Heat and Temperature

What is Heat??

Heat = Thermal Energy!! Thermal Energy = the total energy of all of the particles in a material or object.
Throughout the ages people have invented a variety of devices to help create and capture heat for use.

Topic 1: Using Energy from Heat

What are some ways that we use heat?

Cook food Warm buildings Dry clothes What are some ways Thermal Energy has been used throughout history?

Development of Heat Technologies

What heat technologies can you think of that have been developed through-out time? Why have they changed? Examples.

Devices to generate, transfer, control or remove heat

Heat = Thermal energy Can you think of any examples of devices that generate, transfer, control or remove heat?

Topic 2: Measuring Temperature

Thermometer: Mechanical or electrical device for measuring temperature. Early thermometer was invented by Galileo.
Scale: A series of equally measured sections that are marked and numbered for use in measurement.

Celsius Scale

Celsius Scale: Most commonly used in Canada. Unit of temperature is called a degree. Based on the boiling and freezing points of water. Boiling Point: The temperature at which water boils. 100o C at sea level. Freezing Point: The temperature at which water freezes. 0o C at sea level.

Another Scale

Kelvin is another way of measuring temperature. Scientists use Kelvin to explain the behaviour of gases. Absolute Zero is measured in Kelvin which is the coldest possible temperature 0 Kelvin = -273 C

Right Device for the Job

Each thermometer has a sensor a material which is affected by changes in the environment (such as temperature) The sensor produces a signal (information about temperature, such as an electrical current) which affects a responder (a pointer, light or other mechanism that uses the signal in some way)

The Thermocouple

Wires made up of two different metals are twisted together. When the wire tips are heated, a small electric current is generated The amount of current depends on the temperature. They can measure higher temperatures than thermometers. The electric current can be used to turn switches on or off if the temperature changes. Used in kilns, diesel engines and industrial furnaces

Bimetallic Strip

Made of two different metals joined together When the strip is heated one metal expands more than the other Thus the strip coils more tightly Movement of the strip can operate a switch that can control furnacescommonly used in thermostats in homes

Your Brain(extra)

Your brain has its own temperature sensor. It monitors your own internal temperature. If the temperature outside changes, the sensor signals your brain to release chemicals that will help your body adjust to normal temperature (37C)

Continued

Recording Thermometer: A bimetallic strip connected to a writing device and paper which records temperature fluctuations over time. Infrared Thermogram: Records infrared radiation, (heat sensor) as different colors according to their temperature.

Topic 3: Particle Model of Matter, Temperature and Thermal Energy

Reminder: matter is anything that takes up space Three most important ideas of the model:

All substances are made of particles too small to see The particles are always in motion The particles have space between them

When motion of particles increases so does the temperature

When motion of particles decreases so does the temperature

Temperature indicates the average speed of particle motion in a substance

Energy

Energy is the ability to do work in other words to cause change In order for something to change, there must be a transfer of energy from one thing to another Ex. Charged batteries run your iPod, dead batteries would not

Thermal Energy

Energy associated with hot objects What gives off thermal energy?

What Energy isand is not

Energy is not a substance. It cannot be weighed It does not take up space Energy describes a condition
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one type to another or passed from one object to another

Temperature vs. Thermal Energy

Temperature = A measure of the average energy of the particles in a material.

Thermal Energy = The total energy of all the particles in a material.

What is the difference??

Topic 4: Expansion and Contraction

Contract: Decrease in volume Expand: Increase in volume Temperature changes cause things to expand and contract Heated usually causes expansion Cooled usually causes contraction Usually more drastic in gases, then liquids then solids

Solids

Solids have definite shape and volume

Cannot be compressed into smaller objects When solids are heated they expand When solids are cooled they contract

Liquids

Liquids have definite volume but no shape

Cannot be compressed (meaning if I have 1 litre of coke, I cannot make it fit into a pop can) When liquids are heated they expand When liquids are cooled they contract

Gases

Have no definite shape or size

Can be compressed When heated, gases expand When cooled, gases - contract

Changes of State

Continued

Evaporative Cooling: A process in which the faster moving particles on the surface of a liquid evaporate and escape into the air, the slower ones are left behind creating a lower average kinetic energy (cooling it) Particles are more or less organized when they are hot or cold????

Phase Changing

During a change from solid to liquid or liquid to gas the average temperature does not change even though heat is being added, the name for the heat that is added is latent heat.

Radiant Energy
All forms of radiant energy share several characteristics: - They behave like waves - They can be absorbed and reflected by objects - They travel across empty space at the same high speed of 300,000 km/s

Geothermal Energy

Energy that we get from the Earths interior

Solar Energy

Energy from the sun

Wind Energy

Moving air Is a result of solar energy as the sun heats the air, the warmer air rises and cools off. Cooler air falls, creating a convection current this forms wind