Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Content
Review on reservoir Water quantity of reservoir Water quality of reservoir Mathematical development Application and discussion Conclusion
Also:
Steep sided that usually deep. Such as V shaped basins: biologically unproductive Shallow depressions: greather contact between water and Sediment: Biologically productive
(natural lakes)
Reservoir in Java, such as Saguling, Jatiluhur are shallow at the entrance and deep at the outlet zone
8
Morphometric Parameter Max open water length Surface area Storage volume Mean depth (Vol/area) Length of shore line Shoreline development
shore line development, dimensionless length of shore linbe, km surface area, km2
Many natural Lakes are subcircular or eleptical Elongated reservoirs in river valley
Vol Water renewal time of a Reservoir = q Q is coming from river inflow, groundwater seepage. Outflow is the outflow and evaporation
2 < < 3
10
11
Thermal Stratification
12
Solar radiation penetrates to reservoirs Solar energy = f (latitude; season of the year) Light is absorbed by water = f(wave length)
Long wavelength (red) dissipates within impounded of pure water Short wavelength (blue) - penetrate deeper
13
14
Uniform stratification
15
16
Mixing
Surface Water Movement
17
Density factor
river
reservoir ..
nutrient
. .. .. ....
. reservoir .. . . . ..
river
18
19
20
Beneficial use
Dilution of wastewater
22
23
Oxygen Content O2 from Atmosphere Photosynthesis Inorganic Carbon Inorganic forms: CO2, HCO3-, CO3=
pH=4,3
H2CO3
pH=4,5
H+ +HCO3Bicarbonate ion
H+ + CO3=
pH=8,3 Carbonate ion
24
Inorganic carbon Bacteriological decomposition of organic matter Surface drainage Seepage of groundwater Respiration of aquatic animals
25
fixation N2
26
Input Nutrient in Eutrophic Reservoir Surface water rich in nutrients Drainage from cultivated farmlands Cattle feedlots from inorg fertilizer and Manure Municipal wastewaters Fish cages
27
28
29
30
31
Aquatic Community
Trophogenic: planktonic and animals Algae photosynthesis food Tropholyctic: decomposition and low DO
32
Plant life in most enriched lakes is dominated by Blue Green Algae Phytoplankton = f (Temp, Light, Mixing, Species Competition, Predator, Nutrient) Algae = f (Nutrient (P))
33
Cultural Eutrophication
Natural Environments Eutrophication is slow Cultural Eutrophication is accelerated by fertilization of a reservoir, stream arising from pollution associated with Population Growth Industrial Development Intensive Agriculture
34
The response of aquatic ecosystems to increased input of Nutrients is greater productivity to the detrimental of Water Quality Excessive growth of phytoplankton Increased organic content Decaying bluegreen algae reducing transparancy depleting DO release foul and odor loss of less tolerant fish species littoral zones choked with aquatic weeds
35
Cultural eutrophication short period of a few years after introduction of excess Nutrient.
36
However, by relating Trophic level nutrient loading from external and cycling within a Reservoir
Vollenweider (1970) Correlated Data on annual phosporus Loadings Mean Lake Depth Degree of Enrichment
Permissible loading is The maximum allowable load for a reservoir to remain oligotrophic indefinitely
38
typical plant tissue of phytoplankton and Macrophytes contains phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon in the approximate ratio of 1P: 7N : 40C per 100 dry weight). The Phosphorus Loadings include all biologically available forms of which the majority are dissolved orthophosphate and acid hydrolyzable phosphate. The principle inorganic nitrogen forms taken up by plants are Nitrate and Ammonia. influene the degree of Eutrophication
39
Not equal to
Dillon (1974): Some Lakes had very high Loadings with corresponding Low chlorophyl a concentrations, high transparancy, and small oxygen deficits during the summer. This discrepancy was attributed to the high rates of water flowing through these lakes as a result of large watershed areas relative to lake volumes
40
MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT
Water Quantity Model Water Quality Model
41
Dyresm (dynamic reservoir simulation model) Surface Heat and Mass Exchange Energetic of surface layer Vertical diffusion in the hypolimnion Inflow dynamics Outflow dynamics
42
Lack of data Ecological cycle or process takes place all over the year (the weather is warm) Less fund needed
43
outlet
intake evaporation
intake evaporation
44
45
In every segment: agriculture, water supply, evaporation or other activities need water, as their total amount of water intake is . During a time-step, the volume of intake-water, as; Vo t = qo t t
n n
It is assumed that all water in upper segment moves to the downstream segment, and side inflow and intake also take place, then the general equation can be written as if
1 t t Vin = Vnt 1 + Vs n
Then,
At the last segment where overflow weir is placed as in the figure, the flow depends on the dead storage that is the volume of the last segment under the weir.
if Vmt Vd if Vmt Vd if V = Vd
t m
overflow does not occur, then the t volume of water in the segment is Vm overflow does not occur
48
where
Lr1t = Qr t ci t
49
It is assumed that water intake contents pollutant at average concentration. The amount of pollutant taken t t t out from the segment is l n = qo C It is assumed that water in a segment is completely mixed, so the average concentration: t Ltn Cn = t Vn
50
During a time-step the pollutant may involve in physical and biochemical processes that alter the concentration. For example, the alteration can be predicted by using first order of reaction as:
t t 1 kt Cn = Cn 1 e
t Cn k
= concentration at segment (n) at time (t ) = coefficient reaction rate for the pollutant.
In case conservative pollutants are concerned, reaction rate does not take place but mass balance principle can be applied.
51
APPLICATION OF THE MODEL The computer model is applied into Saguling reservoir that is divided into 12 segments
52
Water Quantity
2.0E+08
Volume (m3)
2.0E+08
Volume (m3)
1.5E+08 1.0E+08 5.0E+07 0.0E+00 14 56 98 140 182 224 266 308 350 Julian day, 1991
The volume of water in segment 11th.
54
Water Quality
. Scenario of altering pollutants in the management.
No 1*
River flow
Qr 2 Qr 3 Qr 4 Qr *) actual condition
ci ci 0.33ci 0.33ci
55
1
Phosphor (g/m3)
Calculated Measured
10
11
12
Segment
Concentration of pollutant along the reservoir at day 252 year 1991 and the calculated results using data of actual condition (scenario 1).
56
Phosphor (g/m3)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Julian day, 1991
Fluctuation of concentration of pollutant at segment eleven using data of actual condition in 1991 (scenario 1).57
1
PHosphor (g/m3)
Concentration of pollutant along the reservoir at day 252 in 1991 given scenario 3.
58
1
Phosphor (g/m3)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Julian day, 1991
59
CONCLUSION
Water quality of in a reservoir is under the influence of point sources and diffuse sources quality of Main River water overland flow, and activities in segments. The fate of pollutant in a reservoir depends on the water movement characteristics and biochemical processes that are specific for each segment.
60
The reservoir is divided into segments activities related to pollutant increments and water consumption could be included in a mathematical model. Water in a segment is assumed to move to the next segment and at the same time alterations on pollutant concentrations take place.
61
The results can indicate water quantity and concentrations of pollutants at a specified time along the reservoir or water quality at a segment. But the accuracy depends on the input data and adopted pollutant transformations applied in the pollutant computation. However, the Vertical segmentation can facilitate any activities related to quantity and quality related to elongated reservoir.
62