Course on

IntegratingRenewableEnergySourcesintoEmerging ElectricPowerSystems
(16-20 May, 2011)

IIT Mandi
SMALL

HYDRO POWER GENERATION

By :

Dr. R.P. Saini

Associate Professor

AlternateHydroEnergyCentre, IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee Roorkee - 247 667, INDIA

ENERGY
Conventional Sources of Ener ! T"er#al H!$ro%o&er Nuclear Non'conventional(rene&a)le* Source of Ener ! Solar Win$ +io#ass S#all H!$ro

HYDRO POWER ,SO-RCE O. ENERGY

W"! "!$ro%o&er is calle$ rene&a)le source of ener !/ becauseituses and not consumesthewaterforgenerationof electricity,andleavesthisvitalresourceavailableforotheruses.

WORLD WIDE CLASSI.ICATION O. SMALL HYDROPOWER

-0 (N..O* -NIDO In$ia S&e$en Colo#)ia Australia C"ina P"ili%%ines Ne& 6ealan$ 1 2 MW 1 34 MW 1 52 MW 1 32 MW 1 54 MW 1 54 MW 1 52 MW 1 24 MW 1 24 MW

CLASSI.ICATION O. SHP IN INDIA

Class Micro Mini S#all Station Ca%acit! -%to 344 7W 343 7W to 5444 7W 5443 7W to 52444 7W

POWER E8-ATION O. HYDRO

Water is fe$ fro# strea#9canal to t"e tur)ine )! a close$ %i%e (%enstoc7* t"rou " $iversion &or7s: T"e tur)ine in turn rotates t"e enerator for electricit! eneration: Po&er (7W* ; <:=3 > Disc"ar e (cu#9s* > Hea$ (#* > Efficienc!

TYPE O. SCHEMES
R-N O. RI?ER No stora e: T"e out%ut is su)@ect to instantaneous flo&: Relia)ilit! of $isc"ar e an$ eolo ical con$itions s"oul$ )e ensure$: CANAL +ASED -tilises t"e fall an$ flo& in t"e canals: Ma! )e %lanne$ in #ain canal or in )!e'%ass canal: Near)! $ro%s s"oul$ )e clu))e$ in e>istin canals: In canals un$er %lannin concentrate$ $ro%s s"oul$ )e consi$ere$: DAM +ASED Da# toe sc"e#es are #ost co##on in In$ia: Water store$ $urin #onsoon is utilise$ for %o&er eneration:

INTA0E STR-CT-RE
Assure$ &ater su%%l! Suita)le Aualit! of &ater Control over su%%l! of &ater Safet! a ainst floo$

TYPE O. WEIRS
Trenc" &eir Roc7 fill &eirs ?ertical $ro% &eirs Concrete &eir &it" slo%in Coan$a &eir Inflate$ &eir9 Ru))er $a# lacis

 Installedon downstreamfaceof weir/waterfall Highsweeping elocity!de"ris washedoffscreen Highcapacity!shear andCoandaeffect

COANDA SCREEN

ENERA! ARRAN E"EN#

Installedinade elopingcountry toa oide$pensi ede!siltingandma$imisetur"ineoperation forrelia"ilityandlowmaintenance #

"ANDA A!O$A - SRI !AN%A &,2'' !(S

IN.LATED WEIR
In t"is s!ste# ru))er )a is )olte$ on concrete floor &it" river )e$ level9&eir crest: T"e ru))er )a is co#%rise$ of #ulti%le inter &oven la!ers of c"loro%rene ru))er an$ n!lonB &"ic" %rovi$e e>cellent friction an$ &eat"er resistance %ro%erties: T"ere are no& at %ro)a)l! over several t"ousan$ installations an$ Manufacture$ in C"inaB .ranceB Ger#an!B -SA an$ Ca%an:

Lo& "ea$ &eir for SHP in Cinv"a C"ina

TYPES O. POWER CHANNEL

O%en C"annel Rectan ular Tra%eDoi$al Trian ular Close$ Con$uit Reinforce$ concrete %i%e P?C %i%es Steel %i%es

MATERIALS .OR LINING

Stone Masonr! Concrete linin Linin &it" LDPE S"ortcrete linin +ric7 tiles linin RCC section

DESIGN O. LINED CHANNELS 8 ; 39n AR59E S F W"ereB 8 ; $isc"ar eB #E9s n ; Mannin Gs coefficient R ; H!$raulic ra$ius (#* A ; Cross'Sectional Area (#5* S ; T"e lon itu$inal slo%e:

DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS
Preventive H T"e entr! of se$i#ent c"ec7e$ )efore its entr! into t"e "ea$ re ulation: T"ese are constructe$ in t"e strea#s:

Curative H T"e se$i#ent is e>clu$e$ fro# t"e c"annel after its entr! &it" t"e c"annel: T"ese are constructe$ in t"e c"annel:

DESILTING TAN0

Thedesiltingtankisdesignedconsideringfollowing arameters! "Silt articlesi#ecoarserthan$.%mmaretoberemoved. "&ori#ontalvelocity'(h)"$.*$m+s "Settlingvelocity'(f)"$.$*m+s ",ross"sectionalareaofthetank'-idth'b).de th'd)/ hVh "0engthoftank/
Vf

Q Vh

DESILTING TAN0

.ORE+AY
A )asin locate$ @ust )efore t"e entrance to t"e %enstoc7

P-RPOSES O. .ORE+AY
To %rovi$e i##e$iate &ater $e#an$ on eneratin unit It can serve as a final settlin )asin T"e fore)a! %rovi$es so#e stora e in case of su$$en failure of t"e s!ste# To s%ill t"e e>tra &ater startin t"e

COMPONENTS O. .ORE+AY
+asin S%ill&a! Gate or ?alve Outlet Tras"rac7 Air ?ent 3 to 5I of %enstoc7 area:

STORAGE
-suall! $esi ne$ for a stora e of 5 #inutes A $ea$ stora e of a)out 4:2 # $e%t" is %rovi$e$ for silt accu#ulation

PENSTOC0

Steel Pi%e P:?:C Reinforce$ Concrete Pi%e an$ Prestresse$ concrete %i%e Glassfi)re reinforce$ %lastic %i%e Woo$ stave Glass fi)re reinforce$ concrete

POWER HO-SE +-ILDING

Po&er "ouse )uil$in is a )i "all Acco##o$ate #ac"ine (tur)ines Generators etc:* Sufficient "ei "t to acco##o$ate crane o%erations Sufficient s%ace for #aintenance Sufficient s%ace for control o%erations It can )e constructe$ as a steel structure It can )e constructe$ as Reinforce concrete for#e$ structure .or re#ote "ill! sites %refa) )uil$in s can )e use$ &"ic" are eas! to trans%ort an$ Auic7 installation

GENERAL LAYO-T O. POWER STATION

T"e #ain #ac"ine "all (-nit )a!*

Erection )a! Control )a! Ot"er services areas

ELECTRO MECHANICAL E8-IPMENT

C!ASSI)ICA#ION O) #*R+INES I,-u.se Pe.ton, #ur/o 01ee., Cross ).o2 Reaction

)rancis

A3ia. ).o2

Pro-e..er, Se,i %a-.an, %a-.an

PE!#ON #*R+INE

CROSS )!O0 #*R+INE

#*R O I"P*!SE #*R+INE

)RANCIS #*R+INE

)RANCIS #*R+INE

%AP!AN #*R+INE

+*!+ #*R+INE

S#RA )!O0 #*R+INE

SELECTION O. HYDRO T-R+INES

SPECI)IC SPEED )OR 4ARIO*S #$PES O) #*R+INES

#5-es of Runner Pe.ton #ur/o Crossf.o2 )rancis Pro-e..er an8 %a-.an Ns &2 6' 2' 7' 2' 7' 7' 4'' 64' &'''

S-ecific s-ee8,

Ns=

N P H
1.25

01ere, N #ur9ine, RP" P Rate8 Po2er, k0 : :ea8, ,

HEAD & DISCHARGE

Head and discharge Specific speed Variation of head Maximum efficiency Part load efficiency Initial cost of civil work Number of units Cavitation characteristics Runnin ! maintenance cost "ransportation limitation

HYDRO GENERATORS

#$PES O) ENERA#OR
In8uction %rid&ependent 'owCost 'owerEfficiency (implerControls S5nc1ronous (tandalone Higherefficiency HigherCost enerator )ni ersalApplication, enerator

ECONOMIC ASPECTS O. SHP SCHEMES

Para#eters affectin cost are P"!sical siDes of Civil Wor7s an$ EJM EAui%#ents Construction As%ects O%eratin costs -nit cost of "!$ro sc"e#es is inversel! %ro%ortional to t"e "ea$ O%ti#al $esi n )! o%ti#iDin %o&er losses:

H-MAN RESO-RCE RE8-IREMENT

In an o%ti#istic esti#ateB a %lant of 3 MW (an avera e siDe* reAuires t"e follo&in "u#an resource:

Sta/e En/ineerin/ *lanning &esign E$ecution ./0 Total + + 1 ,345

E8ucation !e;e. Di-.o,a in En//. + + , + 5 #ec1nician I#I , !! + 2 4

INDIAN E8-IPMENT MAN-.ACT-RERS

S No 3 5 E K 2 L M = < Manufacturers Alsto#B +aro$a +HELB Har$&ar J +"o%al +ovin +an alore HPPB Del"i C!otiB ?a$o$ra 0irlos7arB Pune ?A Tec" Esc"er W!ss .lovelB .ari$a)a$ Triveni En Lt$B Del"i .ouressB Colla)oration Alsto#B .rance .u@iB Ca%an 0vaernaener +ovin no& GE -09 Nor&a! HPP .rance Gil7sB -0 ( no& e>%ire$* Tur)o Institute of Slovenia E)ara Cor% B Ca%an ?A Tec"B Austria EsacB .ranceB Litostro@B Slovenia 0oesslerBAusria T!%e C? Tec"nical C? C? Tec"nical Tec"nical C? Tec"nical Tec"nical

Steel In$ustiesB T"issur

Offices of ?oet" Sie#ens (Ger#an!*B A++B .uDi an$ Hitac"i (Ca%an*B Tec"ni% Gan@ (Hun ar!*B C0D +lans7o (CDec"* are t"ere in In$ia

(Source: Indian Manufacturers)