionization energy

Flourin

Klorin

Bromin

Iodin

Astatin

19 72

35,5 99

80 115

127 133

210 155

136 4,0 1680

180 3,0 1260

195 2,8 1140

216 2,5 1010

2,2 -

Atomic radius from top to bottom in the periodic table is increasing due to the number of filled electron shell more and more. Ionic radii larger than the radius of the atom as the electron so that the skin will receive a full charge. Electronegativity from F to At smaller because the larger radius so that it will lie far to the core of the electrons will be difficult to be accepted. Ionization energy from top to bottom because if the smaller atomic radius smaller, closer to the core, the stronger the ionization energy / large.

3.

Daya pengoksidasi F2 + 2e- 2FCl2 + 2e- 2ClBr2 + 2e- 2BrI2 + 2e- 2I-

Data potensial reduksi: Eo= +2,87 Volt Eo= +1,36 Volt Eo= +1,06 Volt Eo= +0,54 Volt

F2 greatest reduction potential thus susceptible to reduction and AKN called the strongest oxidizer . While the weakest is I2 because it has the smallest reduction potential . Evaporation : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

 The nature of the reductant : I- > Br - > Cl - > F Strongest reductant will easily oxidize easily remove the iodide ion electron most easily release electrons to act as a strong reducing agent Some distinctive elements that are not owned by Fluor Halogen elements are as follows : 1 . Fluorine is the most reactive element in Group Halogen . This happens due to the F-F bond energy is relatively low ( 150.6 kJ / mol ) compared to Cl - Cl bond energy ( 242.7 kJ / mol ) and Br - Br ( 192.5 kJ / mol ) . In addition , the small size of the F atom led to the emergence of a fairly strong repulsion between the lone pair of FF , so the FF bond is unstable and easily broken . This does not happen in the Cl - Cl bond and the Br - Br so that both are relatively stable compared to the FF bond . 2 . Compounds of Hydrogen Fluoride ( HF ) has the highest boiling point due to hydrogen bonding . While other halide compounds ( HCl , HBr , and HI ) has a relatively low boiling point . 3 . Hydrogen Fluoride ( HF ) is a weak acid , while the other halide acids ( HCl , HBr , and HI ) are strong acids . 4 . Fluorine gas can react with a solution of sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) to form oxygen difluoride which can be expressed in the following equation : 2 F2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq) > 2 NaF(aq) + H2O(l) + OF2(g) Meanwhile, an analogous reaction also occurs in Chlorine and Bromine, with different products. The reaction is as follows: Cl2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq) > NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l) Br2(l) + 2 NaOH(aq) > NaBr(aq) + NaOBr(aq) + H2O(l) Both of the above reaction is known as disproportionation reaction (Autoredoks). Iodine can not react in these conditions 5. Silver Fluoride compounds (AGF) easily soluble in water, while the other silver halides (AgCl, AgBr, and Agi) sparingly soluble in water. Halogen element forming a wide variety of compounds. In the default state, Halogen-free elements form diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Because of its reactivity large, Halogen rarely found in a free state. Halogens are generally found in the

form of compounds. Halogen found in seawater shaped halides (Cl-, Br-, and I-). While in the earth's crust, the halogen is attached in minerals, such as Fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite (Na3AlF6). Between Halogens can undergo chemical reactions . Therefore oxidizing strength decreases from fluorine to Iod , Halogen Halide ions can oxidize which lies beneath ( displacement reaction) . Thus , the reaction between the halogen can be summed up in the following statements : 1 ) F2 can oxidize Cl2 into Cl - , Br - into Br2 and I- into I2 . 2 ) can oxidize Cl2 B 2 Br - be , as well as the I - into I2 . Can not oxidize Cl 2 F - be F2 . 3 ) Br2 to oxidize I- into I2 . Oxidize Br2 can not be F2 or F - Cl - into Cl 2 . 4 ) I2 can not be oxidized F - F2 , Cl2 into Cl - , and Br - into Br2 . F2 gas can be obtained from the electrolysis of liquid ( not the solution ) Hydrogen Fluoride is given a number of solid Potassium Fluoride to improve conductivity at temperatures above 70 C. At the cathode , H + ions would be reduced to H2 gas , whereas at the anode , the F - ion would be oxidized to the F2 gas . Cl2 gas can be obtained through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride or NaCl solution electrolysis. Through the second electrolysis, Cl-ions will be oxidized at the anode to form Cl2 gas. Cl2 gas can also be obtained through the chlor-alkali process, which is electrolysis of concentrated NaCl solution (brine). The reaction that occurs in the electrolysis of brine is as follows: 2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) > 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g) Making the element Chlorine, Bromine, and Iod in the laboratory, can be obtained by reaction of alkali halide (NaCl, NaBr, NaI) with concentrated sulfuric acid is accelerated by addition of MnO2 as a catalyst. The reaction is as follows: 1. 2. 3. MnO2(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) > MnSO4(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + Cl2(g) MnO2(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaBr(aq) > MnSO4(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + Br2(l) MnO2(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaI(aq) > MnSO4(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + I2(s) Halides can be divided into two categories, namely halide ionic and covalent halides. Fluoride and chloride from metallic elements, especially alkali and alkaline earth elements (except beryllium) is an ionic halide. Meanwhile, Flurida and chlorides of non-

metals, such as sulfur and phosphates are covalent halides. Halogen oxidation number varies from -1 to +7 (except fluorine). Fluorine is an element of the element with the largest electronegativity in nature, only have an oxidation number of 0 (F2) and -1 (fluoride). Hydrogen can react with halogens produce hydrogen halides. The reaction is as follows: X2(g) + H2(g) > 2 HX(g) X : F, Cl, Br, atau I

This reaction (especially in F2 and Cl2) cause a huge explosion (very exothermic). Therefore, the reaction is rarely used in the industry. As a substitute, hydrogen halides can be produced through the chlorination reactions of hydrocarbons. For example: C2H6 (g) + Cl2 (g) -> C2H5Cl (g) + HCl (g) In the laboratory, hydrogen halides can be obtained by reaction between metal halides with concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is as follows: CaF2(s) + H2SO4{aq) > 2 HF(g) + CaSO4(s) 2 NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) -> 2 HCl(g) + Na2SO4(aq) Hydrogen Bromide and Hydrogen Iodide can not be produced in this way , because the oxidation reaction will occur ( H2SO4 is a strong oxidizing agent ) that produces Brom and Iod . The reaction is as follows : 2 NaBr ( s ) + 2 H2SO4 (aq ) - > Br2 ( l ) + SO2 ( g ) + Na2SO4 (aq ) + 2 H2O ( l ) Hydrogen bromide can be prepared by following a few reactions : P4 ( s ) + 6 Br2 ( l ) - > 4 PBr3 ( l ) PBr3 ( l ) + 3 H2O ( l ) - > 3 HBr ( g ) + H3PO3 (aq ) Hydrogen iodide can be obtained in a similar way . Hydrogen Fluoride has a high reactivity . These compounds can react with silica through the following equation : 6 HF (aq ) + SiO2 ( s ) - > H2SiF6 (aq ) + 2 H2O ( l ) Hydrogen Fluoride is also used in the manufacture of Freon gas . The reaction is as follows :

CCl4 ( l ) + HF ( g ) - > CCl3F ( g ) + HCl ( g ) CCl3F ( g ) + HF ( g ) - > CCl2F2 ( g ) + HCl ( g ) Acidic solution of hydrogen halides . The order of the strength of the acid halide is HF << HCl < HBr < HI . While the order of the strength of oxyacids is HXO < HXO2 < HXO3 < HXO4 ( X = Cl , Br , or I) . Chlorine ( especially Chloride , Cl - ) system plays an important role in intracellular and extracellular fluid balance in the organism . In industry , Chlorine is used as a bleaching agent ( bleaching agent ) in the paper and textile industries . Household cleaners generally contain a number of Chlorine ( especially NaClO ), which acts as an active ingredient dirt lifter . Meanwhile , other chlorine compounds , HClO , serves as a disinfectant agent in water purification processes . The reaction that occurs when chlorine gas dissolved in water is as follows : Cl 2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) - > HCl (aq ) + HClO (aq ) OCL - ions produced from the reaction acts as a disinfectant agent that kills germs in the water . Chlorinated methane , such as carbon tetrachloride ( CCl4 ) and chloroform ( CHCl3 ) is used as a solvent of organic compounds . Chlorine is also used in the manufacture of insecticides , such as DDT . However , the use of DDT can pollute the environment , so now its use is prohibited or restricted in accordance with the Environment Act . Chlorine is also used as raw material for the manufacture of poly vinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Bromide compounds found in seawater ( Br - ions ) . Bromine is used in the manufacture of compounds Ethylene dibromide ( BrCH2CH2Br ) , an insecticide . These compounds are highly carcinogenic . In addition , Brom can also produce compounds react with Silver Silver bromide ( AgBr ) are used in photographic film sheet .