Sei sulla pagina 1di 62

PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF VERTICAL SEGMENTATION MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY PREDICTION IN ELONGATED RESERVOIRS

Priana Sudjono Dept. of Environmental Engineering Bandung Institute of Technology psudjono@comices.org

Content
Review on reservoir Water quantity of reservoir Water quality of reservoir Mathematical development Application and discussion Conclusion

Jatiluhur reservoir, West Java

Saguling reservoir, West Java

WATER QUANTITY OF RESERVOIR Introduction

Reservoir usually support cities


Also:

Industries Recreation Transportation Fisheries Aesthetics

Irrigated Agriculture Flood Control Power Plant

Morphology of Reservoirs The form of a Reservoir determines the characteristic of:


Physical processes Chemistry of water Biological diversity

Steep sided that usually deep. Such as V shaped basins: biologically unproductive Shallow depressions: greather contact between water and Sediment: Biologically productive

(natural lakes)

Reservoir in Java, such as Saguling, Jatiluhur are shallow at the entrance and deep at the outlet zone
8

Morphometric Parameter Max open water length Surface area Storage volume Mean depth (Vol/area) Length of shore line Shoreline development
shore line development, dimensionless length of shore linbe, km surface area, km2

Many natural Lakes are subcircular or eleptical Elongated reservoirs in river valley

Vol Water renewal time of a Reservoir = q Q is coming from river inflow, groundwater seepage. Outflow is the outflow and evaporation

2 < < 3

10

11

Thermal Stratification

12

Solar radiation penetrates to reservoirs Solar energy = f (latitude; season of the year) Light is absorbed by water = f(wave length)

Long wavelength (red) dissipates within impounded of pure water Short wavelength (blue) - penetrate deeper

So there will be stratification

13

14

Uniform stratification

15

16

Mixing
Surface Water Movement

17

Internal Movement of Water


. reservoir Density factor . . river

Density factor
river

reservoir ..
nutrient

. .. .. ....

. reservoir .. . . . ..

river

18

19

WATER QUALITY IN RESERVOIR


Problem Dam or reservoir is usually long and narrow following the regime of rivers In shallow area light penetrate to the bottom The productivity is not uniform

20

Mayor consideration in WQM: Water quality control

Beneficial use

Dilution of wastewater

Water quality control We need to predict water quality


21

22

23

Oxygen Content O2 from Atmosphere Photosynthesis Inorganic Carbon Inorganic forms: CO2, HCO3-, CO3=
pH=4,3

H2CO3

pH=4,5

H+ +HCO3Bicarbonate ion

H+ + CO3=
pH=8,3 Carbonate ion

24

Inorganic carbon Bacteriological decomposition of organic matter Surface drainage Seepage of groundwater Respiration of aquatic animals

25

Blue green algae Organic N

fixation N2

26

Input Nutrient in Eutrophic Reservoir Surface water rich in nutrients Drainage from cultivated farmlands Cattle feedlots from inorg fertilizer and Manure Municipal wastewaters Fish cages

27

The Nitrogen Cycle in a Reservoir

28

29

The Phosphorous Cycle in a Reservoir

30

Ecology of Lakes and Reservoirs

31

Aquatic Community

Trophogenic: planktonic and animals Algae photosynthesis food Tropholyctic: decomposition and low DO

32

Chlorophyl a Planktonic algae Phytoplankton Zooplankton Blue green Algae

Plant life in most enriched lakes is dominated by Blue Green Algae Phytoplankton = f (Temp, Light, Mixing, Species Competition, Predator, Nutrient) Algae = f (Nutrient (P))
33

Cultural Eutrophication
Natural Environments Eutrophication is slow Cultural Eutrophication is accelerated by fertilization of a reservoir, stream arising from pollution associated with Population Growth Industrial Development Intensive Agriculture

34

The response of aquatic ecosystems to increased input of Nutrients is greater productivity to the detrimental of Water Quality Excessive growth of phytoplankton Increased organic content Decaying bluegreen algae reducing transparancy depleting DO release foul and odor loss of less tolerant fish species littoral zones choked with aquatic weeds
35

Cultural eutrophication short period of a few years after introduction of excess Nutrient.

Allowable Nutrient Loadings


Data on the indicator parameters of nutrient concentrations:
cant be applied directly in Engg. Analysis

36

However, by relating Trophic level nutrient loading from external and cycling within a Reservoir

Eutrophication can be described by Mathematical models


37

Vollenweider (1970) Correlated Data on annual phosporus Loadings Mean Lake Depth Degree of Enrichment

Permissible loading is The maximum allowable load for a reservoir to remain oligotrophic indefinitely

38

typical plant tissue of phytoplankton and Macrophytes contains phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon in the approximate ratio of 1P: 7N : 40C per 100 dry weight). The Phosphorus Loadings include all biologically available forms of which the majority are dissolved orthophosphate and acid hydrolyzable phosphate. The principle inorganic nitrogen forms taken up by plants are Nitrate and Ammonia. influene the degree of Eutrophication
39

Not equal to

Dillon (1974): Some Lakes had very high Loadings with corresponding Low chlorophyl a concentrations, high transparancy, and small oxygen deficits during the summer. This discrepancy was attributed to the high rates of water flowing through these lakes as a result of large watershed areas relative to lake volumes
40

MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT
Water Quantity Model Water Quality Model

41

Dyresm (dynamic reservoir simulation model) Surface Heat and Mass Exchange Energetic of surface layer Vertical diffusion in the hypolimnion Inflow dynamics Outflow dynamics

42

Difficulties in building models applicable for Indonesian situation


1. 2. 3.

Lack of data Ecological cycle or process takes place all over the year (the weather is warm) Less fund needed

43

Tropical Reservoir Eutrophication Model (TREM)


The schematization: reservoir is divided into (m) segments that the water in the segment remain for a time-step ( t ) then moves to the direction of flow to the next segment. The number of segment is estimated by dividing hydraulic detention time by ( t )

overland flow subsurface flow main stream 1

overland flow subsurface flow

outlet

intake evaporation

intake evaporation

44

Water Quantity Model


The incoming water to the first segment consists of water from the main river and side inlet such as small rivers or subsurface flow and overland flow, . During a time-step, the volume of the river water to the first segment is and the volume of side inlet is . Then the volume of the first segment is where

45

In every segment: agriculture, water supply, evaporation or other activities need water, as their total amount of water intake is . During a time-step, the volume of intake-water, as; Vo t = qo t t
n n

So that, the volume of water in the first segment,


V1t = Vr t + Vs1t Vo1t

V1t = Vi1t Vo1t


46

It is assumed that all water in upper segment moves to the downstream segment, and side inflow and intake also take place, then the general equation can be written as if
1 t t Vin = Vnt 1 + Vs n

Then,

t t Vnt = Vin Von

Initial volume is placed as Vinit for all segments


47

At the last segment where overflow weir is placed as in the figure, the flow depends on the dead storage that is the volume of the last segment under the weir.

if Vmt Vd if Vmt Vd if V = Vd
t m

t Vd overflow takes place as much as Vm

overflow does not occur, then the t volume of water in the segment is Vm overflow does not occur

48

Water Quality Model


Load of pollutants in reservoir comes from river water, overland flow, and activities in segments, such as fish farming. Pollutant load at the first segment during a specified time (t )
t L1 = Lr t + Li1t l1t

where

Lr1t = Qr t ci t

Li1t = qs1t co1t + f1t

49

While at other segments :


t t Ltn = Ltn11 + Lin ln

It is assumed that water intake contents pollutant at average concentration. The amount of pollutant taken t t t out from the segment is l n = qo C It is assumed that water in a segment is completely mixed, so the average concentration: t Ltn Cn = t Vn

50

During a time-step the pollutant may involve in physical and biochemical processes that alter the concentration. For example, the alteration can be predicted by using first order of reaction as:
t t 1 kt Cn = Cn 1 e

t Cn k

= concentration at segment (n) at time (t ) = coefficient reaction rate for the pollutant.

In case conservative pollutants are concerned, reaction rate does not take place but mass balance principle can be applied.
51

APPLICATION OF THE MODEL The computer model is applied into Saguling reservoir that is divided into 12 segments

52

Water Quantity
2.0E+08
Volume (m3)

1.5E+08 1.0E+08 5.0E+07 0.0E+00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Segment 9 10 11 12

The volume of reservoir in all segments at day 252 in 1991.


53

2.0E+08
Volume (m3)

1.5E+08 1.0E+08 5.0E+07 0.0E+00 14 56 98 140 182 224 266 308 350 Julian day, 1991
The volume of water in segment 11th.
54

Water Quality
. Scenario of altering pollutants in the management.

No 1*

River flow

Pollutant concentration in the main river water

Fish farming exists none none exists

Qr 2 Qr 3 Qr 4 Qr *) actual condition

ci ci 0.33ci 0.33ci

55

1
Phosphor (g/m3)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Calculated Measured

10

11

12

Segment

Concentration of pollutant along the reservoir at day 252 year 1991 and the calculated results using data of actual condition (scenario 1).

56

Phosphor (g/m3)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Julian day, 1991

Fluctuation of concentration of pollutant at segment eleven using data of actual condition in 1991 (scenario 1).57

1
PHosphor (g/m3)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Segment

Concentration of pollutant along the reservoir at day 252 in 1991 given scenario 3.
58

1
Phosphor (g/m3)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Julian day, 1991

Fluctuation of concentration of pollutant at segment eleven given scenario 3.

59

CONCLUSION
Water quality of in a reservoir is under the influence of point sources and diffuse sources quality of Main River water overland flow, and activities in segments. The fate of pollutant in a reservoir depends on the water movement characteristics and biochemical processes that are specific for each segment.
60

The reservoir is divided into segments activities related to pollutant increments and water consumption could be included in a mathematical model. Water in a segment is assumed to move to the next segment and at the same time alterations on pollutant concentrations take place.

61

The results can indicate water quantity and concentrations of pollutants at a specified time along the reservoir or water quality at a segment. But the accuracy depends on the input data and adopted pollutant transformations applied in the pollutant computation. However, the Vertical segmentation can facilitate any activities related to quantity and quality related to elongated reservoir.
62

Potrebbero piacerti anche