Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
by
DEVENDRA M. DHARIA
B. S.
t
A MASTER'S REPORT
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Civil Engineering
1963
Approved by:
jOfu
Professor
^^^
SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION
Do
^u,'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ti 1
...
2
10 13 14 18 20
32 34 37
DESIGN OF SECTIONS
ULTIMATE DESIGN
SHEAR
FLEXURAL BOND AT INTERMEDIATE POINTS
DESIGN OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDER
....
38
CONCLUSION
73 74
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
APPENDIX I, READING REFERENCES
...
75
76
77
79
ii
By DEVENDRA M. DHARIA 1
SYNOPSIS
the proper procedures which an engineer must follow and the pre-
cautions which he must exercise in any reinforced concrete design so that the design can be done effectively.
"Prestressing" means the creation of stresses in a structure before it is loaded.
used to describe any method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensloned before the concrete is placed.
In contrast
Graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
iii
INTHODUCTIOH
concrete, the development of fine cracks cannot be avoided altogether, and they are not generally of serious consequence; but
not be justified.
Con-
"stress concept".
As prestressed concrete became widely produced and adopted,
strength theory.
Design
This transforms a
member under bending into a member under axial stress and thus
greatly simplifies the design and analysis of otherwise complicated structures.
This is termed as the "balanced-concept".
(4)
Ac-
tually, on account of the difference in the shape of the section, the amount and location of prestressed and nonpre stressed
above five points in order to be sure that the beam will behave
Ultimate
K (DL + LL)
2
Yielding
K (DL + LL)
1
(DL + LL)
Cracking No tension
No deflection
DL GL
Camber
Deflection
FIG. 1.
Under the elastic stress concept, the point of no-tentlon or the point with a limited amount of tension is taken as the important criterion.
treated as an elastic material and a family of formulas is derived taking the shape of F ilc/I.
stresses in the beam under various loading conditions with special emphasis on the design live load.
Prestressing steel
Stress computations
Mc 1
PIG. 2.
Prestressing steel
FIG. 3.
Prestressing cable
FIG. 4.
Prestressing force
=L
Prestressing steel
PIG. 5.
PIG. 6.
COUNTER BENDING PRODUCED IN A BEAM IN WHICH ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION FORCES ARE APPLIED.
and the ultimate load are all determined for a beam, its life
pecially of steel.
There are two basic methods of prestressing concrete,
terials are then cut off at the ends of each member, or in some
cases the concrete section may be sawed into the required lengths
Pretensioning is particularly a-
daptable to centrally located yards and widely used for mass pro-
tensioned when it is fabricated in such a manner that the tendons are stressed and each end is anchored to the concrete sec-
tion after the concrete has been oast and has attained sufficient
In this
stressed, the void between the tendon and hose is filled with
grout*
With pretensioning transmission of the force from wire to concrete is effected by bond resistance and friction together
Post-ten-
pression is transmitted by such means as bearing or distribution plate, as indicated in Fig. 7b.
*-
P
Bond
flax,
bond stress
Viv!
(b) Post-tensioning
(a) Pretensioning -
by bearing plate
FIG. 7.
10
in the concrete, decreasing in size from the bottom to the neutral axis of the member.
In areas where humidity is high, cor-
11
Produc-
jected construction.
Prestress-
(a)
Plain concrete.
12
600 lb/in
- 2
p
- 2400 lb
x 2 x 600
fieinforced concrete.
)4
Stress in steel
n x stress in concrete
Stress in steel
Total load on column
- 8 (A
x 600
4800 lb/in 2
)
(n-l)A
-(2x2*
3223 lb.
(c) Frestressed concrete*
concrete
Tensile stress which may be imposed before cracking of 930 + 600 1530 lb/in2
18000
-(2x2+
13
concrete
2
- 75,500
x 3184
lh/in2
reinforced-concrete column.
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONGRATS AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Assumptions made in the calculations
(1)
(2)
after bending.
neutral axis.
(2)
There is perfect adhesion between the steel and conWhen the steel and concrete are perfectly
crete (surrounding).
forcing bar.
(5)
14-
strain curve for concrete is identical in compression and tension, that is, that the modulii of elasticity have the same
value.
ANALYSIS OF SECTIONS
FOfi
FLEXURE
In
Summation of stresses
This rela-
tension.
15
Centroidal axis
FIG. 8.
ECCENTRIC F3E3THESS F.
1
Due to prestre86 direct load. effect
Fe MSL
Due to prestress eccentricity.
H
Due to exterrial
itifLi^L
Due to eccentrie prestress and external moment
moment M.
FIG. 9.
le
parts of the beam where flexural stresses due to dead and live
loads are small.
dons, stresses at both midspan and at the ends of the beam are
Example 2.
weight of the beam, draw stress diagrams for the beam section taken at the center of the span.
My.
1^20
129,000^.5 X
* - 37-S x
12^ y
1Q0Q
Bottom fibers
^--f-^f1 *^
- - 1000 - 1250 - 370 psi*
1880
17
1000
1259_
1880
1630
370
F/AFey/I*tjr/I
FIG. 10.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION.
ffctt
ibcample 3*
18
tt
Mq (1 - 72)
"
*o (1 * it?
>
'.-!/?*<
L/2
rr~
2n
Vo
f
J
,.
(1 "
x x2 ,_ i75 ) **
L/2
2 Vc V
f
ri
x2
2x
ta
2
-
^0
LI
^a
x3
2x
L/2
1 1
tim
2n
Vo
j
^oTq)
.
In some
19
(2)
- T'
A f s s
I
k-
1^ - T' - A 8 f B a'
C*
"pd
K,f
1
K'bd
'
V d (1 - |
1 c
V.
d (1 - $">
JSxample 4:
- 2.35 in
The
c.g.s. of the wire is 4 in. above the bottom fiber of the beam,
20
s 3 2.55 x 50.000 n PX An " .6$ *' bd " .6$ x 4o6o x id x 1$ " ' 25 in c
f,
u "
V'l
d (1 *
F>
" 2 * 35
x 50,000 x 15 (1 - *j*)
1,560,000 in-lb.
DJSSIGR OF SECTIONS
21
Preliminary design:
r ni
0.5h
Beam section.
FIG. 12.
IdtuLIHIHAAI
In practice, the depth of the section is either given, known, or assumed, as is the total moment
PU,
on the section.
Under the working load, the lever arm for the internal couple
averages about 65 percent of the overall height h.
~Ul
is also the force
3 S
on the sec-
concrete of
c
A
Va
cu^o^Uto
,
22
Hence
c
l
c " 0.50 f
Vs
CO^VLgAg
c
a 70
moment
M.
When Mq
tion under Hq generally will not control the design, and the
When Mq is
all relative
M* - M*.
M^ / 0.50 h.
Kg / 0.65 h.
23
Case 1.
Small
F
*
h_
Cjg,C
'
^vC.g. 8.
(a)Section properties.
FIG. 13.
(3)
Step
1.
by e -
^-^
e
Step 2.
nm
*Kt
F f
3
then F oStep
3.
by
*-**/
and
A
c
- F h / f
t%
24
Step 4,
From the above discussion, the following observations regarding the properties of a section can be made:
1.
e +
Kt is a measure of the total moment resisting caHence, the greater this value, the
the smaller this ratio, the lower will be the maximum top fiber
stress.
4.
h/c
Hence, the
smaller this ratio, the lower will be the maximum bottom fiber
stress.
Example
5.
ksi, f s - 125 c
1.60 ksi, f t
25
Preliminary design:
*
Mj^
x 100
F - 1^ / 0.50 h
-
Mj - Ma - 240 - 30
Mj,
- 210 k-ft.
F -
A8 f
15"
H
H
IT
h - 30" Aa -1.34
in.'
**<>
4"
"
151.
FIG. 14.
26
Final design:
- JO
x 15 - 22 x 11
2 208 in.
. 25i98J#J3
I .
iS-feS* .
iL*j
^4
Step
1.
x f
f Q / 8
6-^-^^0-30x12/
e - 7.67
Step 2.
e-TTq
9.ffi+Viy
1
- 168
F - 168 x f^ - 201.6 Q
Step 3.
required is
"
F h
c -
jV
SHVffi
-
"
224 ln * 2
Controlling)
^ - 1& - !**
Step 4. A
e - 17
**
*.*
X .
1Z^ .
15^222
^^ ^4
27
Kb -MG /P -30xl2/
e - 1.79 + 7*94 - 9.73 in.
201.6
1.79 in.
"T
24Q x 12
A,
A. -
f^c" "
D t
(Bottom fiber)
A,
^b
^
;
2 203.75 in.
(Top fiber)
^H,
i
15
cg.o
1
Vk
30"
9.73"
j c.g.e
17"
*l
FIG. 15.
28
Case 2 .
Large ratios of M
M^ Q /
x-
cgc
eik
*-?
**- p
(a)Gection propertias.
M & / PQ ; K^
/A
x c+
Step 2.
F
Compute F and F
T
e
+Y^
F x f
s
. K.
X b
29
Step
3.
Ac - F h / f t cb
P.
(e 1 +
A c'r$
MG / FQ )
er^tfepeat steps 1
Step 4.
Use the greater of the two A 's and the new value
through 4 if necessary,
Example 6:
Make a preliminary design and then final design for a sec-
M^
g
320 k-ft.
Mq
-
210 k-
f b
- -1.80 ksi, f
- 150 ksi, f
- 125 ksi, f
-1.60 ksi,
- 36 in.
Preliminary design:
F - T - MT / 0.65 h - 320 x 12 / 0.65 x 36 - 164 K
Ag - F / f a kc
-
- 164
F / 0.50 x f
x 1.6
- 205 in. 2
Now a preliminary section can be sketched with a total concrete 2 area of about 205 in. , a height of 36 in., and a steel area of
1.31 in.
2.
30
18"
4"
T
4"
36'
V1.3HD.'
FIG. 17.
PRELIMINARY
T-fJJSCTION.
Pinal da sign:
A,,
- 18
x 4
c 32 x 4 - 200 in.
,
18 x 4 x 2 32 x * c, 4x20 - 13.5; 4 1S x % I ft
* 4
12
+ 18
x 4 x
n#52
4 x 32 x 6.5 2+
4
1>
?2
- 26,000 in.
K* x
A x c K D C
Step 1.
e - E^ = Mg / P
e - 12.8
x 12 / 197
12.8 in.
9.6
bottom fiber.
31
above the bottom fiber to provide sufficient concrete proThis problem then belongs to Case 2, and procedure is
tection.
^
-
520 x 12
v-
P
Step 3.
150 x
182 K
F h A_ r tb
c-t;
lg
^ 5
e -
/ FQ
10 i + <*9n? - ^
12 / 182)
used
200 in.'
O.K.
18
5-8
9-t"
3C
CJ.S-
r
FIG. 18.
TRIAL SECTION.
ULTIHATE DESIGN
Preliminary design:
For preliminary design, it can be assumed that the ultimate strength of bonded prestressed sections is given by the
A
fi
M x m q,q h x
'
" * ac * 0P of
Mj x a h x 0.65 f
'
Load factor of 2 can be assumed for steel and 2.5 for concrete.
Final design:
elastic theory.
In
steel properly.
(2)
steel and concrete, related to the design load and possible overloads for the particular structure*
(3)
(5)
33
may-
have to be performed.
(7)
Example 8:
Make a preliminary design and then final design for a pre-
4 ksi.
Use ulti-
Preliminary design:
* 0.86 h x f
'
" 0?80
x |I x I26
2
*
" 2 '
O.&A
2.5
x 6.8$ f
'
flffiSftftftf x 4
" 98 in.
2
j
.1 4
lo"
36
3"
lo"
PIG. 19.
PRELIMINAfiY SECTION.
Final design:
With the ultimate axis 10 in. below top fiber, the centroid x iL*^ 4*
'
3 in. above bottom fiber, the ultimate lever arm for the resist-
o
,
and
SHEAR
The method of computing principal tensile stress in a pre-
car-
T, . T - T,
Step 2.
Q /
I b where
v shearing
sectional area above (or below) that level about the centroidal
axis, b width of section at that level.
55
Step 3*
section due to external moment M, the pres tress F, and its eccentricity e by the formula
f
-
F
c
I *
T
Fee
Mc * T"
Step 4.
The maximum principal tensile stress S^ corresis then given by the formula
2 f /2 (f /2) c c
Flexural cracks
FIG. 20.
Example 9s
A prestressed concrete beam section under the action of a
kips.
centroidal axis N-N and at the junction of the web with the lower flange M-M.
36
36
IX
It
K
og.cla
rf
4S
Xh
358 *
M-M 4go
JW"
* X7&
yiG. 21.
I -
249,000 in.
Section M-M
3 Q, in
Section N-N
14.6 x 12 x 7.3 - 7220
140.000 x 7220 24$ ,000 x 12
1064
5940
12 x 24 x 20.6 - 5940
psi
***
psi
480
S, - /v2
(f /2) c
-f
c /2/278
*(fif5Jft
W*^
88
. i064
.127
Shear,
veb
reinforcement.
Theoretically speaking, if the principal tension in concrete is kept within the allowable limit, no web reinforcement
is required.
follows
Step 1.
principal tension
37
Step 2.
Step 3.
A.
vt
b s / Sin 9
and
a -
A^
v y
Sin 9 / S b t
/ Vc
1
'
-V'
- V.
For pretensioned concrete, bond is secured directly when placing the concrete.
(3)
XoH
8 />
D/4.
We have
ffi[
calculated for two contact areas; first, between wires and the
grout; then between hoses and the concrete.
58
U.-La
2o
In the ultimate range, the value of 'a' can be approximated by
member.
(2)
Step 1.
Prop-
y,
(center of gravity
y^
I
=
39
2.
section modulus of top fiber referred to c.g.c. section modulus of bottom fiber referred to c.g.c.
2.
Step 2.
ML - bending moment due to w^. f*P - stress in top fiber due to M^.
"
"g T Z t
stress in bottom fiber due to Mq.
"
MG T
Step 3.
load such as roof deck or highway wearing surface and live load.
w
8
M
f
f s
wL
Pt
-
Ht
40
fb
ft^.
Step 4.
Now
f w - fF A
c
f*
Getting this value of f p equal in magnitude to and of opposite sign to the sum of the bending moment stresses, we get
IL
K h
. - fb
- tb
. fb
41
by f*
J?
x;*^--
Fe
b f
G-
~b
s-
+ f
/, \
tP
f.
(1)
equals zero.
For
offset the tensile stress, the net stress in the top fiber is
the stress caused by the prestressing force plus the stress
*- . la A
c
f.
This
fc -
^e
t - - * a
**
>
"
42
\/\
to get
fyk k
Cf* +
fb
fl>s
"
fbjj
"
**
>
Step 5*
which the section modulus of the top equals the section modulus
of the bottom) and has stresses near the maximum allowed, a new
concrete in the top than in the bottom, thus raising the c.g.c.
above the middle of its height, but the section modulus of the
trarily reduced until the tendons are far enough it'ov* the bot-
'
43
torn
Changing the
for F.
Decreasing e and increasing F will create a compressive
stress in the top fiber.
This can be computed by solving
f%
Step 6.
f%
t\
L.
'
at the time of
'
under
Step 7*
also be critical.
stressing steel.
There are two combinations of conditions which should be
raises the center portion off the form. Since the member is resting on each end, its dead-weight bending moment is effective.)
Step 8.
is in structural steel.
oaaendationa.
If too much prestressing steel is used, failure of the mem-
mendations,
(4)
45
EXAMPLE i-
pWWm!
^
FIG. 22.
BASIC DATA
Span
75* - 0"
Width: 28 - 0"
(Curb to curb)
(5)
4000 psi * ci *
- 5000 psi.
(Girder): 1.8 x 10 6 c
psi.")
(Slab):
1.8 x 10
4000
Simple span
Slab thickness
Impact: 25%
7 in.
(6)
46
Comp. Sect.
N.A.
Girder N.A.
FIG. 23.
3T1SP 1.
SECTION PKOPitRTDiS
B^Att SECTION:
2 560 in.
Tb
I
20.27 in.
AASHO-PCI Publication
- 125,390 in.' -
Yt
Z
45 - 20.27
24.73 in.
Weight of beam -
^^ 1 ^
47
COMPOSITE SECTION!
values beam and slab Correction for different E c
?* 8
x 10
4.3 x
KT
g . 0.88
Section
66 x 7 x .88
Area
y
3.5
Ay
1,421
AT
406
560
4,974
563,810
1,660
Bean
31.73
17,769
19,190
125,390
566,784
127,050
127,050
695,834
yt yb
I
- 19,190
/ 966 - 19.86
in,
Weight of slab -
X
44
STEP 2.
Compute stresses in the beam at the center of span due to
its own dead weight.
H^
f*
f
W (7^
48
STEP
3.
(75^
"ss
of the span.
carried by beam
- 2/3
M sD
load is
8
-
SS
SD
4,055|000 4,467,500
412,500
7 5070 -
4,467.500 in.-lb.
881 psi.
t a b
section.
49
f
ts
W7
c.g.c. of composite
section
Composite section
Elastic Deformation
<J?\YUJJa
-tress
distribution
FIG. 24.
-ts m s f T"
0.88 f
ts ts
is less than f
feU
UP
-
fts
o,6$ ft8#
- 20
Wo
M^
f ts
f
W^
* 12 928,000 in.-lb.
-
W8
*
928,000 i 15,852
59 psi.
ws
ws
928,000 i 9795
59 x 0.65 -
- -
95 psi.
" +
58 psi,
From AASHO tables p. 241, the live-load bending moment per lane
50
^
f f
ts
L
L
x 0.65 -
364 psi.
b f
STEP 4.
Determine the magnitude and location of the prestressing
force at the center of span.
h 553
F
*
b - ' o - r '
t\ * L
'
x f.
tp
(A-l)
57135 Fe
79*
722 + 95
905 +
51
The most
^.
'
Allowable tension f t
(Sec. 20?.3.1,b.l.)
- 3 It
ci
From
of
iSq.
Since the
Let hold-down
Call it "x".
MGx "
ft
W
"
2?
Gx
4 * 570,000 f 5070 -
901 psi.
ft
ft 0x -
%9
- 901 - * 68 psi.
than allowable
52
tp
- -
190
68 - 122 psi.
F *0 a I* *
* f
G * 'tp
<>
recommendations
Pinal stress - 173.600 - 35.000 - 138,600 psi.
Compute stress losses.
Losses due to elastic shortening of concrete - 14,200 psi.
(f
y)
2700 psi.
14,200
153,600
53
^60
TjJ
1.108F
1.108Pe
56%
1.1Q8F
>
Multiplying (B-4) by
we get
1709
F - 526,000 lb.
Substituting this value of V in (B-l)
^22
STEP 5.
Ittflg
a . , 2516
e - 18.54
20,27 - 18.54
54
S2
W- m
- + 2
*6
Minimum spacing
V16
in.
Maximum aggregate -
center
Center of gravity
29*4+4x8
4x11
55
s CM
ir\
c.g.s.
K1
1 i
j/v
9 6
PIG. 25.
2'
2"
IN
&
c.g.c.
ft
9 C.g.S.
FIG. 26.
Compute e.g. a.
3) x 4 + 6 x^8 +
4 x 11
%5Q
n#
froffi
bottom
604.800
604.800 x 14.97
'
- 1,080 - 1,785 - -
705 psi.
x (-705)
-781 psi.
of F
tp ).
Net stress in the top fibor of the beam under all applied
loads is
ft
+ ft
+ ft
+ ft
f US * *L " " 7 5 +
%9
881
38 + 364
- + 1547 psi.
for Fq plus the dead weight of girder under all applied loads.
57
2000 psi.
b b f p + f G - * 2544 - 794 -
1,750 psi.
fb
ft + fb WS + G * S
*\
" * 2544
"7^-722-95-905
1750
28 psi.
From this, the stress in the bottom fiber will vary from
to + 28 psi., which is within the limits of
2,000 to zero.
applied loads is
f
ts
wg
t8
59
0.88 x 619 -
545 psi.
viewed.
58
The ec-
centricity can only be increased by using one or more post-tensioned tendons, which will increase the cost.
545 psi.
So, slab
For
Ke-
ducing the slab thickness will reduce the section modulus, but
it will also reduce the dead weight so that additional strands
From the above data, one can say that the section is quite
economical.
STEP 6.
Check stresses under the initial pres tress condition.
f
ci
- +
4000 psi.
0.60 x 4000
2400 psi.
[*^
59
From step 5
f
%
Q
- 781
** F
f^ G
The stress in the top fiber under initial prestress plus all
applied loads is
ft ft
ft
-SZOgOOp.
-
67p,opg j^4.97
1195
1621 -
2816 psi.
The stress in the bottom fiber under F plus the girder only is Q
f p
+ f r - +
The stress in the bottom fiber under F plus all applied loads Q
is f
b p
+ f
b G
b f
ys +
t\
- +
- + 300 psi.
From above calculations, all stresses at the center of span under initial prestress F are within the allowable limits of Q
- 190 to + 2400 psi.
60
STEP 7.
Establish the path of tendons and check any critical
points along the member under initial and final conditions.
- 781 psi.
f f
*0
2816 psi.
. -
705 psi.
2544 psi.
Since these stresses, which are ail in excess of the allowable, would exist at the ends of the beam if strands were left
2400 psi.
+ 2400 -
1196
108.3
e - 11.12 in.
b f F - 2400 1.108 -
2166 psi.
Since this exceeds the allowable of 2,000 psi for final conditions, the final condition will govern.
,b onnn f , - 2000
#4. 800
^Jq
97.8 e
604. 30Q ^5
2000 - 1,080
a - 9.40 in.
b f w
ft 1
- 2000
x 1.108
- +
2216 psi.
604.800
560
61
One has to select c.g.s. such that there should not be any tensile stress in the top fiber.
Then
*t
"
^^
604,800
604.800 x e
3o?o
1030 - 119.3 e
- 9.05 in.
t\
f
x 1.108 604^800
+
b p
604,800^
9 ,0 g
- 1080
885
1965 psi.
b f
20.27 - 9.05
straight line is
(24 x 4) + (4 x 8) - 96 + 52 - 128 Thus, the moment of the 12 raised strands must be 449 - 128
- 321.
62
&
x * +
^AVL* ^^
' X1
in '
- 1080 - 1025 -
f*
f
. + 55 x 1.108 - + 61 psi.
=
<>b
604.800 560
i>04.80Q
x 8.59 '"5155
1920 psi.
- 1080 + 840 -
b f F
- +
span. Fig. 26, and at the ends of the beam. Fig. 27*
The next
stress under full load can be found out at various points along
span, from the chart by Professor Gillan of Pennsylvania Uni-
One must check to make sure that stresses are within the
From Table 1,
the maximum stresses will exist either under the dead load of
the girder only or under all applied loads.
tions are:
63
FIG. 2?.
Symmetrical about
FIG. 28.
DIAGRAM OF STRESSES IK BOTTOM FIBER UNDER FINAL PRESTRESS PLUS ALL APPLIED LOADS. (SHADED AREA REPRESENTS NET COMPRESSIVE STRESS.)
64
** ^
4V
v
ft OJ H lA ON 3 H H OJ a OJ
1
H
1
CO
VO
4-
o, -y
IN
4-
H
+
lA
^f
4-
to
* +
CO
r4 H s +
s
r-t
OJ OJ OJ
4-
OJ
*
**
4 H
K\ ia lA
1
OJ
VO
1
H
CO
1
o
1
lf\
&
1
W
1-4
oj
U5
H
4-
3-
OJ
* S * rA !A
rc\
4-
4-
f O
H
43
O
0) 09
8 o
s
8
Q
o y o o 8 B o o o ^
ep
CO
>
CO 00 OJ
t7N
O
-P
09
& i
H
-0
1
rA
cs
4 v
iA
1
0)
lA
1
*
OJ
a
U3
CO
s
CO
i
+> M
;*
f-l 4-
^ OJ
+
tA +
^A +
rA
4-
o o
^
09
8
IN
oj VD
8 8
O
VO
A
-p
>
d
(N
lA
5>>
i
N
OJ OJ
1
.-<
,0
CO
M
a
lA
OJ
1
3
1
o H
1
o
p +
OJ
r-t
-P
4>
H
-A +
00
H
4-
iA
4-
3 S 1 + +
M o
a 8
d o
H P
09
111
e i
09
09
o 8 O o
oj
8
O # rH
d
'
>
8 o m
OJ
9 o
4>
i i
I
IN
N~N
*>
H
d)
OJ
00
rev
& KN
OJ
C^ lA
4*
8
1
ts
O o
o i u
fit
a)
3
1 1
vO
IN
1
- ts
H
JA
10
4-
CO
o +
'
0V
vO
0)
(^
4-
_P c
4
& 1
c**-
p
C5
OJ
:-\
-3-
H
ir\
w o
(T\
C\J
a*
it>
r4
3"
lA
D;
IA
65
I.
Top fiber
Fig. 29.
2.
B.
Bottom fiber
Pig. 28.
Top fiber
2.
Bottom fiber
II.
Top fiber
2. B.
Bottom fiber
Top fiber
Fig. 31.
2.
Bottom fiber
Fig. 30.
STEP 8.
Check ultimate strength and also check percentage of prestressing steel.
From Sec. 209.2.1(b) ACI-ASCE Recommendations,
1.4 d p f_, / f 8U C
ka
5000 psi.
- 27,000 / s
66
FIG .03 STRESSES IK TCP FIBER UNDER FINAL TRESTRESS PLUS ALL APPLIED LOADS.
FIG. 3d STRESSES IN BOTTOM FIEFR UNDER INITIAL PRESTRESS PLUS DEAD LOAD.
FIG. 3
STRESSES IN TCP FIBER UNDER INITIAL PRESTRESS PLUS DEAD LOAD ONLY.
(PLANE AREA REPRESENTS NET XMPRESSIVE STRESSES .)
67
au - *.
<
1 - 0.5
^t
c
or
8U
248,000
(1-0.5
0-00161^248,000
Q^QQ^
* 2?8 t 0Q0 ,
5#(X)
Since the flange thickness of composite section is 7 in. following formula for rectangular sections in Sec. 209.2.1. (a)
applies t
"
su d
X "
SJ^
T^
w3*1*3
0.6
Substituting
6 1 - '
- 1.5 <M
ff
1%
Myg)
2.5 (ML )
+
77,400)
2.5 (739,000)
Since this io le3s than 1^, the member has sufficient ultimate
strength.
^su r
c
0,00161^228,000
0.0766
STEP 9.
Design of shear steel.
Beam only:
Poured-in-place slab:
Wearing surface:
Total:
(Pig. 32)
RA
- 32
x 56.25 + 32 x 42.25 75
3 x 28.25 . 4 j
K#
Prom step 3, one beam carries 0.55 lane load, so the live-load shear is 45,100 x 0.55 - 24,800 lb.
ing in Pig. 32 is
1 "
%.2^i
u V - 1.5 x 23,375 u
69
a M
y1/4
Point of span
1
a
00
75'-O n Span
FIG. 32.
TRUCK LOADING TO PRODUCE MAXIMUM LIVE LOAD SHEAR AT 1/4 POINT OP SPAH.
ON iA
CO
I!
c.g.c
o o
3 H
H
Path of e.g. s.
"sr
p -p
8
lO'-O"
*-
37' -6"
FIG. 33.
70
ft} oft'*
0.0193 x 604,800
infective V
11,700 lb.
- 114,000 - 11,700 -
102,300 lb.
If 1
jd
where V
|pffi
33
poured-in-place slab
flU
248,000
1- Pf ? * Q' 00
^8
'
0QQ
)
238,000
K
i 1
f 2 p su
13
. t n ft J 1 - 0.6
4
c
r (
0.00168 x 238.000
060
'
Then V
- 180
x 7 x 0.952 x 44.67
- 53,600 lb.
From Sec. 210.2.4 and Sec. 212.3.4, the maximum spacing of ties
2*v
in.
40,000 psi.
71
Ay 0.0025 b's
Ay - 0.0025 x 7 x 24 - 0.420 in. 2
xrovide 0.420 in. 2 of structural steel bars every 24 in.
The area of two #4 bars is
2 x 0.196 - 0.392 in. 2
(24) - 22.4 in.
Use two
#4 bars
V Q
"#T' c
From oec. 104.2,
in which t' is the width of the contact surface between the two
sections.
tion area, above or below the level being investigated for shear,
Wearing surface - 110 lb. per ft. x 75/4 x 1.5 Live load - 31,600 lb. x 2.5
3,100 lb.
. 79.000 lb.
Applicable V
- 82,100 lb.
72
substituting the
* -
^il%l
I'ff
- 109 * 8i -
ft
#4 bars
0.392 in.
fo
j
S2
-
x 12 - 21.4 in.
#4 bars
75
CGi-CLUJIOtf
ized until & design specification or code of practice is available for the guidance of designers.
As yet there is no recog-
taking a design.
ber of minds in the office and in the field at work on the development of improved prestressed concrete design and construction methods, keyed to the American economy, will be greatly
limited.
construction.
ouch a
Un-
der no circumstances should such a specification prescribe methods of construction that will stifle development.
7*
4CXS0WL&DQH8H
The writer wishes to express his sincere gratitude to
Dr. John G.
ric
75
AiPitfiDIX I -
UUBXK) d^'^^mSB
(1)
"A Hew Concept for irestresaed Concrete", by T. Y. Lin, Journal of Frestressed Concrete Institute, Vol. 6, i*o. 4, Dec. 1961.
(2)
"Prestressed Concrete Theory and Design", by H. H. -vans and S W. Bennet, John ..iley & Uons, Inc., Hew York,
1958.
(3)
"Design of res tressed Concrete structures", by T. Y Lin, John Wiley 4 -ona, Inc., New York.
(4)
"Design procedure for a Simple Span Frestressed Concrete Beam", Engineering Data Sheet FC-946, John A. Roebling's Sons Division, V J.
"Tentative iiecommendations for rres tressed Concrete", by hCI-hoCE Joint Committee 523* Portland Cement Association.
(5)
(6)
"Design of Highway Bridges in rres tressed Concrete", Concrete information, Portland Cement Association.
"AASHO standard Specifications for Highway Bridges", by American Association of otate Highway officials.
(7)
76
APPL^DIX II - BIBLIOGRAPHY
"Balanced Design of Prestrossed Concrete Beams", Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 26, No. 8, April, 1955*
"Flexural Strength of xrestressed Concrete Beams", Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol, 25 tio. 10, June, 195^.
"Fundamentals of xrestressed Concrete Design", by Jack k. Janney and fiiohard C. iilstner, Xrestressed Concrete Institute.
"Preliminary Design of Xrestressed Concrete Beams", Journal of Prestressed Concrete Institute, Vol. 1, ho. 1, May, 1956.
P.
"The Principles and Practice of xrestressed Concrete", by W. Abeles, London, Crosley Lockwood & oon, Ltd.
"Pres tressed Concrete Design and Construction", by James H. Libby, Ronald Press Co. , I X. "Pree tressed Concrete structures " , by a. Komendant, Mc CrawHill Book Company, Inc.
"Selection and Design of Prestressed Concrete Beam sections", Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 25t No. 3,
Nov. 1953.
77
cross-sectional area of one set of steel stirrups. lever arm between the centers of compression and tension in a beam section.
b
C
o c
b t
e.g. a,
c.g.c.
D
d
eccentricity in general.
modulus of elasticity for concrete (steel).
E
f
total effective pres tress after deducting losses. total initial prestress before transfer.
Iv
f'b
change in f_.
s
78
h
I
j
k
K...
K.
- length of member.
n P
modular ratio _/
force.
s stirrup spacing.
S.
total
V w y
Z
(
total weight.
)'
79
Page
...
4.
5.
6
. .
6.
6
9
...
8*
9.
15 15
10. 11.
12.
Stress distribution
17
19
21
13.
14.
15. 16.
23
25
27 28
30 31
33
17. 18.
19.
20. 21.
22. 23*
35 36
.....
45 46
beam
00
Figure
24.
Page
49
55 55
25. 26.
27. 28.
63
63
29.
66 66 66
69
30.
31.
32.
33.
69
DEVENDRA H. DHARIA
B. S., Stanford University, 1961
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Civil Engineering
1963
Approved by:
jor Professor
In contrast to
One-hun-
dred pounds of mild steel required in ordinary reinforced concrete beam may be replaced by only twenty pounds of high strength
ii)
iii)