SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science

(Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SCIENCE 1 [ARC 2412] Prerequisite : None Aug 2013 Project 1 : Human Perception of Comfort Level Duration : 6 Weeks Marks : 40% of final Marks Submission Date : Week 6 : 2 Oct 2013, Wednesday, by 5pm at C05 Lobby

Lecturer

SUJATAVANI GUNASAGARAN TAMIL SALVI LEE XIA SHENG (TUTOR) AR. CHERYL NGIAM

Group Member

ANG WEDDY DAVID KOO MEI DA LEE CHEE SIONG LEE YIANG XIANG TANG HUI YING

0312728 0311181 0302970 0302966 0312728

Content 1.0 2.0 Summary Introduction 2.1 2.2 2.3 Research Purposes Thermal Comfort Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort 2.3.1 Environmental Factors 2.3.1.1 Air Temperature 2.3.1.2 Air Humidity 2.3.1.3 Air Velocity 2.3.1.4 Radiant Temperature 2.3.2 Personal Factors 2.3.2.1 Clothing Insulation 2.3.2.2 Metabolic Heat 2.4 2.5 3.0 Location and Site Plan Orthographic Drawings

Page 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 11 13 15 16 17 18 20 Graphs 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 Interior and Exterior Air Temperature Interior and Exterior Relative Humidity Interior Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Exterior Air Temperature and Relative Humidity 20 20 21 23 24 25 26

Methodology 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Temperature and Relative Humidity Wind Sun Path Clothing Insulation Human Adjustment

4.0

Result 4.1

4.2 4.3

Wind Annual Sun Path

5.0

Analysis 5.1 5.2 Comparison of Data Case Study 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 Thermal Comfort Level Wind Solar Radiation Shading Devices Ventilation Appliances Human Activities Materials Building Design Standard

30 30 34 34 35 38 42 42 45 46 47 50 52 52 54 56 58 60 61

6.0

Discussion 6.1 6.2 6.3 Green Building Index Malaysia Standard 1525:2007 Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) Design Improvement

7.0 8.0 9.0

Conclusion Appendixes References

1.0

SUMMARY

In this project, we are required to do analysis on human perception on thermal comfort level. We are to understand the importance of thermal comfort in the building and explain how the external environmental factors affect the interior thermal comfort. This project also tells us the effect of thermal comfort factor in a person and in a space and the factor relating to thermal comfort. In order to start this project, a data logger is to be placed in a room for 3 continuous days. A deep analysis had also been carried out on how human activities in the space and external environmental factors such as wind and rain can alternate the thermal comfort level. Moreover, the building material used for construction will likewise affect the interior thermal comfort due to their different thermal resistance which give certain value of insulation factor. At the end of the project , we should be able to criticize design of the space in terms of thermal comfort through its building site condition, sun path and wind path. We should have also a deep understanding of different materials so that we can design a more comfortable environment .

2.0
2.1

INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH PURPOSES

The research that we had been assigned to is based on a specific area of house or unit with human activities. A set of data logger is distributed to each group and with the data logger, each group are required to measure and record the indoor temperature, as well as the relative humidity of the area where the logger is placed. The date logger is placed as close to the centre of the room as possible at a height of approximately 1 m above floor level. The logger is meant not to be exposed to the direct solar radiation and is not to place on any heat generating equipment such as stereo, computer or close to a fan. Besides, the logger must not be disturbed during the monitoring period. The results and analysis had to be later discussed in detail in reference to MS 1525, as well as UBBL. The project was carried out during 2215 on 7th of September 2013 to 2215 on 10th September 2013. Throughout the 3 days continuously recording of data, we are not allowed to switch on air conditioner as this will affect the data that we collected. Besides, we are required to note all the activities between this period of time and tabulate all the data as part of this project . At the end of the project, we ware to analyze the effect that can alternate the thermal comfort of the specific chosen room and at the same time provide solutions or suggestions in order to improve the thermal comfort level of the room.

2.2

THERMAL COMFORT

Thermal comfort has a great influence on the productivity and satisfaction of indoor building occupants. The exposure to excessive heat during work may cause discomfort and contributed to low productivity among people. First of all, what is thermal comfort? Thermal comfort is very difficult to define as we need to take into account a range of environmental and personal factors when deciding on the temperatures and ventilation that will make us feel comfortable. According to British Standard BS EN ISO 7730 (ISO 7730,1994), thermal comfort is defined as that condition of mind which express satisfaction with the thermal environment. Although thermal comfort is difficult to satisfy everyone in a space due to physiological and psychological variation from person to person, it is still one of the most significant factors affecting the environmental satisfaction. So, why is thermal comfort important to people nowadays? This can be explained with the reason that people who work in uncomfortably hot and cold environments are more likely to behave unsafely due to their ability to make decisions or perform manual tasks deteriorates. For example, a persons ability to concentrate on a given task may start to drop off and increases the risk of errors occurring due to the thermal comfort that he is experiencing.

2.3

FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT

The most commonly used indicator of thermal comfort is air temperature. This is because it is easy to use and most people can relate to it. Although it is an important indicator to take into account, air temperature alone is neither a valid nor an accurate indicator of thermal comfort. However, air temperature should always be considered in relation to other environmental and personal factors. There are six factors affecting thermal comfort as shown in Figure 1. They are categorised into either environmental factors or personal factors. These factors may be independent of each other, they, however, together contribute to a humans thermal comfort.

Figure 1 : The Inter-related 6 thermal comfort factors Environmental factors are air temperature, air humidity, air velocity and radiant temperature. Whereas the clothing insulation and metabolic heat are considered as personal factors.

2.3.1

Environmental Factors

2.3.1.1 Air Temperature The air temperature is the average temperature of the air surrounding the occupant with respect to location and time, usually given in degrees Celsius (C) or degrees Fahrenheit (F). It is also known as dry-bulb temperature as dry-bulb thermometer is used in measurement. This acts as a prominent environmental factor as it is the controls of heat dissipation by convection as the result of the relative difference between skin and air in contact with it. Benefited from the tropical climate, Malaysia possesses a high temperature with an average annual temperature range between 24C and 34C, considered as hot environment.

2.3.1.2 Air Humidity Relative humidity is defined as the ratio between the actual amount of water vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water vapour that the air can hold at that air temperature. It affects the rate at which the body loses heat by evaporation and excessively high or low RH creates discomfort . During hot weather, high humidity increases discomfort by making it more difficult to evaporate perspiration into the air. With an average annual rainfall of 2600 millimetres, the distinctive rainfall pattern shows very high humidity in Malaysia. 2.3.1.3 Air velocity This describes the speed of air moving across the worker per unit time and may help to cool the worker if it is cooler than the environment. It is an important factor in thermal comfort because people are sensitive to it. Physical activity also increases air movement. Thus, air velocity may be corrected to account for a persons level of physical activity. 2.3.1.4 Radiant temperature This is the heat that radiates from a warm object. Radiant heat may be present if there are heat sources in an environment. Example of radiant heat sources include the sun. The sun path that direct shine into the room also will directly affect the thermal comfort in a specific room depending the time that the sun shine in. If the sunlight shines in the morning, the temperature wouldnt be that high and thus the room will be still comf ortable if compare to afternoon.

2.3.2

Personal Factors

2.3.2.1 Clothing Insulation Clothing, by its very nature, interferes with our ability to lose heat to the environment. Thermal comfort is very much dependent on the insulating effect of the clothing on the wearer. Wearing too much clothing may be a primary cause of thermal discomfort even if the environment is not considered hot. Clothing is both a potential cause of thermal discomfort as well as a control for it as we adapt to the climate in which we live and play . 2.3.2.2 Metabolic heat The metabolic rate is essential for a thermal risk assessment. It describes the heat that we produce inside our bodies as we carry out physical activity. The more physical work we do,

the more heat we produce and eventually, more heat is needed to be lost so that we do not over heat. Therefore, the impact of metabolic rate on thermal comfort is critical.

When considering these factors, it is also essential to consider a persons own physical characteristics. A persons physical characteristics should always be born in mind when considering their thermal comfort as factors such as their size and weight, age, fitness level and sex can have impacts on how they feel, even though the other factors such as air temperature, air humidity and air velocity are all remain constant.

2.4

LOCATION AND SITE PLAN

The research site, as shown in Figure 2, is located at Block D 4th floor unit 415, Sunway Court Apartment, Jalan PJS 7/13, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. This area consists of condominiums, apartments, terraces, schools, temples, shop lots and industrial estates.

Figure 2 : Location plan of Sunway Court Apartment As could see from Figure 3 and Figure 4, it has lots of apartments adjacent to it. The site can be divided into 4 blocks with 5 floors each and has swimming pool, courts and a mini playground. It is located nearby the road and is mostly surrounded by tall plantation.

Figure 3 : Site plan of Sunway Court Apartment

Figure 4 : Perspective of Sunway Court Apartment

2.5

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

Figure 5 : 4th Floor floor plan Block D Sunway Court Apartment

Figure 6 : Floor Plan Block D 415 Sunway Court Apartment

Figure 7 : South Elevation Block D Sunway Court Apartment

Figure 8 : West Elevation Block D Sunway Court Apartment

3.0

METHODOLOGY

As mentioned before, there are four types of environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind and sun path. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body environment, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units of degrees designated on a standard scale and lastly the degree of heat in the body of a living organism such as human and it is usually 37.0C (98.6F). Besides that, relative humidity(RH) is the most commonly used measurement to measure the amount of moisture in the air relative to the total amount of moisture in the air can hold. It is also a measure of the actual humidity which relative to the maximum humidity at a given temperature. Furthermore, relative humidity is used to determine human and animal comfort levels. Humidity can be defined as vaporized water in the air. On the other hand, wind is moving of air and causing by difference air pressure within our atmosphere. The air which under high pressure will be moved toward areas that consist of low pressure such as the greater the difference in pressure, the faster the air flows. Lastly, sun path is regarding to the seasonal and hourly positional changes of the sun based on the earth rotates and its orbit around the sun. The suns daily path across the sky on or about the 21th day of every single month is indicated by means of seven curved lines. The lowest path is in December and the highest in June. The sun travels across the earths sky along seven main paths. Each of the other five paths are two months in the year. For instance, the path on the March 21th is similar to September 23th. Relating back to our project, we are to define the site and environment, from scratches to the data we obtained using the logger provided and state clearly each and every of the steps as our methodology. Environment Factors Temperature Analysis Exterior: The location of the site is nearest to all the car repair service centers. By that, it affected the quality of air temperature at the

surrounding area becomes more hot and increasing of CO as the centers are used to test, modify and repair cars engine.

Interior: Heat environment occured due to the direct of sunlight penentrate to the interior space through windows or open space. Increase of heat radiation happened because the

electronic device such desktop is in use. Relative Humidity Exterior: The outdoor relative humidity may likely influenced by the activities around, such as the increasing on the traffic.

Interior: The construction of the building may

influence the interior humidity. Building that tighly constructed will be retain more heat and moisture. Water vapor will be absorbed to the furnishing and the house naturally when the outdoor humidity is high. In fall, water vapor will be released into the room and condensation on windows may occur when the temperature drop and the air becomes drier. Wind The erection of the high rise buildings is one of the major factors that block the wind from entering into the cities. Sun Path Factors of location such as local latitude, the rising and setting of position which based on time of the year and the duration of the day and night will be affecting the sun path. Table 1 : Primary analysis based on the environmental factors

3.1

TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMITDY

For our project, the indoor temperature and relative humidity are measured on an hourly interval by data logger as shown in Figure 9. It was placed one meter above the ground at the middle of the room. It was left in the room for 3 days from 7th to 10th September 2013.

Figure 9 : Data logger A data logger is an electronic device that based on a digital processor. It is used to record and collect data over time with a built-in sensor. The shape of the data logger can be consider as small as compare to others. It consists of battery powered, portable and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage and lastly sensor. One of the functions for data logger is to measure the indoor temperature. Data logger is interfaced with a computer and utilize software to activate, view and analyse it. There is a benefit or ability of data logger which it can collect all the data on a 24-hours basis. Upon activation, the data logger is typically deployed and left unattended to measure and record information for a duration of the monitoring period. This allows for a comprehensive, accurate pictures of the environmental condition which being monitored such as air temperature and relative humidity. Furthermore, data logger is used to measure the temperature (C) and relative humidity (%). The data collected will be saved into SD card and converted into Microsoft Excel Format. Whereas for the outdoor temperature and relative humidity, the ventilated device as shown in Figure 10 is ideally suited for use in all weather conditions at high altitudes and its fulfilled requirements for great accuracy. The temperature is measured by a copper-constantan thermocouple while the humidity is measured by a dew point mirror. A mirror in the hygrometer is cooled down until moisture forms on its surface through condensation process. The level for humidity can be precisely calculated from this dew point temperature.

Figure 10 : Ventilated Device

3.2

WIND

Wind is the motion of air relative to the earth surface. Highly variable in both speed and direction, this climatic element certainly gives large impact on building environment which in turn controlling thermal comfort. In Malaysia, two monsoon winds seasons are occurring per year with the Southwest Monsoon from late May to September, and the Northeast Monsoon from November to March. Generally, winds are considered light throughout the year.

Table 2 : Statistics based on observations taken between 1/2008 - 8/2013 daily from 7am to 7pm at Kuala Lumpur International Airport
September All year

Figure 11 : Wind direction and distribution on September and all year respectively The data is obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Services Department and it consists of the observations of surface wind at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) station. Two sets of data are considered in this study, which are the data for the particular month studied (September) and data throughout the year. Reading the wind pattern from the circular rose diagrams illustrated above, it can be said that, throughout the year wind blows dominantly from the direction of south-southeast, with a mean wind speed of 4kts (light breeze), whereas north wind blows the least.

3.3

SUN PATH

The unit is located at the southern side of the 4th floor at Sunway Court Apartment Block D. Similarly, the room is faced at southern side. The sun rises at east and sets at west. In addition with the design of the apartment, which was shown in section 2.2.3, some rooms may gain more heat if they were faced at eastern or western side. Whereas the rooms which faced at southern or northern side, they will eventually gain less heat. Most of the construction materials do conduct heat to the building. This is because when the outdoor temperature is higher than the materials, the heat will flow from the surroundings to the materials. Likewise, the same phenomena is occurred at the later part whereby the lower indoor temperature will allow the heat that trapped in the materials to be flown to the indoor. This explains why the outdoor temperature that caused mainly by the sun can affect the indoor temperature of the building. According to scientific researches, the earth, which is the most unique planet among the nine. Earth is the third planet and it rotates according to its axis everyday. Each turn takes 24 hours. Besides, the earth also rotates about the orbit of the sun, which is the core of the solar system. The orbital that the earth follows are not in round, but in circular shape. This leads to the formation of 4 seasons in those countries which are not located on the equator, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 22 : Rotation of the earth about the sun Even though Malaysia is located on the equator without any 4 seasons, the shadows of the building, however, is greatly affected by the sun path across the year.

3.4

CLOTHING INSULATION

Clothing insulation is the amount of thermal insulation which worn by a person and its impact to thermal comfort. Compare to Australia, people will be wearing different type of dressing as according to its weather. For example, they will wear long woollen underwear, trouser and a shirt with a windproof layer on top for better comfort if they are working on the ice during summer season. However in Malaysia, people will tend to wear short pants and normal T-shirt as the relative humidity and its temperature is relatively higher than those of the countries with climate. There are two types of garment provided, as shown in Table 1 Clu Clo Civil Liberties Union Clothing Clu m2C/W Civil Liberties Union m2 Area Celsius/Watt :

1 Clo = Insulation value of 0, 155 m2 C/W Garment Description Underwear (Briefs) T-Shirt Short Trouser Total Clu Clo 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.19 Clu m2C/W 0.006 0.014 0.009 0.029

Table 3 : Garment Description with respect to Clu Clo and Clu m2C/W

T-Shirt Clu Clo 0.09, Clu m2 C/W 0.014 Underwear (Briefs) Clu Clo 0.04, Clu m2 C/W 0.006

Short Trouser Clu Clo 0.06, Clu m2 C/W 0.009

3.5

HUMAN ADJUSTMENT

The human body fights continuously in adjusting to environment. Although our body has several thermal adjustment mechanisms to regulate body temperature over a changing range ambient, the readjustment to thermal preferences can be done by monitoring indoor environment using active systems such as automated or user-controlled heating and cooling systems and passive systems such as shading. Referring to Table 2, there are a few adjustments done within the room throughout the recording of data logger. Major adjustment such as opening and closing of door and windows as well as switching on and off of light and fans are recorded in frequency and period as could directly affect the results. Also, usage of electrical appliance is taken into consideration to support accuracy of data.

3 2 1

7 4 6 5

Figure 13 : Perspective view of room conditions where data logger is placed No. Object 1 Window Description Tinted Faced glass casement windows south

2 out of the 3 windows were half opened outwards most of the time 2 Door Wooden hollow core flush door

Placed

at

east

side

of

the

room

Mostly opened, closed during sleeping hours 3 Ceiling light Fluorescent light (tube)

Normally turned on after 7pm, turned off around 3am 4 5 Study light Fan Seldom opened Switched Speed Fixed fan direction 6 7 8 9 Desktop computer Laptop Phone Ipad Mostly opened Seldom opened Mostly opened Seldom opened on most of time 2

Table 4 : Adjustment done within the room throughout the recording of data logger

4.0
4.1
4.1.1

RESULTS
GRAPHS
Interior Temperature Against Exterior Temperature

Figure 14 : Graph indicates hourly temperature readings of the 3 recording days (from 8-92013 to 10-9-2013). Exterior temperature Title Maximum exterior temperature Minimum exterior temperature Average exterior temperature Temperature range Temperature (C) 33.0 22.0 25.8 11.0

Table 5: Exterior temperature data. The exterior temperature is fluctuating throughout the day. It is usually low at midnight, decreasing in the early hours of the morning, and then increasing rapidly until just after midday. It then decreases during the night. The early afternoon, around 2 oclock can be

said being the warmest time of the day. It stays in moderate range of having 11C difference throughout the day. Interior temperature Title Maximum interior temperature Minimum interior temperature Average interior temperature Temperature range Temperature (C) 30.9 26.9 28.2 4.0

Table 6 : Interior temperature data. The interior temperature is relatively high compared to exterior temperature. Noon temperatures fell slightly as the day progressed. The temperature was lower than usual on the noon of 10th September. Although it depends much on the change of exterior temperature, it stays constant given a small temperature range of 4C.

4.1.2

Interior Relative Humidity Against Exterior Relative Humidity

Figure 15 : Graph indicates hourly relative humidity readings of the 3 recording days (from 89-2013 to 10-9-2013).

Exterior relative humidity Title Maximum exterior relative humidity Minimum exterior relative humidity Average exterior relative humidity Relative humidity range Relative Humidity (%) 100.0 66.0 88.0 34.0

Table 7: Exterior relative humiditydata. The relative humidity is usually high at the midnight and in the early morning, drops rapidly after the sun rises, until it is lowest just after midday. It then increases again to midnight, continuing the daily cycle. From the data, the lowest relative humidity of the day gets slower, delaying from 2pm to 5pm, and the average relative humidity of each day decreases as day progressed. Interior relative humidity Title Maximum interior relative humidity Minimum interior relative humidity Average interior relative humidity Relative humidity range Relative Humidity (%) 76.8 57.5 72.5 19.3

Table 8: Interior relative humidity data. Similar to air temperature, the interior data collected is more stable than the exterior statistic, with a smaller range as stated in the table above. The overall interior relative humidity is lower than exterior relative humidity, with an average difference of 15.5%. In the noon of 8 th September, relative humidity drops drastically until it reaches 57.5%, apparently much lower compared to the lowest point of the other days.

4.1.3

Indoor Temperature and Relative Humidity:

32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indoor Temperature(C) Indoor Relative Humidity (%)

10:15:23am

04:15:23am

10:15:23am

04:15:23am

04:15:23am

22:15:23pm

16:15:23pm

22:15:23pm

16:15:23pm

22:15:23pm

10:15:23am

16:15:23pm

Figure 16 : Graph indoor temperature and relative humidity

Minimum of Indoor Temperature Maximum of Indoor Temperature Minimum of Indoor Relative Humidity Maximum of Indoor Relative Humidity

: 26.9 Celcius : 30.9 Celcius : 57.5 % : 76.8 %

Table 9 : Data collected from Figure 16

22:15:23pm

4.1.4

Outdoor Temperature and Relative Humidity:

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 22:15:23 02:15:23 06:15:23 10:15:23 14:15:23 18:15:23 22:15:23 02:15:23 06:15:23 10:15:23 14:15:23 18:15:23 22:15:23 02:15:23 06:15:23 10:15:23 14:15:23 18:15:23 22:15:23 0 Outdoor Relative Humidity (%) Outdoor Temperature(C)

Figure 17 : Graph outdoor temperature and relative humidity

Minimum of Outdoor Temperature Maximum of Outdoor Temperature Minimum of Outdoor Relative Humidity Maximum of Outdoor Relative Humidity

: 22 Celcius : 33 Celcius : 66 % : 100 %

Table 10 : Data collected from Figure 17

4.2

WIND

Diagram 18: Wind rose indicating wind speed and direction of the 3 recording days (from 89-2013 to 10-9-2013).

Maximum wind speed Minimum wind speed Average wind speed Wind speed range Prevailing direction Table 11 : Wind data.

20.0 kts 0.0 kts 5.1 kts 20.0 kts South east

4.3

ANNUAL SUN PATH

Relating back to 3.3, Figure 19 shows the paths across the earth's sky due to the rotation of the earth by itself and along the orbit of the sun.

Figure 19 : Sun path

Taking Summer Solstice (21st June) as example, the sun will appear at the most northern part of among the paths, and thus this day marks the longest shadow in the year for the building at 9am, which it can be shown in Figure 20 at the southwest direction.

Figure 20 : Sun path for summer solstice at 9am

In Figure 21, the sun is showing the sun path at 4pm. From here, we can observe that same things happened just as in 9am. It, however, shows the shadows at the southeast.

Figure 21 : Sun path for summer solstice at 4pm

Whereas for Autumn Equinox (21st September), the sun is at the location whereby its path is right on top of the building. This phenomena leads the shadow to be seen at the western side.

Figure 222 : Sun path for autumn equinox at 9am

At 4pm, the sun shines at the building and create shadows on the eastern side, which is shown clearly in Figure 23.

Figure 23 : Sun path for autumn equinox at 4pm

In winter solstice (21st December) 9am, the shadow of the building can be detected at the northwest direction, as shown in Figure 24. This day marks the longest shadow in the year together with the summer solstice due to the sun is at the most southern part of the sun path.

Figure 24 : Sun path for winter solstice at 9pm

At 4pm in the afternoon, the shadow appears at northeast direction as shown in Figure 25.

Figure 25 : Sun path for winter solstice at 4pm In conclusion, different period in a year will lead to different direction of the shadows from the same building. However, the longest shadow that can be detected throughout the year is only at both winter solstice and summer solstice. Autumn equinox and spring equinox mark no difference as they are laying nearly at the same position, which is the path right on top of the building.

5.0
5.1

ANALYSIS
COMPARISON OF DATA

Indoor Air Temperature (Min/Max Temp.)

Maximum Temperature (C)

Date Time Indoor RH (%) Indoor Temp. (C) 8/9/2013 14:15:23 57.5 30.9 69 Outdoor RH (%) Outdoor Temp. (C) 32 2 persons, Fan switced on, 2 phones on, Computer desktop switched on, Door opened, Window opened Mobile mode: Dry hot and Observation/ Activites Remark

Table 11 : Maximum Temperature An analysis was made after the observation and/or activities. The reason why heat environment occurred was because the sunlight penetration was the most strongest during that period. Besides that, there were 2 persons in the room which contributed extra heat radiation and decreased the humidity through exhalation. Fan was also switched on to enhance the interior space to make the users felt more comfort. There were 2 mobile phones and a desktop switched on and causing the indoor space to become much more dry and hot. Lastly, the door and windows were opened to allow cross ventilation to the space.

Minimum Temperature (C)

Date Time Indoor RH (%) Indoor Temp. (C) 10/9/2013 08:15:23 75.3 26.9 89.0 Outdoor RH (%) Outdoor Temp. (C) 25 1 person only, Fan switched on, Door closed, Window opened Comforta ble Observation/ Activities Remark

Table 12 : Minimum Temperature An analysis was made after the observation and activities. Heat radiation and humidity occurred because there was one person in the room that contributed it through exhalation. Besides that, there was no cross ventilation happened throughout the attired space of the house to the room as the door was closed. Windows were opened and it allowed wind went through the interior space of the room and causing the user felt comfortable. Lastly, fan was switched on during that period of time and its enhanced the temperature of the space.

Indoor Relative Humidity (Min/Max RH)

Maximum Relative Humidity

Date Time Indoor RH (%) 9/9/2013 02:15:23 76.8 Indoor Temp.(C) 28.2 Outdoor RH (%) 94 Outdoor Temp.(C) 25 Observation/ Activities No person, Fan switched on, Desktop switched on, Door closed, Window closed Hot dry and Remark

Table 13 : Maximum Relative Humidity An analysis was made through the observation and activities. From the observation, fan was switched on to cool down or decrease the heat spread out from the desktop. There was an insufficient exchange of air in the space due to the windows and door were closed. Lastly, there shouldnot have any heat radiation and humidity between the space as there was no one in the room but due to the amount of time the desktop switched on and its caused the relative humidity to become higher as the machines exhaled out hot air.

Minimum Relative Humidity

The higher the temperature, the lower the relative humidity. By that, maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity are similar. Refer to Table 11, Maximum Temperature above.

5.2

CASE STUDY

5.2.1 Thermal Comfort Level

Comfort Zone (CZ) is a quantified chart format with the integration of environmental and physiological influences, which is defined as conditions which 80% of a building's occupants will find thermally acceptable in still air and shade. This method is typically used as general indicator for acceptable and comfortable conditions. However, it requires precision in all locations as parameters of surrounding atmosphere can differ.

Figure 26 : Thermal comfort zone with plotted average data of temperature and relative humidity for both interior and exterior conditions.

Based on the Malaysia climate data, the thermal comfort zone range between temperature of 27.6C to 32.1C and relative humidity of 60% to 75.9%.The data recorded shows that an average interior temperature and relative humidity of 28.2C and 75.5% while average exterior temperature and relative humidity of 25.8C and 88.0%. The interior environment is relatively hot and dry compared to exterior environment. Giving both plotted points fall outside of CZ, corrective measures are needed to bring conditions back into the CZ. As points are to the right of the CZ, it is suggested that additional air movement is needed for the space.

Figure 27 : Interior data When there is no active heating and cooling system functioning, the interior environment ranges within the green and yellow zones, which represent some discomfort and great discomfort, avoid exertion respectively.

5.2.2

Wind

In the real urban context, the arrangement of the buildings differs from case to case and wind direction changes from time to time. Rather than considering the overall picture, the wind direction is greatly influenced by its environment. As buildings are often designed to be grouped closely together in urban environment, the wind-induced surface pressure distribution on a building, as well as the local wind velocity field around a given building, will be subjective to the surrounding structures. In addition, the ventilation becomes more

demanding when the sheltering effect of the built-up environment reduces pressure difference across a building which is necessary to produce adequate ventilation airflow rates. Wind-blocking effect occurs when the presence of building situated at the south-east of the site studied causes disturbance of the wind flow pattern. Not only changing the wind direction, it decreases the wind velocity of local environment. However, the changes are negligible as the surrounding buildings are not high rise buildings which could attempt to block the wind completely. Furthermore, the natural context such as trees can give impact to wind flow. A solid wall of vegetation situated at the south of the site could greatly reduce the amount of wind blows to the building. The trees act as infiltration that filters 50-60 percent of the wind to reduce its strength. In this case, the windbreak does give advantage as natural ventilation is preferable for that environment.

Figure 28: Site plan superimposed with yearly wind rose of Kuala Lumpur.

Effects of surrounding building on wind distribution and natural ventilation

Figure 29 : Arrows show air flow from the dominant wind direction across the surrounding buildings towards Sunway Court. Effect of vegetation windbreaks resulting in air infiltration

Figure 30 : Arrows show air flow towards the buildings and it strength is decreased due to the presence of trees adjacent to the building.

5.2.3

Solar Radiation

What is solar ray? Solar ray is a type of electromagnetic radiation released by the sun. It can be experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant light, if it is not blocked by clouds. Solar ray can alternate the comfort level inside a building. Thus, fenestration is used widely in the buildings by architects to control the indoor temperature instead of using any mechanical cooling devices, such as air-conditioner. According to the MS 1525:2007 page 10 section 3.4, fenestration is defined as a glazed opening in building wall to control solar radiant heat and day lighting. It is the most common forms include windows and clerestories. Sometimes, a fenestration may include its associated interior and exterior elements such as shades and blinds. In this case, fenestration not only allows ventilation to occur in the building, but it also helps to provide natural sunlight and insulation to the building until it reaches its optimum temperature as shown in Figure 31.

Figure 31 : Penetration of sunlight into the interior spaces via the opening The intensity of solar ray depends on the seasons and its sun path. Besides, it also depends on the time of the day. The facade with fenestration or opening allows the solar ray to penetrate into the building in a certain period of the day. The more the sunlight penetrates into the building, the higher the intensity of the solar ray. Similarly, this aids the thermal comfort level of the building especially when the indoor temperature is too low compared to outdoor. As shown in the Figure 32, the solar rays do not penetrate into the room as there is no opening at the east facade. Similarly, indoor temperature does not affected by the heat trapped in the materials as there is no sunlight which tries to penetrate into the building from the west.

Figure 32 : Solar radiation for summer solstice at 9am However in 4pm, it is clearly shown the sunlight tries to penetrate into the building. It however, was blocked by the west facade as shown in Figure 33. The temperature is expected to be higher than that in the morning as the heat trapped in the materials will be transferred into the room where the data logger is placed. Yet, there is no direct sunlight that can be seen any part in the room.

Figure 33 : Solar radiation for summer solstice at 4pm On autumn equinox, same phenomena happened in the morning. However during the noon time, which is 12pm, there is sunlight that can be seen inside the room. This is because the

sunlight shines the most at the southern facade during that particular time, as shown in Figure 34.

Figure 34 : Solar radiation for autumn equinox at 12pm As shown, the intensity of solar rays during autumn equinox that reflected on the western facade is more than that in the summer solstice as a result of the sun path. High intensity of sunlight in any part of the facade will increase the interior temperature via the construction materials. Thus, the indoor temperature will be the higher than that of summer solstice.

Figure 35 ; Solar radiation for autumn equinox at 4pm

Whereas on winter solstice, more solar rays are penetrated into the building. This all happens due to the location of the sun path. Hence, the building will be having the highest temperature in the noon time throughout the year, as shown in Figure 36.

Figure 36 : Solar radiation for winter solstice at 12pm At 4pm, the specific location of the sun path allows the maximum sunlight to be entered into the room. More area on the floors will be exposed with the sunlight. The sun rays are to bounce on the wall and illuminate the indoor temperature as shown in Figure 37. Hence, it is believed that at this particular time, the room will be having the highest sunlight intensity.

Figure 37 : Solar radiation for winter solstice at 4pm

5.2.4

Shading Devices

Too much solar radiation in a room may also cause thermal discomfort to the users. This is because when too much solar radiation is found in the room, the indoor temperature will increase. As a result, the relative humidity inside the room will decrease. Therefore. shading devices are important to shed the users from the solar radiation.

Figure 38 : Penetration of solar rays via the opening at the wall Shading device is a type of building element which reduces the building peak heat gain and cooling requirements. Shading device also improves the natural lighting quality of building interiors. Besides, it enhances users visual comfort by controlling he glare and at the same time reducing contrast ratios which leads to increased user satisfaction and productivity. Types of shading devices that can be found in this unit are curtain that hung at the window and awning, which can be found in the toilet.

5.2.5

Ventilation

Building in hot and humid climates has been traditionally cooled by ventilation. Ventilated air movement of the interior space acts to cool the occupants in two ways. First, it cools the occupant indirectly by removing heat stored in the building structure. Second, it cools the occupant directly by increasing the convective and evaporative heat transfer from the body surface. The former condition is considered as natural ventilation while the later situation would be the stimulated ventilation.

Natural ventilation

Figure 39 : Wind flow pattern from exterior across the whole unit. Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, when there is a difference in pressure in the atmospheric layers. In relatively light wind and under typical interior-exterior temperature differences, wind pressure forces are always the dominant cause of natural wind driven ventilation. Stack ventilation is not obvious in this case as the site is a single volume sapce located at the forth storey of 5storey high condominium. Warm air escapes from side openings instead of rising upwards. From the diagram above, it can be seen that south-east wind is first blocked by the protruding structure and then further obstructed by the windward windows which direct the wind away from the building. The space does not receive a considerable and consistent amount of natural ventilation. Cross ventilation happens when the door is opened, allowing air movement across the corridor, then separated in two directions, flowing through living room and kitchen before escaping out from the unit.

During the case study, although windows and door are opened most of the time, which allow cross ventilation, the air movement occurs at such a low rate that is not enough to cool the interior space.

Stimulated ventilation

Figure 40 : Wind flow pattern from fan across the whole unit. Instead of creating air flow caused by the difference in atmospheric pressure, stimulated ventilation cycles air in the space to create wind flow. It can be achieved by using fan, airconditioner or other active ventilation stimulating system. During the case study, only fan is allowed to be used throughout the study for the purpose of this research. Fan blows cold air from the lower part of the unit. As human activity and other functioning electrical appliances release heat into atmosphere, the air particles gain heat and rise with its less dense characteristic. Just as it is colder on top of room, so the hot air cools down, and then slowly sinks back down to the ground. This cycle continues allowing air movement in the space.

5.2.6

Appliances

Figure 41 : Electrical Appliances generating heat Electrical appliances generates heat throughout its usage which can significantly impact the thermal conditions of a certain space. Electrical appliances that is used in the space are like computers, laptop and lightings. This appliances generates a fair amount of heat that can significantly change the thermal comfort of the space if it is used for a long duration. Based on the observation and activities of the user, the computer is the most used electrical appliance aside from the lighting, which coincidentally generates the most heat out of all the other appliances. The computer does contribute to a higher DBT of the case study, which generates an estimated 500watt/hour = 1706 BTU/h which is equivalent to a small heater. When overall energy consumption of appliances are added together, generated heat will be relatively high. Based on this, appliances is a major factor to consider when analyzing thermal comfort.

5.2.7

Human Activities

Human activities can change the thermal conditions of a given space, this is because humans metabolism generates heat together with perspiration and sweating which is thermoregulation, which can increase the humidity and temperature of a given space by evaporation ,perspiration and also radiation and conduction. Human activities that requires the use of appliances will also have additional heat generated from the appliances. The amount of changes would differ according to the use of the space and also the duration spent in the space based on a standard and constant environment variables. Based on the most frequent activity by the user, doing work on the computer would produce 120watt/h of energy which is 409.2 BTU/h(ISO standard). Even though not much heat is generated, it would affect the sensible heat of the user thus raising the perceived temperature of the case study. Human activities is a factor that affects both psychological and physical thermal comfort.

Perspiration transfers heat and humidity to surrounding

Evaporation of sweat from body

Convection of body heat by wind

Conduction of heat through direct contact with floor

Figure 42 : Human contribution to heat and humidity of surrounding

5.2.8

Materials

Figure 43 : Four major material used in the building selected The materials used in the chosen site are analyzed in term of heat performance. There are four major materials found to use in the building that affect the thermal performance and thus alter the thermal comfort. Basically, there are brick wall with plastering, wood hollow core flush door, wood decking floor and single glazed tinted glass window . 1. Brick wall with plastering

The brick wall in the chosen site is quite different with normal brick wall construction. Mesh reinforcement embedded at every 4th course and tucked into the next course. The mesh is laid flat and set in the brickwork joints. The reinforcement is embedded inside mortar. This forms an integral structure, which has the ability to against vibration, temperature change and tensional stresses. The brick wall has the size of 112mm width with two 19mm plastering on both sides. It has the u-value of 0.14 that is relative good heat insulator . Material Brick Mortar Plastering Mesh reinforcement Total U-value (W/m2K) 0.410 0.445 0.445 1.100 2.400 Table 13 : Total u value of the brick wall 2. Single Glazed Tinted Glass Window

There are also four casement windows found in our chosen site. All of these windows are facing south. They are same size, which is 1.2m x 0.5m. The u-value of the tinted glass is 1.1, which is relatively high as glass has nature tendency to absorb heat and transfer heat into space. Furthermore, the u-value found for the timber frame is 0.30. Overall, the total uvalue and heat conductivity is considered high and thus it has poor thermal performance. Normal glass without tinted can have u-value as high as 5.6. The tinted glass actually reduced its u-value as it has the ability of solar control. It reduces the suns direct heat

energy through the glass by limiting the various degrees of transmittance, visible and UV transmission. Material Tinted window Timber window frame Total U-value (W/m2K) 1.100 0.300 1.400 Table 14 : Total u value of glass window Although tinted glass helps to reduce the heat gain, the interior is still hot that affects the comfort zone level for human. Most of the heat gained is the result of direct radiation through glazing. Air leakage around opening through convection and heat conduction through window frame might contribute certain amount of heat gain to the interior space too. 3. Wood Decking Floor

Wood decking flooring is a great way to bring nature into the room and create a warm and natural environment. Solid wood flooring is usually used in period properties where the seasonal changes in the floor complement the property. The u-value for hardwood flooring is 0.68 which is relatively low because wood is a poor heat conductor. As a good heat insulator, hardwood flooring helps to achieve the human comfort level by prevent too hot or too cold when human step on the floor. 4. Wood Hollow Core Flush Door

Wood hollow core flush door also act as a good heat insulator as it has a relatively low uvalue which is 0.46. It has double wood that sandwich air space inside. This prevent the heat from outside the door to enter the room and make the room in thermal comfort zone.

5.2.9

Building Design Standards

Building design standard are a set of guidelines or references by local authorities. Many architects or designers refer to the building design standards in order to ensure a design of a building that conforms to safety, energy efficiency and comfort of the occupants and the surrounding activities. Due to the different climate from different country, design standards are vary to respond to a specific climate and surrounding. For the analysis of this case study, Malaysian Uniform Building By-Laws : 1984 (UBBL) and the Malaysian Standard 1525:2007 (MS) will be taken as references.

Refer to UBBL, it is stated that the open space of a building should 1/3 of the total built up area of the building which is confirmed by the case study building. The reason for this standard is to allow sufficient natural ventilation and sunlight to penetrate through the building so that each floor would have enough light and ventilation.

windows

In the third section of UBBL, rule number 39 in page17 under section three,(1) Every room designed, adapted or used for residential business or other purposes except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air or not less than 5% of such floor area. This rule is applied on the case study as such there are more than 10% of the floor area have openings.

6.0
6.1

DISCUSSION
GREEN BUILDING INDEX MALAYSIA STANDARD 1525:2007

MS 1525:2007 is about GBI and so what is GBI? GBI is stands for Green Building Index developed by PAM (Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia) and ACEM (the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia), it is a code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non- residential buildings. Besides, it also defines green buildings by establishing a common language and standard of measurement to make buildings and the built environment contribute significantly to green house gas emissions and need to be designed to reduce its negative impact on the environment. GBI evaluates the environmental design and performance of Malaysia buildings based on six criteria: energy efficiency, indoor environment quality, sustainable site planning & management, materials & resources, water efficiency and innovation. The first referencing tool would be Energy Efficiency (EE) which stated that energy consumption can be improved by the building orientation, minimizing solar heat gain through the building envelope, harvesting natural light and use renewable energy. The intent of this tool is to enhance building to provide a thermally comfortable environment to reduce the use of air- conditioning in residential building, thereby reducing CO2 emission. To fulfil the requirement, designers are encouraged to put insulation in roof and the wall as a solution. The second tool, Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) is used to measure whether the designer achieve good quality performance of indoor air quality, acoustic, visual and thermal comfort. To achieve green building in design, designers are encouraged to use volatile organic compound materials and apply quality air filtration. Not to forget, proper control of air temperature, movement and air humidity is essential to achieve green building as it relate to the comfort zone of a user. Sustainable site planning and Management (SM) is the third tool. A good site has to be planned with access to public transportation, community services, open spaces and landscaping and also implementing proper construction management and storm water management. It is important to choosing a good site and how to respond to the site. It is necessary that development should have more landscaping to reduce the heat island effect. Next tool is the Materials and Resources, known as (MR) is to test whether the designer has the ability to promote the use of eco friendly materials sourced from sustainable sources and recycling. A green building can be achieved by reusing recyclables and construction formwork and waste to reduce waste, thereby reducing impacts on environment.

The fifth tool is Water Efficiency (WE). To achieve high water efficiency, rainwater harvesting and water recycling are the methods that could be used as a results to reduction in potable water consumption. The last measurement tool is the innovation. A green building is not only has to be environmentally friendly, the quality of innovative design is also quite important to be taken into the measurement. Yet, the innovative design still has to meets the objective of the GBI. In conclusions, GBI rating tool has brought a lot of benefits to our community. It emphasis on sustainable site planning and management , followed by energy efficiency which will reduce the negative impact to the environment and create a better and safer place for the community as a whole.

6.2

UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS

UBBL stands for Uniform Building By-Laws. It is set out by the cursor of the Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia (PAM), the Federation of Malaya Society of Architects (FMSA), to resolve the confusions and frustrations of having too many local by-laws and regulations on buildings. Many parties such as architects and engineers had to study UBBL as a reference to design a building to prevent from designing a fail building which may easily collapse or fire and also to reach the comfort zone of a user. There are nine main parts in UBBL from part 1, Definitions and interpretations used in the by-laws to part 9, Miscellaneous definitions and references and, the procedures on reporting on building failures and the part 3 which defines the required space(dimensions), light and ventilation will be discussed. This section is quite important as designers may fail their design if they are not following this regulation. Furthermore, their design wouldnt get approved without fulfilling the requirement in this third section of UBBL. In the third section of UBBL, there are regulations stated such as the rule number 39 in page17 under section three,(1) Every room designed, adapted or used for residential business or other purposes except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air or not less than 5% of such floor area. This is a good reference to be followed by designers as to have their design building reach the comfort zone of a user. As an opinion, a good designer, their design building should have good ventilation of air and penetration of sunlight in a natural way. If a building rely on too much passive ventilation such as air conditioning, which may release CFC and other harmful wastes due to global warming is bad to the natural environment. In nowadays global situation, sustainability is what everyone concern of. And therefore mechanical air ventilation are not so encouraged. Another regulation that intensify the above statement is stated in the rule number 41 in page 18 under section three,(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. In this case, if the architect put too much of mechanical air ventilation, their design may be judged by the local authority that their design may not be appropriate and may be rejected. In our opinion, UBBL provides useful rules and regulations that every designer should have follow in order to design a good building. Although it might have given the design many

limitations, it is to protect the users comfort to stay in a building. Moreover, it is also to encourage sustainable designs and protect our mother earth.

6.3

DESIGN IMPROVEMENT

Refer to UBBL, passive ventilation of air and sunlight are encouraged. Due to this statement, it is possible to improve the ventilation by adding more air vents on top of the window as hot air goes up and cold air remains at the bottom. It is believed that when openings are added above the window, hot air can be released and thus enhance the air ventilation of the room.

Figure 44 : Additional of air ventilation Besides adding air vents, in order to improve the cooling system of the room it is necessary to install external shading device such as overhang. Overhang shading device can prevent excess sunlight from penetrating into the room and thus cooling the room. Relate back to MS 1525:2007, it is stated that a green building has to be sustainable by referring to the energy efficiency. To achieve energy efficiency, green roof can be installed into this building. With plantations on the roof as the insulation of heat, the temperature of the room will definitely decrease.

Figure 45 : Additional of overhang and installation of green roof Furthermore, a site context and its condition may affect the user's comfort in a building on the respective site. Thus, landscaping and choosing a good site is also considered in GBI rating tool. As an opinion, more tress should be planted on the site to reduce the heat gain and increase freshness of the air. This will be a sustainable and environmental friendly idea, which also can reduce the global warming, whereby everyone is concerning about nowadays.

Figure 46 : Trees to be planted to lower down the surrounding temperature

7.0

CONCLUSION

From our case studies and research, we can know that the average of interior temperature and relative humidity throughout the three days is under the border line of the comfort zone range such 28.2C and 75.5%. By this, it shows that the room is hot and dry due to the lack of air movement. Based on the analysis, the average Temp and RH are plotted to show our case studies did not provide the occupant a suitable thermal comfort. The result plotted through the analysis, show that the temperature is high and a requirement to reduce the temperature of the room should be employed. A conclusion for this analysis has been made and it shows that the thermal performance was not sufficient to provide a proper thermal comfort for the occupant. The biggest reason that give impact to the thermal performance of our case studies is the direct radiation through glazing and leakage of air around the opening of the windows frame. Lack of air movement is a major reason that creates an undesired thermal comfort. Even though the occupant oftenly opened the windows but just a little natural ventilation occurs as the building situated at the south-east of the site. A much worst condition may occur due to the hot and dry air in our case studies. The other reason that affects the thermal comfort of the occupant is appliance. Most of the electrical appliances generated a huge amount of heat that raised the Temp and it has been seriously affected the occupants comfort level. Lastly, there ar e reasons that affect the thermal comfort of our space studies but reducing of heat generation and gain of heat for these three main reasons would be sufficient enough to move the thermal comfort of our case studies to the comfort zone.

8.0
1.

REFERENCES
Effects Due to Thermal Comfort

http://www.lumasenseinc.com/EN/products/gas-monitoring/thermal-comfort/ 2. Thermal Comfort

http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Thermal_comfort_in_buildings#Introduction 3. Seasons

http://www.almanac.com/content/first-day-seasons 4. Wind Direction and Windrose

http://www.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_morib_kuala_lumpur.htm http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/humidex.html http://www.archinology.com/design/ http://www.timeanddate.com/weather/malaysia/kuala-lumpur 5. Green Building Index GBI

http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/Resources/20090214%20-%20GBI%20MS15252007%20Seminar/20090214%20-%20GBI%20MS15252007%20Seminar%20(CSA)%20Notes.pdf 6. Uniform Buildings By Laws UBBL

http://badrulhishamarchitect.blogspot.com/2011/03/overview-of-uniform-building-bylaws_963.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws 7. Malaysia Standard (MS) 1525:2007

http://www.scribd.com/doc/39644642/MS-1525-2007 8. Lechner, N. Heating Lighting and Cooling, Sustainable Design Methods for Architects 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons

9.0

APPENDIXES
Location From 2205 7-Sep-13 (Saturday) to 2205 10-Sep-13 (Tuesday) 0311181 Middle Room Sunway Court Apartment, Block D 415, JalanPjs 7/13 Bandar Sunway, 46150Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Door Computer Phone Light 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Light 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 iPad Desktop 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Laptop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Open Close Window 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 No. of

ROOM ACTIVITY Time and Date Recorder

No. Date Time of Fan People 07-Sep-13 08-Sep-13 2215 0015 0016 0019 0021 0104 0109 0111 0115 0258 0259 0301 305 1116 1119 1121 1134 1247 1257 1306 1326 1332 1333 1340 1341 1342 1405 1414 1431 1448 1502 1551 1758 1804 1829 1904 1909 1942 1943 2028 2032 2035 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Ceiling

Electrical Appliances Study

2126 2155 2201 2225 2233 2250 2321 09-Sep-13 0004 0106 0122 0123 0258 0329 1042 1124 1131 1223 1227 1239 2340 2341 2345 2346 2355 10-Sep-13 0002 0005 0022 0118 0145 0146 0148 0203 0206 0214 0221 0222 0227 0234 0238 0255 0258 0732 0740 0810 1256 1300 1338 1428 1435 1854 1930 2023 2027 2121 2150

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

2151 2210 2213 2215

1 0 3 3

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0

0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

0 0 Table 1: Room activity

Diagram 1
EXCEEDING FREQUENCIES (Calculated using >) Interval Counts Frequency(%) Value Exceeding counts Exceeding frequency(%) 1-2 10 14.925 1 56 83.582 2-3 8 11.940 2 46 68.657 3-4 10 14.925 3 38 56.716 4-5 2 2.985 4 28 41.791 5-6 6 8.955 5 26 38.806 6-7 5 7.463 6 20 29.851 7 - 100 15 22.388 7 15 22.388 CIRCULAR STATISTICS
Interval: 1 - 2 Counts: 10 Scalar average of direction: 32.321 Scalar average of data: 1.800 Vector average of direction: 40.177 Vector average of data: 0.782 Persistence: 0.435 Standard deviation of direction: 68.389 Root mean square of data: 1.897 Variance of data: 0.360 Variance of the X component of data: 1.545 Variance of the Y component of data: 1.443 Interval: 2 - 3 Counts: 8 Scalar average of direction: 317.140 Scalar average of data: 2.625 Vector average of direction: 311.498 Vector average of data: 2.595 Persistence: 0.988 Standard deviation of direction: 17.838 Root mean square of data: 2.806 Variance of data: 0.984 Variance of the X component of data: 0.592 Interval: 3 - 4 Counts: 10 Scalar average of direction: 352.068 Scalar average of data: 3.600 Vector average of direction: 350.685 Vector average of data: 2.286 Persistence: 0.635 Standard deviation of direction: 50.925 Root mean square of data: 3.795 Variance of data: 1.440 Variance of the X component of data: 6.843 Interval: 4 - 5 Counts: 2 Scalar average of direction: 315.000 Scalar average of data: 2.500 Vector average of direction: 270.000 Vector average of data: 2.500 Persistence: 1.000 Standard deviation of direction: 47.461 Root mean square of data: 3.536 Variance of data: 6.250 Variance of the X component of data: 6.250

Covariance of the X and Y components of data: -0.502 Cross wind data variance: 1.997 Along wind data variance: 0.991

Variance of the Y component of data: 0.551 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: -0.395 Cross wind data variance: 0.176 Along wind data variance: 0.966

Variance of the Y component of data: 2.330 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: 1.936 Cross wind data variance: 7.344 Along wind data variance: 1.829

Variance of the Y component of data: 0.000 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: 0.000 Cross wind data variance: 0.000 Along wind data variance: 6.250

Interval: 5 - 6 Counts: 6 Scalar average of direction: 340.066 Scalar average of data: 5.000 Vector average of direction: 335.274 Vector average of data: 4.081 Persistence: 0.816 Standard deviation of direction: 34.300 Root mean square of data: 5.477 Variance of data: 5.000 Variance of the X component of data: 6.086 Variance of the Y component of data: 7.257 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: 3.328 Cross wind data variance: 8.820 Along wind data variance: 4.523

Interval: 6 - 7 Counts: 5 Scalar average of direction: 337.868 Scalar average of data: 5.600 Vector average of direction: 331.627 Vector average of data: 4.852 Persistence: 0.866 Standard deviation of direction: 29.559 Root mean square of data: 6.261 Variance of data: 7.840 Variance of the X component of data: 8.238 Variance of the Y component of data: 7.424 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: 1.792 Cross wind data variance: 9.553 Along wind data variance: 6.109

Interval: 7 - 100 Counts: 15 Scalar average of direction: 291.365 Scalar average of data: 11.333 Vector average of direction: 287.110 Vector average of data: 10.446 Persistence: 0.922 Standard deviation of direction: 31.267 Root mean square of data: 12.318 Variance of data: 23.289 Variance of the X component of data: 29.775 Variance of the Y component of data: 12.849 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: -0.238 Cross wind data variance: 14.180 Along wind data variance: 28.444

Interval: All data Counts: 56 Scalar average of direction: 319.578 Scalar average of data: 6.071 Vector average of direction: 304.549 Vector average of data: 4.628 Persistence: 0.762 Standard deviation of direction: 51.980 Root mean square of data: 7.457 Variance of data: 18.745 Variance of the X component of data: 27.252 Variance of the Y component of data: 6.934 Covariance of the X and Y components of data: -0.251 Cross wind data variance: 13.234 Along wind data variance: 20.952