------Ultraviolet / Infrared Analyzers

Modue 12424
Instrument Trainee Task Module 12424
Ob|ectves
Upon completion of this module, the trainee will be able to:
1. Expan the purpose and operaton of an nfrared thermography unt.
2. Dscuss the operaton of an nfrared spectrograph.
3. Dscuss the operaton of an utravoet spectrograph.
4. Perform a cabraton on an utravoet spectrograph.
5. Expan the operaton of an utravoet fame detector.
Prerequstes
Successfu competon of the foowng Task Modues s requred before
begnnng study of ths task modue: NCCER Task Modues 12401 through
12423.
Requred Student Matera
1. Student Modue
2. Requred Safety Equpment
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 2
ANALYZE ULTRAVIOLET
AND
INFRARED DETECTORS
Course Map Informaton
Ths course map shows a of the Wheels of Learning task modues n the
fourth eve of the Instrument currcua. The suggested tranng order
begns at the bottom and proceeds up. Sk eves ncrease as a tranee
advances on the course map. The tranng order may be ad|usted by the
oca Tranng Program Sponsor.
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Topic ..
Page
1.0.0 Introducton
............................. 5
2.0.0 Infrared Sensors
..........................5
2.1.0 Basc Theory
............................. 5
2.2.0 Factors Affectng Infrared Sensng ..................
6
2.2.1 Emssvty
.............................. 6
2.2.2 Sunght
................................ 8
2.2.3 Atmospherc Gasses
......................... 8
2.3.0 Infrared Sensng Equpment ....................
8
2.3.1 Appcaton
.............................. 9
2.3.2 Inspecton Interpretaton .......................
10
2.4.0 Infrared Absorpton Spectrometry ..................
11
3.0.0 Utravoet Sensors
.......................... 12
3.1.0 Utravoet Absorpton Anayss ...................
13
3.1.1 Appcatons of Utravoet Absorpton Anayzers ...........
14
3.1.2 Cabraton Procedures
........................ 14
3.1.3 Advantages of UV Detectors
..................... 15
3.2.0 Utravoet Fame Detectors
...................... 15
Trade Terms Introduced In Ths Modue
Absolute Zero: The temperature at whch substances have no therma
energy. Generay accepted as -273.15 Co or -459.67 F
Absorptance: The rato of absorbed to ncdent radaton
Emissivity: The rato of radaton ntensty from a surface, to the radaton
ntensty at the same waveength from a backbody at the same
temperature.
Furnace Refractory: The nng of a furnace, .e. the furnace brck, etc.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 4
y!rocarbon: An organc compound contanng ony hydrogen and
carbon
"nfrare!: A waveength of ght whch s ower n frequency than vsbe
ght, but hgher n frequency than the mcrowave band.
#rganic: A chemca compound contanng carbon
Reflectivity: The rato of the ntensty of the tota radaton refected from
a surface to the ncdent radaton.
Spectroscopy: The scence deang wth the anayss of the optca
spectrum of an ob|ect n order to determne the chemca make-up.
Transmittance: The rato of the radant energy transmtted to the tota
radant energy ncdent on a gven body.
$ltraviolet: That band of radaton |ust above the vsbe ght spectrum.
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION-
Energy can be transferred through a varety of methods, one of whch s n
the form of ght waves. Of a of the possbe frequences of these ght
waves, the human eye can detect ony a seect few. The focus of ths
modue w be those ght waves wth a frequency |ust beow the threshod
of human sght, nfrared, and above the threshod of human sght,
utravoet. Through the use of these two forms of energy, one can
determne the chemca make-up of certan materas. In ths modue the
student w be ntroduced to devces whch utze nfrared and utravoet
ght to determne the chemca make-up of materas. Severa other
devces utzng nfrared and utravoet ght w aso be ntroduced.
2.0.0 INFRARED SENSORS-
Infrared sensng of heat radaton was ntay deveoped by the mtary to
see n the dark. In 1958 the technoogy was ntroduced to the pubc
sector. Snce that tme nfrared thermography nspecton has deveoped
nto a state of the art technque used for performance montorng of
equpment. It s a nondestructve, non-contact testng method to montor
energy osses and dentfy potenta faures. Data coected over a perod
of tme can ndcate mpendng faure of a pece of eectrca equpment.
The equpment can then be repared before more costy correctve
mantenance s requred.
Ths secton w present the foowng topcs:
Basc Theory
Infrared Sensng Equpment
Appcaton
Inspecton Interpretaton
Infrared-absorpton spectrometry
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 5
2.1.0 Basc Theory
Thermography s the technque of usng an optca system whch converts
nvsbe nfrared (heat) radaton nto vsbe ght. Thermography s based
on the premse that any ob|ect havng a temperature above absolute
zero will emt nfrared radaton. The magntude of nfrared radaton
emtted by a source s proportona to ts temperature. Infrared radaton s
part of the eectromagnetc spectrum, wth waveengths rangng from 0.75
mcrometers (the ong-waveength mt of vsbe red ght) to 1,000
mcrometers (the shortest mcrowaves). Currenty, commerca
thermography uses the 2 to 14 mcro-meter nfrared range (see Figure 1).
Fgure 1. Eectromagnetc Spectrum
Snce nfrared radaton s nvsbe to the human eye, nfrared sensng
equpment s requred. Ths equpment coects and focuses nfrared
energy on senstve nfrared detectors whch convert the nfrared energy
nto eectrca mpuses. The eectrca mpuses are then ampfed and
reayed to ght-emttng dodes (LEDs) whch umnate a ght ntensty
dspay of the temperatures on the targeted ob|ect. Wth a rotatng tted
mrror, a teevsonke mage s produced consstng of mutpe scan nes.
Some modes have 60 scan nes whch produce a contrastng ght
ntensty pcture of the ob|ect. The ght ntensty ndcates temperature
dfferences on the ob|ect.
Infrared magng aows us to see the heat mage pattern of the ob|ect.
Ths mage s caed a thermogram. The ghter areas of a thermogram
ndcate hgher temperature regons, whe the darker areas ndcate ower
temperature regons. Infrared magng can aso measure temperatures at
any pont on the ob|ect. Other nfrared sensng equpment uses smar
prncpes. Equpment costs are mnmzed by mtng the output to a
dgta snge-pont temperature dspay or snge ne scan and not the
therma-mage of the ob|ect.
2.2.0 Factors Effectng Infrared Sensng
Infrared sensng works on the prncpe of measurng the amount of
nfrared radaton emtted from an ob|ect. The emtted nfrared radaton
must pass through a medum, generay through ar, and be absorbed by
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 6
the nfrared detectors. Ob|ects w appear to be cooer or warmer because
of the foowng factors:
Emssvty of the ob|ect
Drect sunght or other background nfrared sources
Atmospherc gases n hgher than norma concentratons
2.2.1 Emssvty
A matter emts eectro-magnetc radaton wth two notabe exceptons,
whch are matter at absoute zero and nert gases. In order to descrbe
therma radaton, we w frst consder an deazed ob|ect. In Fgure 2, the
bock to the eft s a hot source whch s radatng nfrared energy. The
bock to the rght s the target matera. Snce the bock on the eft s
hotter, an energy transfer w resut from eft to rght. The bock to the
rght can do one of three thngs wth ths transferred energy. Frst, the
energy can be absorbed and converted to heat. Second, the energy can
pass through unnhbted, whch s defned as the materas
transmittance. The thrd nteracton that the bock and the transferred
energy can have s for the energy to be refected whch s defned as the
materas reflectivity. A of these processes can occur at the same tme,
however the sum of the refected energy, the absorbed energy, and the
transmtted energy must be equa to the nta transferred energy. If we
consder the abty of an ob|ect to radate energy, or ts emissivity, t s
exacty equa to ; ts coeffcent of absorpton n the deazed ob|ect. The
deazed ob|ect s gven the name "back body" and s defned as a
matera whch emts the maxmum amount of radaton at a gven
temperature.
The name "back body" s mseadng, ts coor s not as mportant as the
type of matera and the surface fnsh of the matera. Materas that are
good radators and dspay back body characterstcs are carbon,
asbestos, and rubber. Hghy poshed metas are good refectors, but act
as poor back bodes. Materas are rated for ther emssvty by
comparng the amount of energy they refect to the amount of energy
refected by a back body. Numercay, emssvty s a untess number
between 0 and 1, where one represents the emssvty of a back body.
body back a from radaton Tota
body back - non a from radaton Tota
Emssvty =
Table 1 Lsts the Approxmate Emssvty of Some Common Materas.
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424
Fgure 2. characterstcs of Infrared Radaton
%ATER"A& E%"SS"'"T(
Brass (poshed)
Carbon
Sver (poshed)
Asbestos coth
Red brck
Back pant. CuO
Whte pant. ThO
2
Moten stee
.03
.95
.01
.90
.93
.96
.90
.28
Tabe 1. Emssvty Tabe
2.2.2 Sunght
Drect sunght w ncrease the nfrared radaton emtted from an ob|ect
and cause a fase readng. Outdoor surveys shoud be performed on
coudy, overcast days or n the evenng.
2.2.3 Atmospherc Gases
Atmospherc gases n hgher than norma concentraton may bock the
nfrared radaton emtted from an ob|ect. Infrared users shoud be aware
of ths as a possbe cause of errorneous readngs.
2.3.0 Infrared Sensng Equpment
The basc nfrared sensng equpment conssts of a detector and dspay
unt. Most are portabe unts that are battery operated (see Figure 3).
Dependng on the purpose of the nfrared vewer, numerous optons are
avaabe to mprove anayss capabty. Optons for the nfrared vewers
ncude: back and whte photography, coor photography, wde ange and
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 !
teephoto ens, coor vdeo dspays for enhanced temperature dfferenta
detecton. Prces for nfrared therma magng equpment range from
$10,000, for equpment wth a snge ne scannng dspay, to $40,000, for
a compete anaytca therma vdeo system.
The nfrared radaton can generay be detected from -40C (-40F) to
1500C (2732F) wth a temperature resouton as fne as 0.1C. Some
modes have an ad|ustabe focus for ncreasng the range from 0.2 meters
to nfnty, and as the range s ncreased the vew fed s aso ncreased. By
combnng the senstvty of the equpment wth the coor vdeo dspay and
photographc capabtes, subte temperature dfferences can be detected
thus ncreasng the appcaton of thermography.
Fgure 3 Basc Thermography Equpment
In addton to thermography nfrared vewers, other nfrared sensng
equpment can be used to detect temperature dfferences. These ncude
snge nfrared ne scanners and nfrared thermometers. Both of these use
the same nfrared sensng prncpes as thermography, but the sensng
and dspay components are much smper. When ookng through a snge
nfrared ne scanner the target ob|ect can be seen wth a therma ne
scan supermposed over t. The therma ne scan appears as a pot of
temperature versus the horzonta vew of the targeted ob|ect.
The nfrared thermometer has a temperature dgta output n degrees
fahrenhet (F). These nfrared thermometers can be hand-hed or
permanenty mounted. The prces for nfrared ne scanners and nfrared
thermometers range from $600 to $9,000.
2.3.1 Appcaton
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 "
Infrared therma nspecton can be used to detect potenta faures n
eectrca equpment by sensng dfferences n nfrared radaton. Whe
mted use of nfrared detecton for temperature montorng s not new to
the utty ndustry, the appcaton of thermography as a dagnostc
predctve mantenance technque s ganng greater acceptance. Infrared
therma nspecton s used n ndustra and commerca factes to ocate
sources of energy osses and potenta faures. Exampes of nfrared
therma nspecton appcatons are:
Eectrca equpment - poor connectons, corroson of connectons, fauty
materas and equpment
Eectronc crcuts - fauty components and connectons
Motors - hot spots and worn bearngs
Power transmsson equpment - bad connectons
Power factor capactors - overheatng
Swtchgear and breakers - overheatng
Three phase crcuts - unbaanced oads
Transformers - hot spots
Bearngs
Infrared nspecton can be used to determne f a bearng s not recevng
adequate ubrcaton and overheatng. Bearngs n naccessbe areas are
sometmes overooked. If the bearng can be seen, nfrared nspecton can
be used to determne ts temperature and ocate hot spots.
Infrared nspecton s partcuary usefu for eectrca nspectons.
Overheatng n eectrca equpment s a ma|or cause of faures. Infrared
nspecton of eectrca equpment can ocate probems whch, n most
cases, w go undetected usng conventona methods. In a pant eectrca
dstrbuton system and ma|or components, eectrca connectons that are
oose, corroded, or deterorated overheat. Typca exampes are
substatons, bus bars, motor controers, motor swtchng gear, power
transformers, power factor capactors, and ghtng crcutry. Faures n
these areas are crtca to pant operaton and safety. Infrared nspecton s
a fast reabe method to dentfy these probem areas. Infrared nspecton
can vew through cabnets and panes mnmzng the nspecton tme. In
addton to ocatng overheated connectons, nfrared nspecton can ocate
overheated condut, cogged transformer coong tubes, and defectve
eectrca components.
Eectronc Equpment
Snce nfrared vewng senses temperature dfferences t can be used to
dagnose fauty components on crcut boards. There are severa
advantages assocated wth ths technque.
Measurements are performed qucky (1 second) aowng therma
patterns and transent phenomena to be observed.
Heat s not removed from the source so accuracy s assured.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 1#
Movng ob|ect, dangerous ob|ects, and charged eectrca components
can be safey measured.
Measurements can be made wth the crcut boards or components n
pace.
Readngs can be obtaned wth a senstvty of 1F.
2.3.2 Inspecton Interpretaton Parameters to Trend
The parameter to trend for nfrared nspecton s temperature. A methods
of nfrared sensng measure the magntude of nfrared radaton whch s
converted nto a temperature ndcaton. Ths may be n the form of a
numerca dspay or a coor thermogram (heat pcture) on a vdeo dspay.
What Parameters Mean
In some cases the numerca temperature of thermogram s of tte vaue
by tsef. Its usefuness s n comparng the dfferences between
nspectons. Ths trendng, or comparson, of the therma hstory gves a
strong ndcaton of degradaton n equpment or matera condton. In
other cases, a snge numerca temperature or thermogram gves an
ndcaton of nonunform temperature dstrbuton or ocazed temperature
gradents (hot spots).
Lmts of Operaton/Estabshng Lmts
The user of nfrared sensng equpment shoud be famar wth what
norma condtons are consdered to be. Norma condtons are usuay
estabshed at the begnnng of a program and represent the basene from
whch the equpment or matera w degrade. Some mts of operaton are
obvous whe others must be estabshed from experence. For exampe, f
both sdes of a steam trap ndcate the same temperature, t s reasonabe
to assume that the steam trap s mafunctonng and steam s bowng by.
In a not so obvous case, the temperature of a bearng, not compared to a
prevous temperature measurement, does not ndcate degradaton of
performance. Norma patterns of operaton shoud be estabshed by
measurng the performance of equpment under as but or as refurbshed
condtons. Comparsons can be made at routne ntervas to determne f
there are erratc changes that coud ead to faures.
2.4.0 Infrared Absorpton Spectrometry
Another use of nfrared detectors s n the scence of spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy s used to determne the composton of an ob|ect, or n
smper terms, to fnd out what somethng s made of. If an unknown
sampe s anayzed usng a spectroscope, the chemca make-up of the
sampe can be determned.
In absorpton spectrometry, sutabe radatons of partcuar waveength n
the approprate regon of the spectrum are empoyed. An nfrared anayzer
responds to the absorpton of nfrared radaton. When ght s passed
through a ght-transmttng sod or fud, absorpton of radant energy
takes pace, dependng on the chemca dentty of the absorbng medum.
The number of moecues per unt voume (concentraton) and the ength
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 11
of ght path wthn the medum (thckness traversed) nfuence the
amount of absorpton n terms of the rato between ncdent and
transmtted ght. Thus each hydrocarbon has a characterstc absorpton
spectrum, so that a graph of waveength versus percentage absorpton
(transmsson) enabes the hydrocarbon to be dentfed.
In operaton, frst the proper waveength must be seected from an
examnaton of the spectrum of each component. Then by settng the
nstrument successvey at each of these waveengths and comparng the
absorpton of the unknown wth that of a set of standards of known
concentratons, the amounts of each component can be determned.
The basc components of an nfrared absorpton spectroscope are:
1. A source of nfrared radaton.
2. A detector that s senstve to nfrared radaton.
3. An ampfer to enabe a record to be obtaned.
4. A comparson ce havng nfrared-transparent wndows and
ocated between the source and the detector through whch the
sampe passes.
A smpe snge-beam nfrared spectrometer s shown n Figure 4.
Fgure 4. Smpe Snge-Beam Infrared Spectrometer
Infrared spectrometry s usefu n the anayss of a number of organic
gases an! li)ui!s. #*ygen+ hydrogen, ntrogen, chorne, as we as the
nert gases, do not absorb nfrared radaton and therefore cannot be
measured by ths method.
3.0.0 ULTRAVIOLET SENSORS-
Utravoet ght waves, or utravoet radaton as t s commony caed
operates at a much hgher frequency than the nfrared detectors
mentoned earer. It s ths hgher frequency, and the resutng shorter
waveength, that causes utravoet radaton to nteract wth materas
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 12
dfferenty than nfrared ght waves. Figure 5 shows the reatonshp of
utravoet ght to nfrared ght and the vsbe ght spectrum.
Fgure 5. Lght Spectrum
3.1.0 Utravoet Absorpton Anayss
Process stream anayzers based on the measurement of utravoet
radaton absorpton are used throughout the process ndustres for
montorng and controng the concentratons of components n both gas
and qud streams. |ust as wth the nfrared detectors mentoned earer,
the W spectrophotometer reads absorptance versus waveength to
dentfy the components n the mxture as we as the concentraton.
The UV absorpton pattern of a compound s not so dstnctve a
"fngerprnt" as ts nfrared counterpart, and fewer compounds absorb n
the utravoet regon than n the nfrared. However, severa mportant
casses of compounds absorb strongy n the utravoet regon, whereas
water and the usua components of ar do not absorb n ths regon. As a
resut, utravoet absorpton anayzers may be more seectve and
senstve than nfrared and other types of anayzers.
The basc UV absorpton anayzer conssts of a radaton source, optca
fters, a sampe ce, a detector, and an output meter. A smpe bock
dagram of a typca W detector s shown n fgure 6. A transmttance
measurement s made by cacuatng the rato of the output readng wth a
sampe n the ce to the readng obtaned wth the ce empty. The
concentraton can be cacuated from the known absorptvty of the
substance by means of Beer's aw or may be obtaned by comparson to
known sampes.
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 13
Fgure 6. Smpe Utravoet Anayzer Bock Dagram
Beer's aw s stated as foows:
T
I
og
I
I
og abc A
o
= = =
where A = absorbance
a = moar absorptvty, 1/(moe)(cm)
b = pathength, cm
c = concentraton, moes/1
I
o
= ntensty of radaton strkng detector wth non-
absorbng sampe n ght path
I = ntensty of radaton strkng detector wth
concentraton c of absorbng sampe n ght path b
T = Transmttance = I/I
o
The source must provde the desred utravoet waveength and may be
ether a ne source, such as a mercury arc, or a contnuous source, such
as a hydrogen or deuterum arc. Tungsten and tungsten-odne amps aso
may be used at onger utravoet waveengths. Optca fters or spectra
dspersng systems are used for screenng out radatons of unwanted
waveengths emtted by the source. The sampe ce s equpped wth
wndows that are transparent at the chosen waveengths, and the path
ength between wndows must be fxed.
3.1.1 Appcatons of Utravoet Absorpton Anayzers
Ther hgh senstvty, accuracy, reabty, and precson make UV
absorpton anayzers suted to many process stream anayss appcatons.
Appcatons of these anayzers run nto the thousands throughout the
process ndustres. UV absorpton anayzers are partcuary suted for the
detecton of haogens such as chorne; benzene compounds; sufur
compounds; oxdzng agents such as hydrogen, peroxde, and ozone; and
sufur and other poutants.
3.1.2 Cabraton Procedures
UV absorpton anayzers are cabrated n a smar manner to other gas
and qud anayzers.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 14
Two methods can be used: 1) absorbance cabraton based on the
measured absorbance range of the anayzer and the known absorptvty of
the sampe, or 2) chemca cabraton based on anayzer readngs of
sampes of known concentraton. The absorbance method s easer than
the chemca method for UV absorpton anayzers; however, ths method
usuay acts as a secondary standard wth the chemca method as the
prmary standard. A bref procedure for the cabraton of a Utravoet
spectrophotometer s gven beow. Ths procedure s generc n nature and
does not cover a modes of UV detectors. The manufacturers technca
nformaton shoud be referred to whenever cabraton of senstve
equpment s performed.
Standard Measurement
1. Insert the homum-oxde standard nto the sampe hoder.
2. Confrm the waveength accuracy by scannng the homum-oxde
standard.
Peaks shoud occur at the foowng waveengths:
637.5 nanometers, 536.2 nanometers, 453.2 nanometers,
418.7 nanometers, 385.0 nanometers, 360.0 nanometers,
333.7 nanometers, 287.5 nanometers, and 279.4
nanometers.
3. Remove the homum-oxde standard.
Absorbance Measurement
1. Zero the unt wth the sampe hoder empty.
2. Insert the absorbance fter nto the sampe hoder.
3. Seect three waveengths to be checked and record on a data sheet.
4. Insert the absorbance fter standard nto the sampe hoder.
5. Compare the measured absorptance to the absorptance specfed by
the manufacturer at each seected waveength. Note: Absorptance
may be cacuated usng Beer's Law
6. Remove the absorptance fter.
7. Repeat steps 1 through 4 usng the fters provded by the
manufacturer.
3.1.3 Advantages of UV Detectors Over Infrared Detectors
Compared wth nfrared anayzers, UV anayzers are generay more
senstve, whe provdng a comparabe eve of seectabty. UV anayzers
are ess senstve to temperature varatons, are more appcabe on qud
streams, and can montor severa mportant chemcas to whch nfrared
anayzers are competey nsenstve. On appcatons where both nfrared
and utravoet absorpton anayzers are of equa senstvty, such as on
sufur doxde montorng, the ack of utravoet absorpton of commony
expected components from stack gas, such as mosture and carbon
doxde, s an mportant advantage.
3.2.0 Utravoet Fame Detectors
In addton to chemca anayzers, UV detectors are aso used n furnaces
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 15
as fame detectors. UV fame detectors utze a dfferent type of ce than
the devce prevousy mentoned. The ce s a seaed tube contanng an
utravoet senstve gas and two eectrodes, whch are connected n an AC
crcut. When the gas s exposed to utravoet radaton from the fame, t
becomes an eectrc conductor and can carry eectrons from one eectrode
to the other. When the gas conducts the eectrons, the AC crcut s
competed and eectrcty fows through the crcut. Ths process occurs
sporadcay n a dscontnuous fashon, wth abrupt startng and stoppng
of the current, known as the avaanche effect. Each avaanche, or perod
of eectrcty fow, s counted to provde a fame sgna. When the number
of counts exceeds a preset mnmum, the presence of a fame s ndcated
rather than background nose from the eectronc crcutry. Utravoet
detectors are consdered to be superor to nfrared detectors n ths area
because they are not affected by the radaton emtted from hot surfaces
such as the furnace refractory. Figure 7 shows a typca utravoet fame
detector.
Fgure 7. Utravoet Fame Detector
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 16
SUMMARY
In ths modue, the student has been ntroduced to the prncpes of
nfrared and utravoet sensors. As mentoned n ths modue, the prmary
use of these sensors s n spectrographc anayss of unknown chemca
compounds. The ght absorpton characterstcs of materas vares from
eement to eement, and therefore, can be measured wth utravoet and
nfrared sensors. Addtonay, the use of utravoet sensors n the area of
furnace fame detecton has aso been dscussed.
References
For advanced study of topcs covered n ths Task Modue, the foowng
works are suggested:
Basic Instrumentation In!ustrial "easurement# Patrck |. O'Hggns,
McGraw-H Book Company
$rocess Instruments an! %ontrols &an!boo'# Dougas M. Consdne,
Mcgraw-H Book Company, Second Edton
SELF CHECK REVIEW / PRACTICE OUESTIONS
1. Why s utravoet spectroscopy more senstve than nfrared
spectroscopy?
2. The rato of radaton ntensty from a surface, to the radaton
ntensty at the same waveength from a back body at the same
temperature s known as:
a) Emssvty
b) Transmttance
c) Tnnng coeffcent
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 1
3. The two methods of cabratng an utravoet spectrograph are
_______and __________.
ANSWERS TO SELF-CHECK REVIEW / PRACTICE OUESTIONS
1. Utravoet radaton s not as susceptbe to temperature changes,
and s not as easy affected by mpurtes
2. a
3. Standard, absorptance
PERFORMANCE OB|ECTIVES
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12424 1!
1. Descrbe the operaton of an nfrared spectograph.
2. Descrbe the operaton of an utravoet spectrograph.
Anayze Utravoet & Infrared Detectors - Modue 12424 1"