Analytical Narrative by Dr. Joseph A Resnick, Professor Emeritus In re a medallion/coin determined to be dated prior to 649 A.D.

and the injuries corresponding to historical reports concerning the injuries to the person known as Jesus Christ reportedly crucified during 30-36 A.D. Preamble I, Dr. Joseph A. Resnick, Professor Emeritus, residing at 1016 NC Highway 268 Lenoir, NC 28645, have been asked to provide a written description of the anatomical deviations presented in a series of three (3) photographic plates produced by Dr. Ronald Stewart developed through use of a proprietary investigational tool/process/algorithm known as IMMI (Infinite MicroMacro Imaging Algorithm/Process) employed in the analysis of a medallion/coin believed to be created after the years 30-36 A.D. containing pictograms believed to be that of the historical figure, a person, known as Jesus of Nazareth, or, Jesus Christ. As represented by Dr. Stewart the attached renderings were produced upon examination of an ancient artifact using the IMMI process. Based on the images, which could be considered to be the equivalent of a study conducted using SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and, for laymans benefit, an X-Ray (if you will) contained in the following renderings, I shall present my own opinions, observations and clinical descriptions of anatomical aberrations observed by this investigator. For purposes of this study nomenclature ascribed to the subject of study is John Doe 243.

The Plates

Plate #1 Christ Medallion/Coin, circa, 649 A.D.

Plate #2 Christ Medallion/Coin, circa, 649 A.D. (Aperture 100um/IMMI)

Plate #3 Christ Medallion/Coin, circa, 649 A.D. (Aperture 50um/IMMI) Introduction Deaths resulting from blunt force trauma are some of the most common cases encountered by the forensic pathologist. Whereas other forms of traumatic death (e.g., gunshot wounds, sharp force injuries) occur under a relatively limited number of circumstances, deaths resulting from blunt force trauma occur in a variety of scenarios. For instance, almost all transportation fatalities including those involving motor vehicle collisions, pedestrians being struck by vehicles, airplane crashes, and boating incidents, or, in some cases, muggings, interrogations, etc., result from blunt force trauma. Other deaths resulting from blunt force trauma involve jumping or falling from

heights, blast injuries, and being struck by a firm object, such as a fist, crowbar, bat, or ball or other such implements. Bite wounds and chop injuries may be considered variants of blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, or a class of injuries to which the pathologist may ascribe nomenclature. Observations in John Doe 243 Blunt force trauma is routinely involved in cases classified as accidents, as well as in cases of suicide and homicide. People dying natural deaths often have minor blunt force injuries that do not contribute to death -- small abrasions or contusions on the skin are commonplace at autopsy. Although it is important to document evidence of blunt force trauma in all autopsies, one should not immediately assume that blunt force trauma is the cause of death. In the case of the object of study in John Doe 243 Plate #3; Plate #3 is viewed, examined and read from left to right in consideration of standardized analytical tools for 3D Face Geometry, reflectance, shadowing and sub-surface scattering. Plate #3 presents a relief image that shows a male individual with skull features typical of a human (male) aged at not more than 40 years. The methods/implements that may have been employed resulting in defects can only be conjectured. This determination is based upon observation of the relief presenting at least two dimensions (D/H) in John Doe 243.

Subject, John Doe 243, presents with intact right supraorbital process, intact parietal orbit #2 (left parietal orbit) which is round-shaped with normal set-back of 2cm from parietal brow ridge and width of eyelid at 5cm and no apparent defect in the left region. The right frontal craniofacial region, comprising a longitudinally-elongated, flattened-surface area, containing multiple

apparent defects, ranging in size for 1cm to 12cm, respectively, extending from the right supraorbital region, traversing the right brow ridge, right parietal orbit <blowout fx>, right nasal fossa/septum, resulting in defect having a shadow-shaped <determined> depth of a least 3cm, extending diagonally from the terminis of the prefrontal fossa downward, diagonally, extending 8cm to 14cm resulting in elevated impression at the maxillary frontal arch (just above the lip ridge). The TMJ shows gross displacement downward and laterally to the left. The characterization of these apparent defects are highly indicative of injuries typically present in cases of blunt-force trauma episodes leading to clinical onset of death.

Two (2) puncture wounds are present (shown in Plates #2 and #3) in the frontal brow-ridge area in the relief of John Doe 243. One puncture wound is observed at the right frontal brow ridge with a second puncture wound observed at the medial/distal central brow ridge. Wounds of this nature are consistent with a puncture wound that would result if sharps were presented to the point of entry (brow-ridge skin) and forced into the dura in downward or lateral motions resulting in slight elevations to either side of the entry wound as observed and confirmed in this analysis using conventional 3-D shading techniques/calculations. 1Wounds of this nature would be consistent with, for example, placement of a crown of thorns to the cranial region observed in John Doe 243.

During completion of my Doctoral Program of studies, I participated in the conduct of many autopsies at the Office of the Coroner, Allegheny County PA, under the direction of Dr. Cyril Wecht. In at least two instances I observed wounds of this nature wherein the victims had been subjected to episodic torture with the result being production of physical wounds consistent in both shape and formation as those found in the analysis of John Doe 243

Analytical Considerations In this instance this image-based subject, John Doe 243, provides a highly realistic representation for a human face that has been subjected to extreme blunt-force trauma (episodes) because it displays capture effects that can be used to make anatomical measurements in at least two dimensions and include variables, e.g., self-shadowing, inter-reflections, and subsurface scattering, all of which are extant in gross anatomical dissections <In Situ> and consistent in presentation in cases where blunt-force trauma is a consideration when determining probable cause of death. Pighin et al. [1998] use view-dependent texture mapping [Debevec et al. 1996] to reproduce faces under static illumination conditions and my calculations of spatiality are based on this mapping technique for John Doe 243. Other considerations included analysis of variations in lighting for static faces [Georghiades et al. 1999; Debevec et al. 2000], expressions [Hawkins et al. 2004], and realtime performances [Wenger et al. 2005]. Debevec et al. [2000] present a process for creating realistic, relightable 3D face models by mapping image-based reflectance characteristics onto 3D-scanned geometry which I determined to be useful in the instant analysis. In order to determine more precise measurement of facial structures I employed a technique to change the viewpoint, called, colorspace analysis, which enabled me to separate the image data into specular and diffuse components that were extrapolated to new viewpoints used to determine precise measurements. Although consideration was given to the aggregate behavior of subsurface and shadow-based scattering <front-scatter vs back-scatter>, I did not model a specific diffusion parameter for those variables. Thus, it is likely that the subsurface scattering effects for close-up light sources or high-frequency spatially-varying illumination were not a factor in terms of determining linear and depth factors in this region.

Jurisdiction and Certification of Death in John Doe 243 Since this analysis was requested by an individual, a resident of the State of Texas, applicable statutes set forth at under Texas Law is employed, specifically: CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, TITLE 1. CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, CHAPTER 49. INQUESTS UPON DEAD BODIES, Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 529, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987; Subsec. (5) amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 72, Sec. 1, eff. May 9, 1989; Subsec. (5) amended by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1420, Sec. 14.737, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.

For purposes of death certification, it should be noted that blunt force trauma may be the underlying (proximate) cause of death in cases in which the immediate cause of death is a natural disease process. For example, individuals may die of infections, thrombosis, emboli, or organ failure that occurs as a delayed result of previous blunt force trauma. In some cases, the injury may have occurred many years before onset of clinical death. In the case of John Doe 243 it should be noted that all of these factors are/were considered.

It is important to understand that the designated manner of death in scenarios mentioned above must include the causal factor that made the decedent susceptible to the disease state, namely the underlying injury which initiated the chain of events ultimately leading to death. For example, the cause of death of an individual who dies of pneumonia after being hospitalized for several days for treatment of blunt force injuries following a motor vehicle collision should be certified as "acute bronchopneumonia complicating blunt force injuries due to a motor vehicle accident." The manner of death would then be certified as "accidental." The individual types of blunt force trauma discussed above do not always occur individually; they often occur in combination. That is, one may encounter abraded contusions, abraded

lacerations, and lacerated contusions such as those apparent in Plates 1-3 in the case of John Doe 243. The appearance of a blunt force injury is determined by several variables, including the impacting weapon or surface, the anatomic site impacted, and individual factors including skin elasticity and coagulability status. Since this is a case involving corpus delecti it is impossible for me to determine (at this level of examination) the nature/characteristics of the implement used to cause the deep cranio-facial defects apparent in Plate #3. One common type of blunt force injury is the so-called brush-burn abrasion. Brush-burn abrasions are broad, dried abrasions that often have a yellow-orange or orange-red coloration. These abrasions are caused by dragging or scraping the surface of the skin against a rugged surface; they are most often encountered when a body slides on pavement. These abrasions are sometimes called "road rash. Plate #2 shows a number of these types of injury in John Doe 243.

As shown in Plate #2 patterned abrasions or contusions may/do result when an object impacts the skin. Where nonspecific blunt force injuries provide no hint as to what may have caused the injury a patterned abrasion or contusion indicates/provides some features of the impacting object (like chop or stab injuries) leaving evidence in the defect resulting from impact/contact/penetration. Such patterns are of importance in identifying a weapon used in an assault resulting in death.

In most instances, a review of the medical record and a standard, complete autopsy are all that is necessary to document significant blunt force injuries leading to certification of cause of death. In the case of John Doe 243 this is not possible. However, in view of acceptance of Plates 1-3 being and comprising the only available evidence, under the Texas statute mentioned above

said evidence would meet the standard enabling issuance of a Certificate of Death with cause, blunt force trauma.

Discussion Based on Assumptions Leading to Conclusion

I was asked to provide a written description of the anatomical deviations presented in a series of three (3) photographic plates produced by Dr. Ronald Stewart developed through use of a proprietary investigational tool/process/algorithm known as IMMI (Infinite Micro-Macro Imaging Algorithm/Process) employed in the analysis of a medallion/coin believed to be created after the years 30-36 A.D. (around 649 A.D.) containing pictograms believed to be that of the historical figure, a person, known as Jesus of Nazareth, or, Jesus Christ. As represented by Dr. Stewart the renderings were produced upon his personal examination of an ancient artifact using the IMMI process.

Based on Dr. Stewarts findings the premise was put forth that the subject of my investigation and analysis, Plates 1-3 in the case of John Doe 243, could (possibly) represent reliefs taken from an ancient historical pictograph found on a medallion/coin relic believe to have been created around the year 649 A.D. According to Dr. Stewart, based on his investigation as to the authentication or provenance of the artifact of study (medallion/coin), the artifact was created at a time in mans evolution at which language, as we know it today, and mediums of rapid communication, such as photography, script writing and even pencils and other common-day writing instruments, were virtually non-existent. Thus, according to Dr. Stewart, historical events and facts surrounding the events were recorded in the form of what we know today as pictograms, pictographs, or megaliths, e.g., ancient cave writings found in the Caves of

Altamira (France) believed to have been placed there during the Neanderthal epoch. Earlier monoliths, megaliths, e.g., Sanskrit etchings/carvings, and various cuneiform and hieroglyphics that exist today as evidence of mans earliest attempts at making a record of historical events.

Dr. Stewart has asked me to keep an open mind, and to accept many (of his stated) assumptions related to (his) beliefs and possibilities as these relate both to his study of the above artifact and his belief in Christian Ideology, particularly the tenets surrounding the crucifixion of a historical figure known as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ. Further, I was asked to undertake an evaluation of empirical data comprising the relic shown above and to put on your anatomy/physiology/professorial-forensic-scientist Hat, and to tell me what you see in these plates based on my beliefs and your knowledge of the capability of the IMMI technology.

Holding advanced degrees of education across a multiplicity of scientific disciplines (See: http://drjosephresnickcurriculumvitae.weebly.com/), normally, I would never accept such a challenge in absence of a body of evidence(literally) upon which studies could be undertaken, gross anatomical examinations be made/evaluated, pathological and pharmacological studies be used to confirm preliminary findings leading to certification(s) and findings of death. My devotion to the various fields of Science, and my training as a wrote scientist cause me to be extremely skeptical when it comes to subjects that could be considered to be related (whether directly or indirectly) to pseudoscience or to conspiracy theory, miracles, and other physical phenomenon where hard/physical data (substances that I can cut, weigh, examine under light/deep microscopy) is absent.

However, in view of the foregoing and with acknowledgments as to all the caveats and potential controversy that could result from any/all publication of this data and statements by me or by Dr. Stewart, I agreed to undertake the above (limited) study and to provide those findings (based on the data set supplied to me by Dr. Stewart, and accepting his assumptions and claims as to the images found on the artifact) to him.

In qualification and consideration of the above data and statements, I conclude as follows: 1. The artifact of study is genuine and was probably created some time during the years 30 A.D. to 624 A.D.; 2. The pictograms found in the artifact are (possibly) representative of the historical person known as Jesus of Nazareth, or, Jesus Christ, known to have been subjected to multiple blunt force trauma events; 3. The pictogram shown in the artifact presents the facial image of a male human being aged not more than forty (40) years; 4. The subject shown in Plate #3 could most definitely succumbed to death as a direct result of blunt force trauma injury; 5. The most compelling evidence to this Investigator is the presence of 2puncture wounds found in Plate#3 described above, by virtue of findings based on sound scientific investigational protocols indicating puncture/penetration and contact with incident penetrator with adjacent subdural bone structure (skull); 6. Puncture wounds found in Plate#3 described above would be consistent with the physical act of crowning of thorns as reported in historical archives.

See Footnote #1

Conclusion

In the matter of the manner of death in the case of the individual known as John Doe 243 and based squarely upon the above data sets and findings I, Dr. Joseph A. Resnick, would be inclined to either recommend issuance, or to issue, or cause to be issued, a Certificate of Death citing Cause of Death in the case of John Doe 243 as Blunt Force Trauma and rule the death as a Homicide.

Dr. Joseph A. Resnick, Professor Emeritus 5 December, 2013

All Rights Reserved, J.A.Resnick, Ph.D., MPH, Professor Emeritus, et al, 2010-2013