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The origin of magnetic field is moving charge or current element. The magnets found in nature have irregular shapes and possess feeble magnetism. By using basic idea that magnetism may be caused by current elements, now-a-days powerful electromagnets of iron, cobalt, nickel are manufactured in any desired form. The magnet in the form of a rod having small cross-sectional area is called a bar magnet. A few properties of magnet are: (i) A magnet attracts iron. For ease of calculations a magnet is supposed to have north-south poles at its ends. (ii) A freely suspended magnet stays in north-south direction. (iii) Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. (iv) An isolated magnetic pole does not exist. (v) An iron bar placed near a powerful magnet is magnetised in opposite sense and the iron bar begins to behave as a magnet. The induction of magnetism in iron bar due to more presence of powerful magnet is called magnetic induction.
The magnetic moment of a bar magnet is where is pole strength and 2l is length of magnet. Its
direction is from A current carrying solenoid when suspended freely stays in north-south direction and attracts bits of iron. This shows that a current loop behaves as a magnetic dipole. The dipole moment of current loop is where N = number of turns in loop, A = area of loop, I = current in the loop.
where T = time period If r = radius of loop and v the speed of electron, then
makes an angle
Obviously, the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, hence net force on magnetic dipole in uniform magnetic field is
Torque : The lines of action of both forces are different, therefore, these two forces form a couple (or torque) which tends to rotate the magnet along the direction of magnetic field strength. This couple is called the restoring couple (or torque) and is denoted by
= magnitude of one force perpendicular distance between the lines of action of forces
Thus, if a magnetic dipole (or a bar magnet) is placed in a uniform magnetic field in oblique orientation, it experiences no force but experiences a torque. This torque tends to align the dipole moment along the direction of magnetic field. Remark : If the magnetic dipole is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, it experiences a force and torque both.
This magnetic field is exactly the same as that of a bar magnet of magnetic moment m at far off axial point. Thus, the bar magnet and current carrying solenoid produce similar magnetic field. Thus, we see that the magnetic behaviour of current carrying solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet.
Earths Magnetism
Earth behaves as a magnet. Its magnetism is assumed due to interaction of charged particles of earths atmosphere and rotation of earth about its axis. The earths magnetic field may be approximated by a magnetic dipole lying at the centre of earth such that the magnetic north pole near geographical north pole is near geographical south pole and its magnetic south pole is
This magnetic dipole is aligned slightly with earths rotation axis. The
The relative magnetic permeability where is magnetic field strength in vacuum. It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of a
(iii) Magnetising field : It is the magnetic field used for magnetisation of a material. If I is current in solenoid, then magnetising field H = nI where n = number of turns per metre. Its unit is ampere metre. (iv) Magnetic susceptibility : It is defined as the intensity of magnetisation per unit magnetising field, i.e., It has no unit.
The examples of diamagnetic substances are Bismuth, antimony, copper, lead, water, nitrogen (at STP) and sodium chloride.
(ii) Paramagnetic substances : These are the substances in which feeble magnetism is induced in the same direction as the applied magnetic field. These substances have small positive values of M and and relative permeability greater than 1, i.e.,
is a small positive number. The examples of paramagnetic substances are platinum, aluminium, calcium, manganese, oxygen (at S.T.P.) and copper chloride. (iii) Ferromagnetic substances : These are the substances in which a strong magnetism is produced in the same direction as the applied magnetic field. These substances are characterised by large positive values of M and much greater than 1, i.e.,
Curie Law
It states that the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional to absolute temperature, i.e.,
Curie temperature
When temperature is increased continuously, the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances decreases and at a stage the substance changes to paramagnetic. The temperature of transition at which a ferromagnetic substance changes to paramagnetic is called Curie temperature. It is denoted by different for different materials. In paramagnetic phase the susceptibility is given by It is
Diamagnetism is universal properties of all substances but it is weak in para and ferromagnetic substances and hence difficult to detect.