The Description of Greece

By Pausanias
In Three Volumes Volume I ( Translated from the Greek by Thomas Taylor * ) 1824 With Notes, in which much of the Mythology of the Greeks is Unfolded from a Theory which has been for many Ages Unknown. ith !a"s and Vie#s [[not included here $ %e# &dition #ith 'onsiderable $u(mentations) !icta "acet #ietas. $ %&id *ondon+ ,i-hard Priestley. /i(h /olborn. !0''11IV 2 * %o translator is (i3en on the title "a(es. but from the ,uth Bal-h Biblio(ra"hy of Taylor4s orks. he is -redited #ith bein( the translator of these three 3olumes of Pausanias) (Thomas Taylor the #latonist. 156871886. *ist of 9ri(inal orks and Translations. ,uth Bal-h. The %e#berry *ibrary. 'hi-a(o. 1:15. 84 "")) Pausanias is held to ha3e li3ed in the 8rd -entury ')&) 7 dig. ed) ; [ The Greek font here is not always ade'uate to the original. $ dig. ed. 777777777777777 Preface Pausanias the 'aesarean seems. says <abri-ius.* to be the same #ith that Pausanias #ho is -alled by Galen.** the =yrian so"hist> #ho. a--ordin( to Philostratus.*** #as a hearer of the $tti- /erodes> and #ho had for his dis-i"les. $eIian.**** and the so"hist $s"asius)? That this Pausanias #as the author of the ensuin( #ork. is @udi-iously -on@e-tured. too. by <abri-ius. as it does not a""ear that there is any other "erson of the same name mentioned by an-ient #riters. to #hom it -an be so "ro"erly as-ribed) <abri-ius farther obser3es. that as Pausanias affirms in his Prior &lia-s. that he -om"osed this (escri)tion of Greece in the year after the restoration of 'orinth. it follo#s. that he must ha3e li3ed in the fourteenth year of the rei(n of !ar-us $urelius. and in the year of 'hrist 154) But at that "eriod it is "robable. says the same -riti-. that he #as ad3an-ed in years. and had "rior to this flourished under $ntoninus Pius. be-ause he mentions the em"eror $drian as rei(nin( in his time) 7777777777777 * Biblioth) Grae-) tom) 8) ** 2) de =o"hist. ") 6:A) *** =uid) in $)

**** III) 14) 0e lo-is affe-tis) ? Philostr) ") B1:) 7777777777777 9ur Pausanias tra3elled not only throu(h Gree-e. !a-edonia. and Italy. but like#ise throu(h the (reatest "art of $sia. as far as to the 9ra-le of Cu"iter /ammon) /e says. too. of himself. that he 3isited Palestine. and that he sa# Cordan and the 0ead =ea) But thou(h he #as a "rom"t and in(enious de-laimer. yet he #as a bad rhetori-ian. #hi-h it seems #as (enerally the -ase #ith the 'a""ado-ians> and hen-e it is asserted in a Greek e"i(ram.* that it is easier to find a #hite -ro#. or a #in(ed tortoise. than a (ood 'a""ado-ian rhetori-ian) /e #as the author of se3eral #orks besides the "resent. of #hi-h the reader may see a -atalo(ue in the *ibliotheca Graeca of <abri-ius. and the loss of #hi-h must be (reatly re(retted by e3ery artist. "hilolo(ist. and historian) $s to the ensuin( #ork. it e3er has. and doubtless e3er #ill be -onsidered as an in3aluable treasure of Gre-ian history and antiDuities+ for Pausanias. #ith the most -onsummate a--ura-y and dili(en-e. has (i3en an a--ount of the tem"les and remarkable buildin(s. the statues and festi3als. the (ames and sa-red offerin(s. the mutations of em"ires. and the illustrious transa-tions of kin(s in e3ery "art of Gree-e) 777777777777 * $ntholo() lib) 2) ") 26A 777777777777 /e has besides (i3en a -on-ise history of some of the most eminent #arriors. and related some of the most interestin( battles of former times) $s he #as a man "ious. too. thou(h not in -on@un-tion #ith "hiloso"hy. he e3ery#here dis-o3ers a mind im"ressed #ith a sense of the hi(hest duties. and sho#s himself to be one. to #hom. in the lan(ua(e of the em"eror Culian.* Eit a""eared more "ro"er to (i3e -redit to -ities in -ertain histori-al "arti-ulars. than to the &ehemently wise. #hose little soul is indeed a-ute. but beholds nothin( #ith a 3ision healthy and sound)E /en-e. he is -areful in noti-in( the "unishment #ith #hi-h im"iety is freDuently attended in the "resent life. and the remarkable manner in #hi-h ora-ular "redi-tions ha3e been 3erified) In this last "arti-ular. indeed. his book may be -onsidered as a treasure of "o"ular e3iden-e for the truth of his reli(ion) <or. if it be but on-e admitted that su-h ora-les #ere (i3en. and that su-h e3ents after#ards ha""ened as are here related. to #hi-h those ora-les referred. it is im"ossible that su-h a re(ular series of "redi-tions should in so many instan-es ha3e been a--om"lished by any -asual -on-urren-e of -ir-umstan-es. or any tri-ks of fraudulent "riests) 777777777777 * =ee "a(e 125 of my translation of Culian4s %rations to the +un and the Mother of the Gods. 777777777777 In short. the "hiloso"her and the historian. the -riti- and the naturalist. the "oet and the "ainter. the statuary and the ar-hite-t. the (eo(ra"her and the antiDuary. may find in this #ork an am"le fund of solid instru-tion and refined amusement+ for Pausanias had the art of a"tly unitin( -on-iseness #ith a--ura-y. and the mar3ellous of 3enerable traditions and mysti- fables #ith all the sim"li-ity of unadorned des-ri"tion) Fet not#ithstandin( these eG-ellen-ies. his lan(ua(e is inele(ant throu(h its abru"tness. and intri-ate throu(h the "e-uliarity of -onstru-tion #ith #hi-h it abounds) Indeed. the obs-urity of his di-tion is so (reat. that he may "erha"s be -onsidered as the most diffi-ult author to translate of any in the Greek ton(ue> for his meanin( is freDuently

on this a--ount ina--essible to the most -onsummate 3erbalists. and -an only be "enetrated by one #ho is in the habit of understandin( #ords by thin(s. as #ell as thin(s by #ords)* 777777777777 * Plutar-h in his ,ife of (emosthenes obser3es that #hat ha""ened to him #ith res"e-t to his kno#led(e of *atin. may seem stran(e thou(h it be true+ 44for (says he) it #as not so mu-h by the kno#led(e of #ords that I -ame to the understandin( of thin(s. as throu(h eG"erien-e in thin(s I attained to the si(nifi-ation of #ords)E 777777777777 The translator of su-h an author into any modern lan(ua(e may -ertainly eG"e-t that his translation. if faithful u"on the #hole. #ill be treated #ith lenity by e3ery -lass of readers eG-e"t 3enal -riti-s. #ho -ensure or "raise a #ork a--ordin( to the taste of the a(e. and not a--ordin( to its intrinsi- merit> and #ho endea3our to -rush the slo#7risin( fame of un"rote-ted (enius. #ith the same sa3a(e un-on-ern that a ruffian stabs the beni(hted tra3eller in some lonely "ath) $s I ha3e therefore endea3oured to (i3e the sense of Pausanias #ith the utmost fidelity of #hi-h I am -a"able. and #ith as mu-h ele(an-e as his #ork -an be reasonably su""osed to demand in a translation. I soli-it. and make no doubt of obtainin(. for(i3eness from the -andid reader. for su-h errors as may be naturally su""osed to attend the -om"letion of so arduous an undertakin() I may add. that I ha3e a still farther -laim to lenity from the liberal reader. as I ha3e been under the ne-essity of -om"osin( the #hole of this #ork in the s"a-e of ten months> and those #ho kno# anythin( of literary labour must be fully -on3in-ed. that to a--om"lish this. #ithout -ommittin( some tri3ial errors at least. demands a 3i(ilan-e #hi-h no #eariness -an sur"rise into ne(li(en-e. a "erse3eran-e #hi-h no obsta-les -an retard. an ardour #hi-h no toils -an for a moment abate) In short. #hate3er may be the defe-ts of my translation. and #hate3er may be its destiny #ith the "ubli-. I -an assure the reader. that it is not made from the *atin. <ren-h. Italian. or indeed any lan(ua(e but the Greek) That it is not from the *atin. anyone but a male3olent -riti- may be easily -on3in-ed by -om"arin( it #ith the Greek. and that it is not from any li3in( lan(ua(e is no less -ertain> for (as those #ho are a-Duainted #ith me #ell kno#) I neither understand. nor desire to understand. any modern ton(ue but the &n(lish. bein( fully -on3in-ed. that nothin( so mu-h debilitates the true 3i(our of the understandin( as an eG-essi3e study of #ords) 9f the truth of this obser3ation our -ountryman Bentley. #ho -ertainly #as one of the most eminent 3erbal -riti-s that e3er li3ed. and #ho is on this a--ount -alled by <abri-ius ,umen Angliae the ,ight of -ngland. is an e(re(ious "roof) <or his "retended emendations of !ilton bear the stron(est marks of a mind ener3ated by intense a""li-ation to #ords> of a mind #hi-h had been so lon( in the habit of substitutin( one #ord for another. as to think at last. that the most be-omin( #ere alike defe-ti3e #ith the most im"ro"er eG"ressions> and. in short. of a mind #hi-h #as eDually insensible to the (ra-es and the fire of "oetry. to ele3ated -on-e"tions and ma(nifi-ent di-tion. to all the deli-a-ies of taste and all the brillian-ies of #it) The utmost. therefore. that -an be said of his "retended emendations is. that they are different readings. Huhnius. too. the editor of Pausanias. is another strikin( instan-e of the truth of my assertion+ for in a note to "a(e 41: of his edition of Pausanias. after ha3in( -orre-ted one "art of a -orru"t "assa(e in the ori(inal res"e-tin( a -hest. he lea3es the other no less faulty "art un-orre-ted and (i3es a translation of it #hi-h -ontains one of the (rossest blunders that e3er any author -ommitted. <or his 3ersion is this+ -/ eburneis &ero animalculis 'uae su)er arca sunt, alia e/ auro, alia ae'ue ac arca e/ cedro com)osita ) That is. E9f the 0&ory little animals #hi-h are u"on the -hest. some are of Gold. but others. as #ell as the -hest. are made of 1edar)E *

77777777777777 * The ori(inal of this "assa(e is as follo#s+ 7 4 , , 7 &. /ere if 7 4 7 is -orre-ted into 4 7, 7, #e #hall ha3e the ob3ious meanin( of Pausanias. and the translation #ill run thus+ 49f the animals on the -hest. some are of i3ory. others are of (old. and others as #ell as the -hest. are made of -edar)E <or had Pausanias -ommitted the same blunder as Huhnius. he #ould ha3e said , and not . 77777777777777 ith res"e-t to the notes. my "rin-i"al desi(n in -om"osin( them. #as to "re3ent the kno#led(e of the an-ient theolo(y from bein( entirely lost> and to a--om"lish this. I ha3e unfolded in them a theory #hi-h seems for many a(es to ha3e been entirely unkno#n) It is true. indeed. that the authors from #hom the theolo(i-al and mythoIo-al information #hi-h the notes -ontain is deri3ed. i)e) the latter Platonists. are -onsidered by 3erbal -riti-s. and so"histi-al "riests. as fanati-s. and -orru"ters of their masters do-trine) But #hate3er #ei(ht the o"inion of men of this des-ri"tion may ha3e #ith the 3ul(ar. the dis-ernin( and liberal reader #ell kno#s that the former of these ne3er read a book. but in order to make different readin(s of the #ords in it. and that the latter #illfully "er3ert the meanin( in some "la-es. and i(norantly in others. of e3ery 3aluable author #hether an-ient or modern) *et the liberal reader. too. -onsider. that the latter Platonists had most "robably a traditional kno#led(e of some leadin( "arts of their "hiloso"hy> that they had books to -onsult #hi-h are no# lost> and that they are a-kno#led(ed to ha3e been men of (reat (enius and "rofound erudition. e3en by those #ho read #ithout thinkin(. and by those #ho read but to -ensure and "er3ert) $s my intention. therefore. in the notes. #as to unfold and "ro"a(ate the #isdom of the an-ients #ith all the ability I #as -a"able of eGertin(. and in as -o"ious a manner as o""ortunity and the siIe of the #ork #ould "ermit. I ha3e been s"arin( in "hilolo(i-al and histori-al information+ yet. not#ithstandin( this. I ha3e (i3en a lar(e. and I "resume. a satisfa-tory a--ount of the "er"etual lam"s of the an-ients> a -urious history of human bones of "rodi(ious ma(nitude #hi-h ha3e been dis-o3ered. from Phle(on Trallianus> and ha3e from an-ient authorities eG"lained t#o or three "assa(es in the 0liad. #hi-h ha3e been misunderstood by all the modern -ommentators and translators of that in-om"arable #ork) To the reader #ho is not satisfied #ith this. I shall only obser3e. that it is neither safe nor honourable to des-end from "hiloso"hy to "hilolo(y> and that it #ould be as absurd to eG"e-t that the man #ho has (i3en himself u" to the embra-es of the former. should asso-iate mu-h #ith the latter. as that the eye #hi-h has often beheld #ith ra"ture the -ostly rooms of some ma(nifi-ent "ala-e. should freDuently deli(ht to 3ie# the narro#est and the least -ons"i-uous of its a3enues) 9f the 9ra-les. of #hi-h there are many in this #ork. I ha3e (i3en a "rose translation. be-ause I -onsider them as in3aluable "ie-es of -om"osition. in the translation of #hi-h e3ery #ord ou(ht as mu-h as "ossible to be "reser3ed. from the obs-ure and "rofound meanin( #ith #hi-h e3ery #ord is "re(nant) That this is im"ossible to be effe-ted by a "oeti-al 3ersion into any modern lan(ua(e. e3eryone #ho has the least kno#led(e of the Greek ton(ue must be fully -on3in-ed) !ost of the e"i(rams and -itations from "oets. I ha3e translated into 3erse> and the fe# that the reader #ill find #ith a "rose translation. #ere su-h as I found too diffi-ult to translate "oeti-ally. in the short s"a-e of time allotted me for the -om"letion of this arduous #ork) =ome fashionable readers #ill. I doubt not. think that my translation abounds too mu-h #ith -onne-ti3e "arti-les) To su-h I shall only obser3e. that beauty in e3ery -om"osite -onsists in the a"t -onne-tion of its "arts #ith ea-h other. and is -onseDuently

(reater #here the -onne-tion is more "rofound) It is on this a--ount that the sound of the 3oi-e in sin(in( is more "leasin( than in dis-ourse. be-ause in the former it is more -onne-ted than in the latter> that a "ala-e is more beautiful than a rude hea" of stones> a kin(dom than a demo-ra-y> and. in short. #hate3er is orderly and re(ular. than #hate3er is disordered and -onfused) In the "resent a(e. indeed. it -annot be an ob@e-t of #onder. that books are -om"osed #ith s-ar-ely any -onne-ti3e "arti-les. #hen men of all ranks are seiIed #ith the mania of la#less freedom. bear indi(nantly all restraint. and are endea3ourin( to introdu-e the most dire disorder. by sub3ertin( subordination. and thus destroyin( the bond by #hi-h alone the "arts of so-iety -an be "ea-eably held to(ether) 9f the truth of this obser3ation the <ren-h at "resent are a remarkable eGam"le. amon( #hom a -ontem"t of orderly -onne-tion has "rodu-ed nothin( but anar-hy and u"roar. li-entious liberty and barbari- ra(e. all the darkness of atheism. and all the madness of demo-rati- "o#er) To the "edanti- reader. #ho #ill doubtless be dis(usted at my usin( e3ery#here in this translation 0el"hos for 0el"hi. I shall only obser3e. that if he does not think the authority of su-h men as =ir illiam Tem"le. 0ryden. aller. and =#ift. suffi-ient to "ro3e that 0el"hos. in the sin(ular number. is (ood &n(lish. thou(h it is neither (ood *atin nor (ood Greek. he has my free -onsent to make an erratum of it. and substitute 0el"hi in its stead> thou(h I shall al#ays -onsider it more safe and honourable to follo# the eGam"le of men of #it and (enius. than to abide by the "ert de-isions of (rammati-al triilers) To -riti-s in (eneral I shall make a de-laration similar to that #hi-h I ha3e else#here (i3en. that I shall "ay no attention #hate3er to -riti-isms that are merely the result of i(noran-e> but if I find them attended #ith male3olen-e. I shall not fail to eG"ose the baseness of su-h s"e-ies of -om"osition. in a -o"ious a""endiG to my neGt "ubli-ation+ and #ould e3ery author #hose labours ha3e been infamously abused ado"t this "lan. he #ould either by intimidatin( su-h literary bullies se-ure himself from their atta-ks in future. or render them the s-orn and derision of e3ery man of dis-ernment and #orth) 77777777777 Ad&ertisement to the +econd -dition %o alterations ha3e been made in the translation. as the #hole of it #as "rinted before I #as informed that a se-ond edition of this #ork #as in the "ress) But as. at the time #hen I re-ei3ed this information. the %otes at the end of the #ork #ere not re"rinted. I a3ailed myself of the o""ortunity #hi-h then offered. of makin( an im"ortant addition to them from an-ient sour-es) $s my "rin-i"al ob@e-t. therefore. in #ritin( these %otes #as to elu-idate the mytholo(y of the Greeks. #hi-h is so freDuently alluded to by Pausanias in this #ork. I trust the reader #ill here find that I ha3e -olle-ted a treasury of mytholo(i-al information. from #ritin(s #hi-h. thou(h at "resent but little kno#n. #ill s#im o3er the 3ast eGtent of a(es #ith au(mented reno#n) 77777777777777777 The Description of Greece *ook 0 $ Attics 1ha)ter 0 In that "art of the Gre-ian -ontinent #hi-h is situated about the islands of the 'ydades and the $e(ean sea the "romontory =unium raises itself from the $tti- land) This "romontory ser3es as a "ort to sailors> and the tem"le of !iner3a =unias is situated on its

summit) But to one sailin( to a (reater distan-e. *aurium "resents itself to the 3ie# (#hi-h formerly su""lied the $thenians #ith sil3er). and a desert island of no (reat eGtent #hi-h is -alled by the name of Patro-lus) <or one Patro-lus. a -ommander of the &(y"tian three7 oared (alleys. #hi-h Ptolemy the son of *a(us sent in aid of the $thenians. se-retly landin( on this island. en-losed it #ith a #all. and dre# a tren-h round it. at that time #hen $nti(onus. the son of 0emetrius. makin( an irru"tion into it #ith his army. laid #aste the -ountry. and at the same time in3ested it #ith his shi"s by sea) But the Piraeeus #as formerly a to#n) <or before Themisto-les (o3erned the $thenians. the Piraeeus #as not a ha3en. but Phalerum. be-ause in this "art the sea #as the least distant from the -ity> and they say that !nestheus sailed from then-e to#ards Troy. and "rior to him Theseus. in order to "unish !inos for the death of $ndro(eus) But Themisto-les. #hen he had obtained the (o3ernment of the $thenians. rendered the Piraeeus a ha3en. be-ause it a""eared to him to be more -on3eniently situated for sailors. and had three "orts. instead of one. #hi-h the Phalerum -ontains) $nd. indeed. e3en in my time. there #ere harbours for shi"s in the Piraeeus> and near the (reatest of the three "orts the se"ul-hre of Themisto-les is situated) <or they say. that the $thenians re"ented of their -ondu-t to#ards Themisto-les. and that his kindred took his bones from !a(nesia. and brou(ht them to this "art) The -hildren like#ise of Themisto-les a""ear to ha3e returned. and to ha3e sus"ended a "i-ture in the Parthenon. in #hi-h Themisto-les himself is "ainted) But the tem"les of !iner3a and Cu"iter. to(ether #ith the braIen statues of these di3inities. are the most #orthy to be ins"e-ted of e3erythin( #hi-h the Piraeeus -ontains) $nd Cu"iter is seen holdin( a s-e"tre and 3i-tory. but !iner3a a s"ear) In this "la-e. too. $r-esilaus "ainted *eosthenes and his -hildren> that *eosthenes. #ho. bein( the (eneral of the $thenians and the other Greeks. 3anDuished the !a-edonians in Boeotia> and after#ards in another battle dro3e them beyond the Thermo"ylae. and en-losed them in *amia. #hi-h is situated in a dire-tion o""osite to 9eta) There is like#ise here a lon( "or-h. #hi-h ser3es as a market7"la-e. for those #ho d#ell near the sea> for there is another market7"la-e. for su-h as are farther distant from the "ort) But in that "art of the "or-h #hi-h is near the sea. Cu"iter and the to#n are re"resented> and this #as the #ork of *eo-hares) But to#ards the sea. 'onon built the tem"le of Venus. after he had 3anDuished the three7oared (alleys of the *a-edaemonians near 'nidus. in 'ari-a 'hersonnesus) <or the 'nidians re3eren-e Venus abo3e all the di3inities. and ha3e 3arious tem"les sa-red to this (oddess) But of these tem"les. the more an-ient is -alled 0oris. the neGt to this in antiDuity. $-raea> and the most re-ent is -alled. by the multitude. 'nidia. but the 'nidians themsel3es denominate it &u"lea) But the $thenians ha3e other "orts besides these> one at !uny-hia. and this -ontains the tem"le of !uny-hian 0iana> but another in Phalerum (as I before obser3ed). and to(ether #ith this. the tem"le of 'eres) This "ort like#ise -ontains the tem"le of !iner3a =-iras. and at some distan-e from this. the tem"le of Cu"iter. to(ether #ith the altars of the (ods -alled unkno#n. of the heroes. and of the -hildren of Theseus and Phalerus) <or the $thenians re"ort that this Phalerus #as the -om"anion of Cason in the 'ol-hian eG"edition) There is alsd the altar of $ndro(eus the son of !inos> but it is -alled by the name of the hero. thou(h it is kno#n to be the altar of $ndro(ens. by su-h as endea3our to learn the "arti-ulars of this -ountry in a manner su"erior to others) $bout the distan-e of t#enty stadia from hen-e is the "romontory 'olias. to #hi-h "la-e the fra(ments of the ruined fleet of the !edes #ere dri3en by the storm) $nd here the statues of Venus 'olias. and of the (oddesses #ho are -alled Genetyllides. are -ontained) But it a""ears to me that these di3inities #hi-h are #orshi"ed in 'olias are the same #ith those (oddesses #hi-h the Pho-ensians. a "eo"le of Ionia. -all the Genniades) But in the #ay #hi-h leads from the Phalerum to $thens the tem"le of Cuno is situated. #hi-h has neither doors nor a roof) It is re"orted that this tem"le #as burnt by !ardonius the son of

Gobryas> but the statue #hi-h eGists at "resent #as (it is said) the #ork of $l-amenes. and this it seems #as not in@ured by the !ede) 1ha)ter 00 But on enterin( into the -ity. the first thin( #hi-h "resents itself to the 3ie# is the monument of the $maIon $ntio"e) $nd this $ntio"e. a--ordin( to Pindar. #as ra3ished by Pirithous and Theseus) But /e(ias. the TraIenian "oet. rehites this "arti-ular as follo#s+ E/er-ules. #hen he besie(ed Themis-yra near the ri3er Thermodon. #as not able to a--om"lish his desi(n> but $ntio"e fallin( in lo3e #ith Theseus (for Theseus #as the -om"anion of /er-ules in the assault). surrendered to him the to#n)E $nd su-h is the relation of /e(ias) But the $thenians relate. that #hen the $maIons -ame into the -ity. $ntio"e #as slain #ith an arro# by !ol"adia. but that !ol"adia #as slain by Theseus+ and. indeed. the $thenians "ossess the se"ul-hre of !ol"adia) But on as-endin( from the Piraeeus you may "er-ei3e -ertain ruins of #alls. #hi-h 'onon after the na3al battle at 'nidus restored) <or those #alls #hi-h Themisto-les raised after the eG"ulsion of the !edes #ere thro#n do#n durin( the dominion of the thirty tyrants) But alon( this #ay the tombs of the most noted men are seen> su-h as of !enander the son of 0io"ithes. and the em"ty se"ul-hre of &uri"ides) <or &uri"ides #as buried in !a-edonia. to #hi-h "la-e he tra3elled in order to see kin( $r-helaus) But as to the manner of his death. the (eneral re"ort -on-ernin( it may be admitted as true) $nd "oets. indeed. as it a""ears. ha3e li3ed #ith kin(s) <or "rior to &uri"ides. $na-reon #as the familiar of Poly-rates the =amian tyrant> $es-hylus and =imonides betook themsel3es to /iero of =yra-use> PhiloGenus asso-iated #ith 0ionysius. #ho after#ards tyranniIed in =i-ylia> and $nta(oras the ,hodian. and $ratus =olensis. #ere the familiars of $nti(onus. kin( of the !a-edonians) But as to /esiod and /omer. they either #ere not fortunate enou(h to be the -om"anions of kin(s. or else they 3oluntarily des"ised an asso-iation #ith them> the former. "erha"s. throu(h the rural life #hi-h he embra-ed. and his un#illin(ness to tra3el> but /omer. #ho had tra3elled to a "rodi(ious distan-e. -onsidered the ad3anta(e #hi-h he mi(ht deri3e from the ri-hes of "otentates as far inferior to (eneral reno#n) Thou(h e3en /omer. in his "oems. re"resents 0emodo-us as the familiar of $l-inous> and relates. that $(amemnon left a -ertain "oet #ith his #ife) But not far from the (ates there is a tomb. on #hi-h a soldier is "la-ed standin( by a horse) ho the soldier is. I kno# not> but PraGiteles made both the soldier and the horse) But on enterin( into the -ity. there is an edifi-e raised for the sake of those "ro-essions #hi-h take "la-e. sometimes on-e a year. and at others in un-ertain "eriods of time) %ear to this. is the tem"le of 'eres. in #hi-h the statue of the (oddess herself. of her dau(hter Proser"ine. and of la--hus holdin( a tor-h. are -ontained) But it is si(nified on the #all. in $tti- letters. that all these are the #orks of PraGiteles) %ot far from this tem"le is the statue of %e"tune. hurlin( his s"ear at the (iant Polybotes. to #hom the fable subsistin( amon( the 'oeans. about the "romontory of 'helon. or a tortoise. "ertains) But the ins-ri"tion #hi-h eGists at "resent refers the ima(e to some other "erson. and not to %e"tune) There are "or-hes too. #hi-h rea-h from the (ates to the 'etami-us> and before these "or-hes there are braIen ima(es both of men and #omen. by #hom somethin( (reat had been a-hie3ed. and #ho are rendered illustrious by rekno#n) But one of these "or-hes -ontains little tem"les of the (ods. and that #hi-h is -alled the (ymnasium of !er-ury) It like#ise -ontains the house of Polytion. in #hi-h -ertain of the $thenians and these by no means the most i(noble. are said to ha3e been initiated in the &leusinian mysteries) But at "resent this house is dedi-ated to Ba--hus+ and this Ba--hus they -all !el"omenos. for the same reason as they denominate $"ollo !use(etes) In this "la-e too are to be seen the statues of Paeonian !iner3a. of Cu"iter. !nemosyne. and the !uses> and like#ise the offerin( sa-red to $"ollo. #hi-h #as both dedi-ated and made by &ubulis> and lastly $-ratus. one of the daemons attendin( u"on

Ba--hus. #hose fa-e alone "ro@e-ts from the #all) But after the tem"le of Ba--hus. there is an edifi-e -ontainin( statues made from -lay. and amon( these $m"hi-tyon. kin( of the $thenians. is to be seen re-ei3in( both the other di3inities and Ba--hus at banDuet) In the same "la-e. there is like#ise the &leutherensian Pe(asus. #ho first introdu-ed Ba--hus to the $thenians. bein( assisted by the 0el"hi- ora-le. #hi-h -aused him to remember the "redi-tion that the ad3ent of Ba--hus #ould take "la-e in the times of I-arius) $nd after this manner #as the kin(dom obtained by $m"hi-tyon) But it is re"orted that $-taeeus first rei(ned in that "la-e #hi-h is no# -alled $tti-a) 9n the death of $-taeus. 'e-ro"s su--eeded to the (o3ernment. and married the dau(hter of $-taeus. by #hom he had three dau(hters. &rse. $(laurus. and Pandrosus. and a son. &rysi-hthon. #ho did not rei(n o3er the $thenians. be-ause he died #hile his father #as ali3e> and hen-e. on the death of 'e-ro"s. 'ranaus. #ho #as the ri-hest and most "o#erful of the $thenians. obtained the (o3ernment) But they re"ort that 'ranaus had other dau(hters besides $tthis. from #hi-h last. the re(ion #hi-h #as formerly -alled $-taea #as denominated $tti-a) $m"hi-tyon. ho#e3er. for-ibly eG"elled 'ranaus from the kin(dom. thou(h at the same time he had married his dau(hter) But he himself after#ards. throu(h the ma-hinations of &ri-hthonius and his asso-iates. lost the kin(dom) They re"ort. indeed. that the father of &ri-hthonius #as not a mortal. but that his "arents #ere Vul-an and &arth) 1ha)ter 000 But the 'erami-us deri3ed its name from the hero 'eramus. #ho is said to ha3e been the son of Ba--hus and $riadne) In this "la-e. that #hi-h first "resents itself to the 3ie# on the ri(ht hand is a buildin( -alled the royal "or-h. in #hi-h the kin( sits. #ho holds an annual (o3ernment. #hi-h they -all a kin(dom) $bout the roof of this "or-h there are -ertain earthen statues. 3iI) Theseus hurlin( =-iron into the sea. and $urora -arryin( a#ay 'e"halus. #ho. bein( a most beautiful "erson. is said to ha3e been belo3ed and for-ibly taken a#ay by $urora) It is like#ise added. that Phaeton #as the issue of this amour. and that $urora made him the (uardian of the tem"le) $nd this a--ount of the affair is (i3en both by others. and by /esiod in his "oem. entitled The 1atalogue of Women) %ear the "or-h. the statues of 'onon and his son Timotheus are "la-ed. to(ether #ith that of &3a(oras kin( of the 'y"rians. by #hose means kin( $rtaGerGes (a3e the three7oared Phoeni-ian (alleys to 'onon) $nd by a -ondu-t of this kind. indeed. he beha3ed like an $thenian. and like one #ho deri3ed his ori(in from =alamis+ for his an-estors #ere Teu-rus. and the dau(hter of 'inyras) In the same "la-e too. the statue of Cu"iter. surnamed &leutherius. is to be seen. and the statue of the em"eror $drian. #ho benefited both other nations. and in a most eminent de(ree the $thenians) But the other "or-h #hi-h is raised behind this -ontains the "i-tures of those (ods #ho are -alled the t#el3e> and at the eGtremity of the #all there is a "i-ture of Theseus. to(ether #ith the demo-ra-y and the to#n) This "i-ture too e3in-es. that Theusus established a @ust re"ubli- for the $thenians) But a re"ort different from this is s"read amon( the 3ul(ar. that Theseus assi(ned the administration of affairs to the "eo"le. and that the demo-rati- (o3ernment as deli3ered by him remained till it #as o3erturned by the tyranni- in3asion of Pisistratus) There are other false re"orts made by the multitude. #ho are destitute of histori-al information. and #ho think that e3ery thin( is true #hi-h they ha3e heard from their -hildhood related by sin(ers and tra(edians) It is also asserted. that e3en Theseus himself rei(ned. and that. after the death of !nestheus. the Thesean rulers remained to the fourth (eneration) But if to (enealo(iIe #ere my intention at "resent. I should enumerate those #ho rei(ned from !elanthus as far as to 'lidi-us. the son of 9esimidus) The same "i-ture like#ise -ontains the a-hie3ements of the $thenians at !antinea. #ho #ere sent thither for the "ur"ose of assistin( the *a-edaemonians) But 1eno"hon and others ha3e des-ribed all the #ar. the o""ression of

'admeia. the destru-tion of the *a-edaemonians in *eu-tra. the irru"tion of the Boeotians into Pelo"onnesus. and the aid #hi-h #as (i3en by the $thenians to the *a-edaemonians) The "i-ture too re"resents the battle of the kni(hts. amon( #hi-h the most illustrious of the $thenians is Grillus. the son of 1eno"hon. and of the Boeotian kni(hts the Theban &"aminondas) $nd all these #ere "ainted for the $thenians by &u"hranor) The same "erson like#ise in a tem"le near to this "ainted $"ollo. #ho is -alled Patrous) But before the tem"le. 'alamis "ainted an $"ollo #hom they denominate $leGi-a-us. or a dis"erser of e3il) $--ordin( to re"ort. this name #as (i3en to the (od. be-ause by an ans#er from the 0el"hi- ora-le he -aused a "estilen-e to -ease. #hi-h ra(ed in the time of the Pelo"onnesian #ar) The tem"le too of the mother of the (ods. #hi-h #as the #ork of Phidias. is to be seen in this "la-e) $nd near it stands the senate7 house of those #ho are -alled the fi3e hundred. in #hi-h they deliberate e3ery year about the affairs of the $thenians) But this senate7house -ontains a s-ul"tured ima(e of Cu"iter the -ounsellor. and of $"ollo. both #hi-h #ere "rodu-ed by the art of Pisias> and besides these. a re"resentation of the to#n. #hi-h #as the #ork of *yson) But the le(islators #ere "ainted by 'aunius Proto(enes) $nd 9lbiades. #ho is to be seen here. #as the son of that 'ali""us #ho led the $thenians to the Thermo"ylae. in order to (uard Gree-e from the in-ursions of the Gauls) But the Gauls inhabit the eGtreme "arts of &uro"e. #here the sea is of a "rodi(ious eGtent. and its boundaries are unna3i(able) <or the s#ellin( of its #a3es. the ro-ks #ith #hi-h it abounds. and the sa3a(e beasts #ith #hi-h it is infested. sur"ass all that is to be found in any other sea) The ri3er &ridanus runs throu(h this -ountry. u"on the banks of #hi-h the dau(hters of the =un are said to ha3e be#ailed the misfortune of their brother Phaeton) It is ho#e3er but lately that they #ere -alled Gauls> for formerly they -alled themsel3es. and #ere also denominated by others. 'eltae) 1ha)ter 0! These "eo"le ha3in( -olle-ted an army to(ether. betook themsel3es to the Ionian sea. and o3erturned the Illyrians. to(ether #ith e3ery nation as far as to !a-edonia. and then the !a-edonians themsel3es) *astly. they in3aded Thessaly> and #hen they dre# near to the Thermo"ylae. most of the Greeks made no resistan-e to the in-ursions of these Barbarians. be-ause. "rior to this. they had suffered (reat losses from $leGander and Phili"> and $nti"ater and 'assander after#ards had #ell ni(h destroyed Gree-e> so that they -onsidered it as by no means dis(-a-eful. if. throu(h imbe-ility. they #ithheld their assistan-e) But the $thenians. thou(h by the len(th of the !a-edonian #ar they #ere #earied more than the rest of the Greeks. and had sustained many losses in en(a(ements. yet they -oura(eously mar-hed to the Thermo"ylae. #ith the Gre-ian 3olunteers. -hoosin( this 'ali""us for their (eneral on this o--asion) But the $thenians o--u"yin( the narro#est of those "assa(es #hi-h afford an entran-e into Gree-e. "re3ented the in(ress of the Barbarians) The 'eltae. ho#e3er. dis-o3erin( that "assa(e throu(h #hi-h &"hialtes Tra-hinius formerly led the !edes. and assaultin( from then-e the Pho-ensian (uards. "assed o3er the mountain 9eta. #ithout the kno#led(e of the Greeks) But the $thenians in -onseDuen-e of this bein( in3ested on both sides by the Barbarians. rendered themsel3es illustrious to the Grreeks by their 3aliant beha3iour in this en(a(ement) But those #ho sur3i3ed this battle had a "rodi(ious labour to under(o #ith res"e-t to their shi"s. on a--ount of the mud #ith #hi-h the (ulf *amia-us abounds at the Thermo"ylae) $nd this. as it a""ears to me. is o--asioned by the hot #ater #hi-h runs from this "art into the sea) It is diffi-ult therefore to eG"ress #ith #hat labour. after they had re-ei3ed the Greeks on their de-ks. they #ere for-ed to sail throu(h the mud #ith shi"s hea3y #ith men and arms) $nd after this manner #ere the Greeks sa3ed by the $thenians) But the Gauls ha3in( "assed throu(h the narro# a3enues of the mountain. and not esteemin( the -a"ture of the to#n a matter of (reat -onseDuen-e. #ere in the hi(hest

de(ree anGious to "lunder 0el"hos. and seiIe the ri-hes of the (od) $nd these indeed #ere o""osed by the 0el"hi. the Pho-enses. and those #ho inhabit the -ities situated about Parnassus) $n army of 9etolians too #as -olle-ted to(ether for this "ur"ose+ for at that time the 9etolians #ere remarkable for the 3i(our of their youth) But. as soon as the en(a(ement be(an. it is re"orted that thunder fell u"on the Gauls. and fra(ments of ro-k torn from Parnassus> and that three armed men of a terrible a""earan-e stood before the Barbarians) They further add. that t#o of these men -ame from the north. 3iI) /y"ero-hus and /aemado-hus. but that the third #as Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles) But the 0el"hi. in memory of this en(a(ement. "erform funeral obseDuies to Pyrrhus. #hose se"ul-hre "rior to this #as #holly ne(le-ted by them. on a--ount of his ha3in( been their enemy) $fter this. a (reat "art of the Gauls "assed o3er to $sia in their shi"s. and de"o"ulated its maritime "art) But some time after the inhabitants of Per(amus. #ho "ossessed that -ountry #hi-h #as formerly -alled Teuthrania. dro3e the Gauls from the sea> and they takin( "ossession of $n-yra. a Phry(ian to#n. seated themsel3es beyond the ri3er =an(ar) This -ity #as built by !idas. the son of Gordius> and in my time an an-hor #as to be seen in the tem"le of Cu"iter. #hi-h !idas dis-o3ered. and a fountain #hi-h bears the name of !idas) They re"ort that !idas "oured #ine into this fountain. for the "ur"ose of takin( =ilenus) This $n-yra. therefore. #as taken by the Gauls> and not only this. but like#ise Pesinuntes. #hi-h lies under the mountain $(distis. and #here $ttis is re"orted to be buried) The Per(amenians yet retain the s"oils of the Gauls. and "i-tures of their transa-tions #ith them) But the land #hi-h is inhabited by the Per(amenians is said to be sa-red to the 'abiri) They -onsider themsel3es. ho#e3er. as belon(in( to the $r-adians. #hi-h "assed o3er #ith Tele"hus into $sia) But the re"ort of their other #ars (if they e3er en(a(ed in any other) has not been s"read amon( all nations) They a--om"lished. ho#e3er. three illustrious undertakin(s> 3iI) the "ossession of the em"ire of lo#er $sia> the eG"ulsion of the Gauls from the "la-e #hi-h they had before o--u"ied> and darin(. #ith Tele"hus for their leader. to en(a(e #ith the for-es of $(amemnon. #hen the Greeks. throu(h i(noran-e of the -ountry. #anderin( from Ilium. attem"ted to "lunder the !ysonian "lains. as if they had been Tro@an land) But to return from this di(ression) 1ha)ter ! %ear the senate7house of the fi3e hundred there is a "la-e -alled Tholus. #here the Prytanes sa-rifi-e. and #hi-h -ontains -ertain sil3er statues. but of no (reat ma(nitude) $bo3e these there are the statues of those heroes from #hom the $thenian tribes #ere after#ards denominated) But it is related by /erodotus #ho it #as that substituted ten tribes instead of four. and (a3e them ne# names instead of the old) But of the surnames (for so they are -alled by them) one is /i""othoon. the son of %e"tune and of $lo"e the dau(hter of 'er-yon> but another is $ntio-hus. one of the sons of /er-ules from !eda the dau(hter of Phylas> and the third is $@aG. the son of Telamon) But from amon( the $thenians. *eo. #ho is re"orted. in -om"lian-e #ith the ora-le. to ha3e de3oted her dau(hters for the "ubli- safety) &re-theus like#ise has a "la-e amon( the surnames. #ho 3anDuished the &leusinians in battle. and sle# their (eneral Immaradus. the son of &umol"us) Besides these. there are $e(eus. and 9eneus the bastard son of Pandion> and of the -hildren of Theseus. $-amas) *ike#ise 'e-ro"s and Pandion (for I sa# the statues of these amon( the surnames)> but I am i(norant #hi-h of these is honoured by them) <or a more an-ient 'e-ro"s rei(ned. #ho married the dau(hter of $-taeus> and a latter 'e-ro"s. #ho #ent into &uboea. and #ho #as the son of &re-htheus. the (randson of Pandion. and the (reat7(randson of &ri-hthonius) *ike#ise Pandion the son of &ri-hthonius rei(ned. and another #ho #as the son of the latter 'e-ro"s. and #ho bein( dri3en from the kin(dom by the !etionidae. and flyin( to !e(ara (for he had married Pyla. the dau(hter of the !a(arensian kin(). #as there

de"ri3ed of his life throu(h disease+ and his monument is to be seen near the sea. in that "art of !e(ara #hi-h is -alled the ro-k of !iner3a $ethyia)* (* $ -oot. or sea7me#)) But his sons. bein( a(ain e@e-ted by the !etionidae. returned from !e(ara to $thens) $nd amon( these. the elder $e(eus obtained the kin(dom) But Pandion did not edu-ate his dau(hters #ith a "ros"erous fortune. nor did he lea3e behind him any sons #ho mi(ht re3en(e the in@uries #hi-h he had re-ei3ed> thou(h. for the sake of stren(thenin( his "o#er. he entered into allian-e #ith the Thra-ian kin() *ut it is im)ossible for man to a&oid that destiny, which is assigned to him by di&inity) <or #hen Tereus. #ho had married Pro-ne. ra3ished Philomela. in -ontem"t of the Gre-ian la#s. and. not -ontent #ith this. sle# her after#ards #ith his s#ord. he "ro3oked the 3ery #omen to infli-t on him the "unishment of his (uilt But there is another statue of Pandion in the to#er. #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted) $nd these indeed are those an-ient men from #hom the $thenians denominated their tribes) There are others also mu-h more re-ent than these+ 3iI) $ttalus !ysus and &(y"tian Ptolemy. and of my time the em"eror $drian. #ho is a most reli(ious -ulti3ator of di3inity. and #ho -onfers the (reatest feli-ity on his sub@e-ts) This em"eror ne3er undertakes a #ar #illin(ly> and has alone re3en(ed the re3olt of the /ebre#s. #ho d#ell abo3e =yrus) But su-h tem"les of the (ods as he has either raised or adorned #ith offerin(s and ne-essary a""aratus. #hat (ifts like#ise he has freely besto#ed on the Gre-ian -ities. and has (ranted to the soli-itations of the Barbarians> 7 all these are -ommitted to #ritin( at $thens. in the -ommon tem"le of the (ods) 1ha)ter !0 But #ith res"e-t to the a-tions of $ttalus and Ptolemy. the memory of these has in a (reat "art "erished throu(h antiDuity. and "artly by their ne(li(en-e #ho li3ed #ith these kin(s. for the "ur"ose of transmittin( to "osterity a #ritten a--ount of their transa-tions) 9n this a--ount I -onsider it as belon(in( to my "ro3in-e to relate #hat deeds they a--om"lished. and ho# the !ysian and &(y"tian kin(doms. and the -ommand of the nei(hbourin( nations. #ere obtained by their an-estors) The !a-edonians then belie3e that Ptolemy is in reality the son of Phili" $myntas. but they fi-titiously assert that he is the son of *a(us+ for they re"ort that his mother #hen #ith -hild of him #as (i3en by Phili" in marria(e to *a(us) But they say that Ptolemy "erformed other s"lendid a-tions in $sia. and that he assisted $leGander #hen in dan(er amon( the 9Gydra-ae. more than all his other royal allies) $nd on the death of $leGander. he 3i(orously resisted those #ho attem"ted to (i3e the #hole of his dominions to $ridaeus. the son of Phili"> and #as the -ause of the nations bein( di3ided into se"arate (o3ernments) But Phili" de"artin( into &(y"t sle# 'leomenes. to #hom $leGander had (i3en the (o3ernment of &(y"t> and this be-ause he #as intimate #ith Perdi--as. and therefore -ould not be trusted) Besides this he "ersuaded those !a-edonians #ho #ere ordered to -arry the dead body of $leGander to $e(a. to deli3er it to him> and #hen he had re-ei3ed it he buried it at !em"his. a(reeable to the !a-edonian rites) $fter this. not doubtin( but Perdi--as #ould make #ar u"on him. he stren(thened &(y"t #ith a (uard) But Perdi--as. for the "ur"ose of adornin( his army (a--ordin( to a""earan-e). brou(ht #ith him $ridaeus the son of Phili". and the boy $leGander. #ho #as the offs"rin( of $leGander by ,oGana. the dau(hter of 9Gyartes> but his real intention #as to attem"t by this means to de"ri3e Ptolemy of the kin(dom of &(y"t) /e #as ho#e3er himself eG"elled from &(y"t. and besides this #as not admired for his #arlike abilities so mu-h as he had formerly been> and lastly. bein( "rior to this (reatly en3ied by the !a-edonians. he #as killed by his o#n body7(uards) But the death of Perdi--as immediately eG-ited Ptolemy to "oliti-al measures) In -onseDuen-e of #hi-h he took =yria and Phoeni-e> and after#ards re-ei3ed into his -onfiden-e =eleu-us the son of $ntio-hus. #ho #as e@e-ted by $nti(onus and #ho fled to him for refu(e) Besides this. he "re"ared to take 3ien(ean-e on $nti(onus. and

'assander the son of $nti"ater> and "ersuaded *ysima-hus. #ho (o3erned in Thra-e. to be-ome his asso-iate in the #ar. as he had a-Duainted him #ith the fli(ht of =eleu-us. and had admonished him that the "o#er of $nti(onus. if it re-ei3ed any further in-rease. #ould be the ob@e-t of uni3ersal dread) In the mean time $nti(onus "re"ared for the #ar> thou(h he #as not bold enou(h to 3enture an en(a(ement till he heard that Ptolemy. throu(h the re3olt of the 'yrenaeans. had mar-hed into *ybia> for then he "resently sub@e-ted the =yrians and Phoeni-ians to his dominion> and (i3in( them his son 0emetrius for a (o3ernor. #ho #as indeed nothin( more than a youth. but a youth of a "romisin( dis"osition. he des-ended to the /elles"ont) But before he had "assed o3er it. he a(ain led ba-k his army. on hearin( that 0emetrius #as 3anDuished in battle by Ptolemy) 0emetrius. ho#e3er. did not entirely yield u" the -ountry to Ptolemy. and destroyed no 3ery -onsiderable band of &(y"tians by his strate(ems) But then Ptolemy. su""osin( that $nti(onis #ould a""roa-h #ithout delay. #ithdre# himself into &(y"t $fter this. in -onseDuen-e of a storm. 0emetrius. sailin( to 'y"rus. first of all 3anDuished !enelaus the -ommander of Ptolemy4s fleet. in a na3al battle. and after#ards Ptolemy himself. #ho #as ad3an-in( to en(a(e him) $nd on Ptolemy4s flyin( into &(y"t. $nti(onus assaulted him by land. and 0emetrius by sea) But Ptolemy. #ho #as no# arri3ed at the eGtremity of dan(er. that he mi(ht "reser3e his kin(dom. "la-ed a (uard at Pelusium and brou(ht his three7oared (alleys from the ri3er to bear u"on the enemy) $nd $nti(onus. indeed. throu(h his #ant of "resent su""lies. laid aside all ho"e of takin( &(y"t. but at the same time sent 0emetrius #ith a (reat army and many shi"s a(ainst the ,hodians. as one #ho ho"ed that by takin( the island he should "ossess a 3ery -on3enient fortifi-ation a(ainst the atta-ks of the &(y"tians) But the ,hodians throu(h their military "ro#ess and ma-hines 3i(orously resisted the enemy. and Ptolemy at the same time assaulted them #ith all his for-e) $nti(onus. #ho had thus atta-ked ,hodes #ithout su--ess. and "rior to this &(y"t. shortly after dared to mar-h his army a(ainst *ysima-hus. 'assander. and =eleu-us. thou(h he lost a (reat "art of his army in the attem"t> and died. #earied "rin-i"ally #ith the len(th of the #ar a(ainst &umenes) But of all the kin(s that o""osed $nti(onus I -onsider 'assander as the most im"ious #ho thou(h the kin(dom of !a-edonia #as "reser3ed for him throu(h $nti(onus. yet en(a(ed in #ar a(ainst a man by #hom he had re-ei3ed su-h a sin(ular benefit) /o#e3er. on the death of $nti(onus. Ptolemy a(ain took =yria and 'y"rus. and brou(ht ba-k Pyrrhus into the Thes"rotian &"irus) $nd 'yrene ha3in( re3olted from him. he retook it in the fifth year of its re3olt. throu(h !a(as the son of Bereni-e. #ho #as at that time his #ife) But if this Ptolemy #as in reality the son of Phili" $myntas. it may easily be belie3ed that his intem"erate lo3e of #omen. #hi-h e3en "ro-eeded to a de(ree of insanity. #as deri3ed from his father) <or after he had married &urydi-e the dau(hter of $nti"ater. and had se3eral -hildren by her. he fell in lo3e #ith Bereni-e. #hom $nti"ater sent into &(y"t as the -om"anion of &urydi-e> and by this #oman also he had -hildren as the fruits of his lo3e) But #hen he #as near his end. he left the kin(dom of &(y"t to his son Ptolemy. from #hom one tribe of the $thenians is deri3ed. and #ho #as the offs"rin( of Bereni-e. and not of the dau(hter of $nti"ater) 1ha)ter !ll This Ptolemy like#ise. fallin( in lo3e #ith $rsinoe. #ho #as his sister on both sides. married her> by no means. indeed. a-tin( in this res"e-t a(reeable to the !a-edonian la#s. but to the &(y"tians #hom he (o3erned) But he sle# his youn(er brother $r(aeus. in -onseDuen-e. as it is said. of his em"loyin( strata(ems a(ainst him) The same Ptolemy like#ise took the dead body of $leGander from !em"his. and sle# another brother. the offs"rin( of &urydi-e. "er-ei3in( that he in-ited the 'y"rians to re3olt) But !a(as. the brother of Ptolemy by the same mother. but #hose father #as Phili" (not the !a-edonian.

but a man unkno#n. and from amon( the -ommon "eo"le). #as thou(ht by his mother Bereni-e #orthy to (o3ern the 'yrenaeans) This !a(as. -ausin( the 'yrenaeans to re3olt from Ptolemy. mar-hed his army into &(y"t) Ptolemy. ho#e3er. ha3in( (uarded his dominions a(ainst the in-ursions of the enemy. #aited the a""roa-h of the 'yrenaeans) But #hen the re3olt of the !armaridae. #ho are of the *ybian %omades. #as told to !a(as durin( his mar-h. he led his army ba-k to 'yrene) Ptolemy. ho#e3er. attem"ted to "ursue him. but #as hindered on the follo#in( a--ount) hen he "re"ared to sustain the atta-ks of !a(as. he led on his mer-enary troo"s and about four thousand Gauls> but understandin( that these soldiers #ere formin( strata(ems to besie(e &(y"t. he brou(ht them throu(h the %ile to a desert island. #here they all "erished. slau(htered by ea-h other. and -onsumed by famine) But !a(as. ha3in( married $"amen. the dau(hter of $ntio-hus. the son of =eleu-us. "ersuaded $ntio-hus to 3iolate the lea(ue #hi-h his father =eleu-us had made #ith Ptolemy. and to in3ade &(y"t) $ntio-hus. in -onseDuen-e of this. be(innin( to dra# out his army. Ptolemy sent troo"s into all the "arts #hi-h #ere sub@e-t to $ntio-hus> and this in su-h a manner that the more imbe-il mi(ht. like robbers. lay #aste the land by their eG-iursions. and that the more "o#erful mi(ht 3anDuish them in battle) $nd this -ondu-t indeed #as attended #ith su-h su--ess. that it "re3ented $ntio-hus from leadin( his army into &(y"t) This is that Ptolemy. #ho. as I ha3e before obser3ed. sent an auGiliary fleet to the $thenians. a(ainst $nti(onus and the !a-edonians> but in reality nothin( of any (reat -onseDuen-e #as a--om"lished by him -ondu-i3e to the safety of the $thenians) /e had like#ise sons from $rsinoe. not she #ho #as his sister. but an $rsinoe the dau(hter of *ysima-hus> for his sister $rsinoe. #hom he had married. died "rior to her deli3ery> and a "ro3in-e of &(y"t re-ei3es from her the a""ellation of $rsinoites) 1ha)ter !000 But our dis-ourse reDuires that #e should relate the -ir-umstan-es "ertainin( to $ttalus. sin-e he is one of the -auses of the surnames to the $thenians) There #as a !a-edonian of the name of 0o-imus. one of the -ommanders of $nti(onus. #ho after#ards deli3ered both himself and his "ossessions into the hands of *ysima-hus. and #ho had an eunu-h #hose name #as Philetarus Pa"hla(ones) But su-h "arti-ulars as #ere transa-ted by this Philetarus #hen he deserted *ysima-hus. and ho# he dre# =eleu-us o3er to his "arty. it is ne-essary I should insert in my a--ount of *ysima-hus) This $ttalus. then. #as the son of that $ttalus #ho #as the brother of Philetarus. and #ho "ossessed that kin(dom #hi-h #as deli3ered to him by his -ousin &umenes) But the (reatest of his eG"loits -onsisted in -om"ellin( the Gauls to fly from the sea. and take refu(e in that land #hi-h they no# inhabit) But after the ima(es of the surnames the statues of the (ods are to be seen. $m"hiaraus and Pea-e -arryin( the boy Pluto) In the same "la-e. too. there is a braIen statue of *y-ur(us the son of *y-o"hron. and a statue of 'allias. #ho. a--ordin( to the -ommon re"ort of the $thenians. made a "ea-e for the Gre-ians #ith $rtaGerGes the son of 1erGes) There is like#ise a statue of 0emosthenes. #hom the $thenians banished into the island 'alaureas. near TroeIen> but after#ards re-allin( him. they a(ain banished him after the slau(hter at *amia> and 0emosthenes. returnin( to the same island. destroyed himself by drinkin( "oison) 9f all the Gre-ian eGiles. he alone -ould not be dra#n o3er by $r-hias to $nti"ater and the !a-edonians) The nati3e -ountry of this $r-hias #as Thurius> and he en(a(ed in a 3ery im"ious em"loyment) <or he led all those -a"ti3e to $nti"ater in order to be "unished. #ho. "rior to the slau(hter #hi-h the Greeks re-ei3ed in Thessaly. #ere ad3erse to the !a-edonians) 0emosthenes. therefore. "ossessed too mu-h bene3olen-e for the $thenians+ and it a""ears to me to ha3e been #ell said. Ethat a man #ho a""lies himself #ithout "arsimony to the (o3ernment of a re"ubli-. and -redits the assertions of the "eo"le. #ill ne3er end his days #ith feli-ity)E

%ear the statue of 0emosthenes is the tem"le of !ars. in #hi-h. besides the statue of !ars. there are t#o statues of Venus) That of !ars is the #ork of $l-amenes> but that of !iner3a #as made by a Parian man of the name of *o-rus) In the same "la-e there is a statue of Bellona. the #ork of the sons of PraGiteles) But about the tem"le /er-ules and Theseus stand. and $"ollo. #hose hair is bound #ith a fillet) But the statues of the men are 'alades. #ho is said by the $thenians to ha3e #ritten la#s. and Pindar. #ho deser3es other re#ards from the $thenians as #ell as a statue. be-ause he has -elebrated them in 3erse) %ot far from these are the statues of /armodius and $risto(iton #ho sle# /i""ar-hus> the reason of #hi-h a-tion. and the manner in #hi-h it #as "er"etrated. are related by others) But of these statues some #ere "rodu-ed by the art of 'ritas. but the more an-ient are the #ork of $ntenor) But 1erGes. #hen he took $thens (the $thenians ha3in( deserted the -ity). -arried a#ay these as s"oils. thou(h $ntio-hus after#ards sent them ba-k to the $thenians) In the 3estibule of the theatre #hi-h they -all odeum. or a music$school. the statues of the &(y"tian kin(s are to be seen. #ho ha3e all of them the name of Ptolemy. but are distin(uished by different surnames) <or they -all one Philometer. another Philadel"h> and to the son of *a(us the ,hodians ha3e (i3en the surname of the +a&iour) But of the others. Philadel"h is he #ho #as mentioned by us #hen #e related the "arti-ulars about the surnames> and near him is the statue of his sister $rsinoe) 1ha)ter 02 But he #ho is -alled Philometer is the ei(hth from Ptolemy the son of *a(us. and #as so -alled in derision> for #e do not kno# of any kin( #ho #as so hated by his mother> sin-e. thou(h he #as the eldest of her sons. she #ould not suffer him to rei(n. and -aused his father to banish him to 'y"rus) 0ifierent -auses are assi(ned of this im"la-able hatred of 'leo"atra to#ards her son> and. amon( the rest. that she ho"ed by this means her youn(est son $leGander #ould be more obedient to her desires. and on this a--ount she attem"ted to -reate him kin( of &(y"t> but findin( the "eo"le a3erse to this. she sent $leGander into 'y"rus. in a""earan-e as a (neral. but. in reality. that throu(h him she mi(ht be-ome more formidable to Ptolemy) *astly. from amon( the number of her eunu-hs. she eG"osed #ounded in an assembly those #hi-h she thou(ht #ere most atta-hed to her interest. fei(nin( that Ptolemy had de3ised strata(ems a(ainst her. and that the eunu-hs #ere thus #ounded by him) But the $leGandrians #ere so mo3ed on this o--asion. that they #ere ready to destroy Ptolemy> and not lon( after he had es-a"ed the dan(er in a shi". $leGander returnin( from 'y"rus #as de-lared kin() 'leo"atra. ho#e3er. #as deser3edly "unished #ith death for the fli(ht of Ptolemy. by $leGander himself #hom she had raised to the (o3ernment of &(y"t) But the -rime bein( dete-ted. and $leGander throu(h fear flyin( from the "eo"le. Ptolemy returned into &(y"t a(ain assumed the royal authority. and #arred u"on the Thebans. #ho had re3olted from his -ommand) Besides this. ha3in( redu-ed them under his dominion in the third year after their re3olt. he so hea3ily fined them. that they retained no 3esti(e of their former "ros"erity> thou(h. "rior to this. they sur"assed in ri-hes the most #ealthy -ities of Gree-e. the tem"le itself of 0el"hos. and the inhabitants of 9r-homenus) But Ptolemy dyin( soon after this. the $thenians for the benefits #hi-h they had re-ei3ed throu(h him. de-reed him many honours #hi-h it is needless to mention. and ere-ted braIen statues of him and Bereni-e #ho #as his only le(itimate -hild) But the statues of Phili" and his son $leGander are "la-ed after the &(y"tian kin(s. #hose a-tions are too (reat to be inserted in a #ork undertaken #ith another desi(n) To the &(y"tian kin(s. indeed. as "ersons that deser3ed #ell of the "ubli-. the re#ards of true honour are assi(ned> but nothin( remains for Phili" and $leGander but the flattery of the multitude) <or indeed they "aid the same honours to *ysima-hus. thou(h not so mu-h from desi(n

as from the ne-essity of the times) This *ysima-hus #as a !a-edonian. and #as one of the offi-ers of $leGander4s (uard. #hom $leGander on-e in a fit of an(er ordered to be thro#n into a den #ith a lion> but #hen he found that *ysima-hus had 3anDuished the lion he e3er after#ards admired his fortitude. and honoured him eDually #ith the best of the !a-edonians) But on the death of $leGander. *ysima-hus (o3erned that "art of Thra-e #hi-h borders on !a-edonia. orer #hi-h $leGander and "rior to him Phili". ruled) This "art of Thra-e indeed is not lar(e. but the #hole of Thra-e -ontains su-h a multitude of men. that eG-e"t the Gauls it is more "o"ulous than any other nation> and it is on this a--ount that "rior to the ,omans no one e3er -onDuered the #hole of Thra-e) But no# all Thra-e. and #hate3er bears a Galli- name. is sub@e-t to the em"ire of the ,omans) /o#e3er. they only esteem those "arts of Gaul #hi-h are #ell -ulti3ated. but they ne(le-t the other "arts. #hi-h are useless either throu(h eG-essi3e -old or the barrenness of the soil) *ysima-hus. therefore. obtainin( the -ommand of that "art of Thra-e #hi-h #e ha3e mentioned. made #ar first of all u"on his nei(hbours the 9drysians. and after#ards u"on the 0romi-haetes and Gretae) But as in #arrin( #ith these he had to en(a(e a "eo"le by no means unskilled in #arlike affairs. and mu-h su"erior to him in number he sa3ed himself by fli(ht from the dan(er #ith #hi-h he #as surrounded) In this battle his son $(atho-les. #ho then for the first time fou(ht in -on@un-tion #ith his father. #as taken by the Getae) But *ysima-hus. #ho in other battles after#ards #as not more fortunate. and not -onsiderin( the -a"ti3ity of his son as a triflin( matter. made "ea-e #ith the 0romi-haetes. (a3e u" that "art of Thra-e #hi-h is beyond the Ister to the Getae. and "romised his dau(hter in marria(e> -om"lyin( by this means #ith the ne-essity of the times) It is re"orted by some. that it #as not $(atho-les but *ysima-hus himself that #as taken "risoner> and that he #as liberated by $(atho-les. throu(h makin( those -onditions #ith the Gete #hi-h #e ha3e related) But as soon as he returned. he married his son $(atho-les to *ysandra the dau(hter of Ptolemy *a(us and &urydi-e> and after#ards "assed o3er into $sia #ith a fleet> and ha3in( taken the kin(dom of $nti(onus. built that -ity near the sea #hi-h the &"hesians no# inhabit. and brou(ht into it the *ebedians and 'olo"honians. #hose -ities he had taken) $nd the -a"ture of these -ities is lamented by PhoeniG. a #riter of Iambi- 3erses) But I do not think that /ermesianaG. the ele(ia- "oet. #as ali3e at that time> for he #ould -ertainly in some of his #ritin(s ha3e be#ailed the -a"ture of 'olo"hon) *ysima-hus like#ise made #ar u"on Pyrrhus the son of $ea-ides) <or obser3in( his freDuent absen-e from &"irus. he both laid #aste the rest of the -ountry. and -ame to the se"ul-hres of the kin(s of &"irus) /ieronymus 'ardan adds. #hi-h I -annot belie3e to be true. that *ysima-hus. ha3in( du( out of the earth the remains of the dead. s-attered the royal bones) But /ieronymus may be su""osed to ha3e #ritten this in -onseDuen-e of his a3ersion to all kin(s eG-e"t $nti(onus. #hom he -elebrates #ith "raises #hi-h are by no means his due) Indeed. it must be ob3ious to e3ery one. that this re"ort -on-ernin( the tombs of the kin(s is nothin( more than a -alumny) <or #ho -an belie3e that a !a-edonian #ould 3iolate the se"ul-hres of the kin(s of &"irusJ To #hi-h #e may add. that *ysima-hus #ould doubtless be -autious in his -ondu-t #ith res"e-t to the dead bodies. not only of the an-estors of Pyrrhus. but of $leGander> sin-e $leGander des-ended on his mother4s side from &"irus. and -onseDuently from the $ea-idae) Besides. not lon( after an allian-e took "la-e bet#een Pyrrhus and *ysima-hus. #hi-h e3in-es that no im"la-able hatred of ea-h other #as "rodu-ed by the #ar) But /ieronymus "erha"s. had -auses of -om"laint a(ainst *ysima-hus. and this for the (reatest. that *ysima-hus ha3in( raIed the -ity of the 'ardianians. built *ysima-hia instead of it. in the isthmus of the Thra-ian 'hersonesus) 1ha)ter 2 But *ysima-hus. as lon( as $ridaeus rei(ned. and after him 'assander and his

-hildren. remained in friendshi" #ith the !a-edonians> but #hen 0emetrius the son of $nti(onus obtained the (o3ernment. *ysima-hus. fearin( that he should be #arred u"on by 0emetrius. thou(ht "ro"er to -ommen-e hostilities himself. #ell kno#in( that the desire of in-reasin( his kin(dom #as hereditary to 0emetrius from his father> and at the same time "er-ei3in( that he had de"arted into !a-edonia. bein( -alled by $leGander the son of 'assander. and that findin( him dead on his arri3al he had taken "ossession of the !a-edonian (o3ernment. on this a--ount he 3entured to en(a(e #ith 0emetrius at $m"hi"olis. but had #ell ni(h throu(h this en(a(ement lost the "ossession of Thra-e) /o#e3er. bein( assisted by Pyrrhus. he both retained his kin(dom. and after#ards ruled o3er the %estians and !a-edonians) <or Pyrrhus "ossessed a (reat "art of !a-edonia> but -omin( #ith an army from &"irus. he assisted *ysima-hus for the "resent) But 0emetrius de"artin( into $sia a(ainst =eleu-us. as lon( as 0emetrius #as formidable in #ar. Pyrrhus #as the asso-iate of *ysima-hus in battle) But #hen 0emetrius #as taken -a"ti3e by =eleu-us. the friendshi" of *ysima-hus and Pyrrhus #as dissol3ed) /en-e #ar bein( announ-ed on both sides. *ysima-hus 3anDuished in a (reat battle $nti(onus the son of 0emetrius. and Pyrrhus himself> took "ossession of the #hole of !a-edonia. and for-ed Pyrrhus to return to &"irus) But many -alamities befall men throu(h lo3e) <or *ysima-hus. no# ad3an-ed in years and bein( -onsidered as fortunate #ith res"e-t to his -hildren. $(atho-les like#ise ha3in( -hildren from *ysandra. not#ithstandin( all this. married $rsinoe the sister of *ysandra> and she fearin( lest her -hildren on the death of *ysima-hus should be in the "o#er of $(atho-les. is said on this a--ount to ha3e formed strata(ems a(ainst the life of $(atho-les) It is also asserted by some. that $rsinoe fell in lo3e #ith $(atho-les. and that he not -om"lyin( #ith her desires. she "lotted his death) They re"ort like#ise. that *ysima-hus after#ards "er-ei3ed the darin( #i-kedness of the #oman> but that then he #as in-a"able of doin( anythin( farther. in -onseDuen-e of bein( de"ri3ed of all his friends) *ysima-hus. therefore. ha3in( destroyed $(atho-les throu(h the "ersuasions of $rsinoe. *ysandra fled to =eleu-us. and -arried her sons and brothers #ith her. #ho. surrounded #ith su-h a -alamity. took refu(e #ith Ptolemy) But $leGander attended these in their fli(ht to =eleu-us) This $leGander #as indeed the son of *ysima-hus. but by his #ife 9drysiades) These. #hen they -ame to Babylon. su""liantly entreated =eleu-us to make #ar u"on *ysima-hus) $nd at the same time Philetaerus. to #hose -are all the #ealth of *ysima-hus #as entrusted. (rie3ously bearin( the death of $(atho-les. and thinkin( himself on this a--ount sus"e-ted by $rsinoe. seiIed u"on Per(amus abo3e 'ay-us. and. sendin( an ambassador. (a3e both the #ealth in his "ossession and himself u" to =eleu-us) But *ysima-hus bein( informed of all these "arti-ulers immediately "assed o3er into $sia. and be(an himself the #ar> but en(a(in( #ith =eleu-us. his army #as 3anDuished #ith a (reat loss. and he lost his life in the battle) *ysandra ha3in( obtained his dead body #ith mu-h entreaty. $leGander the son of *ysima-hus by 9drysiades -arried it a#ay. and after#ards buried it in 'hersonesus) $nd there. e3en no#. his se"ul-hre is to be seen bet#een the street 'ardia and Pa-tya) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( *ysima-hus) 1ha)ter 20 But at $thens there is an ima(e of Pyrrhus. #ho has no other allian-e #ith $leGander. eG-e"t that of bein( des-ended from the same an-estors) <or Pyrrhus #as the son of $ea-ides $rybbas> but $leGander #as the son of 9lym"ias the dau(hter of %eo"tolemus) $nd $l-etas the son of Thary"us #as the father of %eo"tolemus and $rybbas) But from Thary"us to Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles. fifteen (enerations inter3ene) <or he first of all after the destru-tion of Troy. disdainin( to return into Thessaly. dro3e to &"irus. and there took u" his abode in -om"lian-e #ith the admonition of the seer

/elenus) This Pyrrhus had no -hildren by /ermione> but by $ndroma-he he had three sons. !olossus. Pielus. and Per(amus. #ho #as the youn(est of all) But $ndroma-he bore to /elenus 'estrinus. /elenus ha3in( married her after the death of Pyrrhus at 0el"hi) But #hen /elenus dyin(. left his kin(dom to !olossus the son of Pyrrhus. 'estrinus. -olle-tin( to(ether a band of &"irots. took "ossession of that re(ion #hi-h is situated abo3e the ri3er Thyamis) Per(amus. ho#e3er. "assin( into $sia. sle# $rius. #ho ruled in Teuthrania. and #ho in a sin(le -ontest stro3e #ith him for the "ossession of the em"ire> and besides this. he -alled the -ities #hi-h e3en no# remain. by his o#n name and that of $ndroma-he> for $ndroma-he follo#ed her son. and there is yet an heroimonument of them to be seen in the -ity) Pielus ho#e3er remained in &"irus. to #hom rather than to !olossus. Pyrrhus the son of $ea-ides. and his fathers refer their ori(in) But the em"ire of &"irus remained in the "ossession of one kin(. till $l-etas and Thary"us> for the sons of $l-etas disa(reein( amon( themsel3es. did not rei(n #ith mutual -on-ord. till they had made an eDual "artition of the kin(dom to ea-h other) But after#ards $leGander the son of %eo"tolemus dyin( in *u-ania. and 9lym"ias throu(h fear of $nti"ater returnin( to &"irus. $ea-ides the son of $rybbas a--om"lished as #ell other thin(s in -om"lian-e #ith 9lym"ias as like#ise assisted her #ith his for-es in -arryin( on a #ar a(ainst $ridaeus and the !a-edonians> and this. thou(h the inhabitants of &"irus #ere re"u(nant to his desi(ns) 9lym"ias. obtainin( the 3i-tory. #as (uilty of (reat -ruelty #ith res"e-t to the death of $ridaeus. and #as still more im"iously -ruel to#ards the !a-edonians> and on this a--ount she -annot be thou(ht to ha3e been "unished undeser3edly after#ards by 'assander) /er hatred. indeed. "re3ented $ea-ides in the be(innin( from bein( re-ei3ed into the kin(dom by the &"irots> and #hen he had found out the means of li3in( in friendly terms #ith them for a time. 'assander a(ain o""osed his -omin( to &"irus) But a battle ensuin( bet#een Phili" the brother of 'assander and $ea-ides. near 9eniadae. $ea-ides died not lon( after of a #ound #hi-h he had re-ei3ed in the en(a(ement) The &"irots after this "ermitted $l-etas to rei(n. #ho #as the son of $rybbas. and the elder brother of $ea-ides> a man in-a"able of restrainin( his an(er. and on this a--ount e@e-ted by his father) =u-h. indeed. #as his im"oten-e #ith res"e-t to -urbin( his ra(e. that he had no sooner obtained the kin(dom than his fury broke out u"on the &"irots. #ho. in -onseDuen-e of this. makin( an insurre-tion in the ni(ht. sle# both him and his sons) But after $l-etas #as -ut off. they restored the kin(dom to Pyrrhus the son of $ea-ides> #ho #as no sooner in "ossession of the royal authority. but 'assander. a 3ery youn( man. and not suffi-iently instru-ted in the affairs of (o3ernment. denoun-ed #ar a(ainst him) But Pyrrhus. on the a""roa-h of the !a-edonians. betook himself to &(y"t. to Ptolemy the son of *a(us> and he soon after (i3in( him his dau(hter in marria(e. #ho #as born of the same mother as his other -hildren. furnished him like#ise #ith an army and fleet. #hi-h enabled him to re-o3er the "ossession of &"irus) But Pyrrhus. as soon as he #as settled in his kin(dom. turned his arms in the first "la-e a(ainst the 'or-yraeans. "er-ei3in( that this island #as situated o""osite to his dominions. and not bein( #illin( that it should afford an o""ortunity to others of in3adin( him) But after the -a"ture of 'or-yra. #hat losses he sustained in #arrin( #ith *ysima-hus. and ho#. ha3in( 3anDuished 0emetrius. he (o3erned the !a-edonians. till he #as a(ain eG"elled by *ysima-hus> like#ise #hat #ere the (reatest transa-tions of Pyrrhus till that time> all these "arti-ulars #e ha3e already related in our a--ount of *ysima-hus) But it a""ears that no Gre-ian "rior to Pyrrhus #arred u"on the ,omans) <or it is not re"orted that either 0iomed. or the $r(i3es that follo#ed him. e3er fou(ht a(ainst $eneas> and it is -ertain that the $thenians. #ho ho"ed to subdue other "arts of the earth and all Italy. #ere hindered by the =yra-usan slau(hter from tryin( their fortune #ith the ,omans in #ar) But $leGander the son of %eo"tolemus. #ho #as of the same family #ith Pyrrhus. and #as his elder. died in *u-ania before he -ould -ome to an en(a(ement #ith

the ,omans) 1ha)ter 200 Pyrrhus therefore. #as the first of the Gre-ians #ho mar-hed an army beyond the loanian sea a(ainst them> bein( -alled u"on for this "ur"ose by the inhabitants of Tarentum) <or these "eo"le ha3in( #a(ed a lon( #ar #ith the ,omans. and findin( themsel3es uneDual to the -ontest. "ersuaded Pyrrhus. #hose friendshi" they had before -on-iliated by assistin( him #ith na3al for-es a(ainst the 'or-yrseans. to aid them in the #ar) But they "arti-ularly sent the elders of Tarentum to Pyrrhus #hose business it #as to inform him that Italy sur"assed all Gree-e in feli-ity. and that it #as not by any means @ust he should desert his friends. #ho su""liantly im"lored his assistan-e) This information of the elders re-alled to the memory of Pyrrhus the destru-tion of Troy. and ins"ired him #ith the ho"e of a "ros"erous e3ent to the #ar> sin-e he. #ho deri3ed his ori(in from $-hilles. #ould by so doin( take u" arms a(ainst a -olony of Troy) But Pyrrhus. as soon as he had determined to #ar u"on the ,omans (for he ne3er loitered in his undertakin(s). immediately fitted out lon( shi"s. and took -are that (lobular 3essels mi(ht be ready for trans"ortin( horses and soldiers) There are -ertain books indeed eGtant. -om"osed by men of no (reat reno#n. and #hi-h are ins-ribed 1ommentaries of Actions) hen I read these books. I es"e-ially admire the boldness of Pyrrhus in battle. and his "ro3idential -are #ith res"e-t to future -ontests> for then. before the ,omans kne# of his a""roa-h. he "assed o3er #ith his fleet into Italy. and the ,omans did not "er-ei3e he #as landed. till en(a(in( #ith the Tarentines. he sho#ed himself an uneG"e-ted army. and fallin( on them -ontrary to their eG"e-tations. disordered their troo"s. as it #as reasonable to su""ose must be the -ase) $nd e3en then. findin( that his for-es #ere uneDual to the ,omans. he "ro-ured ele"hants #hi-h mi(ht -ome into -onta-t #ith them durin( the en(a(ement) But $leGander #as the first of the &uro"ean "rin-es that "ossessed ele"hants. in -onseDuen-e of ha3in( -onDuered Porus and the Indies> thou(h after the death of $leGander. both other kin(s. and es"e-ially $nti(onus. "ossessed a (reat Duantity of these animals) But Pyrrhus in the #ar #ith 0emetrius seiIed a number of ele"hants> and these rushin( into the army of the Tarentines terrified the ,omans. #ho thou(ht them to be somethin( else. and not the animals #hi-h they #ere) <or e3ery one doubtless kno#s. that the an-ients #ere #ell a-Duainted #ith the use of i3ory> but these animals do not a""ear to ha3e been seen by any but the Indians. *ybians. and the nei(hbourin( "eo"le till the !a-edonians "assed o3er into $sia) But the truth of this obser3ation seems to be e3in-ed by /omer. #ho. in des-ribin( the beds of kin(s. and the houses of the more fortunate amon( these. says. that they #ere adorned #ith i3ory> but ne3er makes the least mention of the ele"hant+ for had he e3er seen this animal. it a""ears to me that he #ould mu-h rather ha3e mentioned it. than ha3e related the battle of the "i(mies and -ranes) But after this. an embassy -alled Pyrrhus into the =i-ily of the =yra-usans) <or the 'artha(inians in3adin( =i-ily #ith a fleet. and ha3in( desolated all the Gre-ian -ities. at last besie(ed =yra-use. #hi-h #as the only -ity that remained safe) But Pyrrhus learnin( from ambassadors the -ondition of the =yra-usans. left Tarentum. and all the Italian -oast. and "assin( o3er into =i-ily. re"ulsed the Barbarians. and freed =yra-use from the sie(e) $fter this. thou(h he kne# that the 'artha(inians eG-elled all the Barbarians in na3al dis-i"line. as bein( des-ended from the Phoeni-ian Tyre. yet he did not hesitate to en(a(e #ith them. trustin( alone to the for-es of the &"irots. the (reatest "art of #hom. e3en after the takin( of Troy. #ere neither a-Duainted #ith the sea. nor kne# the use of salt) But the truth of this is -onfirmed by /omer in the 9dyssey. #hen he s"eaks of a "eo"le. E ho ne4er kne# salt. or heard the billo#s roar)E

1ha)ter 2000 But then Pyrrhus bein( 3anDuished in a na3al battle fled to Tarentum #ith the remains of his army) /ere he #as (reatly distressed. and de3ised the follo#in( means for his safe retreat. as he kne# that he -ould not lea3e the ,omans #ithout fi(htin() In the first "la-e. in -onseDuen-e of bein( 3anDuished after his return from =i-ily. he sent letters into $sia. and to $nti(onus. from some of the kin(s reDuestin( an army. and from others money. but from $nti(onus entreatin( both) But #hen the ambassadors returnin( (a3e him letters in ans#er to those #hi-h he sent. he assembled the "rin-es of the &"irots and Tarentines. and there read to them. not #hat the letters -ontained. but #ords si(nifyin( "romises of assistan-e) $ re"ort therefore immediately s"readin( to the ,omans. that the !a-edonians and other nations #ere "re"arin( to assist Pyrrhus. -aused the ,omans to desist from any further hostilities) In -onseDuen-e of this. Pyrrhus the follo#in( ni(ht "assed o3er #ith his shi"s to those mountains of &"irus #hi-h are -alled the 'eraunii. and re-o3erin( his stren(th. after the loss #hi-h he had sustained in Italy. he denoun-ed #ar a(ainst $nti(onus. a--usin( him on se3eral a--ounts. and "arti-ularly for his ne(li(en-e in not assistin( him in his Italian #ar) In this en(a(ement he "resently 3anDuished the "ro"er for-es of $nti(onus. and his mer-enary Gauls. and dro3e him to the maritime -ities> Pyrrhus himself. in -onseDuen-e of this 3i-tory. redu-in( under his dominion the hi(her !a-edon and Thessaly) But the (reatness of this battle. and the 3i-tory of Pyrrhus. are "arti-ularly e3in-ed by the arms of the 'eltae. #hi-h are sus"ended in the tem"le of !iner3a Ionia. situated bet#een Phera and *arissa. and #hi-h are dedi-ated #ith the follo#in( e"i(ram+ E!olossian Pyrrhus offers these shields to thee Itonian !iner3a. as tro"hies seiIed from the bold Gauls. #hose army #as 3anDuished by $nti(onus> a -ir-umstan-e #hi-h is by no means #onderful. sin-e the $ea-idae are only no# #hat they formerly #ere. mi(hty in the -on-erns of #ar) $nd su-h is the ins-ri"tion in this "la-e) But in the tem"le of 0odonaean Cu"iter. Pyrrhus sus"ended the shields of the !a-edonians. #ith the follo#in( ins-ri"tion+ EThose #ho "ossessed the #ealthy $sian lands. attem"ted to brin( Gree-e into sla3ery> but no# about the "illars of the tem"le of Cu"iter the or"han shields of the boastin( !a-edonians are hun()E Indeed Pyrrhus had #ell ni(h 3anDuished all !a-edonia. and #ould -ertainly ha3e entirely subdued it. if 'leonymus had not -alled him into Pelo"onnesus) This 'leonymus. thou(h he #as a *a-edaemonian. yet brou(ht an army #ith hostile intentions into the -ountry of the *a-edaemonians. the reason of #hi-h I shall eG"lain. after I ha3e related the family of 'leonymus) Pausanias. #ho led the Greeks to Plataea. had a son #hose name #as PlestoanaG> and this PlestoanaG #as the father of a Pausanias #hose son #as that 'leombrotus #ho. fi(htin( a(ainst &"aminondas and the Thebans. died in the *eu-trian battle) But the sons of 'leombrotus #ere $(esi"olis and 'leomenes> and $(esi"olis dyin( #ithout -hildren. 'leomenes obtained the kin(dom) This 'leomenes had t#o sons. the elder of #hi-h #as -alled $-rotatus. and the youn(er 'leonymus) 9f these $-rotatus died the first> and 'leomenes dyin( soon after. a -ontest about the kin(dom arose bet#een $reus the son of $-rotatus. and 'leonymus) $nd it #as this -ontention #hi-h led Pyrrhus into that -ountry) The *a-edaemonians indeed. before the *eu-trian battle. had ne3er sustained any losses in #ar. and on this a--ount they #ere far from su""osin( that they should be 3anDuished in a "edestrian -ontest) <or the soldiers that follo#ed *eonidas. did not brin( assistan-e suffi-ient for the destru-tion of the !edes> and #hat the $thenians "erformed at ="ha-teria #ith 0emosthenes for their (eneral. #as a theft of #ar. rather than a 3i-tory) The first o3erthro# #hi-h they re-ei3ed #as in Boeotia+ the se-ond. #hi-h #as mu-h (reater than the first. #as o--asioned by $nti"ater and the !a-edonians> and the third arose from the uneG"e-ted in-ursions of 0emetrius) But "er-ei3in( that Pyrrhus #as enterin( their borders #ith hostile intentions. this bein( the fourth army #hi-h o""osed

them. they "re"ared to meet him. asso-iatin( to themsel3es for this "ur"ose the $r(i3es and !essenians) These. ho#e3er. #ere 3anDuished by Pyrrhus. #ho at the same time had #ell ni(h taken the -ity) But after he had laid #aste the lands. and by this means a-Duired a (reat booty. he rested a little from any further hostilities) In the mean time. the *a-edaemonians a""lied themsel3es to the -are of the sie(e) But as 0emetrius. "rior to this. had in3aded ="arta. the *a-edaemonians had fortified it #ith stron( tren-hes. and e3erythin( ne-essary to its defen-e) /o#e3er. durin( this lon( -ontinuan-e of the *a-oni- #ar. $nti(onus ha3in( re-o3ered the !a-edonian -ities. hastened to Pelo"onnesus. as he #ell kne# that Pyrrhus. in -onseDuen-e of *a-edaemon and a (reat "art of Pelo"onnesus bein( subdued. #ould not immediately return to &"irus. but #ould mar-h to !a-edonia. and there "ursue the #ar) But as $nti(onus "re"ared to lead his army from $r(os into the *a-oni- territories. Pyrrhus himself a""roa-hed to $r(os) /ere an en(a(ement ensuin(. Pyrrhus #as 3i-tor. and e3en entered #ith the flyin( 3anDuished enemy into the -ity) The order of his army in -onseDuen-e of this bein( (as is usual in su-h -ases) dissol3ed. and the enemy 3i(orously fi(htin( for their tem"les. houses. narro# a3enues. and other "la-es of the -ity. Pyrrhus #as deserted by his troo"s. and re-ei3ed a #ound in his head) It is re"orted that this #ound #as -aused by a tile thro#n by a #oman. and that it o--asioned his death) But the $r(i3es assert. that it #as not a #oman that sle# him. but 'eres herself. assumin( for this "ur"ose the form of the #oman #ho #as a""arently the -ause of his destru-tion) $nd su-h is the re"ort of the $r(i3es -on-ernin( the death of Pyrrhus. #hi-h he also -onfirmed by *eu-eas. #ho des-ribed in 3erse the $r(i3e affairs) But the $r(i3es. in -om"lian-e #ith the ora-le. ha3e ere-ted a tem"le to 'eres. in the "la-e #here Pyrrhus fell> and in this tem"le Pyrrhus himself is buried) 1ha)ter 20! It a""ears to me indeed a matter truly admirable. that all of the name and family of the $ea-idae ha3e died in a manner similar to Pyrrhus) <or $-hilles is said. by /omer. to ha3e been slain by Paris the son of Priam. and by $"ollo) Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles #as -ut off by the 0el"hi. by the -ommand of the Pythian ora-le) $nd only Pyrrhus. the des-endant of $ea-us. died in the manner #hi-h the $r(i3es and *eu-eas relate) /ieronymus 'ardan. ho#e3er. differs from these in des-ribin( the manner of his death> but this is not to be #ondered at. if #e -onsider that a man #ho has been the asso-iate of a kin(. #ill ne-essarily #rite in his fa3our) <or if Philistus is to be "ardoned #ho. throu(h the ho"e of bein( restored to =yra-use. -on-ealed some of the most im"ious a-tions of 0ionysius. /ieronymus deser3es mu-h (reater indul(en-e for #ritin( fa3ourably of $nti(onus) $nd su-h #as the de(ree of 3i(our to #hi-h the "o#er of the &"irots arri3ed) But. on enterin( the 9deum at $thens. you #ill behold many thin(s deser3in( noti-e. and amon( the rest a statue of Ba--hus) %ear this statue there is a fountain. #hi-h they -all &nnea-runos. or "ourin( #ater from nine "i"es. and #hi-h #as adorned in this manner by Pisistratus) There are #ells indeed in e3ery "art of the -ity. but this is the only fountain) But there are t#o tem"les abo3e the fountain. one of 'eres and Proser"ine. and in the other there is a statue of Tri"tolemus. the "arti-ulars of #hi-h omittin( #hat is re"orted of 0eio"eia. I shall no# relate) $mon( the Greeks. those #ho "rin-i"ally -ontend #ith the $thenians for antiDuity and (ifts from the (ods. are the $r(i3es> @ust as amon( the Barbarians the &(y"tians -ontend #ith the Phry(ians) It is re"orted. therefore. that 'eres. on her arri3al at $r(os. #as hos"itably re-ei3ed by Pelas(us. and that she #as there informed by 'hrysanthis of the ra3ishment of her dau(hter) But after this the hiero"hant Tro-hilus flyin( from $r(os throu(h the hatred of $(enor. -ame to $tti-a. and marryin( a #oman of &leusis. had t#o sons by her. &ubuleus and Tri"tolemus) $nd su-h is the narration of the $r(i3es) But the $thenians and nei(hbourin( nations kno# that Tri"tolemus #as the son of

'eleus. and that he #as the first #ho introdu-ed the "lantation of -orn) !usaeus ho#e3er in his 3erses (if these #ere really -om"osed by !usaeus). says. that Tri"tolemus #as the son of 9-ean and &arth) But 9r"heus (thou(h neither are these 3erses. in my o"inion. the -om"osition of 9r"heus). that 0ysaules #as the father of &ubuleus and Tri"tolemus. and that these t#o learnt from 'eres the art of "lantin( -orn. be-ause she #as informed by them of the ra3ishment of her dau(hter) But 'hoerillus the $thenian. in a dramati- "ie-e of his #hi-h is -alled Alo)e. #rites. that 'er-yon and Tri"tolemus #ere brothers from the dau(hters of $m"hi-tyon. and that ,haros #as the father of Tri"tolemus. and %e"tune of 'er-yon) 0t was my intention, indeed to ha&e related e&ery )articular about the tem)le at Athens, which is called -leusinian, but 0 was restrained from the e/ecution of this design by a &ision in a dream) I shall. therefore. return to su-h "arti-ulars as it is la#ful to dis-lose) Before the (ates of the tem"le. #here the statue of Tri"tolemus is to be seen. there is a braIen oG. de-orated like a 3i-tim #hen leadin( to the altar) There. too. you may see &"imenides the Gnossian sittin(. #ho. on his arri3al at this -ountry. is re"orted to ha3e fallen aslee" in a -a3ern> and it is said that his slee" #as not dissol3ed before the eG"iration of forty years) They add like#ise. that he after#ards -om"osed 3erses. and that he lustrated both other -ities. and the -ity of the $thenians) But Thales. #ho freed $thens from a "estilen-e #as not in any res"e-t allied to &"imenides. nor #as his fello# -itiIen> for &"imenides #as a Gnossian. but Thales a Gortynian. a--ordin( to the assertion of Polymnestus 'olo"honius. in the 3erses #hi-h he made u"on Thales for the *a-edaemonians) <arther distant from hen-e is the tem"le of &u-lea (or illustrious fame). -onstru-ted and dedi-ated on a--ount of a 3i-tory o3er the !edes #ho "ossessed !arathon) But I -on@e-ture that there #as no 3i-tory in #hi-h the $thenians more (loried. than this #hi-h they obtained at !arathon) $nd $es-hylus. #hen he #as near his end. a man #ho had ne3er mentioned himself in his #ritin(s before. thou(h he #as so -elebrated a "oet> and #ho had obtained (reat reno#n by his military "ro#ess at $rtemisium and =alamis> yet. #hen he "ublished his "oem on the battle of !arathon. he both ins-ribed his o#n name. and that of his -ountry. in the front of the #ork> and -ites. as #itnesses of his fortitude. both the !arathonian (ro3e. and the !edes #ho des-ended into it) But abo3e the 'erami-us. and the "or-h #hi-h is -alled ,oyal. the tem"le of Vul-an "resents itself to the 3ie#) $nd. indeed. I am not at all sur"rised to find that there is a statue of !iner3a in this tem"le. #hen I -onsider #hat is re"orted of &ri-thonius) Per-ei3in(. too. that the statue of !iner3a has aIure eyes. I find that this -ir-umstan-e ori(inates from a *ybian fable. #hi-h asserts that !iner3a is the dau(hter of %e"tune and of the lake Tritonia. and that on this a--ount her eyes are aIure. as #ell as those of %e"tune) %ear this is the tem"le of 'elestial Venus. #ho #as first #orshi"ed by the $ssyrians. and after these by the Pa"hians at 'y"rus. and the Phoeni-ians #ho inhabited the -ity $s-alon in Palestine) But the 'ythereans 3enerated this (oddess. in -onseDuen-e of learnin( her sa-red rites from the Phoeni-ians) $nd $e(eus introdu-ed the #orshi" of this (oddess to the $thenians. from belie3in( that his #ant of -hildren. and the misfortunes of his sisters. #ere o--asioned throu(h the an(er of 'elestial Venus) But the statue #hi-h eGists at "resent is formed of Parian marble. and is the #ork of Phidias) $mon( the $thenians like#ise. there is a "ala-e of the $thmonensians. the offi-ers of #hi-h assert. that Por"hyrion rei(ned lon( before $-taeus. and that the tem"le #hi-h they "ossess. of 'elestial Venus. #as established by him) The offi-ers of this "ala-e. ho#e3er. assert thin(s 3ery different from the re"orts of the 3ul(ar) 1ha)ter 2! But the tra3eller. dire-tin( his -ourse to that "or-h #hi-h is -alled !arious. from the "aintin(s #hi-h it -ontains. #ill "er-ei3e a braIen statue of !er-ury. #hom they denominate 3udicial) This statue is near the (ate. u"on #hi-h there is a tro"hy ere-ted by

those $thenians #ho 3anDuished. in an eDuestrian -ontest. Plestar-hus the brother of 'assander. of #hose horse and mer-enary troo"s he #as the (eneral) In the "or-h there is. first of all. a re"resentation of the $thenians dra#n u" a(ainst the *a-edaemonians in 9enoe. an $r(i3e to#n) The "i-ture does not re"resent them as en(a(ed in the 3i(our of fi(ht. #hen ea-h indi3idual endea3ours to render himself sin(ular by his -oura(e. but the battle seems @ust -ommen-in(. and they are be(innin( to en(a(e hand to hand) But in the middle of the #all. the $thenians and Theseus are re"resented fi(htin( #ith the $maIons) 9f all #omen these alone -ould ne3er be terrified by any -alamity of #ar. or restrained from fresh en(a(ements> but thou(h Themis-yra #as taken by /er-ules. and the for-es #hi-h they after#ards sent a(ainst the $thenians #ere 3anDuished. yet they fou(ht at Troy #ith the $thenians. and #ith all Gree-e) But after the $maIons. you may "er-ei3e the Gre-ians takin( Troy. and all the kin(s -olle-ted to(ether. on a--ount of the darin( -rime of $@aG to#ards 'assandra> and this "i-ture -ontains $@aG. the troo" of -a"ti3e #omen. and 'assandra herself) $nd in the eGtremity of the "i-ture. those #ho fou(ht at !arathon are re"resented) But from amon( the Boeotians the Plataeenses are to be seen. and all those $thenians that en(a(ed hand to hand #ith the Barbarians) &a-h army a""ears to be eDually 3i(orous in its atta-ks> and in the heat of the battle the Barbarians are seen flyin(. and in their hurry thrustin( ea-h other into the marsh) But in the last "la-e. the Phoeni-ian shi"s are re"resented. and the Gre-ians slau(hterin( the Barbarians. #ho fled to these for refu(e) The hero !arathon. too. is here "ainted. from #hom the field is denominated> and Theseus. in the "osition of one as-endin( from the earth) There are like#ise to be seen !iner3a and /er-ules> for the !arathonians. as they themsel3es assert. first "aid di3ine honours to /er-ules) But of those en(a(ed in battle. the most illustrious in the "i-ture are 'allima-hus. #ho first mana(ed the #arlike affairs of the $thenians> and of the (enerals. !iltiades> and besides these the hero &-hetlus. of #hom I shall after#ards make mention) In the same "la-e. too. braIen shields are fiGed. #ith an ins-ri"tion si(nifyin( that they belon(ed to the =-ionoeans and their allies) But the shields. #hi-h are here -o3ered #ith "it-h that they may not be in@ured by time. and the other s"oils. are said to ha3e been taken from the *a-edaemonians in the island ="ha-teria) 1ha)ter 2!0 Before the "or-h there are braIen statues. 3iI) of =olon. #ho #rote la#s for the $thenians> and a little farther off. that of =eleu-us. #hose future feli-ity #as e3in-ed by "rodi(ies by no means obs-ure) <or this =eleu-us. #hen de"artin( from !a-edonia #ith $leGander. sa-rifi-ed in Pella to Cu"iter> but then the "ie-es of #ood #hi-h #ere "la-ed on the altar a""roa-hed. of their o#n a--ord. to the statue of the (od. and #ere enkindled #ithout fire) But on the death of $leGander. =eleu-us fearin( the -omin( of $nti(onus to Babylon. and flyin( to Ptolemy the son of *a(us. returned after#ards to Babylon) 9n his return. he 3anDuished the army of $nti(onus. sle# $nti(onus himself. and took his son 0emetrius "risoner) $nd as all these transa-tions #ere "ros"erous. and the affairs of *ysima-hus #ere ruined not lon( after. he deli3ered the (o3ernment of all $sia to his son $ntio-hus. and hastened himself to !a-edonia) The army therefore of =eleu-us #as -om"osed of Greeks and Barbarians) But Ptolemy the brother of *ysandra. #ho fled from *ysima-hus to =eleu-us. a man of ready darin(. and on this a--ount denominated Thunder 7 this Ptolemy. as soon as he understood that the army of =eleu-us #as at *ysima-hia. atta-ked =eleu-us. and sle# him> and. deli3erin( his ri-hes to be "lundered by the kin(s. took "ossession of the !a-edonian (o3ernment) /o#e3er. darin( after#ards to o""ose himself to the Gauls (thou(h he #as the first of all the kin(s #e are a-Duainted #ith that e3er attem"ted this). he #as slain by the Barbarians) But $nti(onus the son of 0emetrius obtained the kin(dom of !a-edonia #hi-h he had "reser3ed) ith res"e-t to =eleu-us. I am fully "ersuaded.

indeed. that he #as most eminently @ust to men. and "ious to#ards the (ods) <or it #as this =eleu-us #ho took -are that a braIen statue of $"ollo. #hi-h had been taken a#ay from the !ilesians by 1erGes. and -arried to &-batan. should be a(ain restored to the Bran-hidae) $nd ha3in( besides this built the -ity =eleu-ea by the ri3er Ti(ris. and brou(ht the Babylonians to inhabit it. he neither demolished the #all of Babylon. nor the tem"le of Belus. and "ermitted the 'haldaeans to d#ell about their tem"le) 1ha)ter 2!00 But. in the market7"la-e of the $thenians. there are other #orks #hi-h are not ob3ious to e3ery one. and amon( the rest an altar of Pity> #hi-h di3inity. as she is abo3e all others benefi-ial to human life. and to the mutability of human affairs. is alone of all the Greeks re3eren-ed by the $thenians) But these "eo"le indeed are not only remarkable for their "hilanthro"y. but eG-el other nations in "iety to the (ods> for they ha3e altars to +hame, 4ame and 0m)etuosity) $nd it is -learly manifest that these "eo"le. #ho eG-el others in "iety. are eDually remarkable for the (ood fortune #hi-h attends them) But in the Gymnasium. #hi-h is -alled Ptolemaeum from its founder. and is at no (reat distan-e from the market7"la-e. there are stones denominated /ermae. #hi-h deser3e to be ins"e-ted. and a braIen statue of Ptolemy> and besides these the *ybian Cuba. and the =olensian 'hrysi""us) %ear the Gymnasium. too. there is the tem"le of Theseus. #hi-h -ontains the follo#in( "i-tures+ 3iI) a "aintin( of the battle of the $thenians a(ainst the $maIons> and this battle is also re"resented in the shield of !iner3a. and in the base of 9lym"ian Cu"iter) It like#ise -ontains a "aintin( of the fi(ht of the -entaurs and *a"ithae> and Theseus is re"resented in this "i-ture slayin( a -entaur. but the battle seems to be eDual amon( the rest) But the "i-ture in the third #all -annot be understood by su-h as are una-Duainted #ith the transa-tions #hi-h it re"resents> sin-e some of its "arts are destroyed by time. and !i-on the "ainter has not re"resented the #hole affair) But the story is as follo#s+ !inos. #hen he led a#ay Theseus and the other band of youths into 'rete. fell in lo3e #ith Periboea) But Theseus #as a3erse to this amour. and not only (reatly re3iled !inos in his ra(e. but. amon( his other re"roa-hes. asserted that he #as not the son of %e"tune> and that if he should -ast that seal into the sea #hi-h he -arried about him. he #ould not be able to re-o3er it a(ain) !inos. it is said. u"on this immediately thre# the seal into the sea> and Theseus. by the means of $m"hitrite. not only re-ei3ed this seal from the sea. but like#ise a (olden -ro#n) But many and at the same time disa(reein( re"orts are s"read about the death of Theseus> for they assert that he #as on-e bound by Pluto. and at len(th liberated by /er-ules) But a relation #hi-h I ha3e heard is mu-h more "robable. i)e) that Theseus on-e -ame to Thes"rotia. for the "ur"ose of -arryin( a#ay the #ife of the Thes"rotian kin(. and that ha3in( lost a (reat "art of his army. both he and Pirithous (for Pirithous took u" arms throu(h an ea(er desire of bein( married) #ere taken -a"ti3e and fettered by the Thes"rotian kin(. at 'i-hyrus) But at Thes"rotia there are other thin(s #orthy of ins"e-tion. and "arti-ularly a tem"le of Cu"iter in 0odona. and a bee-h7tree sa-red to the (od) %ear 'i-hyrus. too. there is a marsh #hi-h is said to be the $-herusian marsh. and the ri3er $-heron> and in the same "la-e 'o-ytus flo#s a most un"leasant #ater) But it a""ears to me that /omer. ha3in( seen these "la-es. had the boldness to insert in his "oems. as #ell those "arti-ulars -on-ernin( souls in /ades. as the names of the infernal ri3ers. #hi-h he deri3ed from the ri3ers of Thes"rotia) In the mean time. #hile Theseus #as detained in fetters. the sons of Tyndarus in3aded $"hidna #ith an army. and. ha3in( taken the -ity. restored !nestheus to his kin(dom) $nd !nestheus. indeed. by no means o""osed the -hildren of Theseus in betakin( themsel3es to &le"henor in &uboea> but -onsiderin( that Theseus. if he should e3er return from Thes"rotia. -ould not be atta-ked #ithout (reat diffi-ulty. be -aused the "eo"le. by his su""liant arts. to "romise that they #ould not re-ei3e Theseus on his return) Theseus. therefore. de"arted to 0eu-alion in 'rete> but

bein( dri3en by a tem"est to the island =-yron. he #as beni(nantly re-ei3ed by the =-yrians. both on a--ount of his illustrious ori(in. and the (randeur of the a-tions #hi-h he had "erformed) $nd this re-e"tion indu-ed *y-omedes to frustrate the snares #hi-h had been "lanned for his death) But a tem"le #as raised at $thens to Theseus. after the !edes had taken "ossession of !arathon> 'imon. the son of !iltiades. at the same time o3erthro#in( the =-yrians. re3en(ed the death of Theseus. and brou(ht ba-k his bones to $thens) 1ha)ter 2!000 In the neGt "la-e there is an an-ient tem"le of the 0ios-uri. in #hi-h they are beheld standin(. and their sons on horseba-k) /ere. too. Poly(notus "ainted their a-hie3ements. and the nu"tials of the dau(hters of *eu-i""us) But !i-on "ainted those that sailed to 'ol-his #ith Cason> the most a--urate of #hose "aintin(s is that of $-astus and his horses) But abo3e the tem"le of the 0ios-uri is the (ro3e of $(laurus. to #hose sisters. /erse and Pandrosus. !iner3a is re"orted to ha3e entrusted &ri-hthonius -on-ealed in a -hest. at the same time forbiddin( them to behold its -ontents) $nd they re"ort that Pandrosus indeed #as obedient to the -ommands of the (oddess. but that her t#o sisters o"ened the -hest. and. bein( a(itated #ith fury as soon as they had seen &ri-hthonius. thre# themsel3es headlon( from the stee"est "la-e of the to#er) But near the "la-e #here they fell. the !edes. makin( an irru"tion sle# those $thenians. #ho. thinkin( that they understood the ora-le better than Themisto-les. fortified the to#er #ith #ooden #orks and tren-hes) %ear this is the Prytaneum. in #hi-h the #ritten la#s of =olon are "reser3ed. and #hi-h -ontains the statues of Pea-e and Vesta) But there are statues of 3arious men. and. amon( the rest. of the "u(ilist $utoly-us> for they transfer the statues of !iltiades and Themistodes to a ,oman and Thra-ian man. the former ins-ri"tion bein( abolished) But. des-endin( from hen-e to the inferior "arts of the -ity. the tem"le of =era"is "resents itself to the 3ie#> and this di3inity the $thenians re-ei3ed from Ptolemy) The &(y"tians. ho#e3er. ha3e many tem"les of this (od> but the most illustrious tem"le is to be found at $leGandria. and the most an-ient at !em"his) ith res"e-t to this last. indeed. stran(ers are not "ermitted to enter into it. nor e3en the "riests themsel3es. till they ha3e inhumed $"is) But not far from the tem"le of =era"is there is a "la-e in #hi-h. a--ordin( to re"ort. Pirithous and Theseus ami-ably meetin(. de"arted first to *a-edaemon. and after#ards to Thes"rotia) %ear this the tem"le of the (oddess *u-ina #as formerly ere-ted. #hi-h they re"ort -ame to 0elos from the /y"erboei. that it mi(ht afford assistan-e to the "arturient *atona) But they re"ort. that other nations learnt the name of *u-ina from the 0elians) $nd the 0elians indeed sa-rifi-e to *u-ina. and sin( a hymn -om"osed by 9len in her "raise) The 'retans. ho#e3er. #ho inhabit the -ountry of Gnosis. are of o"inion that *u-ina #as born in $mnisus. and that she is the dau(hter of Cuno) But the $thenians alone 3eil the ima(e of th (oddess e3en to the eGtremities of her feet) T#o of these statues. the #omen re"ort. #ere brou(ht from 'rete. and dedi-ated by Phaedra> but they say the most an-ient statue #as brou(ht from 0elos by &rysi-hthon) But the &m"eror $drian dedi-ated the tem"le of 9lym"ian Cu"iter and the statue of the (od #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted. not indeed for its ma(nitude. be-ause the ,omans and ,hodians "ossess -olossal statues. but for the symmetry of its -onstru-tion> for it is -om"osed from i3ory and (old. and the art dis"layed in the -om"osition admirably harmoniIes #ith the ma(nitude of the statue) This "la-e too -ontains statues of the &m"eror $drian. t#o of #hi-h are of Thasian and t#o of &(y"tian stone) But before the "illars of the tem"le. #hi-h the $thenians -all colonies of cities there are -ertain statues of brass) $nd the -ir-umferen-e of the tem"le is about four stadia. and is full of statues) <or an ima(e of the &m"eror $drian is "la-ed in it from e3ery -ity> all #hi-h the $thenians ha3e (reatly sur"assed. by "la-in( in the ba-k "art of the tem"le a -olossal statue of the

&m"eror. #hi-h is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion) In the same ambit. too. there are -ertain an-ient statues. a braIen one of Cu"iter. a tem"le of =aturn and ,hea. and a (ro3e #hi-h they -all 9lym"ia) $n o"enin( of the earth like#ise is to be seen here. about a -ubit in ma(nitude. and they re"ort that the #ater ran into this "la-e after the delu(e of 0eu-allon) &3ery year they thro# into this -hasm a -ake made of honey and flo#er) But near the -olumn there is a statue of Iso-rates. #ho left behind him three "arti-ulars #orthy of remembran-e) In the first "la-e his )erse&erance #hi-h #as so remarkable. that. e3en #hen he #as ninety7ei(ht years old. he still -ontinued to ha3e dis-i"les) In the neGt "la-e. his )rudence> for he al#ays abstained from interferin( in "oliti-s and "ubli- -on-erns) $nd. in the third "la-e. his inde)endence> for. after bein( told by a messen(er the e3ent of the battle of 'haeronea. he 3oluntarily destroyed himself throu(h (rief) In the same "la-e. too. the Persae are to be seen in Phry(ian marble. holdin( a braIen tri"od. both #hi-h deser3e to be a--urately ins"e-ted) $nd it is re"orted. indeed. that 0eu-alion built the an-ient tem"le of 9lym"ian Cu"iter> for. as a manifest token that 0eu-alion d#elt at $thens. his se"ul-hre is to be seen not far from this 3ery tem"le) But the &m"eror $drian raised other edifi-es for the $thenians. and "arti-ularly the tem"le of Cuno. and Cu"iter Panellenius. and a tem"le -ommon to all the (ods) But the most -ons"i-uous of all the #orks are one hundred and t#enty -olumns of Phry(ian stone> and the #alls of the "or-hes -onsist of the same substan-e) There are like#ise habitations in these #hi-h are fabri-ated from (olden reeds and alabaster stone. and are adorned #ith statues and "i-tures) In the same tem"le too there is a library and a (ymnasium #hi-h is surnamed $drian. and #hi-h -ontains a hundred "illars of *ybian stone) 1ha)ter 202 But after the tem"le of 9lym"ian Cu"iter. there is a statue near it of Pythian $"ollo> and like#ise another tem"le of $"ollo. #hom they -all 0el"hinian) It is re"orted. that #hen this tem"le #as finished as far as to the roof. Theseus. unkno#n to all men. entered into the -ity> that he #as -lothed #ith a (arment #hi-h rea-hed to his feet. and that his hair #as ele(antly dis"osed) They further re"ort. that as soon as he arri3ed near the 0el"hinan tem"le. he #as asked in derision. by those #ho #ere em"loyed in raisin( the roof. #hy a 3ir(in like him. fit for marria(e. #andered alone) But Theseus made no re"ly to their Duestion> but freein(. as it is said. the oGen from a -art #hi-h stood near. he raised the to" of the -art to su-h a hei(ht that it sur"assed the roof of the tem"le) ith res"e-t to that "art of the -ity #hi-h they -all the Gardens. and the tem"le of Venus #hi-h it -ontains. there is nothin( in these #orthy of bein( noti-ed) <or there is not anythin( remarkable in the statue of Venus #hi-h is near the tem"le. nor in the sDuare fi(ure sa-red to /ermes) But an e"i(ram in this "la-e si(nifies that 'elestial Venus is the eldest of those di3inities #ho are -alled the Par-ae) But the statue of Venus in the Gardens is the #ork of $l-amenes. and is one of the thin(s at $thens #hi-h deser3e to be ins"e-ted) There is also a tem"le of /er-ules. #hom they -all 1ynosarges+ but the "arti-ulars about the #hite do( may be understood by those #ho read the ora-le) The altars too of /er-ules and /ebe are to be seen here. the latter of #hom. bein( the dau(hter of Cu"iter. is said to ha3e asso-iated #ith /er-ules) There is also an altar of $l-amenes. and of Colaus. #ho #as the -om"anion of /er-ules in many of his labours) But the *y-eum is denominated from *y-ius. the son of Pandion) It #as ho#e3er from the first. and is at the "resent time belie3ed to be the tem"le of $"ollo> and that the (od #as first of all denominated from then-e *y-ius) It is also re"orted that the (od is the -ause of the Termissenses. to #hom he fled from $e(eus. bein( -alled *y-ians) But behind the *y-eum is the tomb of the *y-ian %isus. #ho. bein( -ut off by !inos #hen he rei(ned o3er the !e(arensians. #as taken a#ay by the $thenians. and buried in this "la-e) It is re"orted of this %isus. that he had "ur"le hairs on his head. and that he #as #arned that

death #ould be the -onseDuen-e of the loss of these) It ha""ened. ho#e3er. that the 'retans enterin( into his territories both took other -ities of !e(ara by their in-ursions. and. -om"ellin( %isus to fly. besie(ed him #ithin the %istiean #alls) But then. it is said. the dau(hter of %isus. fallin( in lo3e #ith !inos. sheared off her father4s hairs) $nd su-h is the re"ort about %isus) But the ri3ers #hi-h flo# into $thens are. the =issus. and &ridanus #hi-h falls into the Ilissus. and has the same name #ith the 'elti- &ridanus) $nd this Ilissus is the ri3er u"on #hose banks 9rithyia "layin( #as. a--ordin( to re"ort. ra3ished by Boreas. and married to the (od) They add too that Boreas. on a--ount of her allian-e to the $thenians. destroyed many of the three7oared (alleys of the Barbarians) But the $thenians are of o"inion that the Ilissus is both sa-red to other (ods and to the !uses> and on the banks of this ri3er there is at "resent an altar of the !uses. #ho are -alled Ilissides) %ot far from hen-e is the "la-e #here the Pelo"onnesians sle# 'odrus. the son of !elanthus. #ho rei(ned o3er the $thenians) But #hen you ha3e "assed o3er the Ilissus. you #ill "er-ei3e the "la-e #hi-h is -alled $(rae. and the tem"le of 0iana the huntress> and on this a--ount a bo# is added to her statue) But #hat I am no# (oin( to relate is not so deli(htful to the ear as #onderful to behold) There is a stadium in this "art. of #hite stone #hose ma(nitude is e3in-ed by this -ir-umstan-e. that it -ommen-es from a mountain beyond the Ilissus. and eGtends itself in a lunar7form fi(ure to the bank of the ri3er. so as to form a t#o7 fold #all) This stadium #as built by an $thenian of the name of /erodes. #ho -onsumed a (reat Duantity of Penteli-ian stones in its -onstru-tion) 1ha)ter 22 But there is a #ay from the Prytaneum. #hi-h they -all Tri"odes. and from #hen-e the re(ion is denominated) In this "la-e there are lar(e tem"les of the (ods. braIen tri"ods. and #orks #hi-h "arti-ularly deser3e to be remembered) <or a =atyr is to be seen here. in #hi-h PraGitiles is said to ha3e (reatly (loried) They farther re"ort. that Phryne. #ith #hom he #as in lo3e. on-e askin( him #hi-h #as the most beautiful of his #orks. he -onsented to (i3e her his "rodu-tions. but #ould not inform her #hi-h of them a""eared to him to be most beautiful) Phryne therefore ordered her ser3ant to tell PraGitiles that his #orksho" #as on fire. and that a (reat "art of his #orks #ere destroyed. thou(h as yet all of them #ere not -onsumed by the fire) PraGitiles on this information hastily left his a"artment. and de-lared that his affli-tion #ould be but triflin( if the flames had but s"ared his =atyr and *o3e) Phryne hearin( this bid him be of (ood -oura(e. for no -alamity had beIlen him. but that she had em"loyed this strata(em. that she mi(ht for-e him to -onfess #hi-h he thou(ht the most beautiful of his #orks) $nd Phryne. in -onseDuen-e of this. made -hoi-e of his *o3e. in "referen-e to his =atyr) But in the tem"le of 0ionysius. #hi-h is near this "la-e. there is a youthful =atyr eGtendin( a -u") But the *o3e and Ba--hus #hi-h stand to(ether #ere the #ork of Thymilus) There is also a most an-ient tem"le of Ba--hus near the theatre) $nd #ithin the -ir-umferen-e of this tem"le there are t#o other tem"les. and as many Ba--huses) 9ne of these is -alled &leuthereus. and the other #as made by $l-amenes. and is fashioned from i3ory and (old) The follo#in( "i-tures like#ise are -ontained in the same "la-e. first Ba--hus leadin( Vul-an ba-k to hea3en. #hi-h ori(inates from this Gre-ian fable+ Vul-an as soon as he #as born #as hurled from hea3en by Cuno> but the (od. not unmindful of the in@ury #hi-h he had re-ei3ed. sent to Cuno. as a (ift. a (olden throne #hi-h -ontained -ertain una""arent bonds. and #ith #hi-h the (oddess #as bound as soon as she #as seated on the throne) $ll the (ods. ho#e3er. eG-e"t Ba--hus. #ere unable to "ersuade Vul-an to free Cuno from his bonds> but Ba--hus. in #hom Vul-an "la-ed no small de(ree of -onfiden-e. ha3in( intoGi-ated Vul-an. led him ba-k to hea3en) In the neGt "la-e. there is a "aintin( of Pentheus and *y-ur(us sufferin( the "unishment of their in@urious -ondu-t to#ards Ba--hus) $nd. after these. there is a s-ul"ture in #hi-h $riadne is re"resented slee"in(. Theseus s"readin(

his sails. and Ba--hus a""roa-hin( in order to ra3ish $riadne) But not far from the tem"le of Ba--hus and the theatre. #hi-h is near it. there is an edifi-e #hi-h #as raised. as it is said. in imitation of a stru-ture of 1erGes) $nd this buildin( indeed has been restored> for the an-ient bri-k #as burnt by =ylla #hen he took $thens) But the -ause of this battle #as as follo#s+ !ithridates rei(ned o3er those Barbarians #ho d#ell about the &uGine Pontus) Thou(h before I "ro-eed any farther it is ne-essary to obser3e. that su-h as are desirous of kno#in( under #hat "reteGt he #arred u"on the ,omans. and ho#. #hen he in3aded $sia. he for-ibly brou(ht other -ities into his "o#er. or entered into a friendly allian-e #ith them 7 these "arti-ulars I shall lea3e to su-h as #ish to understand all the transa-tions of !ithridates) $t "resent I shall only eG"lain #hat belon(s to the -a"ture of $thens) There #as an $thenian then. -alled $ristion. #hom !ithridates em"loyed as an ambassador to the Gre-ian -ities) This man "ersuaded the $thenians to "refer the friendshi" of !ithridates to that of the ,omans) /is "ersuasions. ho#e3er. #ere not effe-tual #ith all the $thenians. but only #ith the -ommon "eo"le. and these the most seditious> for su-h of the $thenians as #ere of any -onseDuen-e #illin(ly betook themsel3es to the ,omans) But #hen the en(a(ement took "la-e. the ,omans had (reatly the ad3anta(e. and. a fli(ht of the $thenians ensuin(. the ,omans "ursued $ristion and the $thenians to the -ity. but $r-helaus and the Barbarians to the Piraeeus) This $r-helaus #as a -ommander in the army of !ithridates. #ho. "rior to this. in3adin( the !a(netes that inhabit =i"ylum. slau(htered indeed many of the Barbarians. but #as himself #ounded in the en(a(ement) $fter this. the $thenians #ere besie(ed> and TaGilus. the (eneral of !ithridates4 for-es. #ho then in3ested #ith his army &latea in Pho-is. hearin( of their defeat. led his for-es into $tti-a) The ,oman (eneral bein( informed of this -ir-iunstan-e. left a "art of his army to -ontinue the sie(e. and hastened #ith the (reater "art of his for-es to meet TaGilus in Boeotia) But on the third day after his arri3al messen(ers -ame from both armies into the ,oman -am"s> to the -am"s of =ylia. informin( him that the #alls of $thens #ere taken> and to the besie(ers. that TaGilus #as 3anDuished in battle near 'haeronea) =yria. therefore. as soon as he -ame to $thens. -olle-tin( all su-h $thenians as had o""osed him into the 'erami-us. ordered that e3ery tenth man. by lot. should be led to death) $nd the an(er of =ylla a(ainst the $thenians sufferin( no remission. -ertain "ersons amon( them se-retly -ame to 0el"hos. and inDuired of the ora-le #hether it #as ne-essary that the $thenians should be entirely destroyed. but the (od. in ans#er to them. (a3e that ora-le -on-ernin( the bladder) $fter this. =ylla atta-ked #ith that disease #hi-h is said to ha3e been fatal to Phere-ydes =yrus) =ylla. indeed. #as (uilty of mu-h (reater -ruelty to the $thenians than it be-ame a ,oman to infli-t) It does not. ho#e3er. a""ear to me that the beha3iour of the $thenians to =ylla #as the -ause of their -alamity. but that it arose from Cu"iter the a3en(er of su""liants. #ho "unished them by this means for slau(hterin( $ristion after he had fled to the tem"le of !iner3a for refu(e) But the $thenians #ho suffered in this manner. in a #ar #ith the ,omans. #ere restored to their former flourishin( -ondition in the rei(n of the &m"eror $drian) 1ha)ter 220 But in the theatre at $thens there are many ima(es of obs-ure tra(i- and -omi"oets> for eG-e"t !enander there is not any -elebrated -omi- "oet> and of the tra(i"oets there are only t#o of (reat reno#n. 3iI) &uri"ides and =o"ho-les) But it is re"orted that. at the time #hen =o"ho-les died. the *a-edaemonians made an irru"tion into $tti-a. and that Ba--hus himself a""eared as their leader. -ommandin( them to 3enerate a ne# =iren #ith the same honours #hi-h are usually "aid to the dead) $nd in a dream about =o"ho-les. this =iren #as seen #ith the "oeti-al -om"ositions of =o"ho-les in his hands) Indeed it is usual e3en no# to -om"are "oems and dis-ourses. #hi-h are re"lete #ith an

allurin( "o#er. to the son( of a =iren) But #ith res"e-t to the ima(e of $es-hylus and the "i-ture in #hi-h his 3alour at !arathon is re"resented. I am of o"inion that these #ere "rodu-ed a lon( time after his death) $es-hylus indeed says of himself. that #hen he #as a boy. he on-e fell aslee" in a field. #here he #as #at-hin( some (ra"es. and that Ba--hus a""eared to him in a dream. and eGhorted him to #rite tra(edies) /e adds. that as soon as it #as day (for he #as #illin( to be "ersuaded) he made trial of his skill in -om"osin( a tra(edy. and su--eeded #ith ease) But in the #all #hi-h they -all +outhern and #hi-h eGtends from the to#er to the theatre a (olden head of the Gor(on !edusa is -ontained> and to(ether #ith it the ae(is is to be seen) *ike#ise. in the to" of the theatre. there is a -a3e amon( the ro-ks under the to#er) In this -a3ern there is a tri"od. to(ether #ith the ima(es of $"ollo and 0iana re"resented in the a-t of destroyin( the -hildren of %iobe) $fter I had seen this %iobe. I "ro-eeded to the mountain =i"ylus) %ear this "la-e there is a ro-k and a "re-i"i-e. #hi-h to one #ho stands near it does not eGhibit the sha"e of a #oman. but he #ho beholds it at a distan-e #ill think he sees a #oman #ee"in( and lamentin() But on "ro-eedin( from the theatre to the $thenian to#er. you #ill see the tomb of 'alus) $fter 0aedalus had slain this 'alus. #ho #as the son and dis-i"le of his sister. he fled into 'rete. and after#ards to 'o-alus in =i-ily) But the tem"le of $s-ula"ius is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion. as #ell on a--ount of the statues of the (od and his sons. as the "i-tures #hi-h it -ontains) There is also a fountain in this tem"le. near #hi-h they re"ort /alirrhothius. the son of %e"tune. #as slain by !ars for ha3in( dis(ra-ed his dau(hter $l-i""e) In this "la-e. too. amon( other thin(s. there is a =armati-an -oat of mail. #hi-h. if #ell ins"e-ted. e3in-es that the Barbarians are no less skilfuI in arts than the Gre-ians) <or the =armatians neither ha3e iron. nor is it im"orted to them from other nations. as these Barbarians are more than all others free from asso-iation #ith forei(n -ountries) In -onseDuen-e therefore of this #ant of iron. they ha3e de3ised #i-ker instead of iron to"s for their s"ears) Their bo#s and arro#s too are of -ornel #ood. and the to"s of these are #i-ker) They like#ise in battle thro# -hains about e3ery enemy they meet #ith. and at the same time their horses turnin( about. they thro# do#n the enemy entan(led in their -hains) But they fashion their -oats of mail after the follo#in( manner) &a-h of these Barbarians has a (reat Duanity of horses> for their land is not se"arated into "arts so as to be subser3ient to the use of "ri3ate "ersons. nor does it bear anythin( eG-e"t rusti- #ood. as the inhabitants are nothin( more than %omades) These horses they not only use for the "ur"oses of #ar. but they sa-rifi-e them to their -ountry (ods. and e3en use them for food) But -olle-tin( the hoofs of these animals. and "urifyin( and di3idin( them. they "olish them so as to resemble the s-ales of a dra(on) /e indeed #ho has not seen a dra(on may -om"are this -om"osition from hoofs to a "ine7hut #hile yet (reen) This s-ale7like -om"osition they "erforate. and se# it to(ether #ith the ner3es of horses and oGen. and after#ards use it for -oats of mail. #hi-h are not inferior to those of the Greeks either for ele(an-e or stren(th> as they #ill sustain a blo# (i3en either remotely or near at hand) *inen -oats of mail indeed are not in a similar manner useful to #arriors. be-ause they are "er3ious to the 3ehement "er-ussions of iron. and only ser3e as a defen-e to hunters> for in these the teeth of lions and "anthers are rendered debile and blunt) $nd you may "er-ei3e linen -oats of mail sus"ended both in other tem"les. and in the tem"le of Grynaeus $"ollo) The (ro3e too of this (od is most beautifully "lanted #ith trees. and is no less dele-table for the s#eet smell #hi-h it eGhales than for the "leasant s"e-ta-les #hi-h it affords) 1ha)ter 2200 But after the tem"le of $es-ula"ius. in the #ay #hi-h leads to the to#er. the tem"le of Themis "resents itself to the 3ie#. before #hi-h there is the tomb of /i""olytus. #ho is

re"orted to ha3e died throu(h im"re-ations) Indeed the 3ery Barbarians that are not i(norant of the Greek ton(ue are a-Duainted #ith the lo3e of Phaedra. and the ministrant boldness of her nurse) But there is like#ise amon( the TroeIenians a tomb of /i""olytus about #hi-h there is the follo#in( a--ount) Theseus. #hen he intended to marry Phaedra. bein( un#illin(. if he should ha3e any -hildren by her. either that they should rei(n o3er /i""olytus. or /i""olytus o3er them. on this a--ount sent /i""olytus to TroeIen to one Pittheus. both that he mi(ht be there edu-ated. and that he mi(ht at len(th (o3ern the TroeIenians) =ome time after this Theseus ha3in( slain Pallas and his sons. #ho had made an insurre-tion a(ainst him. -ame to TroeIen for the "ur"ose of "urifyin( himself from the slau(hter) /ere it #as that Phaedra first sa# /i""olytus. and throu(h the 3iolen-e of her lo3e laid the "lan of her o#n destru-ti-m) $nd a myrtle is to this day "reser3ed by the TroeIenians #hose lea3es are "erforated in e3ery "art) They re"ort that this #as not the -ase #ith the myrtle at first. but that it #as "erforated in this manner by Phaedra. #ith the "in that fastened her hair. throu(h the an(uish of lo3e) But Theseus first introdu-ed the #orshi" of Venus Po"ularis. and of the (oddess Persuasion. #hen he led the $thenian "eo"le from the fields. and formed them into one -ity) The an-ient statues of these di3inities do not eGist at "resent. thou(h the statues #hi-h are no# eGtant are by no means the "rodu-tions of the most i(noble artifi-ers) There is also a tem"le of -arth the nurse of youths. and of &irid 1eres) But the reason of these a""ellations may be kno#n from the "riests) $(ain. there is only one entran-e to the to#er> for the other #ays are ina--essible. either throu(h stee" ro-ks. or a stron( #all) But the summits of the 3estibules. #hi-h they -all Pro"ylaea. are fashioned from #hite stone> and at "resent these "or-hes are "referred before other #orks. both for their ornament and the ma(nitude of the stones from #hi-h they are -om"osed) ith res"e-t to the eDuestrian statues I -annot say #ho #ere their artifi-ers. #hether they #ere made by the sons of 1eno"hon. or by some other. as an ornament to the "la-e) But on the ri(ht hand of the 3estibules there is a tem"le of !ictory without wings) <rom hen-e there is a "ros"e-t of the sea> and they re"ort that $e(eus. hurlin( himself into this sea. "erished) <or it is said that Theseus. #hen he de"arted to slay the !inotaur. in -onseDuen-e of -onfidin( in his o#n 3alour. told his father that he #ould use #hite sails if he returned 3i-torious from the slau(hter of the bull) But $e(eus. #ho #as i(norant that $riadne had been -arried a#ay. "er-ei3in( that the 3essel of Theseus had bla-k sails. -on-luded that his son #as dead. and hurled himself into the sea) $nd the $thenians ha3e a se"ul-hre #hi-h they -all the heroum of $e(eus) 9n the left hand of the 3estibules there is a d#ellin( adorned #ith "i-tures. amon( #hi-h those #hose fi(ures are not sufffi-iently a""arent are in@ured by time) 0iomed is to be seen here. and Klysses. the former -arryin( from *emnos the arro#s of Philo-tetes. and the latter -arryin( the Palladium from Ilium) $mon( the "i-tures. too. 9restes is re"resented slayin( $e(isthus. and Pylades beheadin( the sons of %au"lius. #ho -ame to the assistan-e of $e(isthus) But near the tomb of $-hilles. PolyGena is about to be slau(htered> and /omer #as -ertainly ri(ht in omittin( to mention so -ruel a deed) /e like#ise a""ears to me to ha3e a-ted #ell #hen. relatin( that =-yros #as destroyed by $-hilles. he does not say that $-hilles li3ed in that island #ith the 3ir(ins. #hi-h almost all other "oets ha3e asserted. and #hi-h Poly(notus has re"resented in the "i-ture) But the same Poly(notus has "ainted Klysses standin( by %au-i-aa. and the 3ir(ins #ho #ere #ashin( their (arments #ith her. a--ordin( to the relation of /omer) There are also other "i-tures. and amon( these the "i-ture of $l-ibiades. and eDuestrian monuments of the 3i-tory at %emea) Perseus too is seen here. -arryin( to Polyde-tes at =eri"hos the head of !edusa) But it is not "ro"er that I should relate the "arti-ulars -on-ernin( !edusa in a des-ri"tion of $tti-a) $mon( these "i-tures. omittin( the boy -arryin( #ater7"ots. and the #restler "ainted by Timaenetus. !usaeus is to be seen. #ho. as I find it re"orted in -ertain 3erses. #as enabled to fly throu(h the benefi-en-e of

Boreas) It a""ears to me. ho#e3er. that 9noma-ritus is the author of these 3erses> for there is nothin( eGtant of !usaeus #hi-h -an be de"ended on eG-e"t a hymn to 'eres. -om"osed for the *y-omidae) But in the entran-e to the to#er there is a statue of !er-ury. #hom they -all Pro"ylaeus. and statues of the Gra-es. both #hi-h are said to ha3e been made by =o-rates. the son of =o"hronis-us. #ho. a--ordin( to the testimony of the Pythian $"ollo. #as the #isest of men> an en-omium #hi-h the ora-le #as by no means #illin( to besto# on $na-harsis. thou(h he -ame to 0el"hos #ith a 3ie# of re-ei3in( the elo(ium of the (od) 1ha)ter 22000 But amon( other thin(s #hi-h the Greeks re"ort of themsel3es. they relate. that of their an-estors there #ere se3en #ise men. amon( #hi-h they enumerate the *esbian tyrant. and Periander the son of 'y"selus> thou(h indeed Pisistratus and his son /i""ias #ere both more "hilanthro"i- and #ise than Periander. and #ere like#ise su"erior to him in #arlike and "oliti-al affairs> es"e-ially before /i""ias (a3e #ay to his an(er on other o--assions and "arti-ularly #ith res"e-t to the harlot *eaena) <or after the death of /i""ar-hus (I s"eak of an affair #hi-h #as ne3er before -ommitted to #ritin(. thou(h it is belie3ed by the (reater "art of the $thenians) he infli-ted #ounds on this #oman till she died> and this in -onseDuen-e of kno#in( that she #as the asso-iate of $risto(iton. and -on@e-turin( from then-e that she #as by no means i(norant of the -ons"ira-y a(ainst /i""ar-hus) But the $thenians. bein( freed from the tyranny of the -hildren of Pisistratus. dedi-ated a braIen lioness to the memory of this #oman> and near it is the statue of Venus. #hi-h they re"ort #as the (ift of 'allias. and the #ork of 'alamis) But not far from this there is a braIen statue of 0utre"hes "ier-ed #ith arro#s) This 0utre"hes both "erformed other a-tions #hi-h the $thenians -elebrate. and brou(ht ba-k the hired Thra-ians. #ho (0emosthoes ha3in( set sail from =yra-use) -ame too late for the "ur"ose for #hi-h they #ere #anted) Besides this. 0utre"hen #hen he -ame to the 'hal-idi-an &uri"us. left the sea. and took !y-alesus. a !editerranean -ity) But #hen the -ity #as taken. the Thra-ians not only sle# the !y-alesian #arriors. but the #omen and -hildren) $nd the truth of this assertion is e3in-ed by the follo#in( -ir-umstan-e+ 7 hate3er -ities of the Boeotians the Thebans destroyed are restored at "resent by those 3ery men that fled from the slau(hter) $nd there -an be no doubt but that the !y-alesians #ould ha3e returned also. if they had not been totally -ut off by the Barbarians) Indeed I -annot suffi-iently admire that 0utre"hes should be re"resented "ier-ed #ith arro#s. at a time #hen it #as not the nati3e -ustom of any of the Greeks. eG-e"t the 'retans. to fi(ht #ith arro#s) <or #e kno# that the 9"untian *o-rians used hea3y armour in the Persian #ar> and /omer relates that they -ame to Troy #ith bo#s and slin(s) But neither did the !alienses retain the use of arro#s> nor does it a""ear that they kne# the use of them "rior to Philo-tetes. or that they retained the art lon( after him) But near the statue of 0utre"hes (for I am not #illin( to #rite about more obs-ure ima(es) there are statues of the (ods> 3iI) one of 5ygia. #ho they re"ort is the dau(hter of $es-ula"ius. and another of !iner3a. #ho is like#ise -alled /y(ia) In the same "la-e too there is a stone of no (reat ma(nitude. but of a siIe about suffi-ient for a little man to sit u"on) They re"ort that =ilenus rested on this stone #hen Ba--hus first -ame into $tti-a> for they -all =ilenus the eldest of all the =atyrs) But #ith res"e-t to the =atyrs. that I mi(ht kno# somethin( more about them than others. I ha3e dis-oursed #ith many on the sub@e-t) $nd amon( the rest &u"hemus 'ar informed me. that #hen he sailed to Italy. he #as dri3en by the 3iolen-e of the #ind to the eGternal sea> that there #ere many desert islands in this "la-e. #hi-h #ere inhabited by sa3a(es> and that the sailors #ere un#illin( to land u"on su-h of these as they had been dri3en u"on before. but that at that time they landed on them throu(h ne-essity) These islands are -alled by the sailors =atyridae+ the inhabitants are of a

yello# -olour. and ha3e tails at their loins not mu-h less than those of horses) These "eo"le. as soon as they "er-ei3ed the sailors. ran to the shi". and. #ithout utterin( a #ord. seiIed the #omen that #ere on the 3essel) But the sailors. bein( terrified in the eGtreme. eG"osed a Barbarian female u"on the island> and the =atyrs not only 3iolated that "art of her body #hi-h nature "oints out for the "ur"ose of -oition. but e3ery "art of her body in a similar manner) But in the $thenian to#er I sa#. amon( other thin(s #orthy of ins"e-tion. a braIen statue of the boy *y-ius (the #ork of !yron). holdin( a la3er in his hand> and a Perseus. the #ork of the same !yron. re"resented destroyin( !edusa) In the same "la-e too there is the tem"le of Brauronian 0iana+ and the statue indeed is the #ork of PraGitles> but the name of the (oddess is deri3ed from the to#n Brauron. #here there is an an-ient ima(e #hi-h they -all Tauri-a 0iana) There is like#ise a braIen horse to be seen here. #hi-h they -all 0urius) $nd that this #arlike ma-hine #as made by &"eus. for the "ur"ose of thro#in( do#n #alls. is ob3ious to e3eryone #ho does not belie3e that the Tro@ans #ere "erfe-tly stu"id) But it is re"orted that the best of the Greeks #ere -on-ealed #ithin this horse> and indeed the sha"e of the brass -orres"onds #ith this re"ort> for !nestheus. Teu-er. and the sons of Theseus lea"ed forth from the inside of this horse) But amon( the statues #hi-h are "la-ed after the horse there is an ima(e made by 'ridas. of a "erson. durin( the (o3ernment of 'harinus. runnin( in armour) 9enobius also is honoured for the ser3i-e #hi-h he rendered Thu-ydides. the son of 9lorus) <or this 9enobius #as the o--asion of a de-ree bein( "assed that Thu-ydides should return to $thens> thou(h Thu-ydides immediately on his return destroyed 9enobius by his strata(ems. #hose se"ul-hre is not far from the (ates -alled !elitides) But the "arti-ulars #hi-h are mentioned by other #riters about /ermoly-hus the "an-ratiast. and Phormio. the son of $so"i-hus. I shall "ass o3er in silen-e) The follo#in( -ir-umstan-e ho#e3er about Phormio deser3es to be re-orded+ it on-e ha""ened that this Phormio #as dee"ly in debt. thou(h for the inte(rity of his life and the s"lendour of his an-estors he #as eDual to any of the $thenians) In -onseDuen-e of this. Phormio de"artin( to the to#n Paeaniensis. as a fit "la-e of retreat. #as durin( his absen-e de-reed the -ommand of the $thenian fleet) Phormio. ho#e3er. #ould not a--e"t the -ommand. be-ause he -ould not establish his authority amon( the soldiers till he #as liberated from his debts) But the $thenians as they unanimously #ished him for their leader. dis-har(ed the #hole of his debts) 1ha)ter 220! In this "la-e. too. there is a !iner3a -hastisin( =ilenus the !arsian. be-ause he took u" the "i"es #hi-h the (oddess had thro#n a#ay) $nd besides #hat I ha3e mentioned. there is a re"resentation of the battle of Theseus #ith the !inotaur. #hether this animal #as a man or a #ild beast. #hi-h last is the "re3ailin( o"inion) $t "resent. indeed. the #omen "erform "rodi(ious thin(s. and su-h as are mu-h more #onderful than this) PhriGus like#ise is to be seen here. the son of $thamos. #ho #as -arried to 'ol-his on a ram) But he is re"resented sa-rifi-in( the ram to some unkno#n (od (thou(h it a""ears to be that di3inity #hi-h the 9r-homenians -all *a"hystius). and beholdin( the burnin( thi(hs #hi-h he had -ut off a--ordin( to the Gre-ian rites) There are also other statues of the (ods. and amon( these /er-ules. a--ordin( to the fable. stran(lin( the dra(ons> !iner3a risin( from the head of Cu"iter> and a bull. the (ift of the $reo"a(itae) But on #hat a--ount this bull #as dedi-ated lea3es room for abundant -on@e-ture) e ha3e before obser3ed. that the $thenians far eG-ell other nations in their attention to di3ine -on-erns> for they first of all denominated !iner3a &r(ane> first #orshi"ed mutilated !er-uries> and dedi-ated a tem"le to the 0aemon of #orthy men) But he #ho 3ery mu-h esteems the elaborate "rodu-tions of art may behold the follo#in( an-ient statues) There is a man #ith a helmet on his head. the #ork of 'leoetas. #ho also

fashioned the nails of this man from sil3er) There is like#ise a statue of &arth. im"lorin( sho#ers from Cu"iter> #hether the $thenians at the time this statue #as made #ere in #ant of rain. or #hether all Gree-e #as then o""ressed #ith a 3ehement drou(ht) Timotheus 'ononis is also to be seen here. and 'onon himself> like#ise Pro-ne deliberatin( -ondemnin( her son 7 and Itys> both #hi-h #ere dedi-ated by $l-amenes) The same "erson too made a !iner3a eGhibitin( the "lant of the oli3e. and %e"tune eGhibitin( #ater) There is here like#ise a statue of Cu"iter. the #ork of *eo-hares. and of a Cu"iter #ho is denominated Polieus) The manner of sa-rifi-in( to this di3inity is as follo#s> but the reason of it I shall "ass o3er in silen-e) They "la-e barley min(led #ith #heat u"on the altar of Cu"iter Polieus. but they do not admit of a (uard u"on the o--asion) The oG #ho is "re"ared for the sa-rifi-e tou-hes these fruits #hen he rea-hes the altar> and the "riest. #hom they -all Bu"honus. or the oG7slayer. hurlin( his aG at the oG (for this is their sa-red -ustom). flies after#ards hastily a#ay) But those that stand near. as if they did not see the striker of the oG. lead the aG to @ud(ment) $nd su-h is their manner of "erformin( sa-rifi-e) But in that tem"le #hi-h they -all the Parthenon. and in that "art of the Tortoise #hi-h is denominated $Duilae. there are statues "ertainin( to the nati3ity of !iner3a) $nd in the hinder "art there is a re"resentation of the -ontest bet#een !iner3a and %e"tune about $tti-a) The statue of the (oddess is formed from i3ory and (oId. and the ima(e of a s"hinG is "la-ed on the -one of her helmet) But #hen I des-ribe the Boeotian affairs. I shall relate the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( the s"hinG) 9n ea-h side of her helmet. too. there are (riffins+ and these (riffins are said by $risteas the Pro-onnesian. in his 3erses. to ha3e fou(ht for the sake of (old #ith the $rimas"i #ho d#ell abo3e the Isedones) The (old indeed #hi-h the (riffins (uard. the "oet says. #as sent from the earth> but the $rimas"i had ea-h of them but one eye from their birth) /e adds that the (riffins are like lions. but that they ha3e the #in(s and beak of an ea(le) $nd thus mu-h -on-ernin( (riffins) But the statue of !iner3a is ere-t. #ith a (arment rea-hin( to her feet) There is a head of !edusa. fashioned from i3ory. in her breast. and a Vi-tory of about four -ubits in len(th) In her hand she holds a s"ear. a shield lies at her feet. and near her s"ear there is a dra(on. #hi-h may "erha"s be &ri-hthonius> and at the base of the statue the (eneration of Pandora is re"resented) /esiod. indeed. and other "oets. assert. that Pandora #as the first #oman. and that the ra-e of #omen had not any subsisten-e "rior to Pandora) In this "la-e I remember to ha3e seen only one statue of the &m"eror $drian. and in the entran-e to the tem"le a statue of I"hi-rates. #ho eGhibited many and admirable #orks) Beyond the tem"le there is a braIen $"ollo. #hi-h they re"ort #as made by Phidias) But they -all the statue Parno"ius. be-ause the (od on-e banished from this -ountry lo-usts. #hi-h (reatly in@ured the land) $nd that these inse-ts #ere eG"elled they are indeed -ertain> but they do not re"ort in #hat manner this #as a--om"lished) I kno#. indeed. that lo-usts ha3e been thri-e destroyed in the mountain =i"ylus. but not after the same manner> for on-e the (od eGterminated them by a 3iolent #ind> at another time by 3ehement heat> and the third time by uneG"e-ted -old) $nd su-h aire the "arti-ulars #hi-h ha""ened in my time res"e-tin( the destru-tion of lo-usts) 1ha)ter 22! But in the to#er of the $thenians there is a statue of Peri-les the son of 1anthi""us. and of 1anthi""us himself. #ho en(a(ed in a na3al battle #ith the Persians at !y-ale) The statue of Peri-les. ho#eyer. is se"arated from the rest> but that of $na-reon Teuis stands near 1anthi""us) This $na-reon #as the first. after the *esbian =a""ho. #ho em"loyed a (reat "art of his #orks on amatorial sub@e-ts> and his fi(ure is as it #ere that of a man sin(in( #hile intoGi-ated) But the females #hi-h are near him. 3iI) Io the dau(hter of Ina-hus. and 'allisto the dau(hter of *y-aon. #ere made by 0inomenes) $nd similar thin(s are related of both these> for in ea-h story #e find the lo3e of Cu"iter. the

an(er of Cuno. and a metamor"hosis of lo into a -o#. and of 'allisto into a bear) But in the southern #all of the to#er. the #ar of the Giants. #ho inhabited the isthmus of Pallene. is re"resented> the battle of the $thenians a(ainst the $maIons> their illustrious a-tions at !arathon a(ainst the !edes> and the slau(hter of the Gauls in !ysia+ all #hi-h #ere dedi-ated by $ttaus. and ea-h o--u"ies about the s"a-e of t#o -ubits) But amon( the other statues there is one of 9lym"iodorus. #ho is thus honoured for the ma(nitude of his a-tions. and "arti-ularly for ha3in( raised the ho"es of the $thenians. #hen throu(h the iniDuity of the times. and their freDuent losses in #ar. they had almost abandoned themsel3es to des"air) <or. in -onseDuen-e of that misfortune at 'haeronea. all Gree-e #as distressed> sin-e e3en those that merely beheld the dan(er. and su-h as #ere in the army #ith the !a-edonians. #ere ensla3ed) $t that time indeed Phili" took many -ities. but he (reatly in@ured the $thenians. under the "reteGt of a "ea-e. by takin( their islands from them. and the em"ire of the sea) /en-e. as lon( as Phili" rei(ned. and after him $leGander. the $thenians #ere obli(ed to be Duiet) But #hen. on the death of $leGander. the !a-edonians -hose $ridaeus for a kin( (at the same time -ommittin( the administration of affairs to $nti"ater). then the $thenians did not think it any lon(er "ro"er that Gree-e should be o""ressed by the !a-edonians) In -onseDuen-e of this. they immediately took u" arms. and eG-ited others to en(a(e in the #ar) But the -ities #hi-h united #ith the $thenians on this o--asion #ere. of the Pelo"onnesians. $r(os. &"idaurus. =i-yon. TroeIen. the &leans. Phliasians. and !essenians) But of those beyond the isthmus of the 'ornithians. the *o-rians. Pho-enses. Thessalians. 'arystus. and the $-arnanes. #ho -ontributed in -on@un-tion #ith the $eolians) But the Boeotians. #ho after the destru-tion of Thebes took "ossession of the Theban land. fearin( that the $thenians #ould a(ain e@e-t them from Thebes. #ould not enter into an allian-e #ith them in the #ar. but assisted the !a-edonians to the utmost of their "o#er) But #hen the -ities. #hi-h then asso-iated to(ether for the "ur"ose of -arryin( on #ar. had -hosen their res"e-ti3e -ommanders. the se3eral nations unanimously -hose the $thenian *eosthenes for the (eneral of all the for-es. both on a--ount of the di(nity of his -ity. and his skill in military affairs> and like#ise be-ause he had benefited the #hole of Gree-e) <or #hen $leGander determined to distribute the Greeks #ho had re-ei3ed a sti"end from 0arius into the Persian -ities. *eosthenes. before this -ould be a--om"lished by $leGander. -ame #ith a fleet into &uro"e) $nd then indeed. #hen the s"lendour of his a-tions sur"assed the eG"e-tations of all men. his death #as not more lamentable than -alamitous to all) <or then the !a-edonian (uards. atta-kin( the $thenians. first of all took !uny-hia. then the Piraeeus. and after#ards the lon( #alls) $nti"ater ho#e3er dyin(. 9lym"ias de"artin( from &"irus rei(ned for a time after ha3in( -ut off $ridaeus) But. not lon( after this. the -ity #as taken by 'assander. and (i3en u" to the multitude of the !a-edonians) 'assander therefore obtainin( the (o3ernment (that I may omit #hat does not belon( to the $thenians). took Pana-tus. a #all in $tti-a. to(ether #ith =alamis. and (a3e the $thenians for a ruler 0emetrius the son of Phanostratus. a man reno#ned for his #isdom) But 0emetrius the son of $nti(onus. a youth desirous of bein( honoured by Gree-e. de"ri3ed this 0emetrius of his (o3ernment) 'assander. ho#e3er. #ho 3ehemently hated the $thenians. "ersuaded *a-hares. #ho at that time held the first "la-e amon( the "eo"le. and #ith #hom he #as 3ery familiar. to take u"on himself the royal authority> and this *a-hares #as. of all the men #e are a-Duainted #ith. the most sa3a(e in his manners. and the most im"ious to#ards the (ods) But 0emetrius the son of $nti(onus. thou(h he disa(reed in some res"e-ts #ith the $thenians. yet o3erturned the tyranny of *a-hares) $nd *a-hares. #hen he sa# that the #alls #ere taken. fled to the Boeotians) But here. ha3in( taken the (olden shield from the to#er. and -arry a#ay all su-h ornaments of !iner3a as #ere -a"able of bein( remo3ed. he #as slain by the 'oronaeans. in -onseDuen-e of their belie3in( him to be un-ommonly ri-h) 0emetrius the

son of $nti(onus. ho#e3er. thou(h he freed the $thenians from their tyrants. yet did not immediately after the massa-re of *a-hares restore them the Piraeeus> but some time after ha3in( redu-ed the -ity under his o#n authority. he fortified that "la-e #hi-h they -all the !useum) But #ithin the an-ient "re-in-t. in a dire-tion o""osite to the to#er. there is a hill in #hi-h the "oet !usaeus is re"orted to ha3e sun(. and in #hi-h. #hen #orn out #ith a(e. he #as buried> and in the same "la-e after#ards a monument #as ere-ted to one =yrus) This hill 0emetrius took -are to fortify) 1ha)ter 22!0 =ome years after this. the best of the $thenians -alled to mind the deeds of their an-estors. and "er-ei3in( ho# mu-h the di(nity of their re"ubli- #as de(raded. immediately -hose 9lym"iodorus for their -ommander) But he #as no sooner -hosen than he led a(ainst the !a-edonians both youn( and old #ithout any eG-e"tion. trustin( that he should restore the (lory of his -ountry more by the soldiers4 ala-rity than stren(th) &n(a(in( therefore #ith the !a-edonians in fi(ht. he 3anDuished them. and. "ursuin( them flyin( into the !useum. took the "la-e. and thus freed the $thenians from the !a-edonian yoke) But thou(h all the $thenians at that time a-ted in a manner deser3in( of "raise. yet the hardy undertakin( of *eo-ritus the son of Protar-hus sur"assed the a-hie3ements of all the rest) <or he #as the first that as-ended the #alls. and #as the first that broke into the !useum) $nd in -onseDuen-e of his bein( slain in the battle. the $thenians. amon( other honours #hi-h they "aid him. dedi-ated his shield to Cu"iter the *iberator. #ith an ins-ri"tion eG"ressin( his name and illustrious enter"rise) But 9lym"iodorus. eG-lusi3e of those (reat a-hie3ements #hi-h #e ha3e already related. not only re-o3ered the Piraeeus and !uny-hia. but 3anDuished the same !a-edonians #hen they in3aded &leusis. by -olle-tin( a band of &leusinians> and. "rior to this. #hen 'asaander intended to in3ade $tti-a. 9lym"iodorus sailin( to $etolia "ersuaded the $etoIians to assist him. and by this means freed the $thenians from the im"endin( #ar) But the $thenians ha3e raised monuments of honour to this 9lym"iodorus. both in the to#er and the Prytaneum> and &leusis -ontains "i-tures of his a-hie3ements) The Pho-ensians too. that inhabit &latea. ha3e "la-ed a braIen statue of 9lym"iodorus at 0el"hos. be-ause he assisted them #hen they #ere deserted by 'assander) But near the statue of 9lym"iodorus. there is a braIen statue of 0iana. #ho is -alled *eu-o"hrone. #hi-h #as dedi-ated by the sons of Themisto-les) <or the !a(netes. o3er #hom Themisto-les ruled by the a""ointment of the kin(. #orshi" 0iana *eu-o"hrone) But it is not "ro"er that I. #ho am des-ribin( the #hole of Gree-e. should d#ell any lon(er on these "arti-ulars) $(ain. therefore. &ndoeus #as an $thenian by birth. but the dis-i"le of 0aedalus) This &ndoeus follo#ed 0aedalus. flyin( to 'rete on a--ount of the slau(hter of 'alus) The statue of !iner3a sittin( is the #ork of this man. #hi-h has an ins-ri"tion si(nifyin( that it #as dedi-ated by 'allias. and made by &ndoeus) In the same "la-e. too. there is a buildin( #hi-h they -all &re-theus> and in the 3estibule of it there is an altar of 3u)iter the +u)reme u"on #hi-h they do not sa-rifi-e anythin( animated> but "la-in( a -ertain kind of -akes. they at the same time forbid the use of #ine on the o--asion) But on enterin( into the edifi-e there is an altar of %e"tune. u"on #hi-h. in -om"lian-e #ith an ora-le. they sa-rifi-e to &re-theus. and an altar of the hero Buta. and a third of Vul-an) In the #all there are "aintin(s "ertainin( to the family of the Butadae) But the buildin( itself is t#ofold. and -ontains a #ell of marine #ater> #hi-h is by no means a -ir-umstan-e eGtremely #onderful. sin-e the most inland inhabitants. and "arti-ularly the $"hrodisienses in 'aria. ha3e #ells of this kind) There are -ertain #ritin(s ho#e3er eGtant. #hi-h assert that #hen the south #ind blo#s. this #ater yields the sound of #a3es> and in the ro-k there is a re"resentation of a trident) But these -ir-umstan-es are said to e3in-e the -ontest of !iner3a #ith %e"tune for $tti-a)

Indeed. both the -ity and all the -ountry is sa-red to !iner3a> for #hate3er other di3inities they #orshi" in their different to#ns. yet the re3eren-e #hi-h they "ay to !iner3a is uni3ersally the same) But the most holy of all the ima(es is that statue of !iner3a #hi-h. by the -ommon -onsent of all the to#ns. before they -olle-ted themsel3es into one -ity. #as dedi-ated in that "la-e #hi-h is no# -alled the tower, but #as then denominated the city) It is re"orted that this statue fell from hea3en> but #hether this #as the -ase or not. I shall not at "resent attem"t to "ro3e) 'allima-hus made for the statue of the (oddess a lam" of (old. #hi-h. #hen filled #ith oil. burns day and ni(ht for the s"a-e of a year> and this is o#in( to the #i-k of the lam" bein( made of 'ar"asian flaG #hi-h alone of all other thin(s is un-onsumable by fire) $bo3e the lam" there is a braIen "alm7tree. #hi-h risin( to the roof of the buildin( dissi"ates the fume) But 'allima-hus. #ho made the lam". thou(h he does not rank amon( the first statuaries. yet in #isdom he eG-els them all> for he first of all de3ised a method of "erforatin( stones> and as to his bein( -alled 1aci6otechnos, or a -alumniator of his o#n art. he either (a3e himself this name. or usur"ed it #hen im"osed by others) 1ha)ter 22!ll In the tem"le of Polias. there is a #ooden !er-ury. not 3ery -ons"i-uous for the bran-hes of myrtle #ith #hi-h it is surrounded and #hi-h is said to ha3e been the (ift of 'e-ro"s) But amon( the an-ient (ifts #hi-h deser3e to be mentioned. there is a @oined bed7seat. the #ork of 0aedalus+ and. amon( the s"oils of the !edes. a -oat of mail of !asistius. #ho had the -ommand of the horse at Plataea> and a Persian s-imitar. #hi-h is said to ha3e belon(ed to !ardonius) e kno# indeed that !asistius #as slain by the $thenian horse> but !ardonuis. fi(htin( a(ainst the *a-edaemonians. #as slain by a ="artan soldier> so that it does not a""ear to me that the *a-edaemonians had this s-imitar in their "ossession at first. or. if they had. they -ertainly #ould not "ermit the $thenians to take it a#ay) ith res"e-t to the oli3e. they re"ort nothin( -on-ernin( it. eG-e"t that it ser3es as a monument to "ro3e the -ontest of !iner3a for $tti-a) They assert like#ise. that this oli3e. bein( burnt #hen the Persians took the -ity from the $thenians. blossomed the same day to the hei(ht of t#o -ubits) But the tem"le of Pandrosus @oins to that of !iner3a. for Pandrosus alone. of all her sisters. #as unfitted to her trust) The "arti-ulars ho#e3er. #hi-h a""ear to me most admirable. and #hi-h are not (enerally kno#n. I shall take u"on me to des-ribe) There are t#o 3ir(ins that d#ell not far from the tem"le of Polias. and #ho are -alled by the $thenians 'ane"horae) These 3ir(ins for a -ertain time d#ell #ith the (oddess. and #hen the festi3e day arri3es they -arry on their heads in the ni(ht -ertain thin(s #hi-h the "riestess orders them to take> the "riestess at the same time neither kno#in( #hat she (i3es them. nor the 3ir(ins #hat they -arry) But there is a -ertain en-losure in the -ity. not far from that #hi-h is -alled the en-losure of Venus in the (ardens> and in this there is a natural subterranean des-ent) Into this -a3e the 3ir(ins des-end. lea3e behind them the thin(s #hi-h they -arried. and take u" some other -on-ealed thin( in its stead) These 3ir(ins are for that time dismissed. and other 3ir(ins are led to the to#er in their stead) But by the tem"le of !iner3a there is the ima(e of an old #oman. #hi-h may be easily -arried. as it is not more than a -ubit in hei(ht> and the ins-ri"tion si(nifies that she #as the ser3ant of one *ysima-ha) There are also t#o (reat statues of brass. in the "osition of t#o men fi(htin(> and one of these they -all &re-htheus. but the other &umol"us) But su-h $thenians as are a-Duainted #ith an-ient affairs. kno# that this Immaradus #as the son of &umol"us #hom &re-htheus sle#) $t the base of this statue. there is a statue of &ndoeus. #ho #as the "ro"het of Tolmides. and another of Tolmides himself #ho. -ommandin( the $thenian fleet. both in@ured others. and "arti-ularly the maritime land of the Pelo"onnesians) The same "erson also burnt the shi"s of the *a-edaemonians at Gythium> and after#ards atta-kin( the nehbourin( -oasts. took

&uboea and the island of the 'ytheneans) But "assin( after#ards into =i-yonia. he dro3e ba-k into the -ity those that endea3oured to "re3ent him from de"o"ulatin( the land) $nd from then-e returnin( to $thens. he brou(ht &uboea and %aGus in sub@e-tion to the $thenians> and mar-hin( #ith an army into Boeotia. de"o"ulated the land) But after this ha3in( besie(ed and taken 'haeronea. he "ro-eeded to /aliartus. #here he lost his life in a battle. and his #hole army #as "ut to fli(ht) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars #hi-h I ha3e learnt -on-ernin( Tolmides) There are like#ise an-ient statues of !iner3a. #hi-h remain indeed entire. but are dis-oloured #ith smoke. and -annot bear a blo#> for the flames rea-hed these at the time #hen. the $thenians flyin( to their shi"s. 1erGes seiIed on the -ity deserted of its stren(th) There is also a re"resentation of the huntin( of a boar. -on-ernin( #hi-h I do not -learly kno# #hether the boar is 'aledonian> and to(ether #ith this 'y-nus fi(htin( #ith /er-ules) They re"ort that this 'y-nus destroyed. amon( others *y-us the Thra-ian> re#ards bein( "ro"osed for this sin(le -ontest) /e #as slain. ho#e3er. by /er-ules near the ri3er Peneus) But amon( other thin(s #hi-h the TroeIenians relate of Theseus. they add. that /er-ules on-e -ame to Pittheus at TroeIen. and that at a feast he re-lined on the skin of a lion> that a number of TroeIenian boys -ame to see him. and amon( the rest Theseus. #ho #as then nearly se3en years old) $nd the other boys. indeed. as soon as they sa# the lion4s skin. fled a#ay fri(htened> but Theseus. #ho #as not (reatly terrified. dre# ba-k a little. and seiIin( an aG from the hands of the ser3ants #as desirous of immediately atta-kin( him. in -onseDuen-e of su""osin( the skin to be a li3in( lion) $nd this is the first a--ount #hi-h the TroeIenians (i3e of Theseus) But they add like#ise the follo#in() $e(eus -on-ealed under a stone a "air of sli""ers and a s#ord. that throu(h these as marks he mi(ht be enabled to dis-o3er his son) $fter this he returned to $thens. and Theseus #hen he #as about siGteen years old remo3ed the stone. and took a#ay the sli""ers and the s#ord) The #hole of this story. eG-e"t the stone. is re"resented in brass in the to#er) In the same "la-e. too. there is a re"resentation of another a-hie3ement of Theseus. the history of #hi-h is as follo#in() $ bull on-e laid #aste both other "arts of the 'retan land. and that "art #hi-h is situated near the ri3er Tethrinus> for formerly #ild beasts #ere more terrible to mankind than at "resent. as is e3ident from the %emaean and Parnasian lions. the lions #hi-h #ere found in many "arts of Gree-e. the 'aledonian and &rymanthian boars. and the 'rommyonian boar in the borders of the 'orinthians) But. as it is re"orted. some of these animals #ere "rodu-ed by the earth. some #ere sa-red to the (ods. and some #ere brou(ht into eGisten-e for the "unishment of men) $nd. indeed. this 3ery bull is said by the 'retans to ha3e been sent by %e"tune. be-ause !inos. #ho ruled o3er all the Gre-ian sea. "aid no more honours to %e"tune than to any other (od) They farther add. that this bull "assed o3er from 'rete into Pelo"onnesus. and that his destru-tion #as one of the t#el3e labours of /er-ules) But as soon as this bull -ame into the $r(i3e fields. he fled throu(h the 'orinthian isthmus to !arathon. a -ountry of $tti-a. and there. amon( others that #ere destroyed by him. he sle# $ndro(eus the son of !inos) But !inos. belie3in( that his son4s death #as a desi(ned affair. fitted out a fleet a(ainst the $thenians. #hom he did not -ease to molest. till they "romised to send e3ery year into 'rete se3en boys and as many 3ir(ins. as a "rey to the !inotaur #hom !inos had in-losed in the Gnossian labyrinth) But it is re"orted that Theseus after#ards dro3e the !arathonian bull into the to#er. and sa-rifi-ed it to the (oddess) $nd the re"resentation of this affair is dedi-ated in a to#n of the !arathons) 1ha)ter 22!000 I -annot. ho#e3er. -learly assi(n the reason #hy they haye thou(ht 'ylo. #ho deliberated about the tyranny. #orthy of a braIen statue) I -on@e-ture. indeed. that it arose from the beauty of his "erson. and a re"utation by no means obs-ure> for he #as 3i-tor in

the se-ond -ourse at the 9lym"i- (ames. and married the dau(hter of Thea(ines the !e(arensian tyrant) But besides #hat I ha3e yet related. there are t#o illustrious #orks amon( the $thenians. belon(in( to the tenths of the #arlike "rey> 3iI) a braIen statue of !iner3a. "rodu-ed by the art of Phidias. #hi-h #as taken from the !edes #hen they in3aded !arathon) In the shield of the (oddess. the battle of the *a"ithae and 'entaurs is -ar3ed by !ys> but Parrhasius. the son of &3enor. "ainted this for !ys. and like#ise the other fi(ures #hi-h are beheld in the shield) But the "oint of the (oddesses4 s"ear. and the -rest of her helmet. are e3en 3isible to those that sail from =unium) $nd from amon( the tenths of the s"oils taken from the Boeotians and 'hal-idians #ho d#ell in &uboea. there is a braIen -hariot) There are also t#o other -onse-rated (ifts. 3iI) a statue of Peri-les the son of 1anthi""us. and a statue of !iner3a. #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted abo3e all the #orks of Phidias. and #hi-h. be-ause it #as dedi-ated by the *emnians. they -all *emnia) But they re"ort that t#o of the Pelas(i. 3iI) $(rola and /y"erbius. #ho on-e d#elt under the to#er. surrounded the #hole of it #ith #alls eG-e"t that "art #hi-h #as raised by 'ymon the son of !iltiades) 9f these men I -ould learn nothin( farther by dili(ent inDuiry than that they mi(rated from =i-ily into $-arnania) But on des-endin(. not to the inferior "arts of the -ity. but belo# the Pro"ylaea. you #ill "er-ei3e a fountain of #ater. and near it the tem"le of $"ollo in a -a3ern. and a tem"le of Pan) In this -a3ern it is re"orted that $"ollo -ohabited #ith 'reusa the dau(hter of &re-htheus) But it is said of Pan. that Phili""ides bein( sent as a messen(er to the *a-edaemonians -on-ernin( the irru"tion of the !edes into $tti-a. on his return related. that the *a-edaemonians #ould not be 3ery for#ard in their mar-h. as it #as a la# #ith them not to dra# out their for-es till the moon had -om"letely filled u" her orb> but that he had met #ith Pan near the Parthenian forest. #ho "romised. in -onseDuen-e of his re(ard for the $thenians. that he #ould assist them in the battle at !arathon) $nd as the result of this messa(e. di3ine honours #ere "aid to the (od) But the $reo"a(us is situated in a dire-tion o""osite to the to#er. and deri3ed its a""ellation from !ars first sittin( in @ud(ment in this "la-e> the truth of #hi-h is e3in-ed from /alirrhothius ha3in( been slain by the (od. for the reason #hi-h #e ha3e already eG"lained) $nd in the same "la-e after#ards. 9restes is re"orted to ha3e been @ud(ed for the murder of his mother) There is an altar too in this "la-e of !iner3a $rea. or the 0e"re-atriG. #hi-h 9restes. bein( liberated from his "unishment. is said to ha3e dedi-ated) But #ith res"e-t to the t#o sil3er stones u"on #hi-h the a--users and defendants sit. they -all one of these the stone of re)roach. and the other. of im)udence) %ear this "la-e is the tem"le of those (oddesses #hi-h the $thenians denominate +emnoe the 4uries. but /esiod in his Theo(ony -rinnys) But $es-hylus #as the first that re"resented these di3inities #ith snakes in their hair> for neither the statues of these (oddesses. nor any other of the subterranean di3inities are in the least dreadful in their a""earan-e) The statues like#ise of Pluto. !er-ury. and &arth. are to be seen in this "la-e+ and to these all su-h "ersons sa-rifi-e as are a-Duitted by the $reo"a(iti-al @ud(ment> and not these only. but both stran(ers and -itiIens) $(ain. #ithin the in-losure of the $reo"a(us there is a se"ul-hre of 9edi"us. #hose bones. after dili(ent inDuiry. #ere. I find. brou(ht hither from Thebes> for I am indu-ed by the authority of /omer. not to belie3e in #hat =o"ho-les relates -on-ernin( the death of 9edi"us) <or /omer says. that !e-isteus -ame to Thebes. and -ontended in the funeral (ames about the tomb of 9edi"us) There are other "la-es of @ud(ment also amon( the $thenians. but not so illustrious as these+ one of these they -all Parabyston. and the other Tri(onon. in #hi-h the @ud(es assemble for the most triflin( -auses of offen-e> and this last is denominated from its fi(ure) But the Batra-hius and Puni-eus are so -alled from their -olours> and these names remain e3en at "resent) The (reatest. ho#e3er. of all these. and in #hi-h they most freDuently assemble. is denominated /eliaea) But as to

#hat "ertains to the tribunals of -a"ital offen-es. both other "la-es. and that #hi-h they -all Palladium. are destined to the @ud(ment of murder) $nd that 0emo"hon. indeed. #as first tried in the Palladium is not doubted by any one. thou(h different re"orts are -ir-ulated -on-ernin( his -rime) <or they say that 0iomed. after Troy #as taken. returned home in his shi"s. and that in his "assa(e he dro3e by ni(ht. in -onseDuen-e of mistakin( his #ay. to the Phalerum) But the $r(i3es that #ere #ith him entered the -ountry in an hostile manner. su""osin( it from the darkness of the ni(ht to be some other -ountry and not $tti-a) K"on this. they re"ort. that 0emo"hon. not kno#in( that it #as an $r(i3e fleet. hastened to re"el their de"redations. and ha3in( slain some of them. seiIed on the Palladium. and returned home) But as he #as returnin(. his horse thre# do#n an $thenian. #hom he did not "er-ei3e. and tram"led him to death) <or this affair an a-tion #as brou(ht a(ainst him. both by the relations of the de-eased and the re"ubli- of the $r(i3es) But in the 0el"hinium those are tried #ho assert that they ha3e -ommitted murder @ustly> and by the senten-e of this tribunal Theseus #as a-Duitted #hen he sle# Pallas and his sons for an insurre-tion) <or before Theseus #as a-Duitted. it #as ne-essary that the murderer should either be banished. or slain in the same manner as he sle#) But in the Prytaneum they sit in @ud(ment u"on iron. and other inanimate substan-es. of #hi-h the follo#in( -ir-umstan-e a""ears to me to be the ori(in) hen &re-htheus rei(ned o3er the $thenians. the "riest #ho is -alled Bu"hontis sle# an oG at the altar of Poliens Cu"iter. and lea3in( the aG in that "la-e fled from the -ountry) But the aG #as immediately @ud(ed and a-Duitted> and this rite is obser3ed by them e3ery year) Indeed. other inanimate thin(s are re"orted to ha3e infli-ted a @ust "unishment on mankind> but the s-imitar of 'ambyses eGhibits the most beautiful a-hie3ement. and the most -ons"i-uous for the (lory #hi-h it -onfers on the $thenians) But in the maritime "art of the Piraeeus. there is a "la-e -alled the Phreattys. #here those that ha3e been on-e a-Duitted. if they are found (uilty of any other -rime. a"olo(ise for their -ondu-t from a shi". the @ud(es at the same time sittin( on the shore) They re"ort that Teu-er #as the first #ho a"olo(ised in this manner for the death of Telamon. #ith #hi-h he #as -har(ed. thou(h he #as inno-ent of the -rime) $nd thus mu-h I ha3e related for the sake of su-h as are desirous of bein( informed -on-ernin( the $thenian -ourts of @udi-ature) 1ha)ter 2202 %ear the $reo"a(us a shi" is eGhibited. #hi-h #as fabri-ated for the "om" of the Panathenaia) The shi". indeed. may be sur"assed by some other> but that #hi-h is at 0elos sur"asses in ma(nitude all that I am a-Duainted #ith. for it -ontains nine ran(es of ro#ers) But in the $dienian to#ns #hi-h are situated out of the -ity. and in the roads. there are tem"les of the (ods. and se"ul-hres of heroes and men) The $-ademy too is near the #alls. #hi-h #as on-e a "ie-e of (round belon(in( to a "ri3ate "erson. but is at "resent a Gymnasium) 9n enterin( into this you #ill "er-ei3e an en-losure of 0iana. and the ima(es of Ariste and 1alliste. #hi-h. as it a""ears to me. are a""ellations of 0iana. and #hi-h o"inion the 3erses of =a""ho -onfirm) There is also a tem"le of no (reat ma(nitude. into #hi-h they -arry e3ery year. at stated days. the statue of Ba--hus the *iberator) $nd su-h are the tem"les #hi-h this "art -ontains) ith res"e-t to the se"ul-hres. the first is that of Thrasybolus the son of *y-us. a man the most useful to the re"ubli-. in e3ery res"e-t. of all the $thenians #ho #ere "rior to. or -ontem"orary #ith him> and of #hom. omittin( many thin(s. I shall only mention the follo#in( "arti-ular) This man. then. sub3erted the tyranny of those #ho #ere -alled the thirty tyrants. #ith no more at first than thirty asso-iates from Thebes> besides this. re-on-iled the #arrin( $thenians. and "ersuaded them to -ontinue in "ea-e #ith ea-h other) /is tomb. therefore. is the first) But to his the tombs of Peri-les. 'habrias. and Phormio su--eed) &3ery $thenian too has a se"ul-hre that died either in na3al or land

en(a(ements fi(htin( for his -ountry. eG-e"t those that fell in the battle of !arathon> for the tombs of these are raised in memory of their 3irtue in the same "la-e #here they died) But all the rest of the $thenians are buried in the #ay #hi-h leads to the $-ademy> and -olumns are "la-ed on their tombs. #ith ins-ri"tions si(nifyin( the name and to#n of ea-h indi3idual) But their se"ul-hres first "resent themsel3es to the 3ie#. #ho. #hen they had -onDuered all Thra-e as far as to Brabis-us. #ere slain by the uneG"e-ted atta-k of the &doni+ and it is re"orted that these #ere destroyed by thunder) $mon( other -ommanders in the army u"on this o--asion. *ea(rus #as one. #ho #as entrusted #ith the (reatest "art of the for-es. and 0e-elensis =o"hanes. #ho sle# &urybates the $r(i3e. #ho #as -onDueror in fi3e %emean -ontests. on a--ount of his brin(in( assistan-e to the $e(inetae) $nd it a""ears that this #as the third army #hi-h the $thenians sent beyond Gree-e) <or all the Greeks #ith (eneral -onsent #arred u"on Priam and the Tro@ans) But the $thenians of their o#n a--ord mar-hed an army. first of all into =ardinia. after#ards into Ionia. and the third time into Thra-e) Before the se"ul-hre there is a -olumn in #hi-h t#o kni(hts are seen fi(htin(+ their names are !elano"us and !ar-atus> and they fell fi(htin( a(ainst the *a-edaemonians and Boeotians. in the borders of the &leusinians and Tana(raeans) There are like#ise to be seen here the tombs of the Thessalian kni(hts #ho. in -onseDuen-e of their an-ient friendshi". -ame to assist the $thenians #hen the Pelo"onnesians. led by $r-hidamus. first entered $tti-a in an hostile manner> and near these the se"ul-hre of the 'retan ar-hers is situated) $(ain. amon( the $thenian tombs. that of 'listhenes is the first. #ho instituted that mode of distribution into tribes #hi-h is obser3ed at "resent. and after this the se"ul-hres of those kni(hts su--eed. #ho fell in that battle in #hi-h the Thessalians under#ent the same dan(er #ith the $thenians) The 'leonaei too. are interred in the same "la-e. #ho -ame #ith the $r(i3es into $tti-a> but on #hat a--ount I shall relate in my des-ri"tion of the $r(i3es) There is also a se"ul-hre of those $thenians #ho. "rior to the Persian #ar. fou(ht a(ainst the $e(inetae) But that institution of the "eo"le #as -ertainly @ust #hi-h -onferred the honour of "ubli- burial on ser3ants. and ins-ribed their names on "illars. if they #ere su-h as had 3i(orously assisted their masters in battle) There are also monuments of other men #ho fell fi(htin( in different "la-es> but the most illustrious of all are those that fou(ht at 9lynthus) /ere. too. you may "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of !elesander. #ho sailed throu(h the ri3er !aeander to the u""er 'aria) Those like#ise are buried here #ho fell in the #ar of 'assander. throu(h assistin( the $r(i3es) But they re"ort that they -on-iliated to themsel3es this allian-e #ith the $r(i3es as follo#s+ 0i3inity ha3in( shaken the territories of the *a-edaemonians #ith an earthDuake. the /ilotes de"arted into Ithome> and this re3olt obli(ed the *a-edaemonians to demand assistan-e both of others and the $thenians) In -onseDuen-e of this. they sent -hosen men u"on the embassy. and amon( these 'imon the son of !iltiades) But these the *a-edaemonians a""ointed for the "ur"ose. be-ause they -onsidered them as sus"e-ted "ersons) The $thenians. ho#e3er. #ere not moderately mo3ed #ith the re"roa-h. and immediately made a lea(ue #ith the $r(i3es. #ho #ere the "er"etual enemies of the *a-edaemonians) $fter#ards. #hen the $thenians #ere about to en(a(e #ith the Boeotians and *a-edaemonians. the $r(i3es sent them assistan-e> and they #ere nearly 3i-tors in this battle. but ni(ht -omin( on hindered their -onDuest from bein( -om"lete) The neGt day. ho#e3er. by the trea-hery of the Thessallan horse. the $thenians #ere 3anDuished by the *a-edaemonians) But of those -ommanders #hose se"ul-hres are to be seen in that "la-e. $"ollodorus the leader of the mer-enary troo"s is by far the most illustrious. #ho #as indeed an $thenian. but #as sent by $rsites. the satra" of Phry(ia. by the /elles"ont. #ith assistan-e. and "reser3ed the -ity of the Perinthians #hen Philli" in3aded it #ith an army)

/e therefore is buried in this "la-e> like#ise &ubulus the son of ="intharus. and those men #hose 3irtue #as not assisted by fortune) <or some of these #hen they had s#orn to de"ose the tyrant *a-hares. and others #hen they had formed "lans for abolishin( the (uard of !a-edonians at the Piraeeus. before they -ould a--om"lish their desi(ns. #ere -ut off by the information of s"ies) /ere too those are buried #ho fell at 'orinth. #here the (od e3in-ed in no triflin( de(ree. as like#ise after#ards in the *eutri-an battle. that those #ho are -alled bold by the Greeks #ere nothin( #ithout the assistan-e of fortune) <or the *a-edaemonians. #ho before this had 3anDuished the 'orinthians. $thenians. $r(i3es. and Boeotians. suffered su-h a mi(hty loss by the Boeotians alone in the battle at *eu-tra) But after their tombs that "erished at 'orinth. there is one -olumn ere-ted o3er many. as the ins-ribed ele(ies e3in-e> and some of these died in &uboea and 'hios> some in the eGtremities of the -ontinent of $sia. and others in =i-ily) The names of the -ommanders. too. are ins-ribed. eG-e"t %i-ias. and the names of the Plataeau soldiers. to(ether #ith those of the military to#nsmen) But the reason #hy %i-ias is omitted is. I belie3e. that #hi-h Philisthus assi(ns) <or he #rites that 0emosthenes. in makin( a surrender. eG-e"ted himself alone. and that #hen he #as deli3ered u" to the enemy he attem"ted to destroy himself> but that %i-ias 3oluntarily surrendered himself. and that on this a--ount his name is not ins-ribed in the -olumn. be-ause. after yieldin( himself to the enemy. he had not a-ted in a manner be-omin( a military -hara-ter) But in another "illar their names are ins-ribed #ho fou(ht at Thra-e and !e(ara. #hen the !antinean $r-adians and &leans. throu(h the "ersuasions of $l-iblades. re3olted from the *a-edaemonians> and like#ise their names #ho before 0emosthenes -ame into =i-ily -onDuered the =yra-usans) Their se"ul-hres. too. are to be seen here that fou(ht in a na3al battle about the /elles"ont> like#ise those that o""osed the !a-edonians in 'haeronea> and those that fou(ht under 'leon at $m"hi"olis) To #hi-h #e may add. those that fell at 0elium in the borders of the Tana(rians> those that *eosthenes led into Thessaly> those that sailed #ith 'imon into 'y"rus> and those that follo#ed 9lym"iodorus. #ho. thou(h no more than thirteen in number. dro3e out the (uard of the !a-edonians) But the $thenians re"ort that they on-e sent no (reat army in aid of the ,omans. #ho #ere -arryin( on a #ar a(ainst their nei(hbours. and that after#ards a na3al battle takin( "la-e bet#een the ,omans and 'artha(inians. fi3e $tti- three7oared (alleys -ame to the assistan-e of the ,omans) In this "la-e. therefore. there is a se"ul-hre of these soldiers) But #e ha3e before related the transa-tions of Tolmides and his soldiers. and after #hat manner they died> and if any one is desirous of kno#in( #here they are buried. he #ill find their se"ul-hres in the same road #ith the others) Those men. too. are buried in this "la-e. #ho. led by 'imon. a-Duired (reat martial reno#n> for on the same day they 3anDuished the enemy at &urymedon in a land en(a(ement) 'onon like#ise and Tunotheus are buried in this "la-e. 3iI) the father and son> both of #hom. after !ildades and 'imon. "erformed illustrious a-hie3ements) Leno. too. the son of !naseas is buried here. 'hrysi""us =olensis. %i-ias the son of %i-omedes. #ho #as the most eG-ellent "ainter of animals of his time. and $risto(iton. #ho sle# /i""ar-hus the son of Pisistratus) But the orators that are interred here are &"hialtes. #ho "arti-ularly "er3erted the institutions of the $reo"a(us> and *y-ur(us the son of *y-o"hron. #ho. in -olle-tin( money for the "ubli- treasury. sur"assed Peri-les the son of 1anthi""us by siG thousand fi3e hundred talents) The same "erson like#ise "ro-ured for the sa-red "ro-ession of !iner3a (olden 3i-tories. and a hundred ornaments for the 3ir(ins) But for the "ur"oses of #ar he furnished shields and darts> and so au(mented the fleet. that four hundred three7 oared (alleys mi(ht be led to a na3al en(a(ement) $mon( the buildin(s. too. there is a theatre. #hi-h #as be(un by others. and finished by him> and. #hile he (o3erned the re"ubli-. he built do-ks for shi"s in the Piraeeus. and a (ymnasium. #hi-h is -alled the *y-eum) The #orks ho#e3er of (old and sil3er #hi-h he dedi-ated. *a-hares durin( his

tyranny "lundered> but the edifi-es remain e3en at "resent) 1ha)ter 222 Before the entran-e into the $-ademy there is an altar of *o3e. #ith an ins-ri"tion si(nifyin( that 'harmus #as the first of the $thenians that offered a -onse-rated (ift to *o3e) <or they say that the altar #ithin the -ity. #hi-h is -alled the altar of $nteros. #as the (ift of the inhabitants. and #as dedi-ated on the follo#in( a--ount+ !eles the $thenian. bein( #eary of his lo3er Tima(oras. ordered him to thro# himself from a ro-k> and Tima(oras. #ho #as not #illin( e3en to s"are his life. that he mi(ht (ratify the youth. as-ended the ro-k. and hurled himself from its summit) But. in -onseDuen-e of this. the inhabitants ordered that the daemon $nteros. the a3en(er of the lo3e of Tima(oras. should be #orshi"ed in that "la-e) But in the $-ademy there is an altar of Prometheus. from #hi-h they run to#ards the -ity. -arryin( #ith them burnin( lam"s> and at the same time. #hile they are runnin(. -ontend #ith ea-h other about kee"in( the lam"s burnin(> for he #hose lam" is in the ra-e eGtin(uished yields the 3i-tory to his su--essor. and he a(ain. if similarly unfortunate. to a third "erson) But if the lam"s of all of them are eGtin(uished. the 3i-tory is not left for any one) In the same $-ademy. too. there is an altar of the !uses. and another of !er-ury> and in the more interior "arts there is one of !iner3a. and one of /er-ules) There is like#ise an oli3e7tree. #hi-h is re"orted to be the se-ond that e3er a""eared) But not far from the $-ademy there is the se"ul-hre of Plato. #hose arri3al at the summit of Philoso"hy is re"orted to ha3e been "re3iously si(nified by 0i3inity+ for =o-rates. in the ni(ht before that day on #hi-h Plato be-ame his dis-i"le. sa# in a dream a s#an fly to his bosom) But the s#an is a bird -elebrated for its harmony) <or they re"ort that 'y-nus. kin( of the *e(urians in Gallia Trans"adana. #as reno#ned for his skill in musi-. and that #hen he died $"ollo -han(ed him into the bird #hose name he bore) <or my o#n "art. indeed. I -an easily belie3e that a man (i3en to musi- rei(ned o3er the *i(urians> but it a""ears to me in-redible that a man should be -han(ed into a bird) But in this "art of the re(ion there is the to#er of Timon. #ho alone kne# that it is im"ossible by any means to be ha""y #ithout shunnin( the so-iety of other men) $ "la-e also is to be seen #hi-h they -all the &Duestrian hill+ and they re"ort that 9edi"us first -ame into tins "art of $tti-a> differin( by the relation from the "oesy of /omer) There. too. you may see the altars of &Duestrian %e"tune and &Duestrian !iner3a> and heroi- monuments of Perithous. Theseus. 9edi"us. and $drastus) But the (ro3e and tem"le of %e"tune #ere burnt by $nti(onus. #ho also at another time. in3adin( $tti-a #ith an army. in@ured other "arts of the $thenian land) 1ha)ter 2220 ith res"e-t to the small to#ns of $tti-a. ea-h of #hi-h is inhabited @ust as it ha""ens. the follo#in( "arti-ulars deser3e to be noti-ed) $mon( the /alimusians there is a tem"le of 'eres Thesmo"horus and Proser"ine) But in Loster near the sea there are altars of !iner3a. 0iana. and *atona) $nd they re"ort indeed that *atona brou(ht forth her -hildren in this "la-e. and that on losin( her Ione. for the "ur"ose of bein( deli3ered. the to#n from then-e re-ei3ed its a""ellation) But the Pros"altii ha3e also a tem"le of 'eres and Proser"ine. and the $na(ryasii ha3e a tem"le of the mother of the (ods) $mon( the 'e"halenses the 0ios-uri are "rin-i"ally referen-ed> for they -all them mi(hty (ods) But amon( the Prasienses there is a tem"le of $"ollo. to #hi-h they re"ort the first fruits of the /y"erboreans are sent) <or the /y"erboreans -ommit them to the $rimas"i> the $rimas"i to the Isedonians> the =-ythians re-ei3in( them from these -arry them to =ino"e> from then-e they are -arried by the Greeks to the Prasienses> and lastly the $thenians send them to 0elos) But these first firuits are -on-ealed in stalks of #heat> and it is not la#ful for any one to behold them)

But amon( the Prasienses there is a se"ul-hre of &risi-hthon. #ho returnin( from 0elos. #hither he #ent #ith sa-red -on-erns. died in the -ourse of his na3i(ation) ith res"e-t to 'ranaus kin( of the $thenians. #e ha3e before mentioned that he #as dri3en from the kin(dom by $m"hi-tyon. his son7in7la#> and they re"ort. that flyin( #ith his army to the *am"renses. he there died. and #as buried in the same "la-e) $nd indeed e3en no# there is also a se"ul-hre of 'ranaus amon( the *am"renses) There is also a se"ul-hre of Ion the son of 1uthus (for he d#elt in $tti-a. and #as the (eneral of the $thenians in the #ar a(ainst the &leusinians) in that $tti- to#n #hi-h is -alled Potamus) $nd su-h is the information #hi-h is deri3ed from re"ort) But the Phlyenses and the !yrrhinusii ha3e altars of $"ollo 0ionysodotus. of s"lendour7bearin( 0iana. of florid Ba--hus. of the nym"hs Ismenides. and of &arth. #hom they -all a mi(hty (oddess) But another tem"le -ontains the altars of 'eres $nesidora. of 'tesian Cu"iter. of !iner3a Tithrone. of first7born Proser"ine. and of the (oddesses #hi-h they -all =e3ere) The !yrrhinusii. too. ha3e an ima(e of 'olaenis> but the $thmonenses #orshi" 0iana $marysia. -on-ernin( #hi-h a""ellation I ne3er -ould find anyone able to (i3e a satisfa-tory a--ount) $s far. ho#e3er. as I -an -on@e-ture. $marynthus is a to#n of &uboea and in this to#n they #orshi" 0iana $marysia) The $thenians like#ise ha3e a festi3al sa-red to 0iana $marysia. and #hi-h is in no res"e-t less illustrious than that of the &uboeans> and from hen-e. I think. the $thmonenses deri3ed this a""ellation) But I am of o"inion that the ima(e of 'olaenis. #hi-h is amon( the !yrrhinusii. #as so -alled from 'olaenus) I ha3e else#here too obser3ed. that in the $tti- to#ns they re"ort that many rei(ned o3er the $thenians "rior to 'e-ro"s) The !yrrhinusii. therefore. belie3e that 'olaenus #as kin( in $tti-a before 'e-ro"s) There is also a to#n -alled $-harna> and these #orshi" amon( their (ods $(yieus $"ollo. and /er-ules. and ha3e an altar of !iner3a /y(eia) They like#ise -all !iner3a &Duestrian. and Ba--hus !el"omenus. and I3y> for they assert that the i3y #as first seen in this "la-e) 1ha)ter 222ll But the mountains in $tti-a are. first. Penteli-us. #here there are stone Duarries> Parnes. #hi-h affords "lenty of #ild boars and bears to hunters> and /ymettus. #hi-h abounds #ith "astures the fittest of all others for bees eG-e"t those of the /aliIones) <or the /aliIonian bees are so (entle. that they #ill (o a fora(in( alon( #ith men. and fly about unrestrained. as they are not ke"t in hi3es) They make their honey too e3ery#here. and this of su-h a -on-rete nature that you -annot se"arate it from the #aG) But the statues of the (ods in the $tti- mountains are as follo#s+ In the mountain Penteli-us there is a statue of !iner3a> in /ymettus. of /ymettian Cu"iter. to(ether #ith altars of Cu"iter Plu3ius and fore7seein( $"ollo) But in the mountain Parnes there is a braIen ima(e of Parnethian Cu"iter. and an altar of =emalean Cu"iter) There is also another altar in the same "la-e. u"on #hi-h they sa-rifi-e to Cu"iter. #hom at one time they -all Plu3ius. and at another time InnoGious) There is like#ise a mountain denominated $n-hesmus. #hi-h is not 3ery lar(e. and in it a statue of Cu"iter $n-hesmius) But before I be(in a des-ri"tion of the islands I shall a(ain dis-ourse on the "arti-ulars relati3e to the $tti- to#ns) The to#n !arathon. then. is at an eDual distan-e from $thens and 'arystus. a to#n in &uboea) The Barbarians (i)e) the Persians) first entered on this "art of $tti-a. and. bein( 3anDuished in battle. lost -ertain shi"s in their fli(ht) But in the "lain of this "art of the -ountry there is a tomb of those $thenians that fell in the battle. and "illars u"on it. in #hi-h the names and tribes of the slain are ins-ribed) There is also another tomb for the Boeotian Plataeenses. and for ser3ants> for that #as the first time that ser3ants en(a(ed in battle) $nd there is a tomb. se"arate from the rest. of !iltiades the son of 'imon. #hose 3alour. #hen he besie(ed Paron. not bein( attended #ith (ood fortune. -aused him to be -ondemned by the "eo"le. and #ho died soon after his -ondemnation) In these "lains the nei(hin(s of horses are heard e3ery ni(ht. and men are seen fi(htin(> and

those #ho "ur"osely -ome as hearers or s"e-tators into these "lains suffer for their -uriosity> but su-h as are a--identally #itnesses of these "rodi(ies are not in@ured by the an(er of the daemons) But the !arathonians hi(hly honour those that ha3e fallen in battle. and (i3e them the a""ellation of heroes+ they like#ise 3enerate !arathon. from #hom the to#n is -alled. and /er-ules. assertin( that /er-ules #as #orshi"ed by them the first of all the Greeks) But it ha""ened in this battle. as they re"ort. that they re-ei3ed assistan-e from a man of rusti- a""earan-e. #ho. after he had destroyed many of the Barbarians #ith a "lou(h. suddenly 3anished from their si(ht> and #hen the $thenians inDuired of the ora-le #ho this unkno#n "erson #as. the (od (a3e them no other ans#er than that they should #orshi" the hero &-hetlaeus) But a tro"hy of #hite stone #as ere-ted in that "la-e) They re"ort too. that the $thenians buried the !edes that fell in the battle. -onsiderin( the interment of the dead body of a man in the earth as an a-tion in e3ery res"e-t holy> thou(h. for my o#n "art. I -ould neither meet #ith a tomb. nor (ra3e. nor any other 3esti(e of burial. and therefore I sus"e-t that they thre# them into any dit-h or hollo# that ha""ened to "resent itself to their 3ie#) But in !arathon there is a fountain #hi-h they -all !a-aria. and of #hi-h the follo#in( "arti-ulars are re"orted+ /er-ules #hen he fled from Tiryntha. that he mi(ht a3oid &urystheus. -ame to 'eyG kin( of the Tra-hinians. #ho #as his friend) But #hen /er-ules retired from the so-iety of mankind. &urystheus be((ed that the -hildren of /er-ules mi(ht be deli3ered to him) Tra-hinius. ho#e3er. #ho. on a--ount of his imbe-ility. #as fearful of a #ar. sent them to Theseus at $thens. -onsiderin( that Theseus #as -a"able of re3en(in( their -ause) hen. therefore. the boys arri3ed at $thens in a su""liant habit. they re"ort that the Pelo"onnesians then first #arred u"on the $thenians. be-ause Theseus #ould not. in -om"lian-e #ith the entreaties of &urystheus. deli3er to him the -hildren of /er-ules) They further re"ort. too. that an ora-le admonished the $thenians that it #as ne-essary one of the -hildren of /er-ules should 3oluntarily de3ote himself to death. as they -ould not by any other means obtain the 3i-tory) That. in -onseDuen-e of this. !a-aria. the dau(hter of /er-ules by 0eianira. #illin(ly surrendered herself to death. enabled the $thenians to obtain the 3i-tory. and -aused the fountain to bear her name) There is also in !arathon a lake. #hi-h is for the most "art muddy. into #hi-h the Barbarians flyin(. fell. throu(h i(noran-e of the #ay> and. as they re"ort many of them #ere by this means destroyed) $bo3e the lake there are stony man(ers of the horses of $rta"hernes. and in the stone 3esti(es of a tent) $ ri3er also flo#s from the lake. #hose streams near the lake are ada"ted to the "ur"oses of -attle> but. not far from their in(ress into the sea. they be-ome salt. and are full of marine fishes) But the mountain Pan is at no (reat distan-e from the !ararthonian "lains. in #hi-h there is a -a3ern. #hose entran-e is but narro#. but. #hen you ha3e "enetrated its more interior "arts. you #ill "er-ei3e -ells and baths. that #hi-h they -all Pan4s flo-k of (oats. and stones #hi-h 3ery mu-h resemble the sha"e of (oats) 1ha)ter 22200 But Brauron is situated not far from !arathon> to #hi-h "la-e they re"ort that I"hi(enia the dau(hter of $(amemnon fled #ith the statue of Tauri-a 0iana> and that lea3in( it here. she -ame to $thens. and after#ards to $r(os) $nd there is indeed in this "la-e an an-ient ima(e of 0iana> but #ho those are amon( the Barbarians that ha3e the ima(e of Tauri-a 0iana. I shall e3in-e in another "art of this #ork) But to those #ho are tra3ellin( near the sea to#ards 9ro"us. ,hamnus "resents itself to the 3ie#. #hi-h is about siGty stadia distant from !arathon) In this "la-e there are habitations for men by the sea> and at a small distan-e from the sea there is a tem"le of %emesis. #ho of all the di3inities is most im"la-able to insolent and in@urious men) $nd it a""ears that. the Barbarians at !arathon eG"erien-ed the an(er of this (oddess> for. treatin( the o""osition

of the $thenians #ith s-orn. they brou(ht #ith them Parian marble for the "ur"ose of ere-tin( a tro"hy. as if they #ere -ertain of bein( 3i-torious) But of this stone Phidias made a statue of %emesis+ and on the head of the (oddess there is a -ro#n adorned #ith sta( and ima(es of 3i-tory of no (reat ma(nitude) In her left hand. too. she holds the bran-h of an ash7tree. and in her ri(ht a -u". in #hi-h the $ethio"ians are -ar3ed> but #hy. I -an neither assi(n any reason. nor subs-ribe to their o"inion #ho say that the $ethio"ians si(nify the ri3er of the 9-ean. be-ause these "eo"le d#ell near it. and be-ause 9-ean is the father of %emesis) <or the ="aniards and Grauls do not d#ell near the ri3er of the 9-ean but near the last na3i(able sea. in #hi-h also the island Britannia is -ontained) But the most distant I-hthyo"ha(i d#ell abo3e =yene. near the ,ed =ea> and the bay about #hi-h they reside is -alled I-hthyo"ha(us) But the most @ust men inhabit the -ity !eroe. and the "lain #hi-h is -alled $ethio"i-) These "eo"le eGhibit the table of the sun> but they ha3e not any sea nor any ri3er eG-e"t the %ile) There are other $ethio"ians. too #ho d#ell near the !auri. and #ho eGtend as far as to the %asamones) <or the %asamones. #hom /erodotus -onsiders as the same #ith the $tlanti-s. and #ho are said to kno# the measure of the earth. are -alled by those *ybians that d#ell in the eGtreme "arts of *ybia. near the mountain $tlas. *oGi) $nd these "eo"le so# nothin(. but li3e on rusti- 3ines) But neither ha3e these $ethio"ians nor the %asamones any ri3ers> for the #ater #hi-h flo#s from mount $tlas. thou(h it is "arted into three streams. yet no one of the streams forms a ri3er. on a--ount of its bein( immediately absorbed by the sand) =o that the $ethio"ians do not d#ell near any other ri3er than that of the 9-ean) $nd the #ater. indeed. #hi-h des-ends from $tlas is turbulent. and -ro-odiles are "rodu-ed near its fountain. #hi-h are not less than t#o -ubits in len(th) But these animals. on the a""roa-h of men. mer(e themsel3es in the fountain> and this -ir-umstan-e -auses many to sus"e-t that this #ater. emer(in( a(ain from the sand. "rodu-es the ri3er %ile for the &(y"tians) But the mountain $tlas is so lofty. that it is said to rea-h the hea3ens #ith its summit and is ina--essible by reason of the #ater and trees #ith #hi-h it is on all sides in-losed) It -an only therefore be kno#n from that "art #hi-h looks to the %asamones> for #e do not kno# of any shi" that e3er sailed by its maritime "arts) $nd thus mu-h -on-ernin( "arti-ulars of this kind) But neither has this statue of %emesis. nor any other an-ient statue of the (oddess. #in(s) $mon( the =myrneans. ho#e3er. #ho "ossess the most holy ima(es of %emesis. I "er-ei3ed after#ards that these statues had #in(s) <or as this (oddess "rin-i"ally "ertains to lo3ers. on this a--ount they may be su""osed to ha3e (i3en #in(s to %emesis as #ell as to *o3e) But I shall no# relate #hat is to be seen at the base of the statue. only first of all mentionin( the follo#in( "arti-ular. by #ay of elu-idation) The Greeks re"ort. that %emesis #as the mother of /elen. but that *eda #as her nurse> for all the Greeks are unanimous in assertin( that Cu"iter. and not Tindarus. #as her father) But Phidias. bein( #ell a-Duainted #ith these "arti-ulars. re"resented /elen led by *eda to %emesis) /e added also Tindarus and his sons. and a man #hom they -all /i""ea standin( by a horse) $(amemnon. too. !enelaus. and Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles are "resent. #hi-h last. first of all. es"oused /ermione the dau(hter of /elen) But 9restes is not introdu-ed. on a--ount of his im"ious -ondu-t to#ards his mother> thou(h /ermione ne3er deserted him. but e3en bore him a son) But after these there is to be seen in the base a "erson -alled &"ho-us. and another youn( man> -on-ernin( #hom I -ould deri3e no other information than that they #ere the brothers of 9enoe. after #hom the to#n is -alled) 1ha)ter 2220! $(ain. the Boeotians formerly "ossessed the 9ro"ian land. #hi-h lies bet#een $tti-a and Tana(ra> but at "resent it is in the "o#er of the $thenians) The $thenians indeed fou(ht a lon( time for its "ossession. but -ould not firmly obtain it till Phili". ha3in(

taken Thebes. besto#ed it on them) The -ity itself. #hi-h is -alled 9ro"us. is situated near the sea. but does not afford anythin( (reatly #orthy of des-ri"tion) <rom this -ity the tem"le of $m"hiaraus is distant about t#el3e stadia) But it is re"orted that $m"hiaraus. flyin( to Thebes. #as s#allo#ed u". to(ether #ith his -hariot. in an o"enin( of the earth) $--ordin( to others. ho#e3er. this took "la-e in the #ay #hi-h leads from Thebes to 'hal-is. and #hi-h road is no# -alled the 1hariot) But the 9ro"ians first of all ranked $m"hiaraus amon( the number of the (ods> and he #as after#ards #orshi"ed by all the Greeks) I -an also mention others. that #ere on-e men. and #ere after their death #orshi"ed as (ods by the Greeks. and to #hom also -ities #ere dedi-ated> as. for instan-e. &leus in 'hersonnesus #as dedi-ated to Protesilaus> in Boeotia. *ebadea to Tro"honius> and amon( the 9ro"ians there is a tem"le sa-red to $m"hiaraus. and a statue of #hite stone) But his altar is distributed into fi3e "arts+ one to /er-ules. Cu"iter. and $"ollo Paeonius> a se-ond. to the heroes and their #i3es> a third. to Vesta. /ermes. $m"hiaraus. and the sons of $m"hilo-hus (for $l-maeon. on a--ount of the slau(hter of &ri"hyle. is no "art of $m"hiarus. and does not re-ei3e any honour in -on@un-tion #ith $m"hilo-hus)> but a fourth "art of the altar is sa-red to Venus. Pana-ea. Cason. /y(ia. and !iner3a Paeonea> and the fifth to the %ym"hs. Pan. and to the ri3ers $-helous and 'e"hisus) But the $thenians ha3e an altar in their -ity to $m"hilo-hus> and in a -ity of 'ili-ia. -alled !allo. there is an ora-le of $m"hilo-hus. #hi-h is the least falla-ious of all that eGist at "resent) There is also amon( the 9ro"ians a fountain near the tem"le. #hi-h they -all $m"hiaraus. but to #hi-h they neither sa-rifi-e anythin(. nor yet think it la#ful to use the #ater of it for lustrations or #ashin( the hands> but he #ho has been liberated from any disease by means of the ora-le thro#s a "ie-e of im"ressed (old or sil3er into the fountain and de"arts> for they re"ort that the (od $m"hiaraus as-ended from hen-e) But lo"hon the Gnoesian. one of the inter"reters of $tti- antiDuities. sho#ed me "ro"he-ies uttered in heGameter 3erses by $m"hiaraus. and. amon( others. that ora-le #hi-h he (a3e to the $r(i3es #hen they desi(ned to in3ade Thebes) It must. ho#e3er. be remembered. that an o"inion. #hen on-e re-ei3ed by the 3ul(ar. is 3ehemently defended by them #ithout any re(ard to its truth> for. eG-e"t those #ho are re"orted by antiDuity to ha3e been ins"ired by $"ollo. it does not a""ear that any one has been endo#ed #ith the "o#er of deli3erin( ora-les> sin-e all the rest ha3e either been inter"reters of dreams. or ha3e been skilled in eG"lainin( the si(nifi-ation of the flyin( of birds and the entrails of animals) =o that it a""ears to me that $m"hiaraus #as eminendy skilled in the inter"retation of dreams> and the truth of this is e3in-ed from hen-e. that #hen he #as ranked amon( the number of the (ods. he instituted the art of "ro"hesyin( by dreams) But all those that -ome to -onsult $m"hiaraus must first be "urified> and the "urifi-ation -onsists in sa-rifi-in( to the (od) But. #hen they sa-rifi-e to $m"hiaraus. they also sa-rifi-e to all the rest #hose names are ins-ribed in the same altar) $nd after the a--om"lishment of this -eremony they sa-rifi-e a ram to him. and. lyin( do#n to slee" on the skin of this animal. eG"e-t the re3elations of dreams) 1ha)ter 222! But there are -ertain islands belon(in( to the $thenians. and at no (reat distan-e from their -ountry) 9ne of these is -alled Patro-lus. the "arti-ulars of #hi-h I ha3e before related) The other is abo3e =unium. and to those that are sailin( to#ards $tti-a. is on the left hand) It is re"orted that /elen dro3e to this island after her eG"ulsion from Troy. and that the island #as on this a--ount -alled /elena) But =alamis. #hi-h is situated o""osite to &leusis. eGtends as far as to !e(ara) They re"ort that the name 'y-hreus #as first (i3en to the island. by =alamis the mother of $eso"us> that the $e(inetae #ere after#ards brou(ht into it by Telamon> and that it #as deli3ered to the $thenians by Phylaeus the son of &urysaG. and the (randson of $@aG. #hen he #as made by them an $thenian) But the

$thenians re"roa-hed the =alaminians many years after. be-ause in the #ar a(ainst 'assander they #ere desi(nedly more remiss than they ou(ht to ha3e been. and surrendered the -ity to the !a-edonians. rather 3oluntarily than from -om"ulsion) They also -ondemned $s-etades to death. #ho #as then the "raetor of =alamis> s#ore that they #ould al#ays remember his betrayin( them> and that they #ould deli3er the =alaminians as betrayers to the latest "osterity) The ruins of the <orum yet remain. and the tem"le of $@aG. and to(ether #ith this a statue of ebony) $nd the honours indeed #hi-h #ere de-reed by the $thenians to $@aG. and his son &urysaG. yet remain> and there is also an altar of &urysaG at $thens) But a stone is eGhibited at =alamis not far from the "ort. u"on #hi-h they say Telamon sat #hen he beheld the shi" #hi-h -arried his sons to $ulis to the Gre-ian fleet) $nd those that d#ell about =alamis re"ort that after the death of $@aG. a flo#er a""eared in their -ountry. for the first time. #hi-h #as #hite and some#hat red. but less so throu(hout than the lily> and that it #as ins-ribed #ith letters similar to those of the hya-inth) I ha3e heard indeed #hat the $eolians #ho inhabited Troy after its destru-tion re"orted -on-ernin( the @ud(ment about the arms of $-hilles. and that after the shi"#re-k of Klysses they #ere brou(ht to the se"ul-hre of $@aG) But a -ertain "erson named !ysus told me the follo#in( "arti-ulars res"e-tin( $@aG> 3iI) that the "arts of his se"ul-hre #hi-h #ere near the shore #ere so #ashed a#ay by the sea. that the entran-e to his tomb #as by no means diffi-ult> and that I mi(ht -on@e-ture his bulk from this -ir-umstan-e. that the "atellae of his knees. #hi-h the "hysi-ians -all molae. mi(ht 3ie #ith those Duoits used by the $thletes #ho are -alled MuinDuertiones) Indeed I by no means #onder at the ma(nitude of those Gauls #ho inhabit the eGtreme "arts of Gallia. #hi-h. on a--ount of the -ontinual -old. are almost deserts. and #ho are -alled Barenses> for their bodies are not lar(er than the dead bodies #hi-h are sho#n by the &(y"tians) But I shall relate su-h "arti-ulars of this kind as a""ear to me #orthy of ins"e-tion) $mon( the !a(nesians that d#ell by the ri3er *ethaeus. there #as a -ertain "erson -alled Proto"hanes. #ho in one day #as de-lared 3i-tor at 9lym"ia. both in the "an-ratium and #restlin() It on-e ha""ened that some robbers. dra#n by the ho"e of "rey. broke into his tomb. and after these other "ersons. merely that they mi(ht behold his dead body) <or his ribs #ere not se"arated like those of other men. but there #as one -ontinued bone from his shoulders to that "art #hi-h is -alled by "hysi-ians nothoe) But amon( the !ilesians. before the -ity. there is an island -alled *ade. and #hi-h is di3ided into t#o small islands) 9ne of these they denominate $sterius. be-ause $sterius the son of $naG #as buried in it> and $naG #as the son of &arth) The dead body. therefore. of this $sterius is not less than ten -ubits in len(th) But the follo#in( -ir-umstan-e a""eared to me truly admirable) In the u""er *ydia. there is a -ity of no (reat ma(nitude. and #hi-h is -alled the Gates of Temenis) In this "la-e. a se"ul-hre bein( torn o"en by a tem"est. -ertain bones #ere eG"osed to the 3ie#. #hi-h. if it #ere not for their retainin( the fi(ure of human bones. no one #ould belie3e. from their siIe that they #ere the bones of a man) But a re"ort #as immediately s"read amon( the 3ul(ar. that this #as the dead body of 'eryon. the son of 'hrysaor. and that the throne also belon(ed to him> for a throne is to be seen fashioned in a "rominent stone of the mountain) But they say that the torrent #hi-h "ours alon( near this "la-e should be -alled 9-ean> and they further add. that husbandmen often #hile they are "lo#in( meet #ith the horns of oGen. and this be-ause 'eryon is re"orted to ha3e bred most eG-ellent oGen) But I -annot by any means assent to this o"inion. be-ause it a""ears that 'eryon d#elt at Gades> that there is not any se"ul-hre of him eGtant> and that nothin( but a tree remains. endo#ed #ith a 3ariety of forms) The historians ho#e3er. of the *ydian antiDuities (i3e a true relation of this affair. 3iI) that this (i(anti- -or"se is the dead body of /yllus. but that /yllus #as the son of &arth. and that from him the ri3er #as denominated) *astly. that /er-ules. on a--ount of his asso-iation #ith 9m"hale. -alled his son /yllus from the name of the ri3er)

1ha)ter 222!0 But in =alamis (that I may return from #hen-e I di(ressed) there is a tem"le of 0iana. and a tro"hy in memorial of that 3i-tory #hi-h Themisto-les the son of %eo-les obtained for the Greeks) There is also a tem"le of 'y-hreus) <or #hen the $thenians en(a(ed in a na3al battle #ith the !edes. they re"ort that a dra(on #as seen in their shi"s> and that the ora-le of $""llo informed the $thenians. that this #as the hero 'y-hreus) But there is an island before =alamis. #hi-h is -alled Psyttalia) Into this they re"ort that four hundred of the Barbarians des-ended. and that. the fleet of 1erGes bein( destroyed. the Greeks "assin( into this island sle# the four hundred) But the island does not -ontain one artifi-ial statue> thou(h there are se3eral rude ima(es of Pan) But in (oin( from &leusis to $thens. in that #ay #hi-h the $thenians -all the sa-red "ath. the se"ul-hre of $nthemo-ritus "resents itself to the 3ie#. #hom the !e(arenses. 3iolatin( the la# of nations. most im"iously sle#. #hen he #as sent as a messen(er to announ-e to them that they should not -ulti3ate that sa-red land) But e3en to the "resent day. they ha3e been "ursued by the a3en(in( an(er of di3inity> for not e3en the em"eror $drian. by the benefits #hi-h he -onferred on the !e(arenses. -ould restore them to their "ristine flourishin( state in -on@un-tion #ith the other Greeks) $fter the -olumn of $nthemo-ritus the tomb of !olossus su--eeds. to #hom the $thenians assi(ned the -ommand of the army. #hen they sent assistan-e to Plutar-h in &uboea) $nd near this. there is a "la-e #hi-h they -all =-irom> and #hi-h #as so denominated on the follo#in( a--ount) hile the &leusinians #ere at #ar #ith &re-htheus. a -ertain "ro"het -ame from 0odona. #hose name #as =-irus) This man established the an-ient tem"le of !iner3a =-iras in Phalerum. and fallin( in battle the &leusinians buried him near the torrent) $nd in -onseDuen-e of this. both the "la-e and the ri3er are denominated from the hero) But near this. the monument of 'e"hisodorus is to be seen. #ho. #hen he (o3erned the "eo"le. 3ehemently o""osed Phili" the son of 0emetrius and kin( of the !a-edonians) This 'e"hisodorus @oined to himself as asso-iates in #ar. to(ether #ith the $thenians. $ttalus kin( of the !ysians. and Ptolemy the &(y"tian> but of the inde"endent nations. the $etolians. and the inhabitants of the ,hodian and 'retan islands) But as the assistan-e from !ysia. &(y"t. and 'rete. -ame for the most "art too late. and as the ,hodians. #hose for-e #as #holly na3al. -ould not make any (reat resistan-e a(ainst the hea3y armour of the !a-edonians. hen-e 'e"hisodorus. -omin( into Italy. su""li-ated the assistan-e of the ,omans) But the ,omans ha3in( sent him an army and a -ommander. so entirely 3anDuished the for-es of Phili" and the !a-edonians. that they after#ards took a#ay the kin(dom from Perseus the son of Phili". and led him -a"ti3e to ,ome) But this Phili" #as the son of that 0emetrius. #ho. the first of this family (as #e ha3e before related). after ha3in( slain $leGander the son of 'assander. obtained the kin(dom of !a-edonia) 1ha)ter 222!00 $fter the tomb of 'e"hisodorus. /eliodorus /alis lies buried. #hose "i-ture is to be seen in the (reat tem"le of !iner3a) In the same "la-e. too. Themisto-les the son of Poliar-hus is buried. and #ho #as the (reat7(randson of that Themisto-les #ho fou(ht in a na3al battle a(ainst 1erGes and the !edes) But I shall take no noti-e of any of his "osterity eG-e"t $-estium) This #oman #as the dau(hter of 1eno-les the son of =o"ho-les and the (randson of *eon. and all her relations. from her (reat7(randther *eon. #ere made torch$bearers in the !ysteries. #hile she #as ali3e) <or first she sa# her brother =o"ho-les a torch$bearers. after#ards her husband Themisto-les. and #hen he died. her son Theo"hrastus) $nd su-h is the (ood fortune #hi-h she is said to ha3e en@oyed) But on "ro-eedin( a little farther. you #ill "er-ei3e the (ro3e of the hero *a-ius. and a to#n #hi-h is -alled from him *a-ida) There is like#ise in the same "la-e the tomb

of %i-o-les Tarentinus. #ho obtained the (reatest reno#n of all the har"ers> and an altar of Le"hyr. and a tem"le of 'eres and her dau(hter) It is re"orted. that 'eres #as hos"itably re-ei3ed in this re(ion by Phytalus. and that the (oddess in return for his kindness (a3e him a fi(7tree) But the truth of this re"ort is e3in-ed by the follo#in( e"i(ram in the tomb of Phytalus) In this "la-e the royal hero Phytalus on-e re-ei3ed the 3enerable 'eres> and she first besto#ed on him that mature fruit #hi-h mortals denominate the holy fi(> but from hen-e the family of Phytalus is assi(ned unde-ayin( honours) But before you "ass o3er the ri3er 'e"hissus. you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of Theodorus. #ho as a tra(i- a-tor sur"assed all of his time) %ear the ri3er there are t#o statues. one of !nesima-hus. the other of a boy -uttin( off his hair as an offerin( to the ri3er 'e"hissus) But that it #as an an-ient -ustom #ith all the Greeks to -ut off lo-ks of their hair to ri3ers you may infer from the "oesy of /omer. in #hi-h he relates. that Peleus 3o#ed his hair to the ri3er ="er-hius. for the safe return of $-hilles from Troy) /a3in( "assed o3er 'e"hissus. you #ill "er-ei3e an an-ient altar of mild 3u)iter. u"on #hi-h Theseus is said to ha3e been "urified for slau(hterin( the "ro(eny of Phytalus) But Theseus sle# other robbers. and =inis. #ho #as related to him by Pittheus his mother4s (randfather) In the same "la-e. too. there are the se"ul-hres of Theode-tes. Phaselitas. and !nesitheus. #hi-h last is re"orted to ha3e been a (ood "hysi-ian. and to ha3e dedi-ated se3eral statues. amon( #hi-h that of la--hus #as one) In this road there is a tem"le of no (reat ma(nitude. #hi-h is -alled the tem"le of 1yamitas) But I -annot affirm #ith -ertainty #hether this "erson first of all so#ed beans. or #hether the tem"le #as denominated out of re3eren-e to some hero. be-ause it is not la#ful for them to as-ribe the in3ention of beans to 'eres) *ut he that has been initiated in the -leusinian mysteries or has read the )oems called %r)hic will know what 0 mean. In this "la-e there are t#o se"ul-hres. both eG-ellent for their ma(nitude and ornament> one of these is the tomb of a ,hodian #ho mi(rated to $thens> and the other #as raised by /ar"alus the !a-edonian. #ho. flyin( from $leGander. "assed o3er #ith a fleet from $sia into &uro"e> and #hen he -ame to $thens. and #as taken into -ustody by the $thenians. throu(h -orru"tin( #ith money both the friends of $leGander and others. es-a"ed the dan(er that threatened him) But "rior to this. he had married Pythione-e. #hose family I am una-Duainted #ith. but #ho "rostituted herself both at $thens and 'orinth) /ar"alus lo3ed this #oman so immoderately. that #hen she died. he raised a monument for her. the most admirable of all the an-ient #orks #hi-h Gree-e -ontains) Fou may here. too. behold a tem"le. in #hi-h there are statues of 'eres. Proser"ine. !iner3a. and $"ollo) $t first there #as one tem"le sa-red to $"ollo> for they say that 'e"halus the son of 0eioneus. #hen he -ame #ith $m"hitryon to the Teleboae. first inhabited that island. #hi-h is no# -alled from him 'e"halenia+ and they further re"ort. that he mi(rated to Thebes. in -onseDuen-e of his flyin( from $thens. for murderin( his #ife Pro-ris) Ten a(es after this. the "osterity of 'e"halus. 3iI) 'hal-inus and 0aetus. #hen they sailed to 0el"hos. and -onsulted the (od about their return to $thens. #ere ans#ered. that they should first sa-rifi-e to $"ollo in $tti-a. in that "la-e #here they sa# a three7oared (alley runnin( on the (round) hen. therefore. they dre# near to that mountain #hi-h is -alled !arious, they sa# a dra(on ra"idly "ro-eedin( to his retreats> and in this "la-e they sa-rifi-ed to $"ollo. and after#ards -omin( into the -ity #ere made -itiIens by the $thenians) But after this there is a tem"le of Venus. and before it a #all built of rude stone. but #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted) 1ha)ter 222!000 But those -hannels #hi-h are -alled ,heti. are only in their flo#in( similar to ri3ers> for their #ater is that of the sea) $nd some one. "erha"s. may be indu-ed to belie3e that they flo# from the 'hal-idi-an &uri"us. and flo# from the earth into a more de"ressed

sea) These ,heti are said to be sa-red to Proser"ine and 'eres> and it is not la#ful for any but the "riests to take the fish #hi-h they -ontain) $nd these. indeed. as I understand. are the an-ient boundaries of the &leusinian and $tti- lands) But 'ro-on is said to ha3e "ossessed the -ountry #hi-h is beyond the ,heti. and #hi-h is e3en at "resent -alled the kin(doms of 'ro-on) The $thenians re"ort. that =aesara the dau(hter of 'eleus #as married to this 'ro-on. thou(h this indeed is not the o"inion of all of them. but only of those that belon( to the to#n of the =-ambonidae) <or my o#n "art. I ne3er -ould find the se"ul-hre of 'ro-on> but both the &leusinians and $thenians eGhibit the tomb of &umol"us) $nd they re"ort. that this &umol"us -ame from Thra-e. and that he #as the son of %e"tune and 'hione> but that 'hione #as the dau(hter of the #ind Boreas and 9rithyia) /omer. indeed. makes no mention of his "arents. but in his 3erses he -alls &umol"us a most -oura(eous man) But a #ar takin( "la-e bet#een the &leusinians and $thenians. &re-htheus kin( of the $thenians. and Immaradus the son of &umol"us. fell in the en(a(ement> and the #ar #as finished on these -onditions. that the &leusinians should deli3er e3erythin( u" to the $thenians. eG-e"t their !ysteries> for it #as a(reed that they should ha3e the sole "ossession of these) $nd besides this. that &umol"us and the dau(hters of 'eleus should "erform the sa-red rites of 'eres and Proser"ine) Both Pam"hus and /omer -all these dau(hters by the same names. 3iI) 0io(enea. Pammero"e. and the third =aesara) But 'eryG the youn(est son of &umol"us sur3i3ed his father. and is said by the tribe of heralds to ha3e des-ended from $(laurus the dau(hter of 'e-ro"s. and !er-ury. and not from &umol"us) But in the same "la-e there is an heroi- monument of /i""othoon. from #hom a tribe is denominated. and near it that of LareG. #ho is re"orted to ha3e learned musi- from $"ollo) But to me it a""ears that he #as a forei(ner> that he #as by birth a *a-edaemonian> and that a maritime -ity of *a-onia #as denominated from him Lara-a) <or if LareG #as a nati3e of $tti-a. I am destitute of all information -on-ernin( him) But the ri3er 'e"hissus runs throu(h the &leusinian land #ith mu-h (reater for-e than in any other "la-e> and near it there is a "la-e #hi-h is -alled 'a"rifi-us. into #hi-h Pluto. #hen he ra3ished Proser"ine. is said to ha3e des-ended) %ear this ri3er 'e"hissus. Theseus sle# the robber Poly"emon. #ho #as -alled Pro-rustes) But amon( the &leusinians there is a tem"le of Tri"tolemus. of Pro"ylea 0iana. and of %e"tune the father> and like#ise a #ell #hi-h they -all 'alli-horus. #here the &leusinian #omen first instituted a -hoir. and san( in honour of the (oddess) But in the "lain #hi-h they -all ,harium. seeds are said to ha3e been first so#n. and fruits to ha3e first in-reased> and on this a--ount they use the barley #hi-h this field "rodu-es. and make -akes from it for sa-rifi-es) In this "la-e too a threshin(7floor is sho#n. #hi-h is -alled by the name of Tri"tolemus. and an altar #hi-h is sa-red to him) But I am forbid by a dream from relatin( the "arti-ulars -ontained #ithin the sa-red #all> and. indeed. thou(h I #ere not "rohibited in this manner. yet it is #ell kno#n e3en to the uninitiated. that it is unla#ful to hear #hat it is not "ro"er to behold) But the hero &leusis. from #hom the -ity is denominated. is said by some to ha3e des-ended from !er-ury. and 0aira the dau(hter of 9-ean> but a--ordin( to others. he #as the son of 9(y(us+ for the an-ient &leusinians. as they are unable to refer their ori(in to any a(e of mankind. ha3e (i3en o--asion to fi-titious re"orts. es"e-ially #ith res"e-t to the ra-e of their heroes) But in the #ay from &leusis to Boeotia. Plataeensis "resents itself to the 3ie#. #hi-h borders on the $thenians. for formerly the &leutherenses se"arated $tti-a and Boeotia> but after the &leutherenses -ame into the "o#er of the $thenians. the mountain 'ithaeron #as -onsidered as the boundary of ea-h -ountry) But the &leutherenses assumed an $tti- name. not from the -om"ulsion of #ar. but in -onseDuen-e of desirin( the $thenian mode of (o3ernment. and the hatred #hi-h they bore to the Thebans) In this "lain. too. there is a tem"le of Ba--hus> and the an-ient statue of this (od #as taken from hen-e. and brou(ht to $thens> for that #hi-h the &leutherenses at "resent "ossess #as made in imitation of this) But not far from hen-e

there is a -a3ern of no (reat ma(nitude and near it a fountain of -old #ater) They re"ort. that $ntio"e -on-ealed in this -a3ern the t#ins #hi-h she brou(ht forth. and that a she"herd findin( the boys. freed them from their s#addlin( -lothes. and #ashed them in the #ater of this fountain) But there are e3en at "resent some 3esti(es. both of the #all of the &leutherae. and of the buildin(s> and it is from hen-e e3ident. that the to#n itself #as not mu-h abo3e the "lain. to#ards 'ithaeron) 1ha)ter 22202 But another #ay leads from &leusis to !e(ara> and those that tra3el this road #ill "er-ei3e a #ell #hi-h they -all florid) It is related by the "oet Pam"hus. that 'eres after the ra"e of Proser"ine sat u"on this. in the sha"e of an old #oman> and that the dau(hters of 'eleus findin( her here. and su""osin( her to be #hat she a""eared. led her to their mother> and that !e(anira entrusted her #ith the edu-ation of her son) But not far from the #ell. the tem"le of !e(anira is to be seen. and the tombs of those that fell at Thebes) <or #hen 'reon. #ho #as the (uardian of *aodamas the son of &teo-les. (o3erned the Thebans. he #ould not suffer the dead bodies of the slain to be interred> but $drastus su""li-atin( the assistan-e of Theseus. and a battle ensuin( bet#een the $thenians and Boeotians. Theseus. #ho #as 3i-tor. took -are that the dead bodies should be -arried to the &leusinian fields. and there buried) The Thebans ho#e3er assert. that 'reon ne3er "rohibited the interment of the dead. and that they ne3er fou(ht #ith the $thenians on that a--ount) But after the tombs of the $r(i3es there is a se"ul-hre of $lo"e. #ho. after she had brou(ht forth /i""othoon by %e"tune. #as slain in that "la-e. as they re"ort. by her father 'er-yon) Indeed 'er-yon is said to ha3e beha3ed in a brutal manner to all stran(ers. and "arti-ularly to su-h as #ere un#illin( to -ontend in #restlin(+ and at "resent there is a "la-e not far from the tomb of $lo"e. #hi-h is -alled the Palaestra of 'er-yon) But it is re"orted that 'er-yon sle# all those that -ontended #ith him in #restlin(. eG-e"t Theseus. #ho far eG-elled him in this art) <or Theseus first in3ented the art of #restlin(. and it be-ame after#ards established from his instru-tion> for before this. they em"loyed in #restlin( nothin( but ma(nitude and stren(th of body) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars amon( the $thenians. #hi-h are the most -elebrated. and the most #orthy to be ins"e-ted> for from the first I ha3e omitted e3erythin( unbe-omin( the "resent history) But that "la-e #hi-h is -alled the !e(ari- land borders on &leusis> and the (o3ernment of this "la-e. #hi-h #as left by Pandion to kin( Pyla. #as formerly in the "ossession of the $thenians) This is e3in-ed by a se"ul-hre of Pandion. #hi-h is in the "la-e> and from this -ir-umstan-e like#ise. that %isus "ermitted $e(eus. #ho #as the oldest of that family. to (o3ern the $thenians> and he himself #as thou(ht #orthy to rei(n o3er the !e(ari- land. and as far as to the borders of the 'orinthians) $nd there yet remains amon( the !e(arenses a ha3en #hi-h is -alled. from him. %issea) But 'odrus after#ards rei(nin(. the Pelo"onnesians #arred u"on the $thenians> and as they did not eGhibit any illustrious a-hie3ement in this #ar. they returned home. and in their #ay took !e(ara from the $thenians. and (a3e it to be inhabited by the 'orinthians. and the rest of their allies that #ere #illin() The !e(arenses. therefore. ha3in( in this manner -han(ed both their manners and lan(ua(e. be-ame 0orians> but they say that the -ity #as thus denominated by 'ar the son of Phoroneus. #ho rei(ned in this -ountry> and that then. for the first time. tem"les of 'eres #ere ere-ted amon( them. and that they #ere -alled by the "eo"le !e(ara) $nd su-h are the a--ounts #hi-h the !e(arenses deli3er of themsel3es) But the Boeotians re"ort. that !e(areus the son of %e"tune d#elt in 9n-hestus. and that from then-e he -ame #ith an army of Boeotians in aid of %isus a(ainst !inos> that fallin( in the en(a(ement. he #as buried in the "la-e #here he fell. and that the -ity #as from him -alled !e(ara. #hi-h #as before denominated %isa) The !e(arenses further add. that *eleG. t#el3e (enerations after 'ar the son of Phoroneus. -ame from &(y"t. and that durin( his (o3ernment the men #ere -alled *ele(es> that Pyla #as the

offs"rin( of 'leson the son of *eleG. and =-iron of Pyla. and that =-iron #as married to the dau(hter of Pandion) *ike#ise. that this =-iron and %isus the son of Pandion -ontended for the kin(dom. and that they -hose $ea-us for their @ud(e> that $ea-us ad@ud(ed the kin(dom to %isus and his "osterity. but to =-iron the -ommand of the military affairs) *astly. that !e(areus the son of %e"tune. to #hom %isus had (i3en his dau(hter I"hinoe in marria(e. su--eeded his father7in7la# in the kin(dom> for the !e(arenses are un#illin( to kno# anythin( about the 'retan #ar. and the -a"ture of the -ity durin( the rei(n of %isus) 1ha)ter 2, But there is a fountain in the -ity #hi-h #as -onstru-ted by Thea(enes. of #hom #e ha3e before made mention. #hen #e related that his dau(hter #as married to 'ylon the $thenian) Thea(enes. then. durin( his (o3ernment. built this fountain. #hi-h #ell deser3es to be ins"e-ted. both for its ma(nitude. ornament. and the number of its "illars) The #ater #hi-h flo#s into it is -alled the #ater of the =ithnidan %ym"hs) But the !e(arenses assert that these %ym"hs are nati3es of their -ountry> that from one of the dau(hters of these. !e(arus #as born to Cu"iter> and that !e(arus es-a"ed the delu(e of 0eu-alion by flyin( to the to" of the mountain Gerania. #hi-h at that time had not this a""ellation) <or they re"ort that !e(arus. follo#in( the -ry of the flyin( -ranes. es-a"ed to this "la-e by s#immin(. and from then-e (a3e the name Gerania to the mountain) But not far from the fountain there is an an-ient tem"le. #hi-h -ontains e3en at "resent ima(es of the ,oman em"erors. and a braIen statue of (iana the +a&iour. the -ause of #hi-h a""ellation #as as follo#s+ 7 $fter the army of !ardonius had in3aded the !e(ari- land. they #ere desirous of returnin( to Thebes. to their leader !ardonius+ but the (oddess 0iana -aused them to be(in their mar-h by ni(ht. and in -onseDuen-e of this losin( their #ay. they bent their -ourse to the mountainous "art of the -ountry> and thinkin( that an army of enemies #as near them. shot their arro#s at the nei(hbourin( ro-k. #hi-h emitted a sound like that of (roanin(+ but they su""osin( that the noise #as o--asioned by the (roans of #ounded men. did not desist from shootin( till their Dui3ers #ere eGhausted) But as soon as it #as day the armed !e(arenses atta-kin( them unarmed. sle# a (reat "art of their for-es and. in memorial of this 3i-tory. made an ima(e of (iana the +a&iour) But in the sam tem"le there are statues of the t#el3e (ods. as they are -alled. #hi-h are said to be the "rodu-tions of PraGiteles> for it is -ertain that he made 0iana =tron(ylion) $fter this. #hen you enter the (ro3e of Cu"iter. #hi-h is -alled 9lym"ieum. you #ill "er-ei3e a tem"le #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion. thou(h the statue of Cu"iter is not finished. o#in( to the #ar of the Pelo"onnesians a(ainst the $thenians. in #hi-h the $thenians by their land and marine for-es (reatly -onsumed e3ery year both the "ubliand "ri3ate ri-hes of the !e(arenses) The fa-e of this statue of Cu"iter is fashioned from i3ory and (old. but the other "arts -onsist of -lay and "laster) They re"ort. too. that Theo-osmus. #ho #as a nati3e of this "la-e. made the statue. and that he #as assisted in the #ork by Phidias) $bo3e the head of Cu"iter. the =easons and the Par-ae are re"resented> for it is ob3ious to e3ery one. that <ate is obedient to this di3inity. and that he distributes the =easons in a manner the most be-omin( and the best) In the ba-k "art of the tem"le there are -ertain half7finished ima(es. #hi-h Theo-osmus intended to ha3e adorned #ith i3ory and (old. for the "ur"ose of -om"letin( the statue of Cu"iter) In this "art of the tem"le. too. there is a braIen "ro# of a three7oared (alley. #hi-h the !e(arenses re"ort #as taken by them in the na3al battle a(ainst the $thenians. #hen they -ontended for =alamis) Indeed. the $thenians -onfess that =alamis on-e re3olted to the !e(arenses> but they say. that bein( eG-ited by the ele(ies of =olon. they first of all -ontended for the island. and after#ards re-o3ered it in #ar) But the !e(arenses on the -ontrary assert. that -ertain eGiles. #hom they -all 0ory-leii. miGin( #ith the nati3es of =alamis. betrayed this -ountry to the $thenians)

But after the (ro3e of Cu"iter. #hen you as-end into the to#er. #hi-h is e3en at "resent -alled 'aria. from 'ar the son of Phoroneus. you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of *acchus Nyctelius> like#ise a tem"le of !enus !erticordia> that #hi-h is yet -alled the %racle of Night> and the tem"le of 3u)iter #ul&ereus. #hi-h is #ithout a roof) But the statues of $es-ula"ius and /y(ia #ere made by BryaGis) In the same "la-e. too. there is a tem"le of 'eres. #hi-h they -all !e(aron. and #hi-h 'ar is said to ha3e built durin( his rei(n) 1ha)ter 2,0 But on des-endin( from that "art of the to#er #hi-h is situated to#ards the north. you #ill "er-ei3e the monument of $l-mene. near the tem"le of 9lym"ian Cu"iter) <or they re"ort. that she died in the borders of the !e(arenses as she #as (oin( from $r(os to Thebes> and that a dis"ute arose amon( the sons of /er-ules. #hether her dead body should be -arried to $r(os. or #hether it should be buried at Thebes. sin-e the se"ul-hres of the -hildren of /er-ules from !e(ara and $m"hitryon #ere at Thebes) But #hen they -onsulted the 0el"hi- (od on this affair. he (a3e them for ans#er. that it #ould be better for them to bury $l-mene in the !e(ari- land) But from hen-e one of the historians of the affairs of his -ountry brou(ht me into a "la-e #hi-h he said #as -alled ,hun. be-ause #ater on-e flo#ed into it from the mountains #hi-h han( o3er the -ity> but that Thea(enes. #ho then (o3erned the -ountry. turned the -ourse of the #ater into another "la-e. and that an altar #as in that "art -onse-rated to $-helous) %ear this there is a monument of /yllus the son of /er-ules. #ho fou(ht in a sin(le -ontest #ith &-hemus the $r-adian. the son of $ero"us) But #ho this &-hemus #as. that sle# /yllus. I shall relate in another "art of this history) But /yllus #as buried at !e(ara) $nd hen-e. this eG"edition may be "ro"erly -alled that of the /era-lidae into Pelo"onnesus. durin( the rei(n of 9restes) But not far from the se"ul-hre of /yllus the tem"le of Isis is to be seen. and after it. those of $"ollo and 0iana) They re"ort that $l-athous dedi-ated these tem"les. after he had slain the lion #hi-h #as -alled 'ithaeronius. and #hi-h had destroyed many "ersons. and amon( the rest &ui""us. the son of their kin( !e(areus) <or as the oldest of the t#o sons of !e(areus. #hose name #as Timal-o. had been slain by Theseus #hen he in3aded $"hidne #ith the 0ios-uri. they re"ort that !e(areus "romised his dau(hter in marria(e. and the "ossession of his kin(dom. to him that should slay the lion 'ithaeronius) That in -onseDuen-e of this. $l-athous the son of Pelo"s atta-ked the lion. and sle# him> and that after#ards obtainin( the kin(dom. he dedi-ated the tem"le of 0iana the huntress. and of $(raeus $"ollo) $nd su-h are the re"orts #hi-h are -ir-ulated -on-emin( these "arti-ulars) But for my o#n "art. thou(h I am #illin( to relate #hate3er the !e(arenses -onfess to be true. yet I -annot find ho# all the abo3e -ir-umstan-es -ould "ossibly take "la-e) That the lion 'ithaeronius. indeed. #as slain by $l-athous. I -an easily belie3e> but #ho e3er #rote that Timal-us the son of !e(areus -ame a(ainst $"hidne #ith the 0ios-uriJ $nd e3en admittin( that he did -ome. ho# -an any one belie3e that he #as slain by Theseus. sin-e $l-man. #ho #rote 3erses on the 0ios-uri. relates. that #hen they took $thens. and led a#ay the mother of Theseus -a"ti3e. Theseus himself #as not at home) Pindar. too. nearly relates the same> that Theseus #as desirous of bein( related to the 0ios-uri. till he #ent into Thes"rotia in order to "ro-ure a #ife for Pirithous) But he #ho a""lies himself to (enealo(ies #ill kno# ho# stu"id the !e(arenses are. sin-e Theseus deri3ed his ori(in from Pelo"s> and of this the !e(arenses themsel3es are -on3in-ed. thou(h they desi(nedly -on-eal it. be-ause they are un#illin( to -onfess that the -ity #as taken durin( the (o3ernment of %isus. that !e(areus his son7in7la# su--eeded him. and that after#ards $l-athous su--eeded !e(areus) But it a""ears that on the death of %isus. and in -onseDuen-e of the affairs of the !e(arenses bein( sub3erted. $l-athous -ame from &lis) $nd the truth of this is -onfirmed from hen-e. that

he entirely raised the #alls #hose an-ient ambit #as demolished by the 'retans) $nd thus mu-h -on-ernin( $l-athous and the lion. #hether he fell in 'ithaeron. or in any other "la-e. and -on-ernin( the tem"le of 0iana $(rotera. and of $"ollo $(raeus) But on des-endin( from this tem"le. you #ill "er-ei3e the heroi- monument of Pandion) $nd. indeed. #e ha3e already e3in-ed that Pandion #as buried in that "la-e #hi-h is -alled the ro-k of $ethyian !iner3a) To this the !e(arenses "erform funeral honours #ithin the -ity) But the se"ul-hre of /i""olyte is near this monument of Pandion. of #hi-h the !e(arenses (i3e the follo#in( a--ount+ hen the $maIons #arred u"on the $thenians. on a--ount of $ntio"e bein( taken by Theseus. many of them fell in the battle> but /i""olyte. #ho #as the sister of $ntio"e. and #ho then -ommanded the $maIons. fled #ith a fe# for-es to !e(ara) But bein( there (reatly de@e-ted. on a--ount of the unfortunate e3ent of the #ar. and "arti-ularly from the un-ertainty of bein( able to return Themis-yra safe to her -ountry. she at len(th died throu(h (rief. #as buried in the "la-e #hi-h I ha3e mentioned. and her tomb is fashioned in the sha"e of an $maIonian shield) $nd the se"ul-hre of Tereus is not far from this. #ho married Pro-ne the dau(hter of Pandion) But Tereus. as the !e(arenses re"ort. rei(ned about those fountains #hi-h are -alled the fountains of !e(aris) It a""ears to me. ho#e3er. and marks of the truth of my o"inion yet remain. that he rei(ned in 0aulis abo3e 'haeronea> for the Barbarians formerly "ossessed many "arts of that -ountry #hi-h is no# -alled /ellas. #hi-h Tereus. after his -ruelty to Philomela. and the destru-tion of Itys by the #omen. #as not able to sub@e-t to his dominion) $nd Tereus. indeed. sle# himself amon( the !e(arenses. #ho immediately raised a se"ul-hre for him. to #hi-h they sa-rifi-e e3ery year. usin( in the sa-rifi-e "ebbles instead of meal+ and they re"ort. that the bird -alled hoo"oo" #as first of all seen in this "la-e) But the #omen. #hen they -ame to $thens. #asted a#ay throu(h (rief and #ee"in( for #hat they had suffered and done) $nd it a""ears to me. that one of these #as re"orted to ha3e been -han(ed into a ni(htin(ale. and the other into a s#allo#. be-ause these birds sin( in a sorro#ful and lamentin( strain) 1ha)ter 2,00 But the !e(arenses ha3e another to#er #hi-h is -alled $l-athous. to #hi-h #hen you as-end. you #ill "er-ei3e on the ri(ht hand the se"ul-hre of !e(areus. #ho -ame in the 'retan #ar from 9n-hestus to the assistan-e of the !e(arenses) $ hearth also is to be seen here of those (ods that are -alled #rodomean. to #hom they re"ort $l-athous first sa-rifi-ed #hen he #as be(innin( to raise the #all) But near this hearth there is a stone. u"on #hi-h they say $"ollo laid his har" #hen he assisted $l-athous in buildin( the #all) But that the !e(arenses formerly "aid tribute to the $thenians is e3ident from hen-e. that Periboea the dau(hter of $l-athous #as sent. to(ether #ith Theseus. #ith a tribute into 'rete) The !e(arenses indeed affirm. that he #as assisted in raisin( the #alls by $"ollo. and that the (od "la-ed his har" on the stone #hi-h I ha3e mentioned) $nd this re"ort is -onfirmed from hen-e. that. if the stone be stru-k #ith a "ebble. it #ill render the same sound as a har" #hen stru-k. #hi-h a""eared to me a -ir-umstan-e of a 3ery #onderful nature> thou(h the 'olossus of the &(y"tians in Thebes. #hi-h is beyond the %ile. and not far from that "la-e #hi-h they -all the =yrin(es. a""eared to me mu-h more #onderful) <or there is e3en yet in this "la-e the statue of a man sittin(. #hi-h the 3ul(ar -all the monument of !emnon) This statue they re"ort -ame from &thio"ia to &(y"t and as far as to =usa) $nd the Thebans. indeed. deny that it is the monument of !emnon. but assert that it is the statue of one of their nati3es -alled Phameno"hes) I ha3e like#ise heard it asserted. that this is the statue of =esostris. #hi-h 'ambyses dismembered> and e3en no# the u""er "art. from the head to the middle of the body. lies on the (round> but the remainin( "art is yet in a sittin( "osture. and e3ery day #hen the sun rises utters a sound similar to that #hi-h #ould be "rodu-ed from the burstin( of the strin( of a har" or a lyre)

But amon( the !e(arenses there is a senate7house. in that "la-e #hi-h. as they re"ort. #as on-e the se"ul-hre of Timal-us. #ho. as I ha3e before asserted. #as not slain by Theseus) 9n the to" of the to#er there is a tem"le of !iner3a. and in it a statue of the (oddess. #hi-h is #holly of (old eG-e"t her hands and the eGtremities of her feet> for these. as #ell as her fa-e. are fashioned from i3ory) There is also another tem"le of !iner3a. #ho is -alled !ictory. and a tem"le of $eantis. of #hom. as there is no a--ount (i3en by the !e(arensian historians. I shall relate a fe# "arti-ulars from my o#n o"inion) Telamon. then. the son of $ea-us. married Periboea the dau(hter of $l-athous> and it a""ears to me that his son $@aG. #hen he su--eeded $l-athous in the (oyemment. dedi-ated this statue of !iner3a) But the an-ient tem"le of $"ollo #as -onstru-ted from tiles. but after#ards #as built by the &m"eror $drian from #hite stone) The statues. ho#e3er. of $"ollo Pythius and 0e-umanus are in a most eminent de(ree similar to the ima(es of the &(y"tians) But that statue #hi-h they -all $r-he(etes is similar to the $e(ineti- #orks. and is #holly formed from ebony) I ha3e heard. too. from a -ertain 'y"rian botanist. that the ebony does not "rodu-e either lea3es or fruit. and that it is ne3er seen eG"osed to the sun> that its roots are. indeed. under the earth. #hi-h the &thio"ians di( out> and that there are men amon( them skilled in findin( the "la-e of its -on-ealment) But there is a tem"le not far from hen-e of 1eres Thesmo)horus7 and. on des-endin( into this. you #ill "er-ei3e the tomb of 'alli"olis the son of $l-athous) But $l-athous had also an elder son. #hose name #as &-he"olis. and #ho #as sent by his father into 9etolia to assist !elia(er a(ainst the 'alydonian boar) The youth. ho#e3er. bein( slain by the boar. #as the -ause of the death of 'alli"olis> for he. on hearin( the ne#s of his brother4s death. ran to the to#er #here his father #as sa-rifi-in( to $"ollo. and thre# do#n the #ood from the altar) But $l-athous. #ho did not yet kno# of the death of his son. and @ud(in( that 'alli"olis had a-ted in an im"ious manner. sle# his son in his #rath. by 3iolently strikin( him on the head #ith one of the "ie-es of #ood #hi-h he had thro#n do#n from the altar) But in the #ay #hi-h leads to the Prytaneum there is an heroi- monument of Ino. #hi-h is defended #ith a bul#ark of stones. and in3ested #ith oli3es s"ontaneously "rodu-ed) But the !e(arenses are the only Greeks #ho assert that the dead body of Ino #as -ast on the maritime -oast of their -ountry. and that 'leso and Tauro"ilis. the dau(hters of 'leson. and the (rand7dau(hters of *eleG. found and buried it) They further add. that Ino #as first -alled by them *eu-othea> and they e3ery year "erform a sa-rifi-e to her) 1ha)ter 2,000 But they like#ise re"ort that they ha3e the heroi- monument of I"hi(enia> for. say they. she died amon( the !e(arenses) But I ha3e heard a different a--ount of I"hi(enia from the $r-adians> and I kno# that /esiod. in his 1atalogue of Women. relates. that 0)higenia was not slain, but that through the will of (iana she became 5ecate) $nd. a(reeable to this. /erodotus #rites. that in =-ythia su-h as ha3e been shi"#re-ked sa-rifi-e bulls to a 3ir(in. and that the 3ir(in is -alled by them I"hi(enia. the dau(hter of $(amemnon) $drastus also is honoured by the !e(arenses. #ho. they re"ort. died amon( them #hile he #as leadin( ba-k the army from Thebes) $nd they assert that old a(e. to(ether #ith sorro# for the death of his son $e(ialeus. #ere the -auses of his death) There is also a tem"le of 0iana. #hi-h they re"ort #as built by $(amemnon #hen he -ame to 'al-has. #ho d#elt #ith the !e(arenses. for the "ur"ose of "ersuadin( him to follo# him to Troy) They say. too. that in the Prytaneum. !eni""us the son of !e(areus. and &-he"olis the son of $l-athous. are buried) But there is a stone near the Prytaneum #hi-h they denominate $na-lethra. be-ause 'eres (if it may be -redited) durin( her #anderin( sear-h for her dau(hter -alled u"on her in this "la-e) $nd. indeed. e3en at "resent the !e(arensian #omen "erform a -eremony #hi-h -orres"onds to this re"ort) But there are tombs #ithin the -ity of the

!e(arenses) 9ne of these is the se"ul-hre of those that died in fi(htin( a(ainst the !edes> but another is that #hi-h they -all $esymnium. and is an heroi- monument) <or #hen /y"erion the son of $(amemnon. and the last that rei(ned o3er the !e(arenses. #as slain by =andion for his a3ari-e and insolen-e. they #ere not #illin( to be any lon(er (o3erned by one "erson. but -hose annual ma(istrates. #ho should alternately "ossess the su"reme authority) But #hen $esymnus. #ho #as not se-ond to anyone amon( the !e(arenses in reno#n. -ame to 0el"hos to inDuire of the ora-le by #hat means his -ountry mi(ht be ha""y. the (od (a3e him for ans#er. amon( other thin(s. that the !e(arenses #ould be "ros"erous if a number of them -onsulted to(ether) But they. su""osin( that the ora-le related to the dead. built a "la-e of -onsultation in this "art. in su-h a manner that the se"ul-hre of heroes mi(ht be -ontained #ithin its ambit) But on "ro-eedin( from hen-e to the heroi- monument of $l-athous. #hi-h the !e(arenses at "resent use for the "ur"ose of "reser3in( their #ritin(s. t#o se"ul-hres "resent themsel3es to the 3ie#+ one of these is said to be the tomb of Pyr(es the #ife of $l-athous. and the other of I"hinoe the dau(hter of $l-athous. #ho died a 3ir(in) $t the tomb of this last. (irls. "rior to their nu"tials. "erform funeral sa-rifi-es. after the -ustom of their -ountry. and -ut off their hair in the same manner as the dau(hters of the 0elians on-e sa-rifi-ed their hair to 5ecaerga and %)is) But in the entran-e to the tem"le of Ba--hus there is a se"ul-hre of $sty-ratea and !antes. #ho #ere the dau(hters of Polyidus. the son of 'oeranus. the (randson of $bas. and the (reat7(randson of !elam"us) Polyidus is said to ha3e -ome to !e(ara. that he mi(ht "urify $l-athous from the slau(hter of his son 'alli"olis> and to ha3e built the tem"le of Ba--hus. and dedi-ated the ima(e. the #hole of #hi-h is at "resent -on-ealed eG-e"t the fa-e. for this is suffi-iently -ons"i-uous) $ satyr. too. stands by the ima(e. fashioned from Parian stone. and the #ork of PraGiteles) $nd this last statue they -all #atrius> but the other Ba--hus they denominate 0asyllius. and is said to ha3e been dedi-ated by &u-henor. the son of 'oeranus and the (randson of Polyidus) But after the tem"le of Ba--hus there is a tem"le of Venus. and an i3ory statue of the (oddess #ho is sumamed #ra/is+ and this is the most an-ient of e3erythin( #hi-h the tem"le -ontains) There is also to be seen here an ima(e of the (oddess Persuasion. and like#ise another (oddess. #hom they -all the 1onsolatri/. both #hi-h #ere "rodu-ed by PraGiteles) In the same "la-e too. there is a ,o&e. an 0meros and a #othos> #hi-h deities. as they differ in their names. so like#ise in their o"erations+ and these #ere made by =-o"as) But near the tem"le of Venus there is a tem"le of <ortune> and the statue of the (oddess #as "rodu-ed by the art of PraGiteles) $nd in a tem"le near to this the !uses are to be seen. and a braIen Cu"iter. the #orks of *ysi""us) There is also amon( the !e(arenses a se"ul-hre of 'oroebus. of #hom I shall here relate #hat is -ommonly re"orted in 3erse. thou(h the same thin(s are -elebrated by the $r(i3es) hen 'roto"us rei(ned in $r(os. it is said that his dau(hter Psamathe brou(ht forth a son from $"ollo. and that. 3ehementiy dreadin( the an(er of her father. she eG"osed the -hild to "erish) In -onseDuen-e of this. it ha""ened that the infant #as torn to "ie-es by the do(s that (uarded the royal -attle> and $"ollo. in a3en(e of his slau(htered son. sent amon( the $r(i3es a dreadful beast. #hi-h #as -alled #oena and #hi-h tore a#ay infants from the arms of their mothers) But 'oroebus. in -ommiseration of the $r(i3es. sle# this monster) /o#e3er. as the an(er of the (od still remained. he "unished the $r(i3es #ith a "estilent disease> and 'oroebus of his o#n a--ord -ame to 0el"hos. that he mi(ht be "unished by the (od for the slau(hter of Poena) But the Pythian deity #ould not suffer 'oroebus to return to $r(os. but ordered him to -arry a tri"od from the tem"le. and that in #hate3er "la-e the tri"od should fall. he should there build a tem"le to $"ollo. and there fiG his habitation) The tri"od. therefore. ha""enin( to fall near the mountain Gerania. he there built a to#n. #hi-h he -alled Tri"odis-us) But the se"ul-hre of 'oroebus is in the forum of the !e(arenses> and the ele(ies ins-ribed in it -ontain the abo3e -ir-umstan-es relati3e

to Psamathe and 'oroebus) 9n the to" of the tomb there is a re"resentation of 'oroebus slayin( Poena+ and these statues a""ear to me to be the most an-ient of all the stone ima(es #hi-h I ha3e seen in Gree-e) 1ha)ter 2,0! But 9rsi""us lies interred not far from the se"ul-hre of 'oroebus. #ho. thou(h he used to -ontend in (ymnasti- eGer-ises #ith his loins (irded after the manner of the an-ient $thletae. yet in the 9lym"i- ra-e he ran naked) They re"ort. like#ise. that 9rsi""us after this. -ommandin( an army. took a#ay a "art of the nei(hbourin( land) I -an easily. indeed. belie3e that he ne(le-ted the (irdle in the 9lym"i- ra-e. as kno#in( that a man naked must run #ith mu-h (reater fa-ility than he #hose loins are (irded) But #hen you return from the forum into the #ay #hi-h is -alled +traight. you #ill see. on turnin( a little to the ri(ht hand. a tem"le of A)ollo Tutelaris) This tem"le -ontains an ima(e of $"ollo #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion> like#ise ima(es of 0iana and *atona. and other statues. #hi-h #ere made by PraGiteles) *atona is re"resented #ith her -hildren) But in the an-ient (ymnasium. near the (ates #hi-h are -alled %ym"hades. there is a stone in the sha"e of a "yramid. of no (reat ma(nitude) This "yramid they -all A)ollo 1arynus> and in this "la-e there is a tem"le of *u-ina) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars #hi-h the -ity -ontains) But if you des-end to the ha3en. #hi-h at "resent is -alled %isaea. you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of 1eres the wool$bearer) $nd many reasons. indeed. are assi(ned of this a""ellation> and. amon( the rest. that the name #as (i3en by those #ho first took -are of shee" in this -ountry) ith res"e-t to the roof of the tem"le. anyone may infer that it has fallen do#n throu(h len(th of time) $nd in this "art there is a to#er. #hi-h is -alled %issea) But. on des-endin( from the to#er. you #ill "er-ei3e near the sea the tomb of *eleG. #ho is said to ha3e rei(ned here after he #as dri3en from &(y"t> and it is further re"orted. that he #as the son of %e"tune and of *ibye the dau(hter of &"a"hus) There is an island too. near %issea. of no (reat ma(nitude. to #hi-h they re"ort !inos dro3e the 'retan fleet #hen he #arred u"on %isus) But the mountainous "art of the !e(ari- land borders on the Boeotians. and -ontains the to#ns Pa(ae and $e(isthaena) But as you (o to Pa(ae. by turnin( a little out of the "ubli- #ay. you #ill "er-ei3e a stone "ier-ed #ith darts. o#in( to the !edes on-e shootin( at it in the ni(ht) In Pa(ae. too. there is a braIen statue of 0iana the =a3iour. #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted) Its ma(nitude is eDual to that #hi-h the !e(arenses "ossess. and its fi(ure is the same) There is also an heroi- monument here of $e(ialeus the son of $drastus) <or this man. #hen the $r(i3es #arred a se-ond time u"on the Thebans. died in the final en(a(ement at Glisas. and his relations -arried him to Pa(ae. belon(in( to the !e(arenses. and there buried him> and e3en at "resent his monument is -alled $e(ialeum) But at $e(isthaena there is a tem"le of !elam"us $mythaon. and a man of no (reat ma(nitude stands on a "illar) They sa-rifi-e to !elam"us. and e3ery year. in honour of him -elebrate a festi3al) But they assert that he neither "redi-ted future e3ents throu(h dreams. nor by any other means) I like#ise heard #hen I #as at &renea. a to#n belon(in( to the !e(arenses. that $utonoe the dau(hter of 'admus. bein( #orn out #ith (rief and lamentations for the misfortune of $-taeon. and the other -alamities of her father4s house. mi(rated hither from Thebes) $nd. indeed. the se"ul-hre of $utonoe is to be seen in this to#n) But on (oin( from !e(ara to 'orinth. there are se3eral tombs. and amon( these that of Tele"has the "i"er) $nd they re"ort that 'leo"atra. the dau(hter of that Phili" #ho #as the son of $myntas. ordered this se"ul-hre to be made) There is also a monument of 'ar the son of Phoroneus) This at first #as nothin( but a hea" of earth. but after#ards. throu(h the admonition of the ora-le. #as adorned #ith the stone 'on-hites) $nd this stone is alone of all the Gre-ians "ossessed by the !e(arenses> and many thin(s are fashioned from it in the -ity) It is eG-eedin( #hite. and softer than any other stone) But =-iron is said to ha3e been the first #ho rendered that

#ay #hi-h they -all =-iron "er3ious to li(ht7armed soldiers. #hen he -ommanded the for-es of the !e(arenses) But the &m"eror $drian so enlar(ed it. that o""osite -hariots mi(ht be dri3en alon( it #ith safety and ease) The follo#in( fable. too. is -ir-ulated -on-ernin( the ro-ks #hi-h "ro@e-t in the narro# "art of the #ay) Ino. to(ether #ith !eli-erta her youn(est son. thre# herself into the sea from that ro-k #hi-h they -all !oluris> for *ear-hus. her eldest son. #as slain by his father) $nd $thamas is said to ha3e a-ted in this manner in -onseDuen-e of bein( a(itated #ith fury) It is also re"orted. that he a-ted #ith su-h immoderate ra(e to#ards Ino and her -hildren. be-ause he -onsidered her as the -ause of the "estilen-e #ith #hi-h the 9r-homenians #ere affli-ted. and of the death of PhriGus> not "er-ei3in( that all these ha""ened from a di3ine -ause) They say. therefore. that Ino. flyin( to the sea. hurled herself. to(ether #ith her son. from the ro-k !oluris) But the boy bein( -arried on a dol"hin. as it is said. to the isthmus of the 'orinthians. amon( other honours #hi-h he re-ei3ed after. his name #as -han(ed from !eli-erta to Palaemon+ the Isthmian (ames #ere -elebrated on his a--ount) It is -ertain. indeed. that the ro-k !oluris is sa-red to *eu-othea and Palaemon> but the other ro-ks #hi-h are ad@a-ent to these they -onsider as eGe-rable. be-ause. #hen =-iron d#elt amon( them. he thre# from then-e e3ery stran(er that -ame u"on the -oast into the sea> and a marine tortoise is said to ha3e des"at-hed them as they #ere s#immin() But these marine tortoises differ only in their siIe and feet from su-h as belon( to the land> for their feet are similar to those of the sea7-alf) But =-iron himself after#ards under#ent the same "unishment. bein( thro#n by Theseus into the same sea) 9n the summit of the mountain. too. there is a tem"le of Cu"iter. #ho is -alled $"hesius) $nd they say that it #as so denominated. be-ause #hen $ea-us sa-rifi-ed (in -onseDuen-e of a (reat dryness ha""enin( to the Greeks from immoderate heat). a(reeable to a -ertain ora-le. to Panellenian Cu"iter. the (od after the sa-rifi-e remo3ed the -alamity) In the same "la-e there are statues of Venus. $"ollo. and Pan) But "ro-eedin( a little farther on. you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of &urystheus> #ho they re"ort #as slain by Colaus. and buried here. #hen he fled from $tti-a. after ha3in( been 3anDuished in battle by the -hildren of /er-ules) $nd. on des-endin( from hen-e. you #ill "as-ei3e the tem"le of $"ollo *atous. and. after it. the boundaries of the !e(arenses to#ards 'orinth> in #hi-h limits. they re"ort. /yllus the son of /er-ules -ontended in a sin(le -ontest #ith &-hemon the $r-adian) Book II $ 1orinthiacs 1ha)ter 0 The 'orinthian re(ion. #hi-h is a "art of the -ountry of the $r(i3es. deri3es its name from one 'orinthus. #ho. I find. after the most dili(ent inDuiry. is alone said to be the son of Cu"iter by the 'orinthian 3ul(ar) <or &umelus the son of $m"hilytus. and of the nation of the Ba--hiadae. and #ho is re"orted to ha3e #ritten 3erses. asserts in his history of 'orinth (if that #ork #as -om"osed by &umelus). that &"hyse the dau(hter of 9-ean d#elt first of all in this land> and that !arathon after#ards. #ho #as the son of &"o"eus. and the (randson of $loeus the son of the =un. flyin( from the iniDuity and re"roa-h of his father. brou(ht a -olony into the maritime "art of $tti-a> but that &"o"eus dyin(. he -ame to Pelo"onnesus. and ha3in( distributed the kin(dom amon( his sons. returned a(ain to $tti-a) /e adds. that from his son =i-yon. the -ountry #hi-h #as before -alled $so"ia #as denominated =i-yonia. and in like manner &"hyraea #as -alled. from 'orinthus. 'orinthia) But at "resent none of the an-ient 'orinthians inhabit 'orinth> for the inhabitants -onsist of su-h "ersons as #ere sent into it by the ,omans) But this #as o#in( to a -oun-il of the $-haians. of #hi-h the 'orinthians formed a "art. and. to(ether #ith the rest. #arred on the ,omans under the -ommand of 'ritolaus) <or this man. after he #as a""ointed

(eneral by the $-haians. "ersuaded many of those that d#ell beyond Pelo"onnesus to re3olt) But the ,omans ha3in( 3anDuished the -ombined for-es. both took a#ay the arms of the other Greeks. and demolished the #alls of all the fortified -ities) $nd they re"ort that 'orinth. #hi-h #as destroyed by !ummius. #ho then -ommanded the ,oman army. #as after#ards restored by 'aesar. #ho #as the first that established the "resent form of the ,oman (o3ernment) /e is also said to ha3e restored 'artha(e) But in 'orinth there is a to#n -alled 'romion. from 'romus the son of %e"tune> and they re"ort. that the 'romyonian boar #as nourished here. #hi-h is mentioned amon( the -ontests of Theseus> and like#ise that illustrious robber. #ho. from bendin( "it-h7 trees. #as -alled Pityo-am"tes) $nd indeed. e3en at "resent. as you #alk alon( the shore. a "it-h7tree "resents itself to your 3ie#) There #as also in this "la-e an altar of !eli-erta> for they re"ort. that the boy #as brou(ht hither by a dol"hin. and that =isy"hus meetin( #ith it lyin( on the (round. buried it in the isthmus. and that the Isthmian (ames #ere instituted on his a--ount) But in the be(innin( of the isthmus. there is a "la-e #here the robber =inis. bendin( the bran-hes of "it-h7trees to the earth. used to bind those he had 3anDuished in battle to them. in su-h a manner. that #hen the trees returned to their "ristine sha"e. the -a"ti3es #ere torn in "ie-es) But =inis after#ards #as la-erated in @ust the same manner by Theseus) <or Theseus freed all that #ay from robbers. #hi-h leads from TroeIen to $thens. and not only sle# those I ha3e before mentioned. but in &"idaurus. Peri"hetes. #ho is -onsidered as the son of Vul-an. and #ho used in battle a braIen -lub) But the isthmus of the 'orinthians eGtends on one side as far as to 'en-hreae. and on the other as far as to the sea near *e-haeum> and this -auses the interior re(ion to be a -ontinent) <or he #ho attem"ted to make Pelo"onnesus an island. dyin( before he had finished his #ork. left nothin( more than an isthmus) $nd it is e3ident. indeed. #here they be(an to di(> but this #as not in its ro-ky "art. for that still remains as it #as. and is no# a -ontinent) Indeed. this #as the only thin( that $leGander the son of Phili" #as not able to a--om"lish> I mean the di((in( of !imas) But he #as deterred. by the Pythian ora-le. from di((in( the 'nidian isthmus+ so diffi-ult is it for a man to -om"el thin(s of a di3ine nature) But it a""ears to me that the 'orinthians #ere not the first that de3ised re"orts about their -ountry. but that this ori(inated from the relations of the $thenians about $tti-a) $nd the 'orinthians indeed re"ort. that %e"tune -ontended #ith the =un about their land> that Briareus a-ted the "art of a mediator bet#een them> and that he ad@ud(ed the isthmus to %e"tune. and the "romontory #hi-h is abo3e the -ity to the =un+ and from hen-e. they say. the isthmus -ame to be the "ro"erty of %e"tune) But the "arti-ulars in this "la-e #hi-h deser3e to be ins"e-ted. are a theatre and a stadium of #hite stone) But on a""roa-hin( the tem"le of the (od. in one "art you #ill see the statues of those $thletea #ho #ere 3i-tors in the Isthmian (ames> and in another "art "it-h7trees. many of #hi-h are "lanted in a ri(ht line) In the tem"le itself. #hi-h is of no (reat ma(nitude. there are braIen Tritons> and in its anterior "art. #hi-h they -all Pronaon. there are t#o statues of %e"tune. and one of $m"hitrite. and a sea of brass) But the in#ard -ontents #ere dedi-ated by a man of the "resent time. /erodes the $thenian> and there are four horses #holly of (old. eG-e"t the hoofs. #hi-h are of i3ory> and near the horses. t#o Tritons of (old as far as the loins. for the other "arts are of i3ory) $m"hitrite and %e"tune stand in a -hariot> and an u"ri(ht boy. #ho is Palaemon. stands on a dol"hin+ and these also are made of i3ory and (old) But in the middle of the base #hi-h sustains the -hariot. a sea is re"resented. and Venus risin( out of it. and the nym"hs -alled %ereides on ea-h side of her) To these nym"hs I kno# altars are dedi-ated in other "arts of Gree-e) Gro3es like#ise are dedi-ated to them under the name of the Poemenides+ and a nation #hi-h bears this a""ellation "ays di3ine honours to $-hilles) But amon( the Gabales. there is a sa-red tem"le to the %ereid 0oton> and a 3eil is yet left in it. #hi-h the Greeks assert &ri"hyle re-ei3ed on a--ount of her son $l-maeon) But in

the same base of the -hariot of %e"tune. the sons of Tyndarus are re"resented. be-ause these also are -onsidered as the sa3iours of shi"s. and su-h as sail on the sea) There is also a statue here of TranDuillity. and of the =ea. and a horse. #hose "arts belo# the breast re"resent the form of a #hale) *ike#ise Bellero"hon. Ino. and the horse Pe(asus) 1ha)ter 00 But #ithin the en-losure of the tem"le. on the left hand. there is a tem"le of Palaemon) $nd the statues #hi-h it -ontains. are %e"tune. *eu-othea. and Palaemon) There is also a re-ess #hi-h they -all $dytum. and the des-ent into #hi-h is subterranean) In this "la-e they re"ort Palaemon is -on-ealed+ and if any 'orinthian or stran(er "er@ures himself in this re-ess. it is not by any means "ossible for him to es-a"e the "unishment of his "er@ury) There is also an an-ient tem"le here. #hi-h they -all the altar of the 'y-lo"s. and in #hi-h they sa-rifi-e to a 'y-lo"s) But you #ill not be able to find #here the tombs of =isy"hus and %eleus are situated. thou(h you should read the 3erses of &umelus for this "ur"ose> for thou(h they re"ort that %eleus. #hen he -ame to 'orinth. died of disease. and #as buried about the isthmus. yet it is said that his se"ul-hre #as not e3en sho#n to %estor by =isy"hus. and that it #as "ro"er it should be similarly unkno#n to e3ery one) They farther add. that =isy"hus himself #as buried in the isthmus but that his se"ul-hre #as kno#n but to a 3ery fe# of the 'orinthians. #ho #ere his -ontem"oraries) But the Isthmian (ames suffered no intermission. e3en #hen 'orinth #as sub3erted by !ummius) <or durin( the time that the -ity #as desolate. the =i-yonians #ere "ermitted to -elebrate these (ames) $nd #hen 'orinth #as a(ain inhabited. the honour of -elebratin( them #as transferred to the "resent inhabitants) But *e-hes and 'en-hreas (a3e names to the ha3ens of the 'orinthians. #ho they belie3e #ere the offs"rin( of %e"tune. from Pirene the dau(hter of $-helous> thou(h in the 3erses #hi-h are -alled the (reat &oeae. Pirene is said to ha3e been the dau(hter of 9ebalus) But in the *e-haeum there is a tem"le of %e"tune. and a braIen statue of the (od) $nd in the #ay #hi-h leads from the Isthmus to 'en-hrea. there is a tem"le of 0iana. and an an-ient ima(e of #ood) But in the 'en-hreae themsel3es. there is a tem"le of Venus. and a statue of stone) $nd after this. in the dam #hi-h runs into the sea. there is a braIen statue of %e"tune) But in the other boundary of the "ort. there are tem"les of $es-ula"ius and Isis) 9""osite. too. to the 'en-hreae. there is a bath of /elen> and #ater flo#s into the sea from a ro-k. both in (reat Duantities and salt. and similar to #ater #hen it be(ins to be heated) But on "ro-eedin( from hen-e to 'orinth. you #ill "er-ei3e se3eral tombs in the road. and amon( these. near the (ate. the se"ul-hre of 0io(enes of =ino"e. #ho is -alled by the Greeks the dog) But before the -ity there is a (ro3e of -y"resses. #hi-h they denominate 'raneum) In this there is a fane of Bellero"hon. a tem"le of Venus !elanis. and a se"ul-hre of *ais. o3er #hi-h there is a lion holdin( a ram in his forefeet) There is also a se"ul-hre of *ais in Thessaly. for she is said to ha3e -ome into Thessaly in -onseDuen-e of lo3in( /i""ostratus) It is re"orted of this *ais. that she #as first taken from /y--ara. a to#n of =i-ily. by %i-ias and the $thenians. #hile she #as yet a (irl> and that after#ards. bein( brou(ht to 'orinth by him to #hom she #as sold. she eG-elled all her -om"anions in the beauty of her "erson. and #as so mu-h admired by the 'orinthians. that e3en at "resent they -ontend about the -ountry of *ais) But in the -ity there are e3en yet many illustrious #orks. some of #hi-h are reli-s of antiDuity. and many of them are of "osterior ori(in. bein( made #hen the -ity #as in its most flourishin( -ondition) In the forum. therefore (for in this "la-e there are many tem"les). there are t#o #ooden statues> one of 0iana. #ho is -alled &"hesia. and another of Ba--hus. both #hi-h are (ilt in e3ery "art eG-e"t the fa-e> for this in ea-h is adorned #ith 3ermilion) 9ne of these statues they -all *ysius. and the other Ba--heus) But I shall take u"on me to #rite #hat is re"orted -on-ernin( these statues+ It is said. then. that Pentheus. #hen he treated Ba--hus in an insolent manner. amon( his other in@urious a-tions. dared at last to eG"lore

the -on-ealed sa-red rites of the #omen. and that for this "ur"ose he as-ended a tree. that he mi(ht behold their o"erations) But as soon as he #as dis-o3ered by the female 3otaries of Ba--hus. they immediately dre# him from the tree. and tore him in "ie-es) $fter this. as the 'orinthians re"ort. the Pythian ora-le ordered them to find out this tree. and. #hen they had dis-o3ered it. to "ay the same di3ine honours to it as to a (od> and that in -onseDuen-e of this. they took -are that these ima(es should be made) There is also in this "la-e a tem"le of <ortune. and in it an u"ri(ht statue of Parian stone) $fter this. there is a tem"le dedi-ated to all the (ods> and near it there is a fountain u"on #hi-h a braIen %e"tune stands. ha3in( a dol"hin "ourin( out #ater under his feet) There is also a braIen statue of $"ollo. #ho is -alled 'larius. and a statue of Venus. the #ork of /ermo(enes the 'ytherian) There are besides t#o statues of !er-ury. both of brass. and in an u"ri(ht "osture> but one of these has a tem"le of its o#n) But there are three statues of Cu"iter in the o"en air> one of these is #ithout a name> the se-ond they -all Terrestrial. and the third Most 5igh. 1ha)ter 000 But in the middle of the forum there is a braIen !iner3a. in the base of #hi-h there are statues of the !uses) $nd beyond the forum there is a tem"le of 9-ta3ia. the sister of $u(ustus. #ho su--eeded 'aesar. by #hom 'orinth #as restored to its "resent -ondition) But #hen you lea3e the forum. and "ro-eed to#ards *e-haeum. you #ill "er-ei3e 3estibules. and o3er them t#o (ilt -hariots. one of #hi-h bears Phaeton the offs"rin( of the =un. and the other the =un himself) $ little beyond the 3estibules. too. you #ill "er-ei3e on the ri(ht hand a braIen /er-ules> and after this. there is an entran-e to the #ater of Pirene. -on-ernin( #hi-h they re"ort. that the nym"h Pirene. #hen she be#ailed her son 'en-hrias. #ho #as slain by 0iana throu(h his im"ruden-e. shed su-h an abundan-e of tears. that she #as -han(ed into a fountain) But the fountain is adorned #ith #hite stone. and -ontains -ertain small -ells. from #hi-h. as -a3erns. a #ater "leasant to the taste flo#s into an o"en basin. and into #hi-h. they re"ort. the 'orinthian brass. #hile it is red hot. is mer(ed) But near the Pirene there is a statue of $"ollo. and an en-losure #hi-h -ontains a "i-ture of the bold enter"rise of Klysses a(ainst the suitors) $(ain. in the strai(ht road #hi-h leads to *e-haeum. you #ill "er-ei3e a braIen !er-ury in a sittin( "osture and by the side of him a ram. be-ause /ermes abo3e all the (ods a""ears to (uard and in-rease herds of shee". a(reeable to these lines of /omer in the 0liad8 7 of Phorbas rich in shee) the son. By /ermes most of all the sons of Troy Belo3ed. and tutor4d in the arts of (ain) But I shall not relate #hat I kno# from the mysteries of the mother of the (ods. -on-ernin( !er-ury and the ram) But after the statue of !er-ury. there are statues of %e"tune and *eu-othea. and of Palaemon sittin( on a dol"hin) There are baths. too. amon( the 'orinthians in many "la-es. some of #hi-h #ere raised at the "ubli- eG"ense. and others #ere built by the em"eror $drian) But the most -elebrated of all is that #hi-h is near the statue of %e"tune) This #as made by &ury-les. a ="artan. #ho adorned it #ith 3arious kinds of stone. and #ith that #hi-h in 'ro-ea is du( out of a "art of the *a-onire(ion) But on the left hand of the entran-e there is a statue of %e"tune. and after it one of 0iana in the habit of a huntress) There are many fountains. too. in the -ity as the 'orinthians ha3e #ater in abundan-e> and amon( these. that #hi-h the em"eror $drian dedu-ed from =tem"hylus) But the "arti-ulars most #orthy of ins"e-tion are. the #ater near the statues of 0iana and Bellero"hon. #hi-h flo#s throu(h the hoof of the horse Pe(asus> and on (oin(

from the forum to =i-yon. in the road on the ri(ht hand. a tem"le and braIen statue of $"ollo) $t a small distan-e. too. from hen-e there is a fountain #hi-h is -alled the fountain of Glau-e> for she thre# herself into this. as they re"ort. in -onseDuen-e of belie3in( that this #ater #ould be an antidote to the "oisons of !edea) But abo3e this fountain there is a buildin( #hi-h they -all 9deum) $nd near it is the se"ul-hre of the sons of !edea. #hose names #ere !ermerus and Pheres) But they are re"orted to ha3e been buried under stones by the 'orinthians. on a--ount of the benefits #hi-h they re-ei3ed from the mother of Glau-e) /o#e3er. as their death #as 3iolent and un@ust. the infant -hildren of the 'orinthians #ere -ut off on the a--ount. till. bein( #arned by an ora-le. the 'orinthians sa-rifi-ed e3ery year to them. and dedi-ated an ima(e of <ear) $nd this statue e3en remains at "resent. and is fashioned in the resemblan-e of a #oman of a most dreadful as"e-t) But #hen 'orinth #as sub3erted by the ,omans. and the an-ient 'orinthians #ere eGtin-t. the inhabitants no lon(er retained the an-ient mode of sa-rifi-in(. and the boys no lon(er sha3ed their hair. nor -lothed themsel3es in bla-k) But !edea then -omin( to $thens. #as married to $e(eus> but after#ards. her strata(ems a(ainst Theseus bein( dete-ted. she fled from $thens into that "art of $sia #hi-h #as then -alled $ria. and -aused the "eo"le to be -alled after her name. !edes) But they re"ort. that the son #hi-h fled #ith her to the $rians #as the offs"rin( of $e(eus. and that his name #as !edus) /ellani-us. ho#e3er. -alls him PolyGenus. and says that his father #as Cason) But there are -ertain 3erses amon( the Greeks. #hi-h they -all %au"a-tia> and in these it is asserted. that Cason. after the death of Pelias. mi(rated into 'or-yra. and that his eldest son !ermerus. huntin( in the o""osite -ontinent. #as slain by a lioness> but these 3erses do not make any mention of Pheres) But 'inaethon the *a-edaemonian (for he also (enealo(ised in 3erse) asserts. that Cason had by !edea a son !edus. and a dau(hter &rio"is. nor does he relate any farther "ertainin( to the boys) &umelus. ho#e3er says. that the =un (a3e the $so"ian re(ion to $loeus. and &"hyraea to $eetes> that $eetes. de"artin( to the 'ol-hi. entrusted his kin(dom to Bunus and that Bunus #as the son of !er-ury from $l-idamea) That besides this. #hen Bunus died. &"o"eus the son of $loeus obtained the (o3ernment of the &"hyraeans> and that after#ards. #hen 'orinthus the son of !arathon died #ithout lea3in( any -hildren behind him. the 'orinthians -alled !edea from Col-os. and deli3ered to her the kin(dom) *astly. that Cason rei(ned throu(h her in 'orinth. and that !edea indeed bore him -hildren. but al#ays -on-ealed them #hen born in the tem"le of Cuno. thinkin( that by this means they #ould be-ome immortal) But #hen she found in the end that she #as de-ei3ed in her eG"e-tations. and the affair #as dis-o3ered by Cason. he not only refused to "ardon her for the a-tion. but left her. and returned to Col-os+ and that !edea. in -onseDuen-e of this de"artin(. deli3ered u" the kin(dom to =isy"hus) $nd su-h is the information #hi-h I ha3e obtained -on-ernin( these "arti-ulars) 1ha)ter 0! But not far from the se"ul-hre there is a tem"le of !iner3a 'halintis+ for they re"ort. that !iner3a. more than any of the other di3inities. assisted Bellero"hon both in other res"e-ts. and "arti-ularly that ha3in( tamed Pe(asus. she deli3ered him to Bellero"hon. and "la-ed the bridle on him herself) But the statue of the (oddess is #ooden. eG-e"t her fa-e. hands. and the eGtremities of her feet. #hi-h are formed from #hite stone) I am "ersuaded. ho#e3er. that Bellero"hon ne3er rei(ned o3er the 'orinthians. but that he li3ed #ith Proetus and the $r(i3es. and #hoe3er reads /omer -arefully #ill be of the same o"inion) It a""ears. also. that #hen Bellero"hon mi(rated into *y-ia. the 'orinthians did not the less obey those #ho rei(ned in $r(os or !y-ena> and that they did not "ri3ately send any leader to Troy. but @oined themsel3es #ith the !y-enaeans. and su-h others as follo#ed the military eG"edition of $(amemnon) =isy"hus. indeed. #as not only the father of Glau-us. #ho #as the father of Bellero"hon.

but he had also another son -alled 9ryntion. and besides him Thersander and $hnus) But Pho-us #as the son of 9ryntion. thou(h he is re"orted to ha3e been the offs"rin( of %e"tune) This Pho-us mi(rated into that "art of Thyraea #hi-h is no# -alled Pho-is> but Thoas. the youn(er son of 9ryntion. remained in 'orinth) 9f this Thoas. 0emo"hon #as the offs"rin(> of 0emo"hon. Pro"odas> and from Pro"odas. 0oridas and /yanthidas des-ended) But the 0orienses durin( the rei(n of these #arred on the 'orinthians. ha3in( for their -ommander $letes the son of /i""otas. the (randson of Phylas. and the (reat7 (randson of $ntio-hus the son of /er-ides) 0oridas. therefore. and /yanthidas. ha3in( deli3ered the kin(dom to $letas. remained at 'orinth> but the -ommon "eo"le of the 'orinthians #ere eG"elled from their -ountry. in -onseDuen-e of bein( 3anDuished by the 0orienses) But $letes himself and his "osterity held the kin(dom for fi3e a(es. till the aera of Ba--his the son of Prumnis) $nd from him those #ho are -alled the Ba--hiadae rei(ned fi3e other (enerations. as far as to Telestes the son of $ristodemus) $nd Telestes. indeed. #as -ut off throu(h hatred by $rieus and Perantas. by #hose death the (o3ernment -ame to an end> for after#ards the Prytanes. #ho des-ended from the Ba--hiadae. rei(ned e3ery year. till 'y"selus the son of &etion. takin( u"on him the su"reme authority. eG"elled the Ba--hiadae) But 'y"selus #as the (randson of !elan the son of $ntasus) $nd !elan from a to#n -alled Gonussa. #hi-h is abo3e =i-yon. #arred. in -on@un-tion #ith the 0orienses. u"on 'orinth> in -onseDuen-e of #hi-h. $letes #as #arned by an ora-le to mi(rate into anodier "art of Gree-e. but after#ards ne(le-tin( the admonition of the ora-le. he re-ei3ed !elan as his asso-iate) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars #hi-h I ha3e dis-o3ered res"e-tin( the 'orinthian kin(s) But the tem"le of !iner3a the *ridler is not far from the theatre> and near it there is a #ooden statue of /er-ules. #hi-h they re"ort #as the #ork of 0aedalus) $nd the #orks of 0aedalus are. indeed. rude and inele(ant to the 3ie#. but at the same time "ossess somethin( of a di3ine influen-e) But abo3e the theatre there is a tem"le of Cu"iter. #ho is -alled in the ,oman ton(ue 'a"itolinus. and #hom you may denominate in Greek 'ory"haeus) $nd at a -onsiderable distan-e from this theatre there is an an-ient (ymnasium. and a fountain #hi-h they -all *erna) This fountain is surrounded #ith "illars. and is a--ommodated #ith seats for the use of su-h as -ome hither in summer to be refri(erated) But near the (ymnasium there are t#o tem"les of the (ods. one of Cu"iter. and the other of $es-ula"ius) $nd #ith res"e-t to the statues. those of &s-ula"ius and /y(ia are of #hite stone. but that of Cu"iter is of brass) But on as-endin( into the $-ro-orinthus (#hi-h is the summit of a mountain abo3e the -ity. and #hi-h. a--ordin( to the relation of the 'orinthians. #as ad@ud(ed by Briareus to the =un. and #as after#ards (i3en by the =un to Venus) you #ill "er-ei3e t#o tem"les of Isis. one of #hi-h they -all Pela(ias. and the other $e(y"tia) There are. like#ise. t#o tem"les of =era"is. one of #hi-h is #ithout any "arti-ular e"ithet. but the other is -alled =era"is 'ano"itanus) $fter these there are altars of the =un. and tem"les of %e-essity and Violen-e. into #hi-h it is not la#ful to enter) $bo3e these there is a tem"le of the !other of the Gods. and a "illar and a throne. both #hi-h are of stone) But the statues in the tem"les of the <ates. 'eres and Proser"ine. are not a""arent) In the same "art. too. there is a tem"le of Bunsean Cuno. #hi-h #as dedi-ated by Bunus the son of !er-ury. and from #hen-e the (oddess #as -alled Bunaea) But on as-endin( to the $-ro-orinthus you #ill "er-ei3e a tem"le of Venus. in #hi-h there is a statue of the (oddess armed. and statues of the =un and *o3e. holdin( ea-h of them a bo#) 1ha)ter ! But the fountain #hi-h is behind the tem"le is said to ha3e been (i3en by $so"us to =isy"hus+ for =isy"hus. kno#in( that $e(ina the dau(hter of $so"us #as ra3ished by Cu"iter. did not. as they re"ort. di3ul(e it till he "ossessed the fountain of #ater in the

$-ro-orinthus) But after he had re-ei3ed this "resent from $so"us he di3ul(ed the affair to him> for the dis-o3ery of #hi-h (if it may be belie3ed) he is said to be "unished in /ades) I ha3e also heard it asserted. that this fountain is Pirene. and that the #ater flo#s from it into the -ity) But the ri3er $so"us -ommen-es from Phliasia. flo#s throu(h =i-yonia. and "ours itself into the sea near 'orinth) $nd the Phliasians re"ort. that the dau(hters of $so"us #ere 'or-yra. $e(ina. and Thebe> and that from 'or-yra and those islands #hi-h #ere -alled =-heria and 9e none re-ei3ed ne# a""ellations> but that the island under 'admea #as -alled. from the third. Thebe) The Thebans. ho#e3er. dissent from this a--ount> and assert that Thebe #as the dau(hter of the Boeotian. and not of the Phliasian $so"us) But as to other "arti-ulars res"e-tin( the ri3er. both the Phliasians and =i-yonians assert that the #ater is not nati3e. but forei(n> for they say that the ri3er !aeander. fallin( from the 'elaenae throu(h Phry(ia and 'aria. "ours itself into the sea near !iletus. "ro-eeds after#ards to Pelo"onnesus. and last of all forms the $so"us) I remember. too. to ha3e heard the 0elians assert that another ri3er. #hi-h they -all the Ino"us. flo#s into their -ountry from the %ile) $nd it is e3en asserted of the %ile. that it is no other than the &u"hrates. #hi-h. ha3in( -on-ealed itself in a marsh. as-ends abo3e the $ethio"ians. and be-omes the %ile) $nd thus mu-h I ha3e heard -on-ernin( the $so"us) But on turnin( from the $-ro-orinthus to#ards the mountainous "art of the -ountry. you #ill "er-ei3e the Teneati- (ate. and a tem"le of *u-ina> and the to#n -alled Tenea is distant from hen-e about siGty stadia) The inhabitants of this to#n assert of themsel3es that they are Tro@ans. #ho #ere led -a"ti3e by the Greeks from Tenedos. and that this "la-e #as (i3en to them by $(amemnon+ and on this a--ount they 3enerate $"ollo abo3e all the other (ods) But as you "ro-eed from 'orinth. not to the most illustrious "arts. but to#ards =i-yon. you #ill "er-ei3e a burnt tem"le on the left hand. not far from the -ity) =e3eral #ars ha3e indeed ha""ened about 'orinth> and it seems "robable that both the tem"les. and other edifi-es beyond the #alls. ha3e been -onsumed by fire) But they re"ort that this tem"le #as the tem"le of $"ollo. and that it #as burnt by Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles) $fter#ards. ho#e3er. I heard that the 'orinthians raised this tem"le to 9lym"ian Cu"iter. and that it #as suddenly destroyed by a fire. the ori(in of #hi-h -ould ne3er be dis-o3ered) But the =i-yonians (for they in this "art border on the 'orinthians) assert -on-ernin( their ori(in. that $e(ialeus #as the first nati3e of this "la-e. and that durin( his rei(n that "art of Pelo"onnesus #hi-h is yet -alled $e(ialus #as thus denominated by him> that he first built the -ity $e(ialea in a "lain. and that a to#er then stood in the "la-e #hi-h is no# o--u"ied by the tem"le of !iner3a) They further add. that &uro"a des-ended from $e(ialens. and Tel-hin from &uro"a. and that $"is #as the son of Tel-hin) But the "o#er of this $"is. before Pelo"s -ame to 9lym"ia. so abundantly in-reased. that all the re(ion #ithin the isthmus #as -alled from him $"ia) But ThelGion #as the son of $"is. $e(yrus of ThelGion. Thurima-hus of $e(yrus. and *eu-i""us of Thurima-hus) *eu-i""us. ho#e3er. had no male offs"rin(. but had a dau(hter -alled 'al-hinia. #ith #hom %e"tune is said to ha3e been familiar. and to ha3e had a son by her. #ho #as edu-ated by *eu-i""us. and #as his su--essor in the kin(dom) But the name of this youth #as Peratus. of #hose son. Plemnaeus. -ertain "arti-ulars are re"orted #hi-h a""ear to me eminently #orthy of admiration) <or all his -hildren. as soon as they #ere born and be(an to -ry. #ere immediately -ut off> but 'eres. -ommiseratin( the misfortune of Plemnaeus. -ame in the habit of a stran(er to $e(ialea and edu-ated his son 9rtho"olis. #ho #as then @ust born) But 'hrysorthe #as the dau(hter of 9rtho"olis> and they belie3e that she had a son by $"ollo. #hose name #as 'oronus) $nd 'oraG #as the son of 'oronus. and like#ise a youn(er son #hose name #as *amedon) 1ha)ter !0 But 'oraG dyin( #ithout -hildren. &"o"eus on this a--ount -ame from Thessaly.

and obtained the (o3ernment) $nd they re"ort. that durin( his rei(n an hostile army for the first time entered into this re(ion. #hi-h "rior to this had en@oyed -ontinual "ea-e) But the -ause of this #ar #as as follo#s+ $ntio"e the dau(hter of %y-teus #as -elebrated by the Greeks for her beauty> thou(h it is re"orted that she #as not the dau(hter of %y-teus. but of the ri3er $so"us. #hi-h is the boundary of the Theban and Plataean land) This $ntio"e &"o"eus ra3ished. thou(h I do not kno# #hether this #as o--asioned by his seekin( a #ife. or #hether he #as im"elled to this from the first by darin( im"uden-e) But #hen the Thebans -ame to re3en(e this in@ury #ith arms. a battle ensuin(. both %y-teus and &"o"eus #ere #ounded in the en(a(ement. thou(h the latter #as 3i-torious) $nd %y-teus. indeed. #as -arried to Thebes ill. #here he shortly after died. and left the (o3ernment of Thebes for the "resent to his brother *y-us. to #hose -are he also -ommitted *abda-us the son of Polydore. and the (randson of 'admus. and #ho at that time #as under his "rote-tion) This *y-us. therefore. %y-teus entreated to "unish &"o"eus. by leadin( a (reater army into $e(ialea. and that he #ould also "unish $ntio"e. if he -ould by any means take her) In the mean time &"o"eus sa-rifi-ed to the (ods on a--ount of his 3i-tory. and raised a tem"le in honour of !iner3a> and. #hen the #ork #as -om"lete. su""liantly im"lored the (oddess to afford him some manifest token #hether the tem"le #as finished a(reeable to her #ill) But they re"ort that. after he had "rayed. an oli3e immediately flourished before the tem"le) =hortly after this &"o"eus died. throu(h ne(le-tin( his #ound. so that *y-us had no lon(er any o--asion to -arry on the #ar) <or *amedon. #ho su--eeded &"o"eus in the kin(dom. (a3e u" $ntio"e to *y-us. #ho. #hen she #as brou(ht ba-k to Thebes. #as deli3ered in the #ay #hi-h leads to &leutherae) $nd u"on this e3ent $(is the son of $m"hi"tolemus -om"osed the follo#in( lines+ E$ntio"e. the dau(hter of the "rofoundly #hirlin( ri3er $so"us. brou(ht forth Lethus. and the di3ine $m"hion. #hi-h she -on-ei3ed from Cu"iter. and &"o"eus the "astor of the "eo"le)E /omer. ho#e3er. refers them to a more illustrious ori(in and asserts that they #ere the first inhabitants of Thebes. se"aratin(. as it a""ears to me. the -ity. #hi-h is situated beneath. from 'admea) But *amedon. #hen he obtained the (o3ernment. married Pheno. an $thenian. and the dau(hter of 'lytius> and after#ards en(a(in( in #ar a(ainst the $-haeans. $r-handrus and $r-hiteles. he entered into an allian-e #ith the $tti- =i-yon. by marryin( his dau(hter LeuGi""e> and throu(h his assistan-e obtained the em"ire of =i-yonia. and of that -ity #hi-h #as before -alled $e(iale. and is no# denominated =i-yon) But they re"ort. that =i-yon himself #as not the offs"rin( of !arathon the son of &"o"eus. but of !etion the son of &re-htheus+ and $sius also assents to this a--ount) <or. a--ordin( to /esiod. =i-yon #as the son of &re-htheus> but a--ordin( to Iby-us. of Pelo"s) But 'hthono"hyle #as the offs"rin( of =i-yon+ and they re"ort. that Polybus #as the son of 'hthono"hyle and !er-ury> and that after#ards 'hthono"hyle #as married to Phlias the son of Ba--hus. by #hom she had a son -alled $ndrodamas) But Polybus (a3e his dau(hter *ysianassa to Talaus the son of Bias. #ho rei(ned o3er the $r(i3es> and $drastus. flyin( from $r(os. -ame to Polybus in =i-yon. and after#ards. on the death of Polybus. obtained the (o3ernment of =i-yon) $drastus ho#e3er returnin( to $r(os. Canis-us the (randson of that 'lytias #hose dau(hter #as married to *amedon. -ame from $tti-a. and took "ossession of the kin(dom) But on the death of Canis-us. Phaestus rei(ned #ho is said to ha3e been one of the sons of /er-ules) $nd Phaestus. in -onseDuen-e of an ora-le. mi(ratin( into 'rete. LeuGi""us. the son of $"ollo and the nym"h =yllis. is re"orted to ha3e su--eeded to the (o3ernment) But on the death of LeuGi""us. $(amemnon led an army to =i-yon. and #arred u"on /i""olytus the son of ,ho"alus. and the (randson of Phaestus) $nd /i""olytus distrustin( his o#n for-es. "romised that he #ould be subser3ient to $(amemnon and the !y-enaeans) But *a-estades #as the son of this /i""olytus and Phal-es of Temenus. #ho. in3adin( =i-yon

by ni(ht. to(ether #ith the 0orienses. did not -ommit any in@ury. as bein( a des-endant of /er-ules. but took u"on himself a "art of the (o3ernment> and from him the =i-yonians be-ame 0orians. and formed a "art of the $r(i3es) 1ha)ter !00 But #hen 0emetrius the son of $nti(onus destroyed the -ity. #hi-h #as situated in a "lain. he @oined the -ity #hi-h no# remains to the an-ient to#er) $nd indeed it is not easy to find by inDuiry #hy the affairs of the =i-yonians -ame to be in su-h an imbe-ile -ondition) e may. therefore. 3ery "ro"erly ado"t on this o--asion #hat /omer says -on-ernin( Cu"iter+ =o Co3e de-rees. resistless lord of allN $t #hose -ommand #hole em"ires rise or fall) /e shakes the feeble "ro"s of human trust. $nd to#ns and armies humbles to the dust) But #hile the =i-yonians #ere in this ener3ated -ondition the -ity in a short time be-ame desolate throu(h an earthDuake. in -onseDuen-e of #hi-h many "rodu-tions #orthy of ins"e-tion #ere destroyed) The -ities. too. about 'aria and *y-ia #ere in@ured by the same -alamity> and the island ,hodes. in "arti-ular. #as so 3ehemently shaken. that the "ro"he-y of the =ibyl #ith res"e-t to this "la-e #as fully a--om"lished) But on "ro-eedin( from 'orinth to =i-yonia you may "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of *y-us the !essenian. #hoe3er he #as> for I -annot find any !essenian *y-us. #ho eGer-ised himself in the MuinDuertium. or #ho obtained the 3i-tory in the 9lym"i- (ames) $nd this tomb is nothin( but a hea" of earth> for the =i-yonians bury most of their dead in this manner. 3iI) by "la-in( the body in the earth. and after#ards raisin( "illars #ith a stony base o3er the tomb> and on these "illars they "la-e a summit. almost in the same manner as ea(les are fiGed in tem"les) But they add no other ins-ri"tion than that of the name of the de-eased> and omittin( to mention his -ountry. they eGhort the "assen(er to #ish #ell to the body) But after the se"ul-hre of *y-us. ha3in( "assed o3er the $so"us. 9lym"ium "resents itself to the 3ie#> and turnin( a little to the left hand. you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of &u"olis the $thenian. #ho #as a #riter of -omedies) $nd on "ro-eedin( from hen-e. and turnin(. as it #ere. into the -ity. you may see the monument of 1enodi-e. #ho died in -hild7birth) This se"ul-hre is not -onstru-ted after the manner of the -ountry. but -ontains a "la-e for a "aintin(+ and the "i-ture. indeed. is "arti-ularly #orthy of ins"e-tion) 9n lea3in( this "la-e you #ill find a se"ul-hre. raised for those =i-yonians #ho died at Pellene. at the 0yme of the $-haeans. at !e(alo"olis. and at =elasia> and of #hom I shall dis-ourse more lar(ely hereafter) But near the (ate there is a fountain in a -a3ern. the #ater of #hi-h does not as-end from the earth. but flo#s from the to" of the -a3ern> and on this a--ount the fountain is -alled =taIusa) But in the to#er. #hi-h eGists at "resent. there is a tem"le of <ortune $-raea. and after it of the 0ios-uri+ and the statues of these di3inities are formed from #ood) But in the s-ene of the theatre. #hi-h is built under the to#er. there is an ima(e of a man holdin( a shield. #hi-h they re"ort is $ratus the son of 'linias) $fter the theatre. too. there is a tem"le of Ba--hus> and the statue of the (od is fashioned from i3ory and (old. and near it there are Ba--hae of #hite stone) These Ba--hae are said to ha3e been holy #omen. #ho #ere ins"ired by Ba--hus) But the =i-yonians ha3e other statues in their ar-ane re-esses> and these on one ni(ht in e3ery year they -arry into the tem"le of Ba--hus. from that "la-e #hi-h they -all 'osmeterium> and at the same time brin( #ith them li(hted tor-hes. and sin( durin( the "ro-ession the hymns of their -ountry) But the leader of this "ro-ession is a statue #hi-h they -all Ba--heus. and #hi-h. a--ordin( to re"ort. #as dedi-ated by $ndrodamas the son of Philas) $fter this follo#s

another statue. #hi-h the Theban Phanes. #arned by the Pythian deity. brou(ht from Thebes) But this Phanes -ame to =i-yon at the same time as $ristoma-hus the son of 'leodamus+ for not a-tin( a(reeable to the ora-le. he ne(le-ted (oin( to Pelo"onnesus at the "ro"er time) But on "ro-eedin( from the tem"le of 0ionysius to the forum you #ill "er-ei3e on the ri(ht hand a tem"le of 0iana *imnaea. the roof of #hi-h has e3idendy been off throu(h len(th of time) But #ith res"e-t to the statue of the (oddess. they are neither able to (i3e any informadon #hether it #as brou(ht here. from some forei(n "art. nor ho# it -ame to be destroyed) In the forum you #ill "er-ei3e a tem"le of the (oddess Persuasion. but #hi-h is like#ise #ithout a statue) This (oddess -ame to be #orshi"ed by them on the follo#in( a--ount+ $fter $"ollo and 0iana had slain the ser"ent Python. they -ame to $e(ialea. for the sake of "urifi-ation. but in -onseDuen-e of bein( terrified in this "la-e (and from #hi-h -ir-umstan-e they at "resent -all the re(ion #hobus, or dread). they -ame to 'rete. to 'armanor> and the inhabitants of $e(ialea bein( affli-ted #ith a "estilent disease. the "riests admonished them to su""li-ate $"ollo and 0iana) /en-e they sent se3en boys. and as many 3ir(ins. in a su""liant manner to the ri3er =ytha> in -onseDuen-e of #hi-h. as they re"ort. the di3inities #ere "ersuaded to -ome into the to#er> and in the "la-e #here they first -ame a tem"le #as dedi-ated to the (oddess Persuasion) But rites are e3en at "resent "erformed similar to these) <or on the festi3al of $"ollo -ertain boys -ome to the ri3er =ytha. and -arry the ima(es of $"ollo and 0iana into the tem"le of the (oddess Persuasion. and after#ards brin( them into the tem"le of $"ollo) $nd this tem"le stands in that "la-e #hi-h is at "resent the forum> but it is said to ha3e been first fabri-ated by Proetus. be-ause his dau(hters #ere in that "la-e liberated from the fury #hi-h "ossessed them) They add farther. that !elea(er dedi-ated in this tem"le the s"ear #ith #hi-h he sle# the 'alydonian boar. and that the "i"es of !arsyas are like#ise -ontained here) <or after the -alamity #hi-h befel =ilenus. the ri3er !arsya brou(ht these "i"es to the ri3er !eander. #hi-h. bein( thro#n from hen-e into the =i-yonian land. #ere found by a she"herd. and dedi-ated to $"ollo) But not one of these -onse-rated (ifts yet remains> for they #ere all burnt to(ether #ith the tem"le+ but the tem"le and statue. #hi-h eGist at "resent. #ere dedi-ated by Pytho-les) 1ha)ter !000 But the fane #hi-h is near the tem"le of the (oddess Persuasion. and #hi-h #as -onse-rated by the ,oman em"erors. #as formerly the house of the tyrant 'leon) <or 'listhenes. the son of $ristonymus. and the (randson of Pyrrho. tyranniIed #hile the =i-yonians yet inhabited the lo#er -ity+ but 'leon ruled in that "art #hi-h is at "resent the -ity) Before this buildin( there is an heroi- monument of $ratus. #ho. in the reno#n of his a-tions. sur"assed all the Gre-ians> and of #hom the follo#in( "arti-ulars are related+ $fter the death of 'leon. the desire of tyranniIin( ra(ed to su-h a de(ree. that t#o "ersons at the same time. &uthydemus and Timo-lidas. be(an to (o3ern) The "eo"le. ho#e3er. ha3in( e@e-ted these. "la-ed in their stead 'linias the futher of $ratus) But 'linias dyin( not many years after. $bantidas be(an to tyranniIe+ and $ratus durin( his (o3ernment. either be-ause he #as e@e-ted by 'linias. or be-ause it #as his o#n #ill. #ent into banishment) $bantidas therefore #as slain by the nati3es> and Pas-as the father of $bantidas immediately usur"ed the tyranny> but he in his turn #as slain by %i-o-les. #ho then tyranniIed himself) But $ratus atta-kin( this %i-o-les #ith a band of =i-yonian eGiles and $r(i3e mer-enaries. #hen he -ame to the #alls by ni(ht. de-ei3ed one "art of the (uard. and 3anDuished the other "art. and thus be-ame master of the #alls) In -onseDuen-e of this. as soon as it #as day. he -olle-ted the "eo"le to(ether. and ran #ith (reat -elerity to the "ala-e of the tyrant. #hi-h he took #ithout mu-h diffi-ulty) %i-o-les. ho#e3er. had "ri3ately #ithdra#n himself) But then $ratus deli3ered to the

=i-yonians a free administration of the -ity> and ha3in( restored to the eGiles their houses. and su-h of their "ossessions as #ere destined to be sold. he by this means took a#ay all o--asion of disa(reement and strife) The same "erson. too. #hen the !a-edonians ($nti(onus mana(in( the affairs of Phili" the son of 0emetrius) #ere formidable to all the Grreeks. @oined the =i-yonians. thou(h they #ere 0orians. #ith the -oun-il of the $-haians> and bein( immediately de-lared (eneral by the $-haians. led his army a(ainst the $m"hissensian *o-rians. and. #arrin( on the $etolians. de"o"ulated their -ountry) But as $nti(onus "ossessed 'orinth. #hi-h he (uarded #ith a band of !a-edonians. $ratus by a sudden in3asion astonished the !a-edonians. and. -omin( to an en(a(ement #ith them. sle#. amon( many others. Persaeus the -ommander of the (uard. #ho #as the "hiloso"hi- "u"il of Leno the son of !naseas) $ratus. therefore. ha3in( liberated 'orinth. asso-iated to himself the &"idaurii and TroeIenii. #ho inhabit the $r(oli- -oast. and the !e(arenses #ho d#ell beyond the isthmus) $nd Ptolemy. indeed. @oined to himself the $-haians. as his asso-iates in #ar> but the *a-edaemonians follo#in( their kin( $(is. #ho #as the son of &udamidas. by a sudden in-ursion seiIed on Pellena) /o#e3er. in -onseDuen-e of $ratus -omin( a(ainst them. they #ere 3anDuished. and. lea3in( Pellena. returned home on -ertain -onditions) But $ratus. #hen the Pelo"onnesian affairs #ere in a "ros"erous -ondition. sa# #ith indi(nation that the Piraeeus. !uny-hia. =alamis. and =unium #ere in the "ossession of the !a-edonians> and. as there #as no ho"e of bein( able to eG"el them from these "la-es by for-e. he "ersuaded 0io(enes. the -ommander of the (uards. to surrender these "la-es to him for one hundred and fifty talents> and. besides this. he (a3e a siGth "art of this sum to the $thenians) /e also "ersuaded $ristoma-hus. #ho rei(ned in $r(os. to introdu-e a demo-ra-y amon( the $r(i3es. and @oin it #ith the -on3ention of the $-haians) $nd. besides this. he took !antinea. #hi-h #as o--u"ied by the !a-edonians) The e3ent of thin(s. ho#e3er. is far from al#ays su--eedin( a(reeable to the eG"e-tations of mankind> for $ratus #as obli(ed to @oin himself to $nti(onus kin( of the !a-edonians as his asso-iate in #ar. and this on the follo#in( a--ount) 1ha)ter 02 'leomenes. the son of *eonidas. and the (randson of 'leonymus. ha3in( obtained the (o3ernment of ="arta. imitated in his -ondu-t Pausanias. #ho both desired the tyranny. and #as not satisfied #ith the established la#s) /o#e3er. as he #as more fero-ious than Pausanias. and not so desirous of "reser3in( his life. he 3ery soon. throu(h "ride and auda-ity. brou(ht all his intentions to a "ros"erous -on-lusion) <or in another family he destroyed. throu(h "oison. the kin( &urydamidas. #hile he #as yet a boy. and this by means of the &"hori> and transferred the (o3ernment to his brother &"i-lidas) $nd still farther. ha3in( sub3erted the authority of the senate. he instituted in their stead the Patronomi. or those #ho besto#ed a "aternal attention to the affairs of their -ountry) $fter this. throu(h a desire of (reater -on-erns. and of the (o3ernment of all Gree-e. he first of all #arred on the $-haians. either ho"in(. that. if they #ere -onDuered. they #ould be his asso-iates in #ar. or that they #ould be un#illin( to im"ede his undertakin(s) In -onseDuen-e of this. ha3in( -ome to an en(a(ement at 0yme abo3e Patrae. he 3anDuished the $-haians. #ho #ere then -ommanded by $ratus) /e. therefore. -om"elled this $ratus. #ho feared for the $-haians and =i-yon itself to banish $nti(onus) <or 'leomenes. #hen the "ea-e #ith $nti(onns #as 3iolated. amon( many thin(s #hi-h he o"enly transa-ted -ontrary to the -onditions of the lea(ue. eG"elled the !e(alo"olitans from their kin(dom) /en-e. #hen $nti(onus "assed o3er into Pelo"onnesus. the $-haians. under the -ommand of 'leomenes. betook themsel3es to =elasia. #hi-h they brou(ht into sub@e-tion. and took *a-edaemon itself) But $nti(onus restored to the *a-edaemonians and $-haians their an-ient mode of (o3ernment+ and of the -hildren of *eonidas. &"hi-lidas fell in the en(a(ement> but

'leomenes. flyin( into &(y"t. #as at first most honourably re-ei3ed by Ptolemy. but #as after#ards -onfined in -hains for eG-itin( the &(y"tians a(ainst the kin() /o#e3er. he es-a"ed from his -onfinement. and #as the o--asion of mu-h duiturban-e to the $leGandrians> but bein( in the end retaken. he destroyed himself) The *a-edaemonians. in -onseDuen-e of this. findin( #ith (reat "leasure that they #ere free. #ould not any lon(er be (o3erned by a kin(. but established that form of (o3ernment #hi-h remains at "resent) But $nti(onus -ontinually eGhibited tokens of his bene3olen-e to $ratus. as to a man by #hom he had been benefited. and #hose a-tions had rendered him reno#ned) Phili". ho#e3er. as soon as he be(an to rei(n. took a#ay $ratus by "oison. #ho had no sus"i-ion of his intention> and this be-ause he had disa""ro3ed his #rathful beha3iour on many o--asions. and had often restrained him from a-tin( a(reeable to his im"etuous desires) $nd the dead body. indeed. of $ratus. #as -arried from $e(eum. #here he died. and buried #ith (reat ma(nifi-en-e at =i-yon> and e3en at "resent his heroi- monument is -alled $rateum) The same Phili". too. "ut to death. in a similar manner. the t#o $thenian orators. &ury-lides and !i-on. #ho had no small influen-e o3er the minds of the "eo"le) $t last ho#e3er. a deadly medi-ament #as administered to Phili" himself) <or Perseus the youn(est of his sons. ha3in( destroyed by "oison 0emetrius. another of his sons -aused Phili" to die. throu(h #eariness and anGiety of mind) But he #ho -onsiders #hat is asserted by /esiod under the ins"iration of di3inity. #ill manifestly "er-ei3e the @usti-e in the death of Phili"+ for /esiod says. Ethat he #ho desi(ns to in@ure another #ill first of all turn the in@ury u"on himself)E But after the monument of $ratus. there is an altar dedi-ated to Isthmian %e"tune) There are also -ertain rude ima(es of Cu"iter !ili-hius. and 0iana. #ho is -alled Patroa) That of !ili-hius is in the sha"e of a "yramid. and that of Patroa has the fi(ure of a -olumn) In the same "la-e. too. there is a buildin( for @udi-ial affairs. and a "or-h #hi-h is -alled. after the name of its builder. 'listhenia) 'listhenes built this from the s"oils #hi-h he took #hen he #arred. in -on@un-tion #ith the $m"hi-tyons. a(ainst =-iron) But in that "art of the forum #hi-h stands in the o"en air there is a braIen Cu"iter. the #ork of *ysi""us. and near it a 0iana of (old) %ot far. too. from hen-e there is a tem"le of $"ollo *y-aeus. #hi-h. throu(h the de3astations of time. is at "resent the least #orthy of ins"e-tion) But the reason of its bein( so -alled #as aa follo#s+ hen the #ol3es on-e so infested the shee" that they s-ar-ely yielded any "rofit to their o#ners. $"ollo "ointed out to them a "la-e #here they should stre# some dry #ood. the bark of #hi-h. #hen min(led #ith flesh and -ast to the #ol3es. #ould destroy them as soon as they had tasted it) This #ood. indeed. is "la-ed in the tem"le of *y-aean $"ollo> but from #hat tree it #as taken is not kno#n e3en by the =i-yonian historians) But after the tem"le -ertain braIen ima(es "resent themsel3es to the 3ie#. #hi-h. a--ordin( to re"ort. are the dau(hters of Proetus> but the ins-ri"tion mentions #omen different from these) In the same "la-e. too. there is a braIen /er-ules. #hi-h #as made by *ysi""us the =i-yonian+ and near it there is a !er-ury <orensis) 1ha)ter 2 In the (ymnasium. #hi-h is not far from the forum. there is a /er-ules of stone. the #ork of =-o"a) There is also in another "la-e a tem"le of /er-ules> and they -all the #hole in-losure in this "art PaediIe) But there is a tem"le in the middle of the in-losure. and an an-ient #ooden statue in it. #hi-h #as made by *a"haes Phliasius) ith res"e-t to the sa-rifi-e #hi-h they "erform to /er-ules. they are of o"inion that the follo#in( "arti-ulars are to be obser3ed) They re"ort that Phaestus. #hen he -ame to =i-yonia. "er-ei3ed that they "erformed funeral rites to /er-ules as to a hero> but Phaestus -onsidered this mode as un#orthy the di(nity of /er-ules. and ordered them to sa-rifi-e to him as a (od) In -onseDuen-e of this. e3en at "resent. the =i-yonians kill a lamb. and.

burnin( his bones on an altar. eat one "art in the usual manner. and offer u" the other "art to /er-ules as a hero) But #ith res"e-t to the festi3e days #hi-h they -elebrate to /er-ules. they -all the former of these 9nomata. and the other /er-ulean) <rom hen-e there is a #ay #hi-h leads to the tem"le of $es-ula"ius) But on "ro-eedin( to the in-losure. you #ill "er-ei3e on the left hand a t#o7fold buildin(. in the first "art of #hi-h there is a statue of =lee". of #hi-h nothin( is left eG-e"t the head> and the more interior "art of the buildin( is dedi-ated to $"ollo 'arneus. into #hi-h it is not la#ful for any but the "riests to enter) In the "or-h there is a bone of a #hale of a "rodi(ious ma(nitude. and near it there is a statue of the (od of 0reams. and another of =lee". under the a""ellation of &"idotes. lullin( to rest a lion) But in the #ay #hi-h leads to the tem"le of $es-ula"ius. in one "art there is a statue of Pan. and. in another. of 0iana> the former of #hi-h is in a sittin(. and the latter in a standin( "osture) 9n enterin( the tem"le. too. you #ill "er-ei3e a beardless statue of the (od. made by 'alamis from i3ory and (old) In one of his hands he holds a s-e"tre. and in the other the fruit of a mild "ine7tree) But they re"ort. that the (od #as brou(ht to them in the sha"e of a dra(on from &"idaurus. dra#n by t#o mules. and -ondu-ted by %i-a(ora the =i-yonian. the mother of $(asi-les. and the #ife of &-hetimus) 'ertain statues. too. of no (reat ma(nitude. are sus"ended from the roof of the tem"le+ and of these. that #hi-h sits on a dra(on is. they say. $ristodama the mother of $ratus> and they -onsider $ratus as the son of $es-ula"ius) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars #hi-h this in-losure -ontains #orthy of bein( remembered) But throu(h this you may "ass to another tem"le of Venus. in #hi-h the statue of $ntio"e first "resents itself to the 3ie#> for her sons are said to ha3e been =i-yonians. and $ntio"e is re"orted to ha3e asso-iated #ith them on their a--ount. and to ha3e by this means be-ome allied to them) Into this tem"le of Venus. a #oman #ho "erforms the offi-e of seGton. and #ho is forbidden to asso-iate #ith a man. and a 3ir(in #ho a-ts as an annual "riestess. are alone "ermitted to enter> and the 3ir(in is -alled *utro"horos. from her em"loyment of -arryin( #ater for #ashin() But all other "ersons are only allo#ed to behold and adore the (oddess from the 3estibule of the tem"le) /er ima(e. #hi-h #as made by 'ana-hus the =i-yonian. is in a sittin( "osture> and this same 'ana-hus made the statue of 0idymaean $"ollo for the !ilesians. and of Ismenian $"ollo for the Thebans) But the statue of Venus is made from i3ory and (old> and on her head she bears the )ole. in one of her hands a "o""y. and in the other an a""le) They sa-rifi-e to this (oddess the thi(hs of all 3i-tims eG-e"t s#ine. and burn the other "arts #ith the #ood of the @uni"er7 tree> but #hile the thi(hs are roastin(. they burn to(ether #ith them the lea3es of the herb bear4s7bree-h) This herb (ro#s there #ithin the in-losure in the o"en air> but does not (ro# any#here else. not e3en in =i-yonia itself) Its lea3es are less than those of the bee-h7tree. and (reater than those of the s-arlet oak> but their fi(ure is nearly the same #ith that of an oakleaf) It is "artly. too. of a bla-kish -olour. and "artly #hite) Indeed. you may assimilate the -olour of this herb to the lea3es of the #hite "o"lar tree) But. on "ro-eedin( from hen-e to the (ymnasium. you #ill "er-ei3e on the ri(ht hand the tem"le of 0iana Pheraea> but the #ooden statue of the (oddess is said to ha3e been brou(ht hither from Pherae) The (ymnasium itself #as built by 'linias for the =i-yonians. and it ser3es at "resent as a "la-e for the edu-ation of youth) There is a statue in it of 0iana. of #hite stone. #hi-h is "olished no farther than the loins> and a statue of /er-ules. in the lo#er "arts similar to the sDuare fi(ures of !er-ury) 1ha)ter 20 9n "ro-eedin( from hen-e to the (ate #hi-h is -alled =a-red. you #ill "er-ei3e a tem"le of !iner3a. not far from the (ate itself) This #as formerly dedi-ated by &"o"eus. and sur"asses in ma(nitude and ornament all the #orks of that time) But the memory of this buildin( has "erished throu(h len(th of time> for di3inity destroyed it by li(htnin(. and

the altar alone remains untou-hed by the li(htnin(. and in the -ondition in #hi-h it #as made by &"o"eus) Before the altar the se"ul-hre of &"o"eus is raised> and near the tomb the (ods -alled $3errun-i are to be seen. to #hom they sa-rifi-e su-h thin(s as the Greeks think ne-essary for the re"ulsion of e3il) But they re"ort. that &"o"eus built one of the nei(hbourin( tem"les to 0iana and the other to $"ollo. but that $drastus built that #hi-h is sa-red to Cuno) There are no statues. ho#e3er. in either of these) But of the altars #hi-h are behind the tem"le of Cuno. one of these $drastus raised to Pan> and another. #hi-h is of #hite stone. to the =un) $fter this. on des-endin( as it #ere into the fields. you #ill "er-ei3e a tem"le of 'eres. #hi-h Plemnaeus is said to ha3e established in (ratitude to the (oddess for the nourishment of his son) But at a little distan-e from the tem"le #hi-h $drastus dedi-ated to Cuno. the tem"le of $"ollo 'arneus formerly stood> for at "resent the "illars alone remain. but you -annot find either #alls or a roof) This. too. is the -ase #ith the tem"le of Cuno Prodomia. #hi-h #as dedi-ated by Phal-es the son of Temenus. ho"in( that by this means the (oddess #ould be his leader in his @ourney to =i-yon) 9n "ro-eedin( from =i-yon. in the dire-t road to Phliuntes. you #ill "er-ei3e in a turnin( on the left hand. #hi-h is distant from the road about ten stadia. a (ro3e -alled Piraea. and in it a tem"le of 'eres Prostasia. and Proser"ine) In this "la-e the men -elebrate a festi3al a"art from the #omen> for the #omen kee" their festi3e days in the tem"le of the %ym"hs. #hi-h they -all %ym"hon) But the road #hi-h leads to Titana is about siGty stadia in len(th. and on a--ount of its narro#ness is im"er3ious to -arria(es) /o#e3er. on kee"in( alon( this road for about t#enty stadia as it a""ears to me. and "assin( o3er the ri3er $so"us on the left hand. you #ill arri3e at a (ro3e of s-arlet oaks. #hi-h -ontains a tem"le of those (oddesses #hi-h the $thenians -all =emnai. and the =i-yonians &umenides) 9n one day in e3ery year they -elebrate the festi3al of these di3inities. slay "re(nant shee". and are of o"inion that they should use mead for a libation and flo#ers instead of -ro#ns) They sa-rifi-e. too. in a similar manner. on the altars of the Par-ae. #hi-h stand in the un-o3ered "art of the (ro3e) But on returnin( from hen-e into the road. #hen you ha3e a(ain "assed o3er the $so"us. you #ill arri3e at the summit of a mountain. #hi-h the nati3es re"ort #as first inhabited by Titan) They farther add. that this Titan #as the brother of the =un. and that the re(ion #as -alled. from him. Titana) But it a""ears to me. that this Titan #as 3ery skilful in obser3in( the seasons of the year. and kne# at #hat times the =un in-reases seeds and "lants. and brin(s fruits to maturity> and that on this a--ount he #as -onsidered as the brother of the =un) But after him $leGanor the son of !a-haon. #ho #as the son of $es-ula"ius. de"artin( to =i-yonia. built in Titana the tem"le of $es-ula"ius) 0ifferent "eo"le d#ell about this tem"le. but the (reatest "art of the "la-e is inhabited by the ser3ants of the (od) ithin the in-losure. too. there are an-ient -y"ress7 trees> but it is im"ossible to kno# from #hat #ood or metal the statue is -om"osed. or #ho #as its artifi-er. unless some one should as-ribe the #ork to $leGanor) But the fa-e of this statue. to(ether #ith the hands and feet. are alone a""arent> for the other "arts are -o3ered #ith a #hite linen (arment and a 3eil) In the same "la-e. too. there is a statue of /y(eia. #hi-h -annot easily be seen. be-ause it is so in3ested. "artly #ith the hairs #hi-h the #omen -ut off in humour of the (oddess. and "artly by the folds of her Babylonian (arment) But #hi-he3er of these di3inities any one is desirous to "ro"itiate. the "ro"riety of sa-rifi-in( to the (oddess of /ealthy #hom they -all /y(eia. is demonstrated to him) ith res"e-t to $leGanor and &uamerion (for these also ha3e their statues). they "erform funeral rites to the first of these as to a hero after the settin( of the sun. but they sa-rifi-e to &uamerion as to a (od) But if I ri(htly -on@e-ture. the Per(ameneans -all this &uamerion Teles"horus. from a -ertain ora-le. but the &"idauri denominate him $-esius) There is also a #ooden statue of 'oronis. but it is not "la-ed in any "art of the tem"le+ ho#e3er. #hen they sa-rifi-e to the (od a bull. a lamb. and a ho(. they -arry 'oronis into the tem"le of !iner3a. and there #orshi" him) %or do they think it suffi-ient to -onse-rate

the thi(hs of the 3i-tims. but of e3ery animal. eG-e"t birds. they burn all the "arts on the (round> for the "arts of these they "la-e on the altar) But in those "arts of the to" of the buildin( #hi-h they -all the &a(les there is a statue of /er-ules. and near the eGtremities of these. statues of Vi-tory) In the "or-h there are statues of Ba--hus and /e-ate. Venus. 'eres. and <ortune> and these are all fashioned from #ood) But the statue of $es-uIa"ius. #ho is -alled Gortynius. is made of stone) %o one. ho#e3er. is #illin( to enter the tem"le. throu(h fear of the sa-red dra(ons #hi-h it -ontains> but "la-in( food for them in the entran-e of the tem"le. they immediately de"art) ithin the in-losure there is a braIen statue of Graniarius. a =i-yonian. #ho #as t#i-e 3i-tor in the DuinDuertium in the 9lym"i- (ames. on-e in the stadium. t#i-e in the re"eated stadium #hi-h they -all 0iaulos. and #ho ran naked #ith a shield) But in Titana there is also a tem"le of !iner3a. into #hi-h they -arry the statue of 'oronis+ and in this tem"le there is an an-ient #ooden statue of !iner3a. #hi-h is said to ha3e been stru-k #ith li(htnin() 1ha)ter 200 9n des-endin( from the eminen-e on #hi-h this tem"le is built. you #ill "er-ei3e an altar of the inds. on #hi-h in one ni(ht e3ery year the "riest sa-rifi-es) /e also "erforms -ertain other ar-ane -eremonies in four dit-hes. for the "ur"ose of a""easin( the ra(e of the #inds> and sin(s. as they re"ort. the in-antations of !edea) But on "ro-eedin( from Titana to =i-yon and des-endin( to the sea you #ill "er-ei3e. on the left hand of the road. a tem"le of Cuno. #hi-h has neither a statue nor a roof. and #hi-h. they say. #as dedi-ated by Proetus the son of $bas) $fter this. #hen you des-end to that #hi-h is -alled the "ort of the =i-yonians. and turn to#ards the ha3en of the Pelleneans. #hi-h is -alled $ristonauta. you #ill see. a little abo3e the road on the left hand. a tem"le of %e"tune) But. "ro-eedin( alon( the "ubli- #ay. you may "er-ei3e a ri3er #hi-h is -alled &lisson. and after it the ri3ers =ythae de3ol3in( into the sea) In this "la-e. too. Phliasia is the boundary of the =i-yonians) But the -ity itself is distant from Titana about forty stadia. and there is a dire-t road from =i-yon to Phliasia) $nd that the Phliasians. indeed. ha3e nothin( in -ommon #ith the $r-adians. is e3ident from /omer4s -atalo(ue of the $r-adians. in #hi-h the Phliasians are not -om"rehended) But that they #ere at first $r(i3es. and after#ards be-ame 0orians. #hen the -hildren of /er-ules returned to Pelo"onnesus. #ill be e3ident in the "ro(ress of our dis-ourse) /o#e3er. as I kno# many disa(reein( "arti-ulars res"e-tin( the Phliasians. I shall only relate su-h of their affairs as are most (enerally a-kno#led(ed) 9f this land. then. they re"ort one $ras #as the first nati3e and that he built a -ity about that hill #hi-h is e3en no# -alled $rantinus and #hi-h is at no (reat distan-e from that other summit #hi-h -ontains the to#er of the Phliasians and the tem"le of /ebe) This $ras then built the -ity> and both the -ity and the land #ere formerly -alled. from him. $rantia) But durin( his rei(n. $so"us. #ho is said to ha3e been the son of 'e(lusa and %e"tune. dis-o3ered the #ater of a ri3er #hi-h at "resent they -all $so"us. from its in3entor) But the se"ul-hre of $ras is in the to#n #hi-h they -all 'elaenae. and #here also 0ysaules the &leusinian is said to be buried) This $ras had a son -alled $oris. and a dau(hter $raethyrea+ and the Phliasians re"ort. that these #ere skilled in huntin(. and #ere 3aliant in #ar) But $raethyrea dyin( first. $oris. in memory of his sister. -alled the re(ion $raethyrea> and hen-e /omer mentions the inhabitants of this "la-e amon( those #ho #ere under the dominion of $(amemnon+ E<air $raethyrea. 9rnia4s fruitful "lain)E But I am of o"inion. that the se"ul-hres of the -hildren of $ras are in no other "art of the -ountry than the $rantian hill) There are noble -olumns raised to the memory of these near the tem"le of 'eres> and in this "la-e. "re3ious to the initiation. they -elebrate $ras

in son(s. and lookin( to#ards these se"ul-hres. -all in their libations u"on the -hildren of $ras) I -annot. ho#e3er. assent to the re"ort of the $r(i3es. that Phlias. #ho #as the third "erson that (a3e a name to the -ountry. #as the son of 'asus. and the (randson of Temenus> for I kno# that he is -alled the son of Ba--hus. and is said to ha3e been one of those #ho sa3ed in the shi" $r(o) $nd this is -onfirmed as follo#s by the ,hodian "oet+ E$raethyrean Phlias -ame also. the illustrious offs"rin( of Ba--hus. #ho #as most ri-h #hile he "ossessed those lands throu(h #hi-h $so"us flo#s)E 7 But the mother of this Phlias #as $raethyrea. and not 'hthono"hyle> for 'hthono"hyle #as his #ife. by #hom he had $ndrodama) 1ha)ter 2000 But the /era-lidae returnin(. all Pelo"onnesus eG-e"t $r-adia #as disturbed> so that many -ities #ere -om"elled to re-ei3e men of a 0ori- name. and the inhabitants eG"erien-ed still (reater mutations) The "arti-ulars. ho#e3er. re"e-tin( Phlias are as follo#+ ,he(nidas 0oriensis. #ho #as the son of PhalG. and the (randson of Temenus. -ame #ith an army from $r(os and =i-yonia> and su-h indeed of the Phliasians as #ere -alled by ,he(nidas #ere obedient to his -ommands. remained in their "ro"er habitations. (a3e the kin(dom u" to him. and assi(ned land to their -om"anions) But /i""asus. and all his fa-tion. thou(ht "ro"er to o""ose him. and #ould not suffer the 0orienses to en@oy so many and su-h eG-ellent ad3anta(es #ithout a battle) /o#e3er. #hen the "eo"le de-lared themsel3es of a -ontrary o"inion. /i""asus. #ith su-h as #ere #illin( to follo# him. fled to =amos) Pytha(oras the #ise #as the (reat7(randson of this /i""asus> for Pytha(oras #as the son of !nesar-hus. and !nesar-hus #as the son of &u"hron and the (randson of /i""asus) $nd su-h are the re"orts of the Phliasians -on-ernin( these "ersons. to #hi-h for the most "art the =i-yonians assent) It is therefore no# "ro"er that #e #ould relate #hate3er is most #orthy of ins"e-tion amon( the Phliasians) In the to#er. then. there is a (ro3e of -y"resses. and a tem"le most holy for its an-ient rites) But the (oddess to #hom the tem"le belon(s #as -alled by the most an-ient Phliasians. Ganymeda. but by the modern. /ebe. of #hom /omer makes mention #hen he des-ribes the sin(le -ombat of Paris and !enelaus. and #ho he says. ministers wine to the gods) In the %dyssey. too. #here Klysses des-ends to /ades. he says that /ebe is the #ife of /er-ules) But the "oet 9len. in his hymn to Cuno. says that Cuno #as edu-ated by the /ours. and that her offs"rin( #ere !ars and /ebe) $mon( other honours #hi-h the Phliasians "ay to this (oddess. the (reatest is that #hi-h "ertains to su""liants> for they dismiss those #ith im"unity #ho -ome hither in a su""liant "osture. and liberatin( su-h as #ere in bonds. they han( their fetters on the trees in the (ro3e) They also -elebrate e3ery year a festi3al. #hi-h they -all 1issotomos. or )ertaining to i&y) But for a -ertain sa-red reason they neither "reser3e any statue in an ar-ane re-ess. nor eGhibit any one o"enly) But in the to#er there is also another in-losure sa-red to 'eres. and #hi-h -ontains a tem"le. to(ether #ith the statues of 'eres and Proser"ine) The statue. ho#e3er. of 0iana (for there is a braIen statue of her in this "la-e) a""ears to me to be an-ient) But on des-endin( from the to#er. you #ill "er-ei3e a tem"le of $es-ula"ius on the ri(ht hand. and a statue #ithout a beard) Beneath this tem"le there is a theatre> and not far from hen-e there is a tem"le of 'eres. #hi-h -ontains an-ient statues in a sittin( "osture) But in the forum there is a braIen (oat. for the most "art of (old. #hi-h -ame to be honoured by the Phliasians on the follo#in( a--ount) The -onstellation -alled the Goat is found. #hen it rises. to be -onstantly in@urious to 3ines) In order. therefore. to "re3ent its noGious influen-e. they 3enerated the braIen (oat in the market7"la-e. and adorned it #ith (old) In this "la-e. too. there is a se"ul-hre of $ristias the son of Pratinas> and. indeed. the satires of this $ristias and his father Pratinas are the most a""ro3ed of any eG-e"t those of $es-hylus)

But behind the forum. there is a house #hi-h is -alled by the Phliasians "ro"heti-+ and. as they re"ort. $m"hiaraus -omin( into this house. and slee"in( there one ni(ht. be(an then for the first time to "ossess a di3inin( "o#er> for. "rior to this. he #as a--ordin( to them "erfe-tly unlearned+ but. in -onseDuen-e of this -ir-umstan-e takin( "la-e. the house #as e3er after shut u") %ot far from hen-e there is a "la-e #hi-h is -alled Kmbili-us. and #hi-h is the middle of all Pelo"onnesus. if their re"orts -an be de"ended on) But on "ro-eedin( from the Kmbili-us. you may "er-ei3e an an-ient tem"le of Ba--hus. another of $"ollo. and another of Isis) In these the statues of Ba--hus and $"ollo are ob3ious to e3eryone. but that of Isis -an alone be beheld by the "riests) The Phliasians re"ort. that /er-ules. #hen he returned from *ybia. ha3in( taken the a""les of the /es"erides. -ame to Phlius about some affairs of his o#n> that #hile he stayed here. 9eneus. #ho #as his father7in7la#. -ame from $etolia> and that here. #hen either 9eneus entertained /er-ules at a feast. or /er-ules 9eneus. /er-ules. in -onseDuen-e of the boy 'yathus. #ho #as the #ine bearer of 9eneus. not "leasin( him in the dis-har(e of his offi-e. stru-k the boy #ith one of his fin(ers on the head. #hi-h -aused him immediately to eG"ire) But the Phliasians ha3e ele-ted a buildin( in memory of this. near the tem"le of $"ollo+ and this buildin( -ontains t#o statues of stone. 3iI) 'yathus eGtendin( a -u" to /er-ules) 1ha)ter 20! But 'eleae is distant from Phlius about fi3e stadia. in #hi-h "la-e the mysteries of 'eres are -elebrated e3ery fourth year. and not e3ery year) $nd in this 0nitiation. the hiero"hant does not maintain his offi-e for life. but a different one is -hosen for e3ery fresh -elebration of the !ysteries) /e may like#ise. if he "leases. asso-iate #ith a #oman> and in these t#o "arti-ulars the mysteries differ from those of &leusis. thou(h in other res"e-ts they are "erformed in imitation of them> for the Phliasians themsel3es -onfess. that they imitate the &leuanum mysteries) But they say. that 0ysaules the brother of 'eleus. #hen he -ame into their re(ion. established the initiations. and that he #as dri3en from &leusis by Ion the son of 1uthus. at that time #hen the $thenians -hose him for their (eneral in the #ar a(ainst the &leusinians) /o#e3er. I -annot assent to this a--ount of the Phliasians. that any one of the &leusinians should se-retly #ithdra# himself after ha3in( been 3anDuished in battle. sin-e. "rior to the e3ent of the #ar. -ertain -onditions #ere sti"ulated on both sides. and &umol"us then remained at &leusis) 0ysaules ho#e3er. mi(ht ha3e -ome to Phlius for a reason different from that #hi-h is assi(ned by the Phliasians> for it does not a""ear to me. either that he #as allied to 'eleus. or that he ranked amon( the illustrious of the &leusinians) Indeed. had this been the -ase. /omer #ould -ertainly not ha3e omitted to mention him in his "oems> for. in his hymn to 'eres. #here he enumerates all those that #ere instru-ted in the mysteries by the (oddess. he does not a""ear to ha3e kno#n anythin( of the &leusinian 0ysaules) But his 3erses in this hymn are as follo#+ Tri"tolemus. &umol"us. hi(h in fame Bold 0io-les. #ho kno#s the steed to tame. $nd mi(hty 'eleus. #ho the s-e"tre holds+ To these the (rateful (oddess. then. unfolds The ministration of her sa-red rites> $nd all her holy mysteries indites) 0ysaules. therefore. as the Phliasians relate. both established the mysteries in this "la-e. and first -alled the re(ion 'eleas) But. as I ha3e obser3ed before. the se"ul-hre of 0ysaules is -ontained here. than #hi-h the tomb of $ras is more an-ient+ for. a--ordin( to the relation of the Phliasians. 0ysaules -ame into this -ountry lon( after the rei(n of $ras>

sin-e. if #e may belie3e them. $ras #as -ontem"orary #ith Prometheus the son of Ca"etus and #as three (enerations "rior to Pelas(us the son of $reas. and to those #ho are -alled $uto-hthones by the $thenians) But in that tem"le #hi-h is -alled $na-torus. a -hariot de"ends from the roof. #hi-h they re"ort #as the -hariot of Pelo"s) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars about the Phliasians most #orthy of relation) 1ha)ter 2! $ Argolics 9n "ro-eedin( from 'orinth to $r(os. you #ill arri3e at a -ity of no (reat ma(nitude. -alled 'leonae+ and they re"ort. that 'leone #as the dau(hter of Pelo"s> thou(h a--ordin( to others. she #as one of the dau(hters of the ri3er $so"os #hi-h flo#s throu(h =i-yon) The name. therefore. #as (i3en to the -ity from one of these) In this "la-e there is a tem"le of !iner3a. and the statue #hi-h it -ontains #as made by =-yllis and 0i"oenus) But some are of o"inion that 0aedalus married a dai(hter of Gortynis. by #hom he had 0i"oenus and =-yllis) But besides this tem"le in 'leonae. there are se"ul-hres of &urytus and 'leatus. #ho #ere slain by the arro#s of /er-ules. #hen they #ent from &lis in order to 3ie# the Isthmian (ames> and this be-ause they o""osed /er-ules in the $u(ean #ar) But there are t#o roads #hi-h lead from 'leonae to $r(os. one of #hi-h is -on3enient for li(ht7armed soldiers and is a shorter #ay> for that #hi-h leads to a "la-e -alled Tretum is narro#. and on all sides in3ested #ith mountains. but is better ada"ted than the other for -arria(es) In these mountains the -a3e of the %emean lion is yet to be seen. and the 3illa(e %emea is distant from hen-e about fifteen stadia) There is a tem"le of %emean Cu"iter in this "la-e #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion. thou(h the roof of it has fallen off> and no statue is left) $bout the tem"le there is a (ro3e of -y"resses+ and they re"ort. that 9"heltes. bein( "la-ed here on the (rass by his nurse. #as destroyed by a dra(on) But the $r(i3es sa-rifi-e to Cu"iter in %emea. and -hoose a "riest for %emean Cu"iter) They "ro"ose. besides this. a -ontest of the -ourse to armed men. #hi-h is -elebrated in the #inter) The se"ul-hre of 9"heltes. too. is in this "la-e. about #hi-h there is an in-losure of stones. and there are -ertain altars #ithin the in-losure) There is also a tomb raised from turf. of *y-ur(us the father of 9"heltes> but they -all the fountain $drastia. either be-ause $drastus dis-o3ered it. or for some other reason) They say. ho#e3er. that the re(ion #as denominated from %emea. the dau(hter of $so"us) But abo3e %emea. the mountain $"esas "resents itself to the 3ie#. in #hi-h they re"ort Perseus first sa-rifi-ed to Cu"iter $"esantius) But on returnin( to Tretus and a(ain "ro-eedin( to $r(os. you #ill "er-ei3e on the left hand ruins of !y-enae) $nd. indeed. the Greeks kno# that Perseus #as the founder of !y-enae> but I shall no# relate the -ause of his buildin( the -ity. and on #hat a--ount the $r(i3es after#ards destroyed it> for in that re(ion #hi-h is no# -alled $r(olis. they ha3e no remembran-e of any -ir-umstan-e more an-ient than this) They re"ort. then. that #hen Ina-hus rei(ned. he -alled the ri3er by his o#n name. and sa-rifi-ed to Cuno) It is also said. that Phoroneus first inhabited this land. #hose father Ina-hus #as not a man. but a ri3er> and that. in -on@un-tion #ith the ri3ers 'e"hissus. $sterion. and Ina-hus. he sat as a @ud(e bet#een %e"tune and Cuno. #hen they -ontended for the re(ion) They add. that he de-ided in fa3our of Cuno. that %e"tune after#ards took a#ay all their #ater. and that. on this a--ount. neither Ina-hus nor any other of the ri3ers su""lies them #ith #ater. unless di3inity s#ells them #ith rain> for in summer. durin( the (reat dryness of the soil. they ha3e no other #ater than that of *erna) But Phoroneus the son of Ina-hus first -olle-ted men to(ether into -i3il so-iety> and hen-e the re(ion into #hi-h they #ere first -olle-ted #as -alled Phoroni-us) 1ha)ter 2!0 This re(ion. ho#e3er. #as denominated from $r(us the son of a dau(hter of Phoroneus. and #ho rei(ned after Phoroneus) But Pirasus and Phorbas #ere the

offs"rin( of $r(us. Trio"as #as the son of Phorbas. and Casus and $(enor #ere the offs"rin( of Trio"as) lo. therefore. #as the dau(hter of Casus. #hether or not. a--ordin( to the relation of /erodotus. or the a--ount of the Greeks. she #ent to &(y"t> but 'roto"us the son of $(enor su--eeded Casus in the (o3ernment. and =thenelas #as the offs"rin( of 'roto"us) But 0anaus sailin( from &(y"t. and ha3in( eG"elled Gelanor the son of =thenelas. took a#ay the (o3ernment from the (randsons of $(enor) $nd. indeed. the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( 0anaus. and the darin( #i-kedness of his dau(hters to#ards their -ousins are #ell kno#n to e3eryone. as like#ise that. after the death of 0anaus. *yn-eus obtained the kin(dom) But the sons of $bas. and the (randsons of *yn-eus. so di3ided the kin(dom amon( themsel3es. that $-risius remained at $r(os. Proetus "ossessed /iraeus. !idea. Tyrintha. and the maritime "art of the $r(oli- land. of #hose (o3ernment Tirynthe yet remains as a monument) But some time after. $-risius kno#in( that Perseus #as yet ali3e. and illustrious for his a-hie3ements. (a3e u" the ri3er *arissa to Peneus) Perseus. ho#e3er. bein( inflamed #ith a desire of seein( his (randfather by his mother4s side. and of "ro-urin( his friendshi" both by his #ords and a-tions. -ame to *arissa. at #hi-h time bein( in the 3i(our of his a(e. and elated #ith the in3ention of the Duoit. #hi-h he eGhibited to e3eryone. be undesi(nedly sle# $-risius. #hose e3il daemon brou(ht him @ust then un"er-ei3ed in his #ay. #ith a blo# of it) $nd thus #as the ora-le formerly (i3en to $-risius -onfirmed. #ho -ould not es-a"e the "unishment of his intended -ruelty to his dau(hter and (randson) But Perseus returnin( to $r(os. ashamed of the infamy of the slau(hter. "ersuaded !e(a"enthes the son of Proetus to deli3er u" the (o3ernment to him) $nd after !e(a"enthes had -om"lied #ith his reDuest. Perseus built !y-ena. #hi-h he so -alled. be-ause in that "la-e the sheath of his s#ord fell off) I ha3e also heard it re"orted. that a man #ho #as thirsty took this sheath off the (round. and that drinkin( and bein( deli(hted #ith the runnin( #ater #hi-h he found there. he -alled the re(ion !y-ena) But /omer. in the %dyssey mentions a #oman of the name !y-ene in the follo#in( 3erse+ ETyro and $l-mene. and !y-ene. #hose bro#s are bound #ith a beautiful -ro#n)E $nd that !y-ene. indeed. #as the dau(hter of Ina-hus. and the #ife of $restor. is asserted in those 3erses #hi-h the Greeks -all the great -oeoe) <rom !y-ene. therefore. the -ity deri3ed its name) But for my o#n "art. I do not -redit the relation. #hi-h they say they ha3e heard that !y-eneus #as the son of ="arton. and ="arton of Phoroneus. sin-e these "ersons #ere not *a-edaemonians) <or amon( the *a-edaemonians there is an ima(e of a #oman -alled ="arta. in $my-lae> but they #ould -ertainly #onder. from the no3elty of the name. if they should hear that ="arton #as the son of Phoroneus) It is -ertain. ho#e3er. that the $r(i3es destroyed !y-enae throu(h en3y) <or #hen the !edes made an irru"tion into Gree-e. the $r(i3es #ithheld their assistan-e. but the !y-enae sent to the Thermo"ylae ei(hty men. #ho "arti-i"ated #ith the *a-edaemonians of that illustrious undertakin() Grief. thefore. on a--ount of their ra3ished (lory. indu-ed the $r(i3es to -ut off the !y-enae) $mon( other "arts. ho#e3er. of the in-losure. #hi-h still remain. a (ate is "er-ei3ed #ith lions standin( on it+ and they re"ort. that these #ere the #orks of the 'y-lo"s. #ho also made for Proetus the #all in Tirynthus) But amon( the ruins of !y-enae there is a fountain -alled Persea. and subterraneous habitations of $treus and his sons. in #hi-h they de"osited their treasures) There is also a se"ul-hre of $treus. and of all those #ho. returnin( from Troy #ith $(amemnon. #ere slain at a banDuet by $e(isthus) <or there is a dis"ute bet#een the *a-edaemonians #ho inhabit $my-lae. and the !y-enaeans. -on-ernin( the se"ul-hre of 'assandra) There is also a tomb here of $(amemnon and of his -harioteer &urymedon. and one se"ul-hre in -ommon of Teledamus and Pelo"s. #ho as they re"ort. #ere t#ins and the offs"rin( of 'assandra. and #ho. #hile they #ere infants. #ere slain by $e(isthus at the tomb of their "arents) There is like#ise a se"ul-hre of &le-tra> for she #as (i3en by 9restes in marria(e to Pylades. from #hom. a--ordin( to

/ellani-us. she bore to Pylades t#o sons. !edon and =tro"hius) But 'lytemnestra and $e(isthus are buried at a little distan-e from the #alls> for they #ere not thou(ht #orthy of burial #ithin the #alls. #here $(amemnon and those that fell #ith him are interred) 1ha)ter 2!00 9n the ri(ht hand of !y-enae. and at the distan-e of fifteen stadia. there is a tem"le of Cuno) $lon( the road a #ater flo#s #hi-h is -alled &leutherion. and #hi-h the "riests of the tem"le. and those #ho "reside o3er ar-ane sa-rifi-es. use for "urifi-ations) But the tem"le itself is situated in the more de"ressed "art of &uboea> for they -all this mountain &uboea. and assert. that &uboea. Prosymna. and $-raea. the dau(hters of the ri3er $sterion. #ere the nurses of Cuno> that from one of these. $-raea. the mountain #hi-h is o""osite the tem"le of Cuno re-ei3ed its a""ellation> from &uboea. the mountain in #hi-h the tem"le stands> and that from the name of the third sister. the "la-e #hi-h lies under the tem"le of Cuno #as -alled Prosymna) But $sterion flo#s under the tem"le of Cu"iter. and. falIin( into a -hasm. disa""ears. 2J; (ro#s u"on its banks #hi-h they -all $sterion. #hi-h they "resent to Cuno and from the lea3es of #hi-h "latted to(ether. they form -ro#ns) The ar-hite-t of this tem"le #as. they re"ort. the $r(i3e &u"olemus) But the s-ul"ture abo3e the -olumns "artly relates to the birth of Cu"iter. "artly to the battle of the (ods and (iants. and "artly to the Tro@an #ar and the destru-tion of Ilium) There are statues. too. before the entran-e of the tem"le. both of the #omen #ho ha3e been the "riestesses of Cuno. of heroes. and other "ersons. and. amon( these. of 9restes> for the statue #hi-h is in-ribed #ith the name of $u(ustus is said to be the statue of 9restes) But in the 3estibule of the tem"le. you #ill "er-ei3e on the left hand an-ient statues of the Gra-es. and on the ri(ht hand the bed of Cuno) In this 3estibule. too. that shield is dedi-ated #hi-h !enelaus on-e took from &u"horbus in the Tro@an #ar) But the statue of Cuno is seated on a throne of (reat ma(nitude. #hi-h -onsists of i3ory and (old. and #hi-h #as the #ork of Poly-letus) The (oddess has a -ro#n on her head. in #hi-h the Gra-es and /ours are re"resented> and in one of her hands she holds a "ome(ranate. and in the other a s-e"tre) *ut the )articulars res)ecting the )omegranate as they belong to an arcane discourse 0 shall )ass by in silence. ith res"e-t to the -u-koo #hi-h is on the s-e"tre of the (oddess. they say it #as "la-ed there be-ause Cu"iter. bein( enamoured #ith Cuno #hen a 3ir(in. -han(ed himself into that bird. and that Cuno "ursued it as her s"ort) This relation. and all others of a similar kind -on-ernin( the (ods. I do not by any means -ommit to #ritin( as true. and yet I think. ne3ertheless. that they ou(ht not to be ne(le-ted) It is said. too. that the statue of /ebe stood by that of Cuno> that it #as made by the art of %au-ydes. and that it -onsisted of i3ory and (old) There is also an an-ient statue of Cuno here u"on a -olumn) But the most $n-ient statue #as made from the syl3an "ear7tree. and #as brou(ht by Pirasus the son of $r(us to Tiryntha> but. in -onseDuen-e of the $r(i3es takin( Tirynthia. #as -arried to the tem"le of Cuno) This statue I myself sa#. #hi-h #as in a sittin( "osture. and of no (reat ma(nitude) But the offerin(s #hi-h are #orthy of ins"e-tion in this tem"le are. first. an altar. in #hi-h the marria(e of /er-ules and /ebe is re"resented> and this is of sil3er+ but there is a "ea-o-k of (old and s"lendid stones. #hi-h the &m"eror $drian dedi-ated. be-ause this bird is -onsidered as sa-red to Cuno) There is also a (olden -ro#n and a "ur"le robe here. the (ifts of %ero) But abo3e this tem"le there are foundations of a more an-ient tem"le. and other thin(s #hi-h ha3e not been destroyed by the flames) This more an-ient tem"le #as burnt. throu(h 'hrysis the "riest of Cuno fallin( aslee". and the -ro#ns bein( set on fire by a lam" #hi-h #as near them) $nd 'hrysis. indeed. the "riest. fled to Te(ea. in order to su""li-ate !iner3a $lea) The $r(i3es. ho#e3er. thou(h they #ere o""ressed #ith su-h a -alamity. did not thro# do#n the statue of 'hrysis> and it e3en remains at "resent in the front "art of this burnt tem"le)

1ha)ter 2!000 In the #ay #hi-h leads from !y-enae to $r(os. and on the left hand of the tem"le of Perseus. there is an heroi- monument near the road> for Perseus is honoured in this "la-e by the nei(hbourin( inhabitants. but the (reatest honours are "aid to him in =eri"hus) The $thenians. also. ha3e a (ro3e sa-red to Perseus. #hi-h -ontains the altars of 0i-tyes and 'lymenes. #ho are -alled the sa3iours of Perseus) But on "ro-eedin( to a little distan-e from this monument of Perseus. in the borders of the $r(i3es. you #ill "er-ei3e on the ri(ht hand the se"ul-re of Thyestes. u"on #hi-h there is a stone ram. be-ause Thyestes "ossessed a (olden ram #hen he -ommitted adultery #ith his brother4s #ife) ,eason indeed. #as not #antin( to "ersuade $treus to re-om"ense ill #ith ill> and hen-e he "ut to death the -hildren of Thyestes. and (a3e the so mu-h -elebrated feasts) I -annot. ho#e3er. -ertainly affirm. #hether $e(isthus first did the in@ury un"ro3oked. or #hether he re3en(ed. in the "erson of $(amemnon. the death of Tantalus the son of Thyestes. to #hom 'lytemnestra. #hen a 3ir(in. #as es"oused by her father Tyndarus) <or my o#n "art. I am un#illin( to -ondemn them as naturally bad) But. if so (reat a "unishment #as due to the filthy -ondu-t of Pelo"s to#ards !yrtilus. #e must then a-Duies-e in the re"ly of the Pythian ora-le to Glau-us. the son of &"i-ydes kin( of the ="artans. #hen he "er@ured himself. and assert. that the "unishment of this -rime des-ended to the "osterity of the (uilty) But on "ro-eedin( from the rams (for so they -all the se"ul-hre of Thyestes) you #ill "er-ei3e at a little distan-e. on the left hand. a "la-e -alled !ysia. in #hi-h there is a tem"le of !ysian 'eres+ #hi-h name ori(inated from a man -alled !ysius. #ho. as the $r(i3es re"ort. #as the (uest of 'eres) This tem"le is #ithout a roof. but it -ontains another tem"le. raised from baked tiles. in #hi-h there are #ooden ima(es of Proser"ine. Pluto. and 'eres) 9n de"artin( from hen-e. you #ill arri3e at the ri3er Ina-hus. #hi-h #hen you ha3e "assed o3er you may "er-ei3e in the first "la-e. an altar of the sun. and after#ards a (ate. #hi-h is denominated from the nei(hbourin( tem"le of the (oddess *u-ina) But the $r(i3es are the only Gre-ians I am a-Duainted #ith that are di3ided into three kin(doms) <or durin( the rei(n of $naGa(oras. the son of $r(eus and the (randson of !e(a"enthes. su-h a madness in3aded the #omen. that #anderin( from their o#n habitations. they rambled about the -ountry till !elam"us the son of $mythaon "ut a sto" to their malady. in re#ard of #hi-h. $naGa(oras (a3e him and his brother Bias an eDual share of the kin(dom. in -on@un-tion #ith himself) But. from Bias. fi3e men rei(ned for four (enerations. as far as to 'yani""us the son of $e(ialeus. all of #hom deri3ed their ori(in from %eleus on the mother4s side) But from !elam"us there #ere siG (enerations. and as many men. as far as to $m"hilo-us the son of $m"hiaraus) The des-endants. ho#e3er. of $naGa(oras. #ho #ere nati3es of this "la-e. rei(ned for a lon(er time) <or I"his. the son of $le-tor and the (randson of $naGa(oras. left the (o3ernment to =thenelus. the son of his brother 'a"aneus> and after#ards. #hen $m"hilo-us. in -onseDuen-e of the destru-tion of Troy. mi(rated into that "la-e #hi-h is no# -alled. from him. $m"hilo-us. and 'yani""us died #ithout -hildren. 'ylarabes the son of =thenelus alone obtained the kin(dom) But neither did he lea3e any -hildren behind him) 9restes. therefore. the son of $(amemnon. obtained $r(os. rei(ned o3er the nei(hbourin( "la-es. and. besides his "aternal (o3ernment. entered into an allian-e #ith many of the $r-adians. "ossessed the ="artan kin(dom. and al#ays had the mer-enary troo"s of the Pho-enses to assist him) But 9restes rei(ned o3er the *a-edaemonians. #ho #illin(ly sub@e-ted themsel3es to his -ommand> for they thou(ht that a des-endant of Tyndarus #as more #orthy to rei(n o3er them. than %i-ostratus and !e(a"enthes. #ho #ere the "ro(eny of !enelaus by a sla3e) 9restes. ho#e3er. dyin(. Tisamenus su--eeded to the (o3ernment. #ho #as the son of 9restes by /ermione the dau(hter of !enelaus> for that &ri(one the dau(hter of $e(isthus brou(ht forth Penthilus. the bastard son of 9restes. is testified by 'inaethon in

his 3erses) But durin( the rei(n of this Tisamenus the /era-lidae. or "osterity of /er-ules. -ame into Pelo"onnesus. 3iI) Temenus and 'res"hontes. the sons of $ristoma-hus> for a third son. $ristodemus. bein( dead. the brothers of the de-eased en(a(ed in this eG"edition) $nd. indeed. as it a""ears to me. they are 3ery "ro"erly dubious -on-ernin( the $r(i and the kin(dom in $r(os> for Tisamenus #as the (randson of Pelo"s. but the /era-lidae deri3ed their ori(in from Peraeus) ith res"e-t to Tyndarus. they e3in-e that he #as e@e-ted by /i""o-oon> but they say that /i""o-oon and his sons bein( -ut off by /er-ules. the kin(dom #as assi(ned to the -hildren of Tyndarus) They like#ise re"ort thin(s of this kind -on-ernin( !essenia+ for they say that /er-ules. ha3in( taken Pylus. left this re(ion as a de"osit #ith %estor) /en-e they eG"elled Tisamenus from *a-edaemon and $r(i> from !essenia. the "osterity of %estor. $l-maeon the son of =illus and the (randson of Thrasymede. and Pisistratus the son of Pisistratus> and besides these the -hildren of Paeon. the son of $ntilo-hus. !elanthus the son of $ndro"om"us. the (randson of Borus. and the (reat7(randson of Penthilus. #ho #as the son of Peri-lymenes) Tisamenus. therefore. -ame #ith an army and his sons into that "art of Gree-e #hi-h is no# -alled $-haia. and like#ise the "osterity of %eleus. eG-e"t Pisistratus (for I do not kno# to #hat "eo"le he betook himself)> but all the rest -ame to $thens> and from these the "ro(eny of the Paeonidae and $l-maeonidae #ere denominated) But !elanthus. also. obtained the (o3ernment. ha3in( eG"elled Thymoetes the son of 9Gyntas> for Thymoetes #as the last of the des-endants of Theseus that rei(ned o3er the $thenians) But the "resent dis-ourse does not reDuire that I should say anythin( -on-ernin( 'res"hontas and the -hildren of $ristodemus) 1ha)ter 202 But Temenus ha3in( obtained the kin(dom of the $r(i3es. instead of his o#n -hildren. em"loyed 0ei"hontes the son of $ntima-hus. the (randson of Thrasyanor. and the (reat7(randson of 'tesi""us #ho #as the son of /er-ules. both as his asso-iate in #ar and his -ounsellor in e3ery undertakin(> for. "rior to this. he had made him his son7in7 la#. and #as deli(hted #ith his dau(hter /yrnethon more than #ith any of his other -hildren. so that it #as sus"e-ted he #ould transfer the kin(dom to her and 0ei"hontes) In -onseDuen-e of all this. he #as slain by the strata(ems of his sons. the eldest of #hom. 'isus. took "ossession of the kin(dom) But the $r(i3es. #ho from the earliest "eriod #ere ad3o-ates for liberty of s"ee-h and la#s of their o#n makin(. so diminished the "o#er of kin(s. that they left nothin( to 'isus and his "osterity but the mere name of a kin() $nd the "eo"le ha3in( -a"itally -ondemned !eltas. the son of *a-idaus and the (randson of !edon. de"ri3ed him of the royal authority) But in the -ity of the $r(i3es the most s"lendid of all their tem"les is that of $"ollo *y-ius> and the statue #hi-h it at "resent -ontains #as the #ork of $ttalus the $thenian) The statue. ho#e3er. #hi-h eGisted at first #as of #ood. and #as dedi-ated. to(ether #ith the tem"le. by 0anaus> for at that time I am "ersuaded all statues #ere formed from #ood. and es"e-ially the &(y"tian statues) But 0anaus established the tem"le of the *y-ian $"ollo. on the follo#in( a--ount) hen 0anaus -ame on $r(os. he -ontended for the kin(dom #ith Gelanor the son of =thenela> and as ea-h of them addressed many ar(uments to the "eo"le. both of a "robable and @ust nature. and those of Gelanor a""eared to be not less 3alid than those of 0anaus. hen-e the de-ision of the dis"ute #as deferred till the neGt day) But on the neGt day a #olf rushed on a herd of oGen that #ere feedin( before the #alls and atta-ked the bull that #as the leader of the herd) This -ir-umstan-e o--asioned the $r(i3es to assimilate Grelanor to the bull. and 0anaus to the #olf> be-ause. as the #olf is an animal that has no asso-iation #ith men. so 0anaus tlll that time had no -orres"onden-e #ith the $r(i3es> but as the #olf had 3anDuished the bull. on this a--ount 0anaus obtained the kin(dom) $nd 0anaus bein( of o"inion that $"ollo sent the #olf to this herd of oGen. built the tem"le of *y-ian $"ollo)

In this tem"le the throne of 0anaus is dedi-ated. and an ima(e of Biton. #hi-h is a man -arryin( a bull on his shoulders) But *y-eas asserts in his 3erses that Biton "ossessed su-h stren(th at body. that #hen the $r(i3es . brou(ht to %emea their sa-rifi-e to Cu"iter. he lifted and -arried the bull #hi-h #as to be sa-rifi-ed) %ear this ima(e they enkindle a fire. #hi-h they -all the fire of Phoroneus> for they do not admit that fire #as (i3en by Prometheus to men. but as-ribe the in3ention of it to Phoroneus) ith res"e-t to the #ooden statues of Venus and !er-ury. they re"ort that the one #as the #ork &"eus. but the other the (ift of /y"ermnestra> for of all his dau(hters 0anaus alone led /y"ermnestra to the "la-e of @ud(ment. be-ause she #as disobedient to the -ommands of her father) <or she -onsidered that the safety of *yn-eus #ould not be a--om"lished #ithout dan(er to herself. and that by not "arti-i"atin( #ith her sisters of the darin( attem"t and strata(ems in #hi-h they en(a(ed. she #ould render the infamy of her father and sisters more a""arent) /o#e3er. she #as a-Duitted by the de-ision of the $r(i3es> and in memorial of this affair. she dedi-ated a statue of Venus. #hi-h they -all Nice)horos. or the !ictorious) But #ithin the tem"le there is a statue of *adas. #ho in s#iftness of foot sur"assed all the men of his time. and of !er-ury. #ho is re"resented thinkin( ho# he shall make a lyre from a tortoise #hi-h he had taken a#ay) Before the tem"le there is a footstool. in #hi-h the battle of the bull and #olf is re"resented. and to(ether #ith these a 3ir(in. thro#in( a stone at the bull) They belie3e that this 3ir(in is 0iana+ and these #ere dedi-ated by 0anaus. as like#ise the "illars #hi-h are near them. and the #ooden statues of Cu"iter and 0iana) In the same "la-e. too. there are se"ul-hres. one of *inus the son of $"ollo. and the other of Psamathe the dau(hter of 'roto"us) They re"ort that this *inus is the same #ith the "oet of that name. the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( #hom I shall defer to a more -on3enient "art of this des-ri"tion> for #hat -on-erns Psamathe I ha3e related in my a--ount of the !e(arensian affairs) But besides all these. there is a statue of $"ollo $(yieus. or the guardian of ways, and an altar of Cu"iter Plu3ius. u"on #hi-h those #ho. by unitin( their for-es. "ro-ured the return of Polyni-es to the Theban kin(dom. s#ore that they #ould die if they -ould not take Thebes) But the $r(i3es a""ear to me to assert thin(s less "robable -on-ernin( the tomb of Promotheus than the 9"untii) They like#ise farther re"ort as follo#s) 1ha)ter 22 If you "ass by the ima(e of 'reu(as the "u(ilist. you #ill "er-ei3e a tro"hy ere-ted on a--ount of the 'orinthians. and a statue of Cu"iter Milichius. or. the Mild. of #hite stone. and the #ork of Poly-letus) But I ha3e heard that it #as dedi-ated on the follo#in( a--ount) The *a-edaemonians ha3in( undertaken a #ar a(ainst the $r(i3es. did not -ease their hostilities till Phili" the son of $myntas -om"elled them to rest satisfied #ith the an-ient boundaries of their kin(dom) In former times. indeed. the *a-edaemonians did not meditate any -onDuests beyond Pelo"onnesus. but they #ere al#ays takin( a#ay somethin( from the dominion of the $r(i3es> or else the $r(i3es. #hen the *a-edaemonians #ere en(a(ed in #ars beyond their o#n boundaries. "ressed on the *a-edaemonians) Both. therefore. ha3in( arri3ed at the eGtremity of hatred. the $r(i3es thou(ht "ro"er to maintain a thousand -hosen men. a""ointin( the $r(i3e Bryas for their (eneral) This man. amon( many in@uries #hi-h he -ommitted to#ards the "eo"le. seiIed on a 3ir(in as she #as (oin( to be married. and then laid the blame of her -a"ture on her attendants) The 3ir(in. ho#e3er. in the same ni(ht. blinded Bryas #hile he #as aslee". and bein( seiIed as soon as it #as day. she fled in a su""liant "osture to the "eo"le. #ho #ould not suffer her to be "unished by the thousand men) In -onseDuen-e of this a battle ensuin(. the "eo"le #ere 3i-tors. #ho. (i3in( #ay to their #rath. did not lea3e one of their ad3ersaries ali3e) But after#ards other eG"iations of -i3il blood took "la-e. and a statue of mild 3u)iter

#as dedi-ated) %ear this. too. there are ima(es fashioned from stone of 'leobis and Biton. #ho. "la-in( their mother in the -ar. dre# her themsel3es to the tem"le of Cuno) 9""osite to this there is a tem"le of Cu"iter %emeus. in #hi-h there is an u"ri(ht braIen statue of the (od. the #ork of *ysi""us) But after this. on "ro-eedin( to the ri(ht hand. you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of Phoroneus) Indeed. e3en at "resent they "erform funeral obseDuies to Phoroneus) But abo3e the tem"le of Cu"iter %emeus there is a most an-ient tem"le of <ortune. in #hi-h Palamedes dedi-ated the di-e #hi-h he in3ented) %ear this there is a se"ul-hre of $riadne> for they re"ort. that she and other #omen follo#ed Ba--hus #hen he led his army to $r(os+ but Perseus. as he #as 3i-tor in this en(a(ement. sle# many of those #omen) The other females. therefore. are buried in -ommon> but $riadne. as she sur"assed the rest in di(nity. has a se"ul-hre of her o#n) %ot far from hen-e there is a tem"le of the /ours+ and on lea3in( this. you #ill "er-ei3e the statues of Polyni-es the son of 9edi"us. and of all those leaders #ho fell #ith him fi(htin( under the Theban #alls) 9f these men. se3en only are mentioned by $es-hylus. thou(h many of the $r(i3e (enerals and many from !essene and $r-adia asso-iated in this #ar) %ear these se3en (for the $r(i3es also ha3e follo#ed the number of $es-hylus) the statues of those are "la-ed #ho took Thebes> 3iI) $e(ialeus the son of $drastus. Proma-hus the son of Partheno"aeus and the (randson of Talaus. Polydorus the son of I""omedon and Thersander> like#ise the -hildren of $m"hiaraus. i)e) $l-maeon and $m"hilo-us. and 0iomed and =thenelus> and besides these. &uryalus the son of !e-isteus. and $drastus and Timeas. the sons of Polyni-es) %ot far. too. from these statues. the monument of 0anaus is eGhibited. and an em"ty se"ul-hre of those $r(i3es. that either fell at Troy. or died after returnin( home In this "la-e there is like#ise a tem"le of Cu"iter the +a&iour> after #hi-h you #ill arri3e at a buildin( #here the $r(i3e #omen be#ail $donis) 9n the ri(ht hand of the entran-e of this tem"le there is a tem"le dedi-ated to the ri3er 'e"hissus) They re"ort. that the #itter of this ri3er has not on-e disa""eared throu(h %e"tune. but they ha3e found that in the "la-e #here the tem"le stands the ri3er flo#s under the earth) But near the tem"le of 'e"hissus there is a head of !edusa. of stone. and #hi-h they re"ort #as the #ork of the 'y-lo"s) The "la-e hehind this they -all. e3en at "resent. the 1riterion. or tribunal of "udgment be-ause it is said that /y"ermnestra #as tried in this by 0anaus) %ot far from hen-e there is a theatre. #hi-h -ontains. amon( other thin(s #orthy of ins"e-tion. a man slayin( another man. 3iI) Perilaus the $r(i3e slayin( the ="artan 9thryades) $nd this same Perilaus #as. "rior to this. de-lared 3i-tor in #restlin( at the %emean (ames) But abo3e the theatre there is a tem"le of Venus. and before the basis u"on #hi-h the statue of the (oddess stands. Telesilla. #ho -om"osed son(s. stands on a -olumn) Volumes of her 3erses are s-attered at her feet. and she herself is re"resented beholdin( a helmet. #hi-h she holds in her hands. and is about to "la-e on her head) This Telesilla #as in other res"e-ts a reno#ned #oman. and "arti-ularly #as -elebrated for her "oeti-al -om"ositions) But at the time #hen the $r(i3es suffered more throu(h 'leomenes the son of $naGandridas. and kin( of the *a-edaemonians. than -an be eG"ressed. one "art of su-h as sur3i3ed the en(a(ement. and fled as su""liants to the (ro3e of $r(os. 3iolated the -onditions of "ea-e to #hi-h they #ere -alled> and another "art. findin( themsel3es de-ei3ed. burned themsel3es. to(ether #ith the (ro3e) 'leomenes. therefore. led the *a-edaemonians to $r(os. no# destitute of men+ but then Telesilla. -olle-tin( to(ether the ser3ants. and all su-h as throu(h youth or a(e #ere in-a"able of bearin( arms. led them to the #alls and (atherin( herself all the arms #hi-h #ere left either in houses or tem"les. she armed all the #omen that #ere in the 3i(our of their a(e. and "la-ed them at that "art of the to#n #hi-h she kne# the *a-edaemonians #ould atta-k) But #hen the *a-edaemonians dre# near. the #omen #ere not fri(htened at their #arlike -lamour. but. re-ei3in( them boldly. fou(ht #ith (reat 3i(our and stren(th) $nd the *a-edaemonians -onsiderin(. that if they destroyed the #omen. they should obtain an in3idious 3i-tory. and

at the same time that it #ould be shameful for them to be 3anDuished. in -onseDuen-e of these reasons. surrendered themsel3es to the #omen) $nd this illustrious a-hie3ement #as indeed "redi-ted by the Pythian ora-le> and /erodotus eGhibits the ora-le. #hether he understood it in a different sense. or #hether he a""rehended its true meanin() But the ora-le is as follo#s+ 44 hen a female ha3in( -onDuered the male s"e-ies. shall eG"el them. and shall obtain the -hief reno#n amon( the $r(i3es. then many of the $r(i3es #ill be la-erated on all sides)E $nd su-h is the ora-le res"e-tin( the a-hie3ement of the #omen) 1ha)ter 220 9n des-endin( from hen-e. and a(ain "ro-eedin( to the forum. you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of 'erdes the #ife of Phoroneus) There are also in the same "la-e the tem"les of $es-ula"ius and 0iana. #ho is -alled #ersuasion) This last #as dedi-ated by /y"ermnestra. #hen she obtained the 3i-tory o3er her father in the -ourt of @udi-ature. #ho "leaded in his defen-e that he had s"ared *yn-eus) There is also a braIen statue of $eneas. and a "la-e #hi-h they -all 0elta) But the reason assi(ned for this a""ellation. as it does not a""ear to me satisfa-tory. I shall #illin(ly "ass o3er) Before this "la-e there is an altar of Cu"iter PhyGius. and near it is the se"ul-hre of /y"ermnestra the mother of $m"hiaraus. and like#ise of another /y"ermnestra the dau(hter of 0anaus) *yn-eus is also buried in the same tomb> and o""osite to this you may "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of Talaus the son of Bias. -on-ernin( #hom. as like#ise his "osterity. #e ha3e dis-oursed before) But they re"ort that /e(elaus established the tem"le of !iner3a the trum)et> and they say. that /e(elaus #as the son of Tyrrhenus> that Tyrrhenus. #ho #as the son of /er-ules and a #oman named *yda. first in3ented the trum"et> that /e(elaus. the 0orian. tau(ht those that follo#ed Temenus the use of the instrument> and that on this a--ount he -alled !iner3a the trum)et) But before the tem"le of !iner3a you #ill "er-ei3e a se"ul-hre. #hi-h. they say. is the tomb of &"imenides+ for. #hen the *a-edaemonians #arred on the Gnossians. they took &"imenides ali3e. and after#ards "uttin( him to death. be-ause he "redi-ted thin(s un"leasant to them. they buried his dead body in this "la-e) But the buildin( of #hite stone. #hi-h nearly stands in the middle of the forum. is a tro"hy of Pyrrhus. kin( of the &"irots. a--ordin( to the re"ort of the $r(i3es) /is dead body #as burnt in this "la-e. and his se"ul-hre may be found here. in #hi-h there is a re"resentation of se3eral thin(s #hi-h he used in battle. and amon( the rest of his ele"hants) $nd this buildin( is about his funeral "ile. but the body of Pyrrhus lies in the tem"le of 'eres. before #hi-h buildin( he fell. as I ha3e related in my des-ri"tion of the $tti- affairs) In the entran-e of this tem"le of 'eres. you may yet see a braIen shield of Pyrrhus sus"ended o3er the (ates) But not far from the buildin( in the forum of the $r(i3es there is a tomb of earth. in #hi-h they re"ort the head of the Gor(on !edusa is buried. -on-ernin( #hom. #ithout attendin( to fable. the follo#in( "arti-ulars are related) In the first "la-e. it is said. that she #as the dau(hter of Phor-ys. and that her father dyin(. she rei(ned o3er the inhabitants of the Tritonian marsh> that she #as a--ustomed to hunt. and lead the $fri-ans to battle and that o""osin( the army of Perseus #hi-h -onsisted of Pelo"onnesian soldiers. she #as slain in the ni(ht by strata(em) It is said too that Perseus. #onderin( at the beauty of her dead body. -ut off her head. for the "ur"ose of sho#in( it to the Greeks) But Pro-lus. the 'artha(inian. the son of &u-rates. deli3ers an a--ount of !edusa more "robable than the "re-edin() $--ordin( to him. then. there are many #ild beasts in the deserts of $fri-a of an in-redible s"e-ies. and. amon( these. sa3a(e men and #omen) Pro-lus adds. that he sa# at ,ome a man that #as brou(ht from then-e. and that it a""ears "robable to him. that !edusa #as one of these #omen. #ho. #anderin( as far as the Tritonian marsh. destroyed the inhabitants. till she #as herself shun by Perseus+ but that !iner3a is re"orted to ha3e assisted Perseus. be-ause

the men that d#ell about the Tritonian marsh are sa-red to !iner3a) But in $r(os. besides this se"ul-hre of !edusa. there is a tomb of Perseus Gor(o"hone. or the slayer of Gorgon> the reason of #hi-h a""ellation must be ob3ious to e3ery one) It is said. that she #as the first #oman. #ho. on the death of her husband Perieres the son of $eolus. married another man. 9ebalus> for. "rior to this. it #as usual for #omen on the death of their husbands to abstain from marryin( a(ain) Before this se"ul-hre there is a stone tro"hy of one *a"haes an $r(i3e. #ho (for I #rite #hat the $r(i3es themsel3es assert) #as 3iolently e@e-ted by the "eo"le after he had obtained the (o3ernment) $fter this he fled to ="arta. and the *a-edaemonians endea3oured to restore him to his tyranny+ but the $r(i3es bein( 3i-tors in the en(a(ement. they sle# *a"haes. and many of the *a-edaemonians) But the tem"le of *atona is not from this tro"hy. and the statue is the #ork of PraGiteles) The ima(e of the 3ir(in #hi-h stands near the (oddess they -all 'hloris> and re"ort. that she #as the dau(hter of %iobe. and that her name at first #as !eliboea> but that #hen the -hildren of $m"hion #ere destroyed by 0iana and $"ollo. she alone to(ether #ith $my-la #ere "reser3ed be-ause they su""li-ated *atona) They add. that !eliboea throu(h fri(ht be-ame immediately "ale. and that this -olour -ontinuin( the rest of her life. she -ame to be -alled 1hloris instead of Meliboea) $nd the $r(i3es indeed assert. that the tem"le of *atona #as at first built by these sur3i3in( -hildren of %iobe) But I. #ho "ay more attention to the "oetry of /omer than others. belie3e that none of the -hildren of %iobe #ere s"ared> and the follo#in( lines -onfirm my o"inion+ But t#o the (oddess. t#el3e the Dueen eno@4d+ Those boasted t#el3e th4 a3en(in( t#o destroy4d) <or /omer kne# that the house of $m"hion #as o3erturned from its foundation) 1ha)ter 2200 9n the ri(ht hand of the tem"le of *atona. you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of Cuno $ntheia. or the 4lorid+ and before this there is a se"ul-hre of those #omen #ho. follo#in( the army of Ba--hus from the islands of the $e(ean sea. fell in an en(a(ement a(ainst the $r(i3es and their leader Perseus> and on this a--ount they -all them Marines) But o""osite to the se"ul-hre of the #omen there is a tem"le of 'eres. #hom they -all Pelas(is. from Pelas(us. the son of Trio"as. by #hom it #as dedi-ated) %ot far from hen-e you may "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of Pelas(us. #hi-h #hen you ha3e "assed by. you #ill behold a braIen tomb of no (reat ma(nitude. and #hi-h sustains an-ient statues of 0iana. Cu"iter. and !iner3a) *y-ias re"orts in his 3erses. that the se-ond of these statues is that of Cu"iter the Machinator. and that the $r(i3es #ho #arred a(aist Troy s#ore in this "la-e. that they #ould not desist from fi(htin(. till either they had taken Troy. or died in the attem"t) But it is re"orted by others. that the bones of Tantalus are buried in this tomb. 3iI) of that Tantalus #ho #as married to 'lytemnestra before she #as the #ife of $(amemnon> #hether this Tantalus #as the son of Thyestes or of Bronteus. for both these re"orts are -ir-ulated -on-ernin( him) I ha3e no doubt. ho#e3er. but that he #as buried in this "la-e) But I ha3e seen in =i"ylus the se"ul-hre of that Tantalus #ho is -alled the son of Cu"iter and Plutus. and it is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion) %o ne-essity. ho#e3er. -om"elled him to fly from =i"ylus. as #as the -ase #ith Pelo"s after#ards. #hom Ilus the son of PhryG eG"elled #ith an army) $nd thus mu-h ha3e I inDuired -on-ernin( "arti-ulars of this kind) But #ith res"e-t to the o"erations #hi-h take "la-e in a dit-h near this "la-e. they are said to ha3e been established by one %i-ostratus a nati3e+ and e3en at "resent they thro# into this dit-h burnin( lam"s to Proser"ine the dau(hter of 'eres) There is here also a tem"le of %e"tune. #ho is -alled #rosclystius or the 0nundator+ for they re"ort that %e"tune delu(ed a (reat "art of the land. be-ause Ina-hus and those of his -ounsel

asserted that the land belon(ed to Cuno. and not to %e"tune) But then Cuno entreated %e"tune to dra# ba-k the sea> and the $r(i3es built a tem"le to %e"tune Pros-lystius. in the "la-e from #hen-e the #ater retreated) But on "ro-eedin( not far from hen-e. you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of $r(us. #ho a""ears to ha3e been the son of Cu"iter and %iobe the dau(hter of Phoroneus) $fter this there is a tem"le of the 0ios-uri. #hi-h not only -ontains their ima(es. but like#ise those of their -hildren. $naGis and !nasinous> and to(ether #ith these. the mother of the -hildren /ilaira and Phoebei. made by 0i"oenus and =-yllis from ebony) The horses like#ise are for the most "art made from ebony. and a fe# "arts are fashioned from i3ory) But near the kin(s. or the 0ios-uri. there is a tem"le of *u-ina. #hi-h #as dedi-ated by /elen at that time #hen Theseus. de"artin( to Thes"rotia to(ether #ith Perithous. #as taken by the 0ios-uri at $"hidna. and /elen #as brou(ht ba-k to *a-edaemon) <or they re"ort that she #as #ith -hild by Theseus. that she #as deli3ered in $r(os. and that she established the tem"le of *u-ina) They add farther. that the (irl #hi-h she brou(ht forth #as (i3en to 'lytemnestra. and that after#ards she #as married to !enelaus) /en-e &u"horion 'hal-idensis. $leGander Pleuronius. and "rior to these =tesi-horus /imeraeus. assert the same in their 3erses as the $r(i3es. that I"hi(enia #as the dau(hter of Theseus) Beyond the tem"le of *u-ina there is a tem"le of /e-ate. and the statue is the #ork of =-o"as. and is of stone> but. o""osite to this. there are t#o statues of the same (oddess of brass. one of #hi-h #as made by Poly-letus. and the other by %au-ydes the brother of Peri-letus. and the son of !othon) But on "ro-eedin( alon( the dire-t road to the (ymnasium. #hi-h is -alled the (ymnasium of 'ylarabus. from the son of =thenelus. you #ill see the se"ul-hre of *i-ymnius the son of &le-tryon. #ho a--ordin( to /omer #as slain by Tle"tolemus the son of /er-ules. and on a--ount of #hi-h slau(hter Tle"tolemus fled from $r(os) But at a little distan-e from the (ymnasium of 'ylarabus. and on "assin( by that (ate #hi-h is near it. you #ill "er-ei3e the tomb of =a-adas. #ho first sun( on a "i"e at 0el"hos the Pythian son(. #ith #hi-h $"ollo #as so "leased. that he be-ame re-on-iled #ith the "i"ers. #ith #hom "rior to this he #as at enmity. throu(h the -ontests of !arsyas and =ilenus) But in the (ymnasium of 'ylarabus there is a statue of !iner3a. #ho is -alled Pania+ and they sho# in the same "la-e the tomb of =thenelus. and like#ise of 'ylarabus himself) $nd not far from the (yamasium. there is a -ommon se"ul-hre of those $r(i3es #ho sailed in -on@un-tion #ith the $thenians. for the "ur"ose of subduin( =yra-use and =i-ily) 1ha)ter 22000 $fter this. on returnin( from the #ay #hi-h is -alled hollow. a tem"le of Ba--hus "resents itself to the 3ie# on the ri(ht hand. #hose statue. as they re"ort. #as brou(ht from &uboea) <or the Greeks. on their return from Troy. ha""enin( to be shi"#re-ked near 'a"hareus. su-h of the $r(i3es as #ere able to rea-h the land #ere nearly -onsumed #ith hun(er and -old) In this situation. they are said to ha3e im"lored the (ods to "reser3e them in so (reat a -alamity> and that as they "ursued their #ay they "er-ei3ed a -a3e sa-red to Ba--has. a statue of the (od #ithin the -a3e. and many #ild (oats. #hi-h had -olle-ted themsel3es to(ether in this "la-e. in order to a3oid the storm) These the $r(i3es sle#. feasted on their flesh. and used their skins instead of (arments) But after the storm abated they re"aired their shi"s. and returned to their -ountry. takin( #ith them the ima(e out of the -a3e. #hi-h e3en at "resent they reli(iously 3enerate) But you may "er-ei3e the house of $drastus 3ery near the tem"le of Ba--hus. and at some distan-e from this the tem"le of $m"hiaraus> and beyond this a(ain the se"ul-hre of &ri"hyle) $fter these there is a (ro3e of $es-ula"ius. and after this the tem"le of Baton) This Baton #as of the ra-e of $m"hiaraus. #ho des-e"ded from the !elam"odae. and dro3e the -hariot of $m"hiaraus in battle+ but #hen the $r(i3es #ere

re"ulsed from the Theban #alls. this Baton disa""eared in the same -hasm in #hi-h $m"hiaraus and his -hariot 3anished) But on returnin( from this hollo#. you may "ei-ei3e that #hi-h they -all the se"ul-hre of =yrnethes) If this tomb. therefore. be em"ty. and #as raised in memory of the #oman. their relation is "robable> but if they assert that the dead body of =yrnethes is there buried. I -annot assent to their assertion. thou(h any one i(norant of the &"idaurian affairs may be indu-ed to be of this o"inion) But amon( the ima(es of $es-ula"ius. that #hi-h is the most illustrious of any at "resent amon( the $r(i3es. re"resents the (od sittin(. is made of #hite stone. has /ealth standin( by it. and the artists 1eno"hilus and =traton. by #hom the statues #ere made) The tem"le #as established at first by ="hyrus the son of !a-haon. and the brother of that $leGenor #ho is honoured by the =i-yonians in Titana) But there is a statue of Pheraea 0iana (for the $r(i3es also 3enerate Pheraea 0iana) both amon( the $thenians and =i-yonians+ and this statue. as they re"ort #as brou(ht hither from Pherae in =i-ily) I -an by no means. ho#e3er. assent to the follo#in( re"ort+ <or the $r(i3es say. that there is a se"ul-hre in $r(os. of 0eianira the dau(hter of 9eneus. and another of /elenus the son of Priam> and that they ha3e a statue of !iner3a. #hi-h #as brou(ht from Troy. and #as the -ause of Ilion bein( taken) <or it is e3ident that the Palladium (as it is -alled) #as brou(ht by $eneas into Italy+ and #e kno# that 0eianira died at Tra-hina. and not at $r(os> and that her tomb is near /era-lea. under the mountain 9eta) The "arti-ulars. ho#e3er. res"e-tin( /elenus the son of Priam. I ha3e already related> 3iI) that he -ame into &"irus #ith Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles. that he took -are of the -hildren of Pyrrhus after his death. that he married $ndroma-he. and that 'estrine re-ei3ed her name from 'estrinus the son of /elenus) %or are the $r(i3e historians i(norant that all their relations are not by any means true> but they -ommit them to #ritin(. be-ause it is no easy matter to "ersuade the multitude to -han(e their o"inions) But there are other thin(s #orthy of ins"e-tion in the -ountry of the $r(i3es. and amon( these a subterranean edifi-e in #hi-h there is a braIen bed7-hamber. #hi-h $-risius on-e made for the se-urity of his dau(hter) This. ho#e3er. #as destroyed by Perilaus durin( his tyranny> and at "resent it -ontains the se"ul-hre of 'roto"us. and a tem"le of Ba--hus 'resius) <or they re"ort. that #hen Ba--hus. after the #ar #ith Perseus. laid aside his an(er. mi(hty honours #ere "aid to him by the $r(i3es. and that this illustrious tem"le #as dedi-ated to him) They add. that it #as after#ards -alled 'resium. be-ause $riadne #as buried there by Ba--hus) But *y-eas re"orts. that #hen the tem"le #as restored. an earthen urn #as found. #hi-h -ontained the ashes of $riadne. and that it #as seen by him and many of the $r(i3es) %ear this tem"le of Ba--hus there is a tem"le of 'elestial Venus+ but they -all the to#er *arissa. from the name of the dau(hter of Pelas(us+ from #hom. also. t#o -ities in Thessaly are -alled by the same name> one of #hi-h is near the sea. and the other is situated by the ri3er Peneus) 1ha)ter 220! 9n as-endin( to the to#er. you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of Cuno $-raea. and like#ise the tem"le of $"ollo. #hi-h Pytha-us. #hen he -ame to 0el"hos. is said to ha3e first built) But the statue #hi-h it -ontains at "resent is of brass. and in an u"ri(ht "osture. and is -alled (iradiotes A)ollo. be-ause the "la-e in #hi-h the tem"le stands is denominated 0ira) The ora-le in this tem"le (for ans#ers are (i3en by it e3en no#) is -elebrated in the follo#in( manner) The #oman #ho "redi-ts future e3ents is forbidden an asso-iation #ith men. and sa-rifi-es a lamb on one ni(ht in e3ery month. and immediately on tastin( the blood be-omes "ossessed by the (od) $fter the tem"le of 0iradiotes $"ollo. there is a tem"le of #ers)icacious !iner3a. #hi-h #as dedi-ated by 0iomed. be-ause this (oddess. #hen he #as fi(htin( before Troy. dis"ersed the darkness from his eyes) $d@oinin( to this. also. there is a stadium. in #hi-h (ames are -elebrated to %emean Cu"iter. and to Cuno) But in (oin( to the to#er on the left hand you may "er-ei3e the

monument of the sons of $e(y"tus> for here their heads are buried se"arate from the other "arts of the body. but in *erna. the other "arts of the body #ithout the head+ for the youths #ere slau(htered in *erna. and the #omen. as soon as they #ere dead. -ut off their heads. for the "ur"ose of -on3in-in( their father of their darin( attem"t) In the hi(h to#er #hi-h is -alled *arissa. there is a tem"le of Cu"iter. #ho is surnamed ,arissoeus. #hi-h is #ithout a roof> and the statue of the (od. #hi-h is of #ood. does not any lon(er stand on a base) There is also in this "la-e a tem"le of !iner3a. #hi-h is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion) This tem"le. amon( other statues. -ontains a #ooden statue of Cu"iter. #hi-h has t#o eyes. ea-h in its natural "la-e. and a third in the forehead) They re"ort that this is the Cu"iter #atrius. #hi-h #as "la-ed in the o"en air. in the "ala-e of Priam the son of *aomedon. and to #hose altar Priam. #hen Troy #as taken by the Greeks. fled for refu(e) They add. that #hen the s"oil #as di3ided. this statue fell to the lot of =thenelus the son of 'a"aneus. and that on this a--ount it #as dedi-ated by him in this "la-e) But #e may -olle-t the "ro"riety of the statue ha3in( three eyes. if #e -onsider that. in the o"inion of all men. Cu"iter rei(ns in the hea3ens+ and that he (o3erns the "la-es under the earth. is e3ident from this 3erse of /omer. in #hi-h the subterranean ruler is -alled Cu"iter+ ECo3e subterranean. and of hi(h reno#n Proser"ine)E 777 $nd $es-hylus. the son of &u"horion. -alls Cu"iter the ruler of the sea) /en-e. #hoe3er made the statue. (a3e it three eyes. be-ause this (od rules o3er the aforesaid three di3isions of the #orld) But there are -ertain roads in $r(os #hi-h lead into other "la-es of Pelo"onnesus> and one of these leads to Te(ea. a -ity of $r-adia) 9n the ri(ht hand. too. of this road there is a mountain -alled *y-one. #hi-h mostly abounds #ith -y"ress7trees) But on the summit of the mountain there is a tem"le of 9rthia 0iana. and the statues of $"ollo. *atona. and 0iana. of #hite stone+ and these are said to be the #orks of Poly-letus) 9n des-endin( from the mountain. you may "er-ei3e. on the left hand of the "ubli- road. another tem"le of 0iana+ and at a little distan-e from hen-e. on the ri(ht hand. there is a mountain -alled 'haon. #hose bottom is in3ested #ith "lanted trees) /ere. too. the #ater of &rasinus rises a""arently. deri3in( its ori(in from the =tym"halus of $r-adia. in the same manner as these streams #hi-h are -alled ,heti flo# from &uri"us to &leusis. and from then-e into the sea #hi-h &leusis -ontains) %ear this erru"tion of &rasinus from the mountain *y-one. they sa-rifi-e to Ba--hus and Pan> and they -elebrate a festi3al to Ba--hus. #hi-h they -all Turbe) But on returnin( to the road #hi-h leads to Te(ea. you #ill see on the ri(ht hand of the street -alled Tro-hos. 'en-hreae) They -annot assi(n any reason #hy this "la-e is so -alled) Perha"s the name is deri3ed from 'en-hreus the son of Pirene) There are busts in this "la-e #hi-h they -all #olyandria. of those $r(i3es that 3anDuished the *a-edaemonians at /ysia) I find that this battle took "la-e #hen Pisistratus ruled o3er the $thenians and in the fourth year of that 9lym"iad in #hi-h &urybotus the $thenian #as dedared 3i-tor in the stadium) But on des-endin( to the more de"ressed "arts. you #ill see the ruins of /ysis. a to#n on-e situated in $r(olis> and in #hi-h "la-e. as they re"ort. the *a-edaemonians on-e suffered a loss) 1ha)ter 22! But the #ay #hi-h leads from $r(i to !antinea is not the same #ith the road to Te(ea. but -ommen-es from the (ates #hi-h are near 0ira) In this road there is a tem"le #ith a t#ofold entran-e. one of #hi-h looks to the east. and the other to the #est) $nd in the former of these there is a #ooden statue of Venus. and in the latter. of !ars) These statues are said to ha3e been dedi-ated by Polyni-es and the $r(i3es. #ho in -on@un-tion

#ith him re3en(ed the in@uries of his brother) Pro-eedin( from hen-e. #hen you ha3e "assed o3er the torrent #hi-h is -alled 'haradrus. you #ill arri3e at a "la-e #hi-h is denominated 9enoe. from 9eneus. a--ordin( to the re"ort of the $r(i3es) <or they say. that 9eneus. #ho rei(ned in $etolia. bein( dri3en from his kin(dom by the sons of $(rius. fled to 0iomed at $r(os> and that 0iomed led an army into 'alydonia. and re3en(ed the in@uries of 9eneus. but told him. that he -ould not remain in his dominions) /e eGhorted him. therefore. to follo# him to $r(os. #ith #hi-h 9eneus -om"lied. and in -onseDuen-e of this obtained many honours. #hi-h it #as "ro"er a (randfather should re-ei3e. and -aused the "la-e #here he died to be -alled 9enoe) But abo3e 9enoe you #ill "er-ei3e the mountain $rtemisium. and on its summit a tem"le of 0iana) The same mountain. too. -ontains the fountains of the ri3er Ina-hus+ for the fountains are -ertainly here. thou(h the #ater does not rise out of the earth in any (reat Duantity) &G-e"t this there is nothin( #orthy of ins"e-tion) But there is another #ay from the (ates near 0ira. #hi-h leads to *yr-ea) *yn-eus is said to ha3e fled into this "la-e. #hen he alone of his fifty brothers #as s"ared. and to ha3e dedi-ated on this a--ount a statue holdin( a tor-h) <or it #as a(reed u"on bet#een him and /y"ermnestra. that if he es-a"ed the strata(ems of 0anaus. he should hold u" a tor-h> and they say. that /y"ermnestra from *arissa held u" another tor-h. to si(nify that she had es-a"ed the dan(er of the attem"t) $nd in -ommemoration of this affair. the $r(i3es e3ery year -elebrate the festi3al of Torches) This to#n #as then -alled *yn-ea> but #hen *yr-us after#ards -ame to reside in it. #ho #as the bastard son of $bas. it #as -alled by his name) $mon( the ruins there are other thin(s not #orthy of a des-ri"tion. and a statue of *yr-us on a -olumn) But *yr-ea is distant from $r(i about siGty stadia. and as many from 9rneae) But /omer. in his -atalo(ue of the Greeks that #ent a(ainst Troy. does not mention the -ity *yr-ea> from #hen-e it a""ears. that the -ity at that time #as not inhabited+ but #ith res"e-t to 9rneae (for it #as then inhabited). as it is situated in the -ountry of the $r(i3es. it is mentioned by the "oet. before either Phlius or =i-yon) This -ity deri3es its name from 9rneus the son of &re-theus) But Peteus #as the son of 9rneus. and !nestheus of Peteus. #ho. in -on@un-tion #ith the $thenians. assisted $(amemnon in sub3ertin( the kin(dom of Priam) But after#ards the $r(i3es destroyed the authority of the 9rneatae> and #hen this took "la-e. they -ohabited #ith the $r(i3es) In 9rnaea there is at "resent a tem"le of 0iana. and a #ooden statue in an u"ri(ht "osition) There is also another tem"le. dedi-ated to all the (ods in -ommon) But Phliasia and =i-yonia are situated beyond 9rnaea) $(ain. as you (o from $r(i to &"idauria. you #ill "er-ei3e a buildin( on the ri(ht hand. #hi-h for the most "art resembles a "yramid) This buildin( -ontains shields. #hi-h are fashioned after the manner of the $r(oli- shields+ and they re"ort. that there #as a battle in this "la-e bet#een Proetus and $-risius -on-ernin( the su"reme authority. and that after#ards a re-on-iliation took "la-e bet#een them. be-ause the one #as not able to (o3ern #ith any stability #ithout the other) They farther add. that ea-h army then for the first time fou(ht #ith shields. and that those #ho fell on either side (be-ause they #ere -itiIens and allies) #ere buried in one -ommon tomb) But. on de"artin( from hen-e. and turnin( to the ri(ht hand. you #ill see the ruins of Tiryns) The $r(i3es. indeed. sub3erted the kin(dom of the Tirynthians. be-ause. #hen they had re-ei3ed them into the -ity. they #ished to in-rease $r(os) They re"ort. too. that the hero Tirynthus. from #hom the -ity is denominated. #as the son of $r(us. and the (randson of Cu"iter) But the #all. #hi-h is all that is left of the ruins. is. a--ordin( to re"ort. the #ork of the 'y-lo"s) It is raised from rude stones. ea-h of #hi-h is so lar(e that the least -annot be mo3ed out of its "la-e by t#o oGen yoked to(ether) But formerly small stones #ere inserted. that ea-h of them mi(ht harmonise as mu-h as "ossible #ith the (reater ones) 9n des-endin( to the sea. too. you may "er-ei3e the bed7-hambers of the dau(hters of Proetus) But on returnin(

into the "ubli- road. you #ill arri3e at !idea. #hi-h is on the left hand) They re"ort. that &le-tryon. the father of $l-mene. rei(ned here> but at "resent nothin( of !idea is left but the bare (round) But in the dire-t road to &"idaurus there is a 3illa(e -alled *essa. in #hi-h there is a tem"le of !inerra. and a #ooden statue of the (oddess. #hi-h differs in no res"e-t from that #hi-h is in the to#er of *arissa) $bo3e *essa. the mountain $ra-hneaus "resents itself to the 3ie#. #hi-h #as formerly -alled =a"yselaton durin( the rei(n of Ina-hus) In this mountain there are altars of Cu"iter and Cuno. u"on #hi-h the inhabitants sa-rifi-e #hen they are in #ant of rain) 1ha)ter 22!0 $bout *essa. the borders of the &"idaurians @oin #ith the land of the $r(i3es+ but before you enter this -ity you #ill arri3e at the tem"le of $es-ula"ius) I am. ho#e3er. i(norant #ho #ere the inhabitants of this "la-e before it #as "ossessed by the &"idauri> nor -ould I learn from the nati3es #ho #ere the "osterity of &"idaurus) They re"ort. indeed. that Pityreus. the (randson of Ion. and the (reat7(randson of 1uthus. rei(ned before the 0orians -ame to Pelo"onnesus) They add too. that the land #as deli3ered to 0ei"hontes and the $r(i3es #ithout any -ontention. and that Pityreus -ame #ith his -itiIens to $thens. and there fiGed his habitation. but that 0ei"hontes and the $r(i3es took "ossession of the &"idaurian land) These $r(i3es. ho#e3er. re3olted from the others. on the death of Temenus+ for 0ei"hontes and /yrnethus hated the -hildren of Temenus> and the army #hi-h follo#ed them "aid more attention to 0ei"hontes and /yrnethus than to 'isus and his brothers) But &"idaurus from #hom the -ountry #as denominated a--ordin( to the &leans. #as the offs"rin( of Pelo"s) $--ordin( to the o"inion. ho#e3er. of the $r(i3es. and the assertions of those 3erses #hi-h they -all the (reat &oeae. $r(us the son of Cu"iter #as the father of &"idaurus) But the &"daurians assert. that &"idaurus #as the son of $"ollo) But they assi(n the follo#in( reason for this land bein( "arti-ularly sa-red to $es-ula"ius) They say. then. that Phle(yas -ame to Pelo"onnesus under a "reteGt of seein( the -ountry. but in reality that he mi(ht ins"e-t the multitude of the inhabitants. and learn #hether there #as a (reat Duantity of fi(htin( men) <or Phle(yas #as the most #arlike of all at that time. seein( from e3ery Duarter both fruits and other ne-essaries of life) But #hen he -ame to Pelo"onnesus. his dau(hter follo#ed him. at the same time -on-ealin( from her father that she #as "re(nant from $"ollo) $s soon. therefore. as she #as deli3ered from the -ountry of the &"idaurians. she eG"osed the infant on that mountain #hi-h at "resent they -all Titthion. but #hi-h #as before denominated !yrtion+ the name of the mountain bein( -han(ed. be-ause the infant #as su-kled by one of those (oats #hi-h fed about the mountain. the do( in the meantime. that #as the (uardian of the flo-k. defendin( him) /ere $resthanas (for that #as the name of the (oat7herd). as soon as he found. on numberin( his flo-k. that one (oat #as missin(. as like#ise the do(. #andered about e3ery#here in order to dis-o3er them. and at len(th findin( them. #as desirous of takin( the boy a#ay+ but a""roa-hin( nearer for this "ur"ose. he beheld a s"lendour beamin( from the infant. and thinkin( that it #as somethin( di3ine. as indeed it #as. de"arted from the "la-e) But a re"ort #as immediately s"read throu(h e3ery land and sea. that su-h as #ere affli-ted #ith any kind of disease #ere healed by the boy. and that e3en the dead #ere raised to life) There is also another re"ort -on-ernin( him. #hi-h is as follo#in(> 'oronis. #hen she #as "re(nant #ith $es-ula"ius. lay #ith Is-hyes the son of &latus. for #hi-h she #as destroyed by 0iana. #ho re3en(ed the -ause of $"ollo> but #hile the funeral "ile #as burnin(. the boy is said to ha3e been snat-hed by !er-ury from the flames) But the third re"ort a""ears to me to be the least true. #hi-h asserts. that $es-ula"ius #as the offs"rin( of $rsinoe. the dau(hter of *eu-i""us) <or #hen $"ollo"hanes the $r-adian -ame to 0el"hos. for the "ur"ose of inDuirin( of the (od #hether or not $es-ula"ius #as the

offs"rin( of $rsinoe. and a -itiIen of the !essenians. the Pythian deity ans#ered him as follo#s+ 9 $es-ula"insN sour-e of mi(hty @oy To mortal natures> #hom 'oronis. fair 0au(hter of Phlyas. on-e #ith me -on@oin4d In &"idauria4s barren re(ion bore) $nd this ora-le most eminently e3in-es. that $es-ula"ius #as not the offs"rin( of $rsinoe> but this re"ort #as either de3ised by /esiod. or by those #ho im"osed their o#n 3erses u"on him. for the sake of the !essenians) But that this deity #as born in &"idauria is -onfirmed from hen-e+ for I find that the most illustrious rites of $es-ula"ius #ere deri3ed from &"idaurus> and the $thenians -all that day of initiation #hi-h they assi(n to $es-ula"ius. &"idauria. and re"ort. that on that day they be(an to "ay di3ine honours to $es-ula"ius) $r-hias. too. the son of $ristae-hmus. bein( -ured in &"idauria of a s"asm #hi-h seiIed him #hile he #as huntin(. brou(ht the #orshi" of this (od to Per(amus) $fter#ards the =myrnaeans. re-ei3in( the reli(ious -eremonies of the (od from the Per(amenians. built a tem"le to $es-ula"ius near the sea. #hi-h remains at "resent) The $es-ula"ius. too. #hi-h is #orshi"ed by the Balana(rae. amon( the 'yrenaeans. under the name of the #hysician, #as taken from &"idauria) But the $es-ula"ius #hi-h is at *ebena. a 'retan -ity. #as made after the similitude of that #hi-h is "ossessed by the 'yrenaeans) There is this differen-e. ho#e3er. bet#een the 'yrenaeans and &"idaurians. that the 'yrenaeans sa-rifi-e (oats. thou(h this rite #as not deli3ered by the &"idaurians) But that $es-ula"ius #as from the first -onsidered as a (od. and that his fame #as not o#in( to len(th of time. I find -onfirmed by 3arious ar(uments. and e3en by the authority of /omer. in the follo#in( 3erses. in #hi-h $(amemnon thus s"eaks of !a-haon+ ETalthybius. hither s#ift. !a-haon brin(. ho from the blameless $es-ula"ius s"run()E $nd this is @ust as if he had said. E'all a man #ho is the son of a (od)E 1ha)ter 22!00 But the sa-red (ro3e of $es-ula"ius is on all sides surrounded #ith mountains> and #ithin this in-losure it is unla#ful for any one either to die. or to be born. a(reeable to the la# #hi-h is established in the island of 0elos) But #hate3er a -itiIen or a stran(er sa-rifi-es. is -onsumed #ithin this in-losure+ and I kno# that the same -ustom takes "la-e in Titana) ith res"e-t to the statue of $es-ula"ias. it is about half the siIe of that of Cu"iter 9lym"ius at $thens. and is made of i3ory and (old) The ins-ri"tion. too. si(nifies that it #as the #ork of Thrasymed the Parian. #ho #as the son of $ri(notus) But the statue sits on a throne. and holds in one hand a staff. and #ith the other "resses the head of a dra(on> and a do( is re"resented at the feet of the statue) In the throne the #orks of the $r(i3e heroes are re"resented. 3iI) Bellero"hon is seen slayin( 'himaera. and Perseus -uttin( off the head of !edusa) But beyond the tem"le there is a "la-e in #hi-h those that su""li-ate the (od slee") $nd in a buildin( not far from hen-e there is a round fi(ure of #hite stone. #hi-h they -all Tholus. and #hi-h is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion) In this buildin( there is a "aintin( of Pausias. in #hi-h *o3e. ha3in( -ast aside his bo# and arro#s. is seen holdin( instead of these a lyre) There is a "aintin(. too. of 0nto/ication. by the same "erson. #ho is re"resented drinkin( out of a (lass -u"+ and you not only "er-ei3e the (lass -u" in the "i-ture. but throu(h it the -ountenan-e of a #oman) This in-losure formerly -ontained many "illars. but at "resent only siG remain> and

in these the names of the men and #omen are ins-ribed that ha3e been -ured by the (od) The disease. too. of ea-h "erson is mentioned. and the manner in #hi-h he #as -ured) But all these "arti-ulars are #ritten in the 0ori- ton(ue) There is besides an an-ient "illar. se"arate from all the rest. in #hi-h /i""olytus is said to ha3e dedi-ated t#enty horses to the (od) The re"orts of the $ri-ini -orres"ond #ith the ins-ri"tion of this "illar. 3iI) that /i""olytus died throu(h the im"re-ations of Theseus. and that he #as restored to life by $es-ula"ius> but that after#ards he #as disobedient to the -ommands of his father. and that. des"isin( his entreaties. he -ame into Italy. and there rei(ned. at the same time dedi-atin( the tem"le of $ri-ina 0iana) In this "la-e. e3en at "resent. those #ho are 3i-tors in a sin(le -ontest. ha3e the offi-e of "riests to the (oddess "ro"osed to them as a re#ard) This -ontest. ho#e3er. is not offered to any free "erson. but only to ser3ants that ha3e fled from their masters) But amon( the &"idaurians there is a theatre in a tem"le. #hi-h. in my o"inion. deser3es more than any to be ins"e-ted) <or the theatres of the ,omans. as they sur"ass others. #hi-h are to be found in any "art of the #orld. in their ornaments. so like#ise they sur"ass in ma(nitude that #hi-h is to be seen at !e(alo"olis in $r-adia) But. for harmony or beauty. #hat artist #ill take u"on him to -ontend #ith Poly-letusJ <or Poly-letus #as the artifi-er of this theatre. and of the round edifi-e) ithin the (ro3e there is a tem"le of 0iana. and an ima(e of &"ione. to(ether #ith the tem"les of Venus and Themis> and a stadium. su-h as is usual #ith the Greeks. #hi-h -onsists for the most "art of earth "iled in a hea") There is also a fountain here. #hi-h. both for its roof and other ornaments. is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion) But the #orks of $ntoninus. a senator of my time. are as follo#+ $ bath of $es-ula"ius> a tem"le of those (ods #hi-h they -all &"idotae> and a tem"le to /ealth. to $es-ula"ius. and to $"ollo. #ith &(y"tian a""ellations) $ "or-h. too. on-e stood here. #hi-h #as -alled 'otyos> but the roof fallin( off. the #hole #as destroyed. as bein( raised from -rude tiles) $nd as the &"idaurians #ere 3ery mu-h troubled #ith res"e-t to those that d#elt about the tem"le. be-ause the #omen #ere not deli3ered in a -o3ered "la-e. and the diseased died in the o"en air. $ntoninus. to remedy this e3il. built a d#ellin( "la-e. in #hi-h the si-k mi(ht the -o3ered. and #omen #ithout im"iety mi(ht be deli3ered) But there are t#o mountains abo3e the (ro3e. one of #hi-h is -alled Titthion. and the other 'ynortium. #hi-h -ontains a tem"le of $"ollo !aleatas) $nd this tem"le is one of the an-ient #orks> for the fountain and -hannel #hi-h are about the tem"le. and the latter of #hi-h is filled #ith #ater from the (od. #ere made for the &"idaurians by $ntoninus) 1ha)ter 22!000 $ll dra(ons. indeed. but "arti-ularly those of a more yello# -olour. are -onsidered as sa-red to $es-ula"ius. and are (entle and harmless to#ards men) They are alone nourished in the land of the &"idaurians+ and I find that the same -ir-umstan-e takes "la-e in other re(ions) <or *ibya alone "rodu-es terrestrial -ro-odiles. #hi-h are not less than t#o -ubits in len(th> and amon( the Indians alone -ertain animals. and "arti-ularly "arrots. are to be found) But the ser"ents #hi-h are -alled !e(alaunae. #hi-h (ro# to the siIe of more than thirty -ubits. and #hi-h are nourished in India and *ibya. are. a--ordin( to the &"idaurians. not dra(ons. but belon( to another s"e-ies) 9n as-endin( the summit of the mountain. you #ill "er-ei3e in the #ay an oli3e7tree. #hi-h is -alled intorted> and #hi-h. as they re"ort. obtained this fi(ure throu(h bein( bent into an orb by the hand of /er-ules) But I am not able to determine #hether this is established by the $sinaeans as a boundary to the inhabitants of $r(olis> for. in -onseDuen-e of the -ountry bein( destroyed. nothin( -lear -on-ernin( its boundaries is to be obtained in any other "art) But on the summit of the mountain there is a tem"le of 'ory"haean 0iana. #hi-h is mentioned by Telesilla. in -ertain of her 3erses) $nd on des-endin( into the -ity of the &"idaurians. you #ill "er-ei3e a "la-e #hi-h is on all sides surrounded #ith rusti- oli3e

trees) $ "la-e they -all /yrnethium) But su-h "arti-ulars res"tn( /yrnetho. as are re"orted by the &"idaurians. and are "robable. I shall take u"on me to relate) 'isus. then. and the other -hildren of Temenus. understood that 0ei"hontes #ould be (reatly affli-ted. if by any means /yrnetho -ould be taken from him) In -onseDuen-e of this. 'erynes and Phal-es -ame to &"idaurus (for the undertakin( #as not a(reeable to the youn(est of them. $(raeus). and standin( in a -hariot under the #alls. sent a herald to their sister. #ho #as to inform her that they #ished to -on3erse #ith her) $s soon. therefore. as she -ame. the youn( men in the first "la-e a--used 0ei"hontes in many res"e-ts. and earnestly entreated her to return to $r(os. "romisin(. amon( other thin(s. that they #ould "ro-ure her a husband far better than 0ei"hontes. and more ha""y both in the (reater Duantity of men and in the land #hi-h he (o3erned) /yrnetho. ho#e3er. #as filled #ith indi(nation on hearin( their dis-ourse. and ans#ered them. in return. that 0ei"hontes #as a man she 3ery mu-h a""ro3ed of> that Temenus had no reason to be ashamed of him as his son7in7la#. but that they ou(ht rather to be -alled the murderers than the sons of Temenus) To this re"roa-h they made no re"ly. but "la-ed her by for-e in the -ar. and dro3e a#ay) $s soon. ho#e3er. as some one of the &"idaurians told 0ei"hontes that /yrnetho #as taken a#ay by 'erynes and Phal-es a(ainst her #ill. he "ursued them #ith (reat -elerity. and the &"idaurians. on hearin( the affair. (a3e him their assistan-e) But 0ei"hontes. as soon as he o3ertook 'erynes. sle# him #ith a dart> but he #as afraid to "ier-e Phal-es. #ho -losely embra-ed /yrnetho. lest if he should #ander from the mark. he should be the death of /yrnetho) In -onseDuen-e of this. 0ei"hontes. by atta-kin( him -losely. endea3oured to take him a#ay from /yrnetho) Phal-es. ho#e3er. by resistin(. and dra#in( his sister #ith (reater 3iolen-e than he #as dra#n by 0ei"hontes. o--asioned her death. as she #as then in a "re(nant state> and "er-ei3in( #hat an im"ious a-tion he had -ommitted a(ainst his sister. dro3e off the -hariot #ith (reat 3ehemen-e. that he mi(ht be out of dan(er before he #as surrounded by all the &"idaurians) But 0ei"hontes. to(ether #ith his -hildren (for he had three sons by /yrnetho. $ntimenes. 1anthi""us. and $r(eus. and a dau(hter 9rsobia. #ho a--ordin( to re"ort #as after#ards married to Pam"hylus the son of $e(imius) takin( d#ay the dead body of /yrnetho. brou(ht it into this "la-e #hi-h from that time #as -alled /yrnethium) $fter#ards he raised an heroi- monument to her memory. "aid her many other honours and forbade anyone to tear off any "art of the oli3e7trees. or of any other tree belon(in( to that "la-e and a""lyin( it to a "rofane use. but ordered that e3erythin( #hi-h (re# there should be sa-red to /yrnetho) %ot far. too. from the -ity there is a se"ul-hre of !elissa. #ho #as married to Periander the son of 'y"selus> and another tomb of Patro-les the father of !elissa. #ho rei(ned o3er the &"idaurians. as his son7in7 la# Periander did o3er the 'orinthians) 1ha)ter 2202 But the -ity of the &"idaurians -ontains the follo#in( "arti-ulars most #orthy of bein( remembered) In the first "la-e there is a tem"le of $es-ula"ius. and in it t#o statues. one of the (od himself. and the other of &"ione> and they say that &"ione #as the #ife of $es-ula"ius) These are "la-ed in the o"en air. and are of Parian stone) But #ithin the #alls there is a tem"le of Ba--hus. and a (ro3e of 0iana> and the statue of 0iana is that of a huntress) There is also a tem"le of Venus+ but the tem"le. #hi-h is situated near the "ort. on an eminen-e risin( to#ards the sea. is said to be the tem"le of Cuno) The #ooden statue. too. of !iner3a. in the to#er. is #ell #orthy of ins"e-tion. and is -alled 1issaea) But the $e(inetae inhabit that island #hi-h is o""osite to &"idauria) They re"ort. that this island #as not at first immediately inhabited. but that #hile it #as yet a solitary "la-e. $e(ina the dau(hter of $so"us #as brou(ht into it by Cu"iter. and that it #as denominated from her. as "rior to this it #as -alled 9enone) $s soon. ho#e3er. as $ea-us arri3ed at years of maturity. he reDuested Cu"iter to furnish the island #ith inhabitants> and

Cu"iter. in -om"lian-e #ith his reDuest. -aused men to rise out of the earth. in order to "eo"le the island) They kno# nothin(. ho#e3er. of any one that rei(ned in this island eG-e"t $ea-us+ and. indeed #e are #ell assured that no one of the sons of $ea-us remained in $e(ina> for Peleus and Telamon fled the -ountry on a--ount of the slau(hter of Pho-us) But the sons of Pho-us d#elt in that "art about Parnassus #hi-h is no# -alled Pho-is> and this name #as (i3en to the re(ion in the a(e "re-edin( the "resent. by Pho-us the son of 9rnytion. #ho at that time made it the "la-e of his abode) $nd durin( the rei(n of this Pho-us the -ountry about Tithorea and Parnassus #as -alled Pho-is> but after#ards all the nei(hbourin( "la-es #ere denominated from the son of $ea-us> @ust as those are -alled !inyae #ho border on the 9r-homenians. and those #ho eGtend as far as to =-ar"hea. a -ity of the *o-rians) But the kin(s that rei(ned in &"irus #ere the "ro(eny of Peleus) ith res"e-t to the sons of Telamon. the ra-e of $@aG is the most obs-ure of all. be-ause he al#ays li3ed a "ri3ate life) !iltiades. ho#e3er. must be eG-e"ted. #ho led the $thenians to !arathon. and his son 'imon> for both these obtained (reat reno#n) But the "osterity of Teu-er rei(ned o3er the 'y"rians till the time of &3a(oras> and the "oet $sius relates. that Pano"eus and 'risus #ere the sons of Pho-us) $(ain. from Pano"eus &"eus des-ended. #ho made the #ooden horse. a--edin( to /omer) But Pylades #as the (randson of 'risus. and his father #as =tro"hius the son of 'risus. and his mother $naGiba the sister of $(amemnon) $nd su-h is the ra-e of those that are -alled the $ea-idae. #ho. "ro-eedin( from the same sto-k. mi(rated into different re(ions) In su--eedin( times. ho#e3er. that "art of the $r(i3es #hi-h o--u"ied &"idaurus #ith 0ei"hontes "assed into $e(ina. and bein( min(led #ith the nati3es. established the 0orian manners and lan(ua(e in the island) $fter this the "o#er of the $e(inetae #as so in-reased. that they sur"assed the $thenians in na3al stren(th> and in the Persian #ar. neGt to the $thenians. they brou(ht the (reatest number of shi"s of all the for-es) Their kin(dom. ho#e3er. #as at len(th sub3erted by the $thenians. and they mi(rated into Thyraea in $r(olis. #hi-h #as (i3en to them by the *a-edaemonians) But thou(h. #hen they #ere settled in the island. they took the three7oared (alleys of the $thenians. yet they -ould ne3er arri3e at that de(ree of "o#er and #ealth #hi-h they formerly "ossessed) But $e(ina is of all the Gre-ian islands the most diffi-ult of a--ess by sea> for it is on all sides surrounded #ith latent ro-ks and dan(erous "rominen-es) $ea-us is re"orted to ha3e raised these masses in order to "re3ent the de"redations of robbers. and frustrate hostile in3asions) But near that "ort. in #hi-h shi"s for the most "art harbour. there is a tem"le of Venus) $nd in the most -ons"i-uous "art of the -ity there is an in-losure #hi-h they -all $ea-eum. #hi-h is of a sDuare fi(ure. and -onsists of #hite stone) In the entran-e of this in-losure there are statues of those men #ho #ere on-e sent by the Greeks to $ea-us> in relatin( the -ause of #hi-h embassy the $e(inetas a(ree #ith the other Greeks) But their narration is as follo#s+ hen Gree-e #as affli-ted for a time #ith a dryness from 3ehement heat. and di3inity neither rained on the re(ion beyond the isthmus. nor on the Pelo"onnesians. -ertain "ersons #ere sent to 0el"hos. in order to learn from the ora-le the -ause and remedy of the e3il) But the Pythian deity ans#ered them. that they should "ro"itiate Cu"iter. and em"loy $ea-us. if he #as #illin( to -om"ly. as their de"re-ator) In -onseDuen-e of this ans#er they sent to e3ery -ity to $ea-us. entreatin( him to undertake the su""li-ation) $ea-us. therefore. ha3in( sa-rifi-ed and "rayed to Panellenian Cu"iter. -aused Gree-e to en@oy the benefit of rain) $nd the $e(inetae. in memory of the e3ent. "la-ed these statues of the ambassadors) ithin this in-losure. there are oli3es of an an-ient "lantation. and an altar #hi-h is not mu-h raised from the earth+ but that this altar is the same #ith that #hi-h is -alled the tomb of $ea-us. belon(s to the ar-ane traditions to e3in-e) But near the $ea-eum there is a tomb of Pho-us. -onsistin( of earth "iled u" in a hea". and surrounded #ith a fountain> and a rou(h stone is "la-ed o3er it) This stone #as used by Peleus and Telamon instead

of a Duoit. #hen they in3ited Pho-us to the DuinDuertium> and Peleus. instead of sendin( this stone to its "ro"er "la-e. is said to ha3e desi(nedly hurled it at Pho-us) But the brothers. by this a-tion. 3ery mu-h (ratified their mother> for they des-ended from the dau(hter of =-iron. but Pho-us from the sister of Thetis. if the re"ort of the Greeks may be -redited) 9n this a--ount. it a""ears to me. that Pylades "lanned the death of %eo"tolemus. not only on a--ount of his friendshi" for 9restes. but that he mi(ht re3en(e his (reat7(randfather4s -ause) $nd then. indeed. #hen Pho-us died throu(h the blo# of the Duoit. the brothers. #ho #ere the offs"rin( of &ndeides. fled in a shi" from the island) But Telamon after#ards sent a messen(er to his father. "retendin( that the death of Pho-us #as an in3oluntary a-tion) $ea-us. ho#e3er. #ould not suffer him to enter the island> but told him. that he mi(ht a"olo(iIe for his -ondu-t. either from his shi". or. if he #ere so in-lined. from a mass of earth "iled u" in the sea) Telamon. therefore. enterin( by ni(ht into the "ort #hi-h is -alled secret. raised a mass of earth. #hi-h remains e3en at "resent> but bein( -ondemned. as -ontributin( to the death of Pho-us. he set sail a se-ond time for =alamis) But not far from the secret )ort there is a theatre #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted and #hi-h. both for its ma(nitude and -onstru-tion. is neGt to that amon( the &"idaurians) Behind this there is a stadium. #hi-h. #ith one of its sides. su""orts the theatre. and is in its turn su""orted by it) 1ha)ter 222 In this "la-e there are tem"les not mu-h distant from ea-h other> 3iI) one of $"ollo. another of 0iana. and a third of Ba--hus) But. in the tem"le of $"ollo. there is a naked #ooden statue of the (od. "rodu-ed by the art of the -ountry) But the statues of 0iana and Ba--hus are -lothed> and that of Ba--hus has a beard) The tem"le of $es-ula"ius. ho#e3er. is in a different "la-e. and -ontains a statue of stone in a sittin( "osture) But the $e(inetae re3eren-e /e-ate abo3e all the di3inities. and -elebrate her mysteries e3ery year) They assert to. that the Thra-ian 9r"heus established this initiation) But the tem"le of the (oddess stands in an in-losure. and -ontains a #ooden statue. the #ork of !yron> both the fa-e and the other "arts of #hi-h are fashioned from the same #ood) It a""ears to me. too. that $l-amenes first made for the $thenians the statue of /e-ate. #ith three bodies @oined in one. #hi-h the $thenians -all -)i)yrgidia, and #hi-h stands near the tem"le of winged !ictory) But in $e(ina. in the road leadin( to the mountain of Panellenian Cu"iter. there is a tem"le of $"haea. in #hi-h Pindar -om"osed 3erses for the $e(inetae) But the 'retans re"ort (for they also "ossess relations "e-uliar to the -ountry -on-ernin( the (oddess). that &ubulus #as the #as the son of that 'armanor #ho "urified $"ollo. from the slau(hter of Python> and that Britomartis #as the offs"rin( of Cu"iter and 'arme the dau(hter of &ubulus) They add that she deli(hted in the -ourse and in huntin(. and that she #as "arti-ularly dear to 0iana+ that in -onseDuen-e of bein( belo3ed by !inos. she fled from his "ursuit. and. -astin( herself into the sea. fell into a net. #hi-h had been thro#n there for the "ur"ose of -at-hin( fish. and #as after#ards made a (oddess by 0iana) But not only the 'retans. but like#ise the $e(inetae #orshi" Britomartis. assertin( at the same time. that she a""eared in their island) $nd $"haea #ith the $e(inetae. is the same as 0i-tynna #ith the 'retans) But the mountain Panellenium -ontains nothin(. eG-e"t the tem"le of Cu"iter. #hi-h is #orthy of des-ri"tion) $nd this tem"le #as. they re"ort. dedi-ated by $ea-us to Cu"iter) ith res"e-t to $uGesia and *amia. ho#. #hen di3inity #ithheld rain from the &"idaurians. these #ooden statues #ere made. in -onseDuen-e of an ora-le. from am oli3e7tree. #hi-h they re-ei3ed from the $thenians> and ho#. #hen the &"idaurians refused to "ay the tribute ordered by the $thenians. be-ause these statues #ere "ossessed by the $e(inetae. all the $thenians that "assed o3er to $e(ina on this a--ount "erished> 7 these "arti-uIars. as they are a--urately related by /erodotus. it #ould be

su"erfluous for me to re"eat) This one thin( only I shall mention. that I ha3e seen these statues. and sa-rifi-ed to them> and that the mode of sa-rifi-e is the same as at &leusis) $nd thus mu-h -on-ernin( $e(ina and $ea-us. and the #orks #hi-h the island -ontains) But the TroeIenii border on the &"idaurians) These "eo"le boast of the affairs of their -ountry in a most remarkable de(ree> and assert that 9rus #as first born in their -ountry) But it a""ears to me. that 9rus is an &(y"tian. and by no means a Gre-ian name) They re"ort. ho#e3er. that he rei(ned there. and that the land #as -alled. from him. 9raea> but that after#ards $lthe"us. the son of %e"tune from *eis. the dau(hter of 9rus. re-ei3in( the kin(dom from 9rus. -alled the -ountry $lthe"ia) In the meantime. #hile he "ossessed the (o3ernment. %e"tune and !iner3a -ontended for the re(ion+ and the -ontest ended in a(reein( to share the honours of the -ountry in -ommon> for so Cu"iter had settled the affair) 9n this a--ount they 3enerated !iner3a. -allin( her Polias and =thenias> and like#ise %e"tune. under the a""ellation of the king) The an-ient -oin. too. of this "eo"le. bears the si(nature of a trident. and the head of !iner3a) But after $lthe"us. =aron rei(ned> and they re"ort that he built a tem"le of 0iana =aronis near the sea. in a muddy "la-e. #hi-h on this a--ount -ame to be -alled the Phoebaean marsh) They farther re"ort. that =aron. as he "arti-ularly deli(hted in huntin(. "ursued a sta( on-e as far as to the sea> that not bein( able to o3ertake the sta(. he fell into this marsh> and that the animal. s#immin( to some distan-e from the shore. =aron "ursued her throu(h the sea> but bein( at len(th s"ent #ith fati(ue. and mer(ed under the #a3es. he there lost his life) But his dead body #as dri3en by the #a3es near the Phoebaean marsh. and #as after#ards brou(ht to the (ro3e of 0iana. and buried #ithin the in-losure of the tem"le+ and from this -ir-umstan-e the sea -ame to be -alled =aronis. instead of Phoebaea) They kno# nothin( ho#e3er of the latter kin(s #ho rei(ned as far as to /y"eretes and $nthas> and they re"ort. that these #ere the sons of %e"tune and $l-yone the dau(hter of $tlas. and that the -ities /y"erea and $nthea in that re(ion #ere built by them) They add. that $etius the son of $nthas. re-ei3in( the kin(dom from his father and a di3ine "o#er. -alled one of these -ities Posidonias) <or TroeIen and Pittheus -onun( to $etius. made three kin(s instead of one) But that the -hildren of Pelo"s #ere more firmly established than the others. may be inferred from hen-e. that after the death of TroeIen. Pittheus hayin( redu-ed /y"erea and $nthea into the form of one -ity. by -olle-tin( the multitude of ea-h into one. -alled it TroeIen. after the name of his brother) But many years after#ards. the des-endants of $etius the son of $nthas bein( sent into a -olony. brou(ht !yndus and /ali-arnassus into 'aria+ and the sons of TroeIen. 3iI) $na"hlystus and ="hettus mi(rated into $tti-a. and the "eo"le from these deri3ed their names) But here I shall not relate any one of those "arti-ulars -on-ernin( Theseus the (randson of Pittheus from his dau(hter. #hi-h are kno#n to e3eryone. but shall only obser3e thus mu-h res"e-tin( him at "resent) hen the -hildren of /er-ules returned to Pelo"onnesus. the TroeIenians re-ei3ed the 0orienses from $r(os into their -ity. as bein( a "eo"le #ho. "rior to this. #ere obedient to the $r(i3es> for /omer. in his -atalo(ue of the Greeks. says that they #ere (o3erned by 0iomed> sin-e. indeed. 0iomed and &uryalus the son of !e-isteus. ha3in( taken u"on them the (uardianshi" of 'yani""us the son of $e(ialeus. brou(ht the $r(i3es to Troy) But =thenelus (as I ha3e obser3ed before) #as of a mu-h more illustrious ori(in. as bein( des-ended from the $naGa(oridae> and to him the (o3ernment of the $r(i3es most eminently belon(ed) $nd su-h is the history of the TroeIenian affairs. eG-lusi3e of those -ities #hi-h. it is said. they -aused to be inhabited) I shall no# relate the ornaments of their tem"les. and the rest of their illustrious #orks) ) 1ha)ter 2220 In the forum of the TroeIenians there is a tem"le and statue of 0iana. #ho is -alled the +a&iour) This tem"le is said to ha3e been dedi-ated by Theseus. #ho (a3e the (oddess this a""ellation #hen he returned from 'rete. after ha3in( slain $sterion the son

of !inos) But it a""ears that this a-tion of Theseus is the most #orthy of all others of bein( related. not only. in my o"inion. be-ause $sterion sur"assed in boldness all those that Theseus sle#. but be-ause after his death. Theseus ha3in( se-retly es-a"ed from the labyrinth. and 3anDuished all the diffi-ulties of the "la-e. #ith (reat "ro"riety asserted. that both he and his -om"anions #ere "reser3ed by the "ro3iden-e of the (ods) In this tem"le. too. there are altars of the subterranean (ods+ and they re"ort. that =emele #as led hither from /ades by Ba--hus. and the three7headed do( by /er-ules) But for my o#n "art. I am "ersuaded. that =emele ne3er died. but that she #as the #ife of Cu"iter) $nd #ith res"e-t to Pluto4s do(. I shall in another "la-e relate #hat a""ears to me to be the truth -on-ernin( him) The tomb of Pittheus is behind this tem"le> and there are three thrones u"on it of #hite stone) K"on these thrones. they re"ort. that Pittheus and his asso-iates sat in @ud(ment) But not far from hen-e is the tem"le of the !uses. #hi-h is said to ha3e been built by $rdalus the son of Vul-an) They add. that this $rdalus in3ented the "i"e. and that the !uses #ere -alled from him $rdalidae) In this tem"le. too. they re"ort that Pittheus tau(ht the art of s"eakin(+ and I myself indeed ha3e read a book #hi-h #as #ritten by Pittheus. and "ublished by an &"idaurian) $t a -onsiderable distan-e from this !useum there is an an-ient altar. #hi-h $rdalus is re"orted to ha3e dedi-ated) K"on this altar they sa-rifi-e to the !uses. and to =lee". assertin( that =lee" abo3e all the deities is friendly to the !uses) But near the theatre. /i""olytus fabri-ated a tem"le of *y-ean 0iana) hy the (oddess is so -alled. I -ould ne3er learn from any of the historians+ but it a""ears to me. that this a""ellation ori(inated either from /i""olytus slayin( the #ol3es. #ith #hi-h the land #as infested> or that bein( related to the $maIons on his mother4s side. in memory of this he -alled 0iana *y-ea> or "erha"s the name arose from a -ir-umstan-e of #hi-h I am i(norant) But that stone behind the tem"le #hi-h is -alled =a-red. is said to be the 3ery stone u"on #hi-h nine TroeIenians "urified 9restes. from the murder of his mother) %ot far. too. from the tem"le of *y-ean 0iana. there are -ertain altars. not mu-h distant from ea-h other) The first of these is sa-red to Ba--hus. #ho is -alled from a -ertain ora-le +aotas, or the +a&iour. The se-ond is -alled the altar of the Themidae. and is said to ha3e been dedi-ated by Pittheus+ and they a""ear to me to ha3e dedi-ated #ith 3ery (reat "ro"riety an altar to the +un the ,iberator. throu(h #hom they #ere freed from sub@e-tion to 1erGes and the Persians) They re"ort. too. that Pittheus built and adorned the tem"le of Thearian $"ollo. #hi-h is the most an-ient of all that I am a-Duainted #ith) There is. indeed. an an-ient tem"le of !iner3a amon( the Pho-aenses in Ionia. #hi-h #as destroyed by /ar"a(us the !ede. and an an-ient tem"le of Pythian $"ollo amon( the =amians> but these #ere built mu-h "osterior to that of the TroeIenians) But the statue #hi-h eGists at "resent #as dedi-ated by $ulis-us. and is the #ork of the TroeIenian /ermon) The #ooden statues. too. of the 0ios-uri. are the #ork of this /ermon) But in the "or-h of the forum there are statues of #omen and boys. from stone) $nd these #omen are those to #hom. to(ether #ith their sons. the $thenians -ommitted the "reser3ation of the TroeIenians. at that time #hen they -onsidered themsel3es as unable #ith land for-es to resist the atta-ks of the Persians) They re"ort. ho#e3er. that statues (for there are not many) #ere not "la-ed to all the #omen. but only to those that sur"assed in di(nity the rest) But before the tem"le of $"ollo there is a buildin(. #hi-h they -all the taberna-le of 9restes+ for before he #as "urified from the blood of his mother. no one of the TroeIenians #as #illin( to re-ei3e him under his roof) But 9restes residin( in this taberna-le #as "urified and fed till his eG"iation #as a--om"lished) $nd e3en at "resent. the "osterity of those that #ere here "urified. feast on stated days in this "la-e) But -ertain eG"iations bein( buried not far from the taberna-le. they say. that a laurel (re# near them. #hi-h at "resent is to be seen before the taberna-le) They re"ort. too. that amon( other "urifi-ations #hi-h #ere em"loyed by 9restes.

he used the #ater of /i""o-rene. for the TroeIenians also ha3e a fountain -alled /y"o-rene. the a--ount of #hi-h is difierent from that of the Boeotians) <or the Boeotians assert nothin( more than that the (round bein( stru-k by the hoof of the horse Pe(asus. a fountain immediately s"run( u"> but the TroeIenians add. that Bellero"hon -ame to TroeIen. for the "ur"ose of reDuestin( Pittheus to (i3e him $ethra for a #ife> and that before the marria(e took "la-e. it so ha""ened that he #as obli(ed to fly from 'orinth) There is in this "la-e. too. a statue of !er-ury. #ho is -alled Poly(ius) They re"ort. that /er-ules dedi-ated a -lub to this statue. made from the #ild oli3e7tree. and (if it may be belie3ed) that the -lub took root in the earth. and reblossomed+ and. indeed. a #ild oli3e7 tree is to be seen in this "la-e e3en at "resent) They further add. that /er-ules found this tree from #hi-h he made the -lub near =aronis) There is also a tem"le here of Cu"iter. #ho is -alled the +a&iour. and #hi-h they say #as raised by $etius the son of $nthas. #hen he su--eeded his father in the kin(dom) They ha3e a ri3er. too #hi-h they -all 1hrysorrhoas. or flowing with gold+ and they re"ort. that #hen. durin( a (reat dryness from heat. they #ere on-e nine years #ithout rain. other streams of #ater #ere dried u". but that this 'hrysorrhoas -ontinued to flo# at that time @ust the same as before) 1ha)ter 22200 $ most beautiful (ro3e. too. is dedi-ated here to /i""olytus the son of Theseus. #hi-h -ontains a tem"le and an an-ient statue) This (ro3e is said to ha3e been "lanted by 0iomed. #ho. a--ordin( to re"ort. first sa-rifi-ed to /i""olytus) But the "riest of /i""olytus. amon( the TroeIenians. offi-iates in that -a"a-ity as lon( as he li3es> and sa-rifi-es are established e3ery year) Besides the other sa-red rites. too. e3ery 3ir(in. "rior to her marria(e. -uts off her hair. and -onse-rates it in this tem"le of /i""olytus) The TroeIenians. ho#e3er. are not #illin( to admit that /i""olytus #as torn in "ie-es by marine horses. nor do they kno# #here he #as buried> but they are of o"inion. that. in -onseDuen-e of the honour #hi-h he re-ei3ed from the (ods. he forms that -elestial -onstellation #hi-h is -alled the 'harioteer) But #ithin this in-losure there is a tem"le of $"ollo &"ibaterius. or the 1limber. and #hi-h #as dedi-ated by 0iomed. after ha3in( es-a"ed the tem"est #hi-h ha""ened to the Greeks on their returnin( from Troy) 0iomed. too. first instituted Pythian (ames in honour of $"ollo) But #ith res"e-t to *amia and $uGesia (for these also are honoured by the TroeIenians) their relation is not the same #ith that of the &"idaurians and $e(inetae> for they re"ort. that 3ir(ins -ame from 'rete. and. in -onseDuen-e of a sedition ra(in( in e3ery "art of the -ity. #ere stoned to death by the o""osin( multitude) $nd in remembran-e of this affair they -elebrate a festi3al. #hi-h they -all *ithobolia. or a stoning to death) But near another "art of the in-losure there is a stadium #hi-h bears the name of /i""olytus. and abo3e this there is a tem"le of Venus the +)eculatri/. from #hen-e Phaedra beheld /i""olytus. #hen he eGer-ised himself in the stadium) /ere. too. there is to be seen (#hi-h I ha3e mentioned before) a myrtle #ith "erforated lea3es. #hi-h #ere "ier-ed by Phaedra. #hen she found no alle3iation of her malady. and no rest throu(h her lo3e) There is also a tomb of Phaedra. #hi-h is not far from the se"ul-hre of /i""olytus. #ho lies buried near the myrtle tree) But the statue of $es-ula"ius #as made by Timotheus> thou(h the TroeIenians assert. that this is not the statue of $es-ula"ius. but of /i""olytus) Indeed. I myself sa# the house of /i""olytus> but before this statue there is a fountain #hi-h is -alled /er-uleus. be-ause. as the TroeIenians re"ort. the #ater of it #as dis-o3ered by /er-ules) In the to#er. too. there is a tem"le of !iner3a. #ho is -alled =thenias> and the #ooden ima(e of the (oddess #as made by Gallon $e(inetis) This 'allon #as the dis-i"le of Te-taeus and $n(elion. #ho made for the 0elians the statue of $"ollo+ and $n(elion and Te-taeus learned their art from 0i"oenus and =-yllis) 9n des-endin( from this to#er. you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of Pan the ,iberator+ for this deity is said to ha3e sho#n the TroeIenians. in a dream. the means of bein( freed

from a famine. #ith #hi-h the $thenians #ere affli-ted beyond the rest of the Greeks) But on des-endin( into TroeIenia. you #ill see a tem"le of Isis. and abo3e it a tem"le of Venus $-raea) $nd the tem"le. indeed. #as raised by the /ali-arnassenses in the metro"olis TroeIen. but the statue of Isis #as dedi-ated by the -ommon "eo"le of the ToeIenians) But as you "ass throu(h the mountains to#ards /ermione. you #ill see a fountain of the ri3er /yly-us. #hi-h #as at first -alled Taurius> and to(ether #ith this the stone. as it is -alled. of Theseus. #hi-h -han(ed its name. be-ause Theseus took from under it the sli""ers and s#ord #hi-h had been -on-ealed by $e(eus> for. "rior to this -ir-umstan-e. it #as denominated the altar of =thenius Cu"iter) %ear this stone. too. there is a tem"le of Venus ="onsa. or the bride. #hi-h #as raised by Theseus #hen he married /elen) But beyond the #alls there is a tem"le of Phytalmius %e"tune+ for. in -onseDuen-e of %e"tune bein( an(ry #ith them. they re"ort that he -aused the re(ion to bear no fruits. throu(h sendin( the salt7#ater on the seeds and roots of "lants. till. mo3ed by sa-rifi-es and "rayers. he no lon(er in@ured the 3e(etable "rodu-tions of the land) But abo3e the tem"le of %e"tune. there is a tem"le of 'eres Thesmo"horus. #hi-h #as dedi-ated. as they re"ort. by $lthi""us) 9n des-endin(. too. to the "ort. #hi-h is near a to#n -alled 'elenderis. there is a "la-e #hi-h is denominated %atalitia. and in #hi-h they say Theseus #as born) Before this "la-e there is a tem"le of !ars> and it #as here that Theseus 3anDuished the $maIons in battle) But these $maIons formed a "art of that army #hi-h fou(ht in $tti-a #ith Theseus and the $thenians) $s you "ro-eed to the sea Psi"haeum. too. a nati3e #ild oli3e7tree. #hi-h they -all an intorted ,ha-hus. "resents itself to the 3ie#> for the TroeIenians -all all those oli3e7trees ,a-hi. #hi-h bear no fruit. and besides this denominate e3ery tree of this kind 'otinos. Phylias. and &laeus) But they denominate this oli3e7tree intorted. be-ause the -hariot of /i""olytus #as o3erturned. throu(h the reins of the horses bein( entan(led in the trunk of the tree) %ot far from hen-e there is a tem"le of 0iana =aronia. the "arti-ulars of #hi-h I ha3e already eG"lained. and shall only add further. that they -elebrate a festi3al e3ery year to 0iana. #hi-h is -alled =aronia) 1ha)ter 222000 ith res"e-t to the islands of the TroeIenians. one of these is near the -ontinent. and may be "assed into on foot) This island #as formerly -alled ="haeria. and -ame to be denominated =a-red on the follo#in( a--ount) There is a se"ul-hre in it of one ="haerus. and ="haerus is said to ha3e been the -harioteer of Pelo"s) But $ethra. in -onseDuen-e of a dream from !iner3a. -omin( into this island #ith funeral sa-rifi-es to ="haerus. #as on her arri3al met and ra3ished by %e"tune) /en-e $ethra established a tem"le of !iner3a $"aturia. or the (ecei&er, and -alled the island +acred #hi-h #as before denominated ="haeria) =he like#ise instituted. that the TroeIenian 3ir(ins should. "rior to their marria(e. dedi-ate a Ione to !iner3a $"aturia) But. as they re"ort. 'alaurea #as formerly sa-red to $"ollo. i)e) at that time #hen the 0el"hi #ere sa-red to %e"tune> but these di3inities -han(ed the "la-es amon( themsel3es) $nd -on-ernin( this affair they "rodu-e the follo#in( ora-le+ EIt is @ust. that 0elos and 'alaurea should be inhabited. to(ether #ith di3ine Pytho and #indy Taenarus)E But in 'alaurea there is a holy tem"le of %e"tune. and a 3ir(in "erforms in it the offi-e of the "riesthood. till she is fit for marria(e) ithin the in-losure of the tem"le. too. there is a se"ul-hre of 0emosthenes. in #hi-h. as it a""ears to me. the in@usti-e of fortune to#ards #orthy men is most eminently e3in-ed. as #as like#ise the -ase #ith /omer lon( before) <or she #as not -ontent #ith de"ri3in( /omer of si(ht. but that she mi(ht add e3il to e3il. she so o""ressed him #ith "o3erty. that he #as obli(ed to be( his bread. #anderin( throu(h e3ery "art of the earth+ but she -om"elled 0emosthenes to eG"erien-e banishment in his old a(e. and to destroy himself) But res"e-tin( 0emosthenes mu-h has been said. both by others and myself. and from #hi-h it a""ears that he did not take the

money #hi-h /ar"alus brou(ht from $sia) I #ill. ho#e3er. relate ho# that #hi-h #as after#ards re"orted of him took "la-e+ /ar"alus then flyin( from $thens. #hen he had "assed o3er into 'rete #ith a fleet. #as shortly after slain by the ser3ants #ho assisted him in his undertakin(s) It is. ho#e3er. re"orted by some. that he #as slain by the strata(ems of Pausanias the !a-edonian. at that time #hen PhiloGenus of !a-edon seiIed the ste#ard of 0emosthenes. as he #as flyin( from ,hodes> this PhiloGenus bein( the same that demanded /ar"alus of the $thenians) But PhiloGenus ha3in( obtained information res"e-tin( all those that had taken money from /ar"alus. (a3e their names in the letters #hi-h he sent to the $thenians about this affair. and mentioned the sum ea-h "erson had re-ei3ed) Fet in these letters he made no mention of 0emosthenes. thou(h he #as "arti-ularly odious to $leGander. and had offended PhiloGenus himself) 0emosthenes. ho#e3er. is e3en yet honoured in other "arts of Gree-e. and by the inhabitants of 'alaurea) 1ha)ter 2220! But there is an isthmus in the -ountry of TroeIenia. #hi-h for a lon( s"a-e eGtends itself into the sea) In this isthmus there is a to#n of no (reat ma(nitude. near the sea. #hi-h is inhabited. and is -alled !ethana) This to#n -ontains a tem"le of Isis> and in the forum there is a statue of !er-ury. and another of /er-ules) $bout the distan-e of thirty stadia from this to#n there are hot baths) They re"ort. that #hen $nti(onus the son of 0emetrius rei(ned o3er the !a-edonians. this #ater #as seen for the first time> and that it did not immediately eGhibit the a""earan-e of #ater. but that a (reat Duantity of fire boiled u" from the earth. and that after this #as eGtin(uished. #ater flo#ed in its stead) These baths remain e3en no#. and are both hot. and eGtremely salt) But there is not any -old #ater near at hand for him that #ashes here. nor is it safe to s#im in the sea. on a--ount of the (reat Duantity of sa3a(e beasts and do(s #ith #hi-h it is infested) But I shall no# relate that #hi-h a""eared to me "arti-ularly #onderful in !ethana) The south7#est #ind blo#in( from the =aroni- "ort on the 3ines. dries u" their blossoms by its heat) But #hene3er this is the -ase. #hile the #ind yet blo#s. t#o men take a -o-k #hi-h has #hite feathers throu(h the #hole of its body. and tear it to "ie-es standin( in o""osite dire-tions) $fter this they run round the 3ines. ea-h bearin( in his hand one half of the -o-k. and meetin( at the "la-e from #hen-e they be(an to run. they there bury it in the (round) $nd this method #as in3ented by them as a remedy a(ainst the noGious influen-e of the south7#est #ind) But they -all the small islands #hi-h are situated before this re(ion> and are nine in number. the islands of Pelo"s) They re"ort. too. that one of these islands #as on-e de"ri3ed of the benefit of rain> but #hether or not this #as really the -ase. I ha3e not been able to learn) This is. ho#e3er. asserted by the inhabitants of !ethana) Indeed. I myself sa# men #ho a3erted tem"ests by sa-rifi-es and in-antations) But !ethana is an isthmus of Pelo"onnesus. and /ermione borders on the ithmus of TroeIen) The /ermionenses. too. re"ort. that the builder of the an-ient -ity #as /ermion the son of &uro"s+ and /ero"hanes the TroeIenian #rites. that &uro"s #as the bastard son of Phoroneus. be-ause the (o3ernment of the $r(i3es #ould ne3er ha3e been the "ortion of $r(us the son of %iobe. #ho #as the dau(hter of Phoroneus. if Phoroneus had "ossessed any le(itimate son) But for my o#n "art. thou(h I kno# that Phoroneus died after his le(itimate son &uro"s. yet I am "ersuaded that &uro"s #as ne3er eDual in "o#er to the son of %iobe. and #ho #as -onsidered as the son of Cu"iter) In latter times. too. the 0orienses from $r(os d#elt in /ermione+ but it does not a""ear that the /ermionenses e3er fou(ht #ith the $r(i3es. thou(h this is asserted by the $r(i3es) But there is a road from TroeIen to /ermione by a stone #hi-h #as formerly -alled the altar of =thenius Cu"iter. but #hi-h. after Theseus had taken a#ay the "arti-ulars by #hi-h it mi(ht be kno#n. #as -alled. and is so at "resent. by the name of Theseus) $s you "ass. therefore. by this stone. alon( the mountainous road. you #ill "er-ei3e

a tem"le of $"ollo. #ho is -alled Platanistius) In this "la-e. too. there is a to#n -alled Ilei. and in it tem"les of 'eres and Proser"ine) But near the sea. in the boundaries of /ermione. there is a tem"le of 'eres #ho is sumamed Thermesia+ and at the distan-e of ei(hty stadia from hen-e. is the "romontory of =-yllaeum. #hi-h #as denominated from the dau(hter of %isus) <or after !inos had taken %isaea and !e(ara. in -onseDuen-e of her betrayin( these -ities. he not only refused to marry her. but ordered the 'retans to thro# her into the sea> and the #a3es after#ards #afted her dead body to this "romontory) But her tomb is no#here to be seen> for her -or"se. as they re"ort. remained in the o"en air. till it #as torn in "ie-es by marine birds) But as you sail from =-yllaeum to#ards the -ity you #ill "er-ei3e another "romontory #hi-h is -alled Bu-e"halus+ and after this "romontory there are -ertain islands) The first of these is -alled /aluisa. and -ontains a "ort. #hi-h ser3es as a -on3enient harbour for shi"s) The neGt is Pityusa> and the third they denominate $ristera) $fter you ha3e sailed by these. you #ill meet #ith another "romontory raisin( itself from the -ontinent. and #hi-h is -alled $-ra) But after this follo#s the island Trina-ria> and a mountain Bu"orthmus. #hi-h raises itself in the sea from Pelo"onnesus) In this mountain there are tem"les of 'eres and Proser"ine. and a tem"le of !iner3a. #ho is -alled Proma-horma) But an island -alled $"ero"ia is situated before Bu"orthmus> and at no (reat distan-e from this there is another island. #hi-h is denominated /ydrea) $fter this. a lunar7form shore eGtends itself throu(h the -ontinent> and this is follo#ed by a -oast. #hi-h rea-hes as far as to the tem"le of %e"tune. and #hi-h -ommen-es from the eastern and ends in the #estern "art of the sea) This -oast -ontains -ertain "orts> and its len(th is about se3en stadia. and its (reatest breadth not more than three stadia) The an-ient -ity of the /ermionenses formerly stood here. and e3en at "resent -ontains -ertain tem"les> that of %e"tune. in the be(innin( of the -oast> but in the "arts more ele3ated from the sea. a tem"le of !iner3a. and to(ether #ith it the foundations of the stadium. in #hi-h the sons of Tyndarus used to eGer-ise themsel3es. a--ordin( to re"ort) There is also another tem"le of !iner3a. of no (reat ma(nitude. the roof of #hi-h has fallen off) There is a tem"le. too. of the =un. and a (ro3e sa-red to the Gra-es) Besides these. there are tem"les to =era"is and Isis. #hi-h are surrounded #ith an in-losure of -hosen stones> and in these tem"les ar-ane sa-red rites are "erformed to 'eres) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars #hi-h the /ermionenses "ossessed in that -oast) But that #hi-h is at "resent the -ity of the /ermionenses. is distant from the "romontory. #hi-h -ontains the tem"le of %e"tune. about four stadia. and ha3in( its first "arts situated in a le3el. (ently raises itself to a stee") But the eminen-e to #hi-h it raises itself is -alled Pron. or stee") $ll /ermione. too. is surrounded #ith a #all. and affords many "arti-ulars #hi-h deser3e to be related. and amon( #hi-h the follo#in( are. in my o"inion. the most remarkable) In the first "la-e. there is a tem"le of Venus. #ho is -alled both Pontia and *imenia. i)e) Marine and %))ortune) The statue of the (oddess is of #hite stone. is 3ery lar(e. and deser3es to be ins"e-ted for the artifi-e of its -onstru-tion) There is another tem"le. too. of Venus. #ho. amon( other honours #hi-h are "aid to her by the /ermionenses. re-ei3es a sa-rifi-e from 3ir(ins and #ido#s. "rior to their nu"tials) There are like#ise t#o tem"les here dedi-ated to 'eres Thermesta> one of #hi-h is situated in the borders of the TroeIenians. in those to#ns #hi-h yet remain. and the other in this 3ery -ity itself) 1ha)ter 222! %ear this tem"le there is a tem"le of Ba--hus !elanae(is. in honour of #hom musi-al (ames are e3ery year -elebrated. and -ontests of s#immin( and sailin( are established) There is a tem"le. too. of 0iana. #ho is -alled I"hi(enia. and a braIen statue of %e"tune standin( #ith one of his feet on a dol"hin) But. on enterin( into the tem"le of Vesta. you #ill not see any statue. but only an altar. on #hi-h they sa-rifi-e to the (oddess) There are three tem"les. too. of $"ollo. and three statues of the (od> one of #hi-h is

#ithout a name. the se-ond they -all Pythaeus. and the third 9rios) $nd the name Pythaeus. indeed. they deri3ed from the $r(i3es> for Telesilla says. that Pythaeus the son of $"ollo -ame to the $r(i3es the first of all the Greeks) But I -annot -learly assi(n the reason #hy they -all $"ollo. 9rios) I -on@e-ture. indeed. that in -onseDuen-e of ha3in( obtained the borders of their -ountry either by arms or natural ri(ht. they established honours to $"ollo 9rios) But the /ermionenses assert. that the tem"le of <ortune is the most re-ent of all their buildin(s) This tem"le -ontains a -olossal statue of the (oddess. of Parian stone) $nd #ith res"e-t to the t#o fountains #hi-h they "ossess. they assert. that one of these is 3ery an-ient. that the #ater flo#s into it una""arently. and that it #ould ne3er fail thou(h the #hole -ity should deri3e its #ater from then-e+ but the other fountain #as -onstru-ted in my time+ and the "la-e from #hen-e the #ater flo#s into it is -alled Pratum) But that #hi-h is most #orthy of ins"e-tion in Pratum is a tem"le of 'eres. #hi-h. a--ordin( to the /ermionenses. #as raised by 'lymenus the son of Phoroneus. and his sister 'hthonia) But the $r(i3es re"ort. that #hen 'eres -ame to $r(olis. she #as hos"itably re-ei3ed by $thera and !ysius> but that 'olontas neither in3ited the (oddess to his house. nor "aid her any other honours. and that this -ondu-t #as not a(reeable to his dau(hter 'hthonia) They re"ort. therefore. that 'olontas #as burnt to(ether #ith his house. but that 'hthonia #as brou(ht to /ermione by 'eres. and that she there dedi-ated a tem"le to the (oddess) 'eres. indeed. is -alled 'hthonia. and a festi3al -alled 'hthonia is -elebrated in honour of her durin( the summer) This -eremony is "erformed as follo#s+ The "riests of the (oddess lead the "om". to(ether #ith the annual ma(istrates> and these are follo#ed by #omen and men) It is usual. too. for the boys to lead the (oddess in a solemn manner> and these are -lothed in #hite. and ha3e (arlands on their heads) But these (arlands are "laited to(ether from a flo#er. #hi-h the inhabitants -all 'omosandalas) It a""ears to me. that this flo#er is a hya-inth> for it is similar to it. both in ma(nitude and -olour. and -ontains letters si(nifi-ant of sorro#) $nd lastly. the "ro-ession is -losed by those #ho ea-h of them lead a heifer -hosen from the herd. distended #ith bonds. and as yet mis-hie3ous throu(h fier-eness) $fter this. some of the train brin( one of these heifers freed from her bonds into the tem"le. and others #ho stand before the o"en doors. as soon as they see that the heifer is #ithin the tem"le. shut the doors+ and four old #omen. that are left #ithin. after#ards des"at-h her> one of them. @ust as it may ha""en. -uttin( the heifers throat #ith a s-ythe) Then a(ain the doors bein( o"ened. su-h as are em"loyed for this "ur"ose brin( into the tem"le a se-ond. third. and fourth heifer. and so on. till all of them are slain by the old #omen) $nother #onderful -ir-umstan-e. too. takes "la-e in this sa-rifi-e> for. on #hate3er side the first heifer falls. all the rest ne-essarily fall on the same side) $nd su-h is the mode of sa-rifi-e amon( the /ermionenses) But before the tem"le there are statues of those #omen that ha3e a-ted as "riestesses to the (oddess) There are. ho#e3er. not many of these+ and #hen you ha3e entered into the tem"le you #ill "er-ei3e thrones u"on #hi-h the old #omen sle# the heifers. and statues not 3ery an-ient of !iner3a and 'eres) But that #hi-h they more reli(iously 3enerate than anythin( else. I neither sa# myself nor is any man "ermitted to see it. #hether he be a stran(er or a -itiIen> for this is kno#n only to the old #omen) There is also another tem"le surrounded on all sides #ith statues> and this is o""osite to 'hthonia. and is -alled 'lymenum) In this they sa-rifi-e to 'lymenus. thou(h I do not think that any $r(i3e of this name e3er -ame to /ermione> but it a""ears to me. that this is an e"ithet of the (od #ho is said to rei(n under the earth) Besides this there is another tem"le. and a statue of !ars) But on the ri(ht hand of 'hthonia there is a "or-h #hi-h is -alled by the inhabitants &-hus. and in #hi-h if a man s"eaks the least "ossible. his 3oi-e is immediately tri"led) Behind this tem"le there are three "la-es. one of #hi-h the /ermionenses -all the re(ion of 'lymenus. the se-ond the re(ion of Pluto and the third the $-herusian marsh) $ll these are in-losed #ith stone bul#arks+ and in that of

'lymenus there is a -hasm of the earth. throu(h #hi-h. as the /ermionenses re"ort. /er-ules dre# u" the do( of Pluto) But near the (ate. #hi-h leads in a dire-t line to !ases. there is #ithin a #all a tem"le of *u-ina) They e3ery day. indeed. 3enerate this (oddess in the hi(hest de(ree. #ith sa-rifi-es. fumi(ations. and (ifts> but. eG-e"t the "riestesses. it is not la#ful for any one to behold the statue of the (oddess) 1ha)ter 222!0 But in the dire-t road to !ases. #hen you ha3e "ro-eeded to the distan-e of about se3en stadia. and ha3e turned on the left hand. you #ill "er-ei3e a road #hi-h leads to /ali-e) Indeed. at "resent. /ali-e is a solitary "la-e. thou(h it #as on-e inhabited+ and there is a history of a -ertain /ali-ensian -itiIen on the "illars of the &"idaurians. in #hi-h the -ures "erformed on him by $es-ula"ius are des-ribed) I do not. ho#e3er. kno# of any other #ritin( #orthy of belief in #hi-h any mention is made either of the -ity /ali-e. or its inhabitants) But there is a #ay #hi-h leads to /ali-e. bet#een the hill Pron. and that "la-e #hi-h #as formerly -alled ThornaG> for after#ards. in -onseDuen-e of Cu"iters mutation into a -u-koo. it -ame. as they re"ort. to be -alled 'o--y(ius) There are indeed tem"les e3en at "resent on the hi(h mountains> on 'o--y(ius that of Cu"iter. and on Pron that of Cuno) $nd besides these. in the bottom "arts of 'o--y(ius there is a tem"le #ithout doors. #ithout a roof. and #ithout a statue) This is said to ha3e been the tem"le of $"ollo) 9n de"artin( from hen-e. in a dire-t line. you #ill "ass into the road #hi-h leads to !ases) This "la-e #as formerly a -ity. and is mentioned by /omer in his -atalo(ue of the $r(i3es. but at "resent it is used by the /ermionenses as a ha3en) But there is a road on the ri(ht hand of !ases. #hi-h leads to the "romontory =truthuntes> and from the summit of this "romontory. alon( the to"s of the mountains. there is a road of t#o hundred and fifty stadia in len(th. to Philanorium and the Bolei> but the Bolei are hea"s of -hosen stones) There is a "la-e. too. #hi-h they -all Gemini. #hi-h is distant from the Bolei t#enty stadia and #hi-h -ontains tem"les of $"ollo. %e"tune. and 'eres> but the statues are in an u"ri(ht "osture. and are of #hite stone) %ear this "la-e there is a to#n of the $r(i3es. #hi-h #as formerly -alled $sine. aud the ruins of #hi-h remain near the sea) <or #hen the *a-edaemonians. #ith their kin( %i-ander. #ho #as the son of 'harillus. the (randson of Polyde-tes. and the (reat7(randson of &unomus the son of Prytanis. in3aded $r(olis #ith an army. the $sinaei @oined their for-es #ith the *a-edaemonians. and to(ether #ith them laid #aste the land of the $r(i3es) But #hen the for-es of the *a-edaemonians returned home. the $r(i3es. #ith their kin( &ratus. besie(ed $sine) $nd for some time. indeed. the $sinaei sustained the in-ursions of the enemy. and amon( others sle# *ysistratus. #ho ranked amon( the most 3aliant of the $r(i3es) The #all. ho#e3er. bein( at len(th taken. the $sinaei "la-ed their #i3es and -hildren in shi"s. and left the -ity+ after this. the $r(i3es entirely destroyed the to#n. and added the land to their o#n dominions) They s"ared. ho#e3er. the tem"le of Pythean $"ollo. as is e3ident e3en at "resent. and buried *ysistratus near it) But the sea. near *ema. a distant from the -ity of the $r(i3es not more than forty stadia) $nd as you des-end to *erna. &rasmus first "resents itself to the 3ie# in the road) The ri3er flo#s into PhriGus. and PhriGus "ours itself into that sea #hi-h lies bet#een Temenius and *erna) But as you turn from &rasmus. at about the distan-e of ei(ht stadia on the left hand. there is a tem"le of the kin(s of the 0ios-uri> and their statues. #hi-h are of #ood. are of the same sha"e #ith those in the -ity) If after this you turn into the dire-t road. by "assin( o3er the ri3er &rasmus. you #ill arri3e at the ri3er 'himarrus) %ear this. there is an en-losure of stones> and in this "la-e it is said that Pluto. ha3in( ra3ished Proser"ine. des-ended #ith her to the subterranean kin(dom) But *erna. as I ha3e before obser3ed. is near the sea> and in this "la-e the mysteries of 'eres are -elebrated. #hi-h they -all *ernaea) In *erna. too. there is a sa-red (ro3e. #hi-h -ommen-es from the mountain -alled Pontinus) But the mountain Pontinus does not "our forth the #ater. #hi-h

it re-ei3es from di3inity. but absorbs it) $ ri3er. ho#e3er. flo#s from this mountain #hi-h is -alled Pontinus+ and on the summit of the mountain there is a tem"le of !iner3a =aitis. the ruins of #hi-h only remain at "resent) The foundations. too. of the house of /i""odemon. #ho -ame to Thebes to the assistan-e of Polyni-es the son of 9edi"us. yet remain) 1ha)ter 222!00 <rom this mountain the (ro3e Pontinus. #hi-h is full of "lant7trees. eGtends for the most "art as far as to the sea) But its boundaries are. on one side. the ri3er Pontinus. and on the other. the ri3er $mymon. #hi-h re-ei3es its name from the dau(hter of 0anaus) But in the (ro3e there are statues of 'eres. Prosymne. and Ba--hus> and a statue. of no (reat ma(nitude. of 'eres in a sittin( "osture+ and these are made of stone) But in another tem"le. there is a #ooden statue of Ba--hus the =a3iour> and this. too. is in a sittin( "osition) Besides this. there is a stone statue of Venus near the sea. #hi-h is said to ha3e been dedi-ated by the dau(hters of 0anaus+ and 0anaus himself is re"orted to ha3e raised the tem"le of !iner3a in Pontinus) But they re"ort that Philammon instituted the *emaean mysteries) That the -eremonies. indeed. of these mysteries are not an-ient. is ob3ious to e3ery one) But the "arti-ulars #hi-h I ha3e heard. from an a--ount ins-ribed on a heart of ori-hal-um. #ere not in3ented by Philammon. but by $rri"hon of Tri-onium. a -ity in $etolia) This $rri"hon. #ho #as a man of #onderful sa(a-ity. dis-o3ered se3eral thin(s #hi-h #ere ne3er before either seen or heard of> and amon( these. that the #ritin(s on the heart of ori-hal-um. #hi-h are "artly in "rose and "artly in 3erse. #ere -om"osed in the 0ori- diale-t) But before the return of the /era-lidae into Pelo"onnesus. the $r(i3es had the same diale-t as the $thenians+ and in the times of Philammon. it does not a""ear to me. that the name of the 0orians #as kno#n to all the Greeks) $nd thus $rri"hon e3in-ed the truth of these "arti-ulars) But a "lane7tree rises near the fountain of $mymon> and under this "lane7tree the hydra #as nourished. a--ordin( to re"ort) I -an easily indeed belie3e that this sa3a(e animal sur"assed in ma(nitude other hydras. and that his 3enom #as of su-h an in-urable nature that /er-ules "oisoned the to"s of his arro#s #ith his noGious bile) But it a""ears to me that he had but one. and not many heads) Pisander. ho#e3er. the 'amirensian. that this beast mi(ht a""ear more terrible. and his 3erses be-ome more di(nified. des-ribes the hydra as endo#ed #ith many heads instead of one) I ha3e seen a mountain. too. #hi-h bears the name of $m"hiaraus> and the $l-yonian lake. throu(h #hi-h. a--ordin( to the $r(i3es. Ba--hus des-ended to /ades. in order to lead ba-k =emele+ and they add. that this #ay #as sho#n him by Polymnus) The de"th of this lake is immense> nor do I kno# any man #ho has been able by any artifi-e #hate3er to rea-h its bottom+ for e3en %ero. #ho @oined ro"es to(ether of many stadia in len(th. and fastened lead at the end. #ith #hate3er else mi(ht be useful for this "ur"ose. -ould ne3er find the bottom of this de"th) I ha3e heard. too. that the #ater of this lake a""ears to the eye to be tranDuil and Duiet. but that it dra#s to the bottom those that ha3e the boldness to s#im in it) But the -ir-umferen-e of this lake is not more than one7third of a stadium. and (rass and bulrushes (ro# on its mar(in) It is. ho#e3er. by no mean la#ful for me to di3ul(e to all men the no-turnal -eremonies. #hi-h are "erformed e3ery year by the side of this lake. to Ba--hus) 1ha)ter 222!000 But. on "ro-eedin( from *erna to Temenium. you #ill "er-ei3e the ri3er PhriGus "ourin( itself into the sea) Temenium. ho#e3er. belon(s to the $r(i3es. and is named from Temenus the on of $ristoma-hus+ for after he #as settled in this "la-e. and had fortified it. he en(a(ed in #ar alon( #ith the 0orienses. a(ainst Tisamenus. and the $-haians) In Temenium. too. there is a tem"le of %e"tune. and another of Venus> and besides these.

the se"ul-hre of Temenus. #hi-h is 3enerated by the 0orienses that li3e in $r(os) But %au"lia is distant from Temenium. as it a""ears to me. about fifty stadia) This to#n is at "resent desolate> but its builder #as %au"lius. #ho is said to ha3e been the son of %e"tune and $mymone) The ruins of the #alk yet remain. to(ether #ith a tem"le of %e"tune. -ertain "orts. and a fountain -alled 'anathus) The $r(i3es re"ort that Cuno. by #ashin( e3ery year in this fountain. be-omes a 3ir(in+ and this narration belon(s to the ar-ane dis-ourses. #hi-h are deli3ered in the mysteries of Cuno) But the story #hi-h is -ir-ulated in %au"lia about an ass. #ho. by eatin( the bran-hes of a 3ine7tree. rendered the 3ine mu-h more "rolifi-. and #ho on this a--ount. as tea-hin( them the "ro"riety of am"utatin( 3ines. is -ar3ed in stone 7 this story I shall "ass by. as not #orthy of dis-ussion) There is also another road #hi-h leads from *erna to the sea. in that "la-e #hi-h they -all Genesium) $nd near the sea there is a tem"le. of no (reat ma(nitude. of Genesian %e"tune) $fter this. another "la-e follo#s. #hi-h is -alled $"obathmi. or a landing$)lace) They re"ort. that this #as the first "art of $r(olis in #hi-h 0anaus landed #ith his -hildren) <rom hen-e. after you ha3e "assed by $ni(raea. #hi-h is a narro# road. and almost im"er3ious. you #ill "er-ei3e a "ie-e of (round #hi-h eGtends itself on the left hand to#ards the sea. and #hi-h is 3ery #ell ada"ted for the -ulture of trees in (eneral. and "arti-ularly oli3e7trees) But on as-endin( to#ards the -ontinent. you #ill arri3e at a "la-e -alled Thyrea. in #hi-h three hundred -hosen $r(i3es fou(ht #ith the like number of sele-ted *a-edaemonians for its "ossession+ and all of them dyin(. eG-e"t one ="artan and t#o $r(i3es. they #ere buried here. in the "la-e #here they fell) But the *a-edaemonians in a battle. in #hi-h all the "eo"le #ere dra#n u". ha3in( 3anDuished the $r(i3es. obtained the "ossession of Thyrea. and after#ards (a3e it to the $e(inetae. #hen they #ere dri3en from their island by the $thenians) $t "resent. ho#e3er. the $r(i3es inhabit this "la-e. #hi-h. they re"ort. they obtained by a @ust 3i-tory) But on de"artin( from the "la-es destined to se"ul-hres. you #ill arri3e at $thene. #hi-h #as formerly inhabited by the $e(inetae) %ear this. there is another to#n -alled %eris. and a third &ua. #hi-h is the (reatest of all the to#ns. and #hi-h -ontains a tem"le of Polemo-rates) This Polemo-rates #as the son of !a-haon. and the brother of $leGanor> and #ho. in -onseDuen-e of ha3in( -ured the inhabitants of their diseases. -ame to be honoured by them in this manner) The mountain Parnon rises abo3e these to#ns. in #hi-h the boundaries of the *a-edaemonians. from the $r(i3es and Te(eatae. are -ontained) They ha3e raised for their boundaries stony /ermae. from #hi-h the "la-e is denominated+ and after these there is a ri3er -alled Tanus. #hi-h. bein( but one. des-ends from Parnon. flo#s throu(h the $r(i3e land. and "ours itself into the bay of Thyrea)

Book III $ ,aconics 1ha)ter 0 $fter the /ermae. the *a-oni- re(ion "resents itself to the 3ie#. situated to#ards the #est) In this -ountry. a--ordin( to the *a-edaemonians. *eleG. #ho #as a nati3e of the "la-e. first rei(ned. and the "eo"le #hom he (o3erned #ere -alled *ele(es) But !yles #as the son of *eliG. and a youn(er son Poly-aon. #ith res"e-t to #hom. on #hat a--ount and into #hat "la-e he mi(rated. I shall eG"lain in another "la-e) But. on the death of !yles. his son &urotas su--eeded him in the kin(dom) This &urotas ha3in( brou(ht the sta(nant #ater in the fields to the sea. by a -hannel. the #ater #hi-h #as left. and #hi-h flo#ed like a ri3er. #as -alled after him. &urotas) /o#e3er. as he had no male -hildren. he left the kin(dom to *a-edaemon. #hose mother #as Tay(eta. from #hom a mountain #as denominated. and #hose father. a--ordin( to re"ort. #as Cu"iter) But *a-edaemon

married ="arta. the dau(hter of &urotas+ and as soon as he obtained the kin(dom. in the first "la-e he (a3e names to the re(ion and the inhabitants> and in the neGt "la-e. he built a -ity. and -alled it after the name of his #ife. ="arta. #hi-h is its name e3en at "resent) But his son $my-las. bein( desirous of lea3in( behind him a monument of his name. built a little -ity in the *a-oni- land+ and as he had se3eral sons. the <ates took a#ay his youn(est son /ya-inthus. #ho #as a most beautiful youth. before his father) The tomb of this /ya-inthus is under the statue of $"ollo) But. on the death of $my-las. his eldest son $r(alus rei(ned. and after him 'ynortas) 9ebalus #as the son of this 'ynortas. #ho married the $r(i3e Gor(o"hone the dau(hter of Perseus. and had by her Tyndareus. #ith #hom /i""o-oon -ontended for the kin(dom. -onsiderin( himself entitled to it on a--ount of his seniority) /i""o-oon. therefore. ha3in( for this "ur"ose entered into an asso-iation #ith I-arius and his fa-tion. far sur"assed Tyndareus in "o#er. and -om"elled him throu(h fear to fly. as the *a-edaemonians re"ort. to Pellana) The !essenians. ho#e3er. assert. that Tyndareus fled to $"hareus in !essenia. and that $"hareus #as the son of Perieres. and the brother of Tyndareus on the mother4s side) They add. that he d#elt in Thalamis. #hi-h is a to#n of !essenia> that he had -hildren #hile he resided here> and that. some time after#ards. he #as restored to his kin(dom by /er-ules) The sons. too. of Tyndareus rei(ned. and !enelaus the son of $treus. and the son7 in7la# of Tyndareus> and besides these. 9restes. #ho married /ermione the dau(hter of !enelaus) But the /era-lidae returnin( durin( the rei(n of Tisamenus the son of 9restes. one "art of the !essenians and $r(i3es #ere for (i3in( the kin(dom to Temenus. and another "art to 'res"hontes) $nd as in *a-edaemonia $ristodemus had left behind him t#ins. t#o royal families #ere by this means "rodu-ed. and this by the a""robation of the Pythian deity) But they say. that $ristodemus died at 0el"hos. before the 0orienses returned to Pelo"onnesus> and s"eakin( ma(nifi-ently of their o#n affairs. they add. that $ristodemus #as "ier-ed #ith arro#s by $"ollo. be-ause he did not inDuire of the ora-le. but -onsulted /er-ules. #hom he first ha""ened to meet. by #hat means the 0orienses mi(ht return to Pelo"onnesus) The more true relation. ho#e3er. is this+ 7 That $ristodemus #as slain by the sons of Pylades and &le-tra. #hi-h sons #ere the -ousins of Tisamenus the son of 9restes) But the names of the sons of $ristodemus #ere Pro-les and &urysthenes. #ho. thou(h t#ins. #ere 3ery difierent in their dis"ositions) /o#e3er. thou(h their enmity to ea-h other #as 3ery (reat. yet this did not hinder them from @ointly follo#in( Theras. the brother of their mother $r(ia. the son of Ion. and their tutor. in establishin( a -olony) But Theras settled a -olony in an island #hi-h #as then -alled 'aliste. ho"in( that the des-endants of !embliarus #ould abandon the (o3ernment of their o#n a--ord) The e3ent. indeed. ha""ened as he #ished. o#in( to their -onsiderin( that the ra-e of Theras mi(ht be referred to 'admus as its ori(in. and that they #ere the offs"rin( of !embliarus. #ho #as one of the -ommon "eo"le. and #ho #as left in the island by 'admus as a leader of the -olonies) Theras. therefore. -han(in( the name of the -olony. -alled it after his o#n name> and the Theraei. e3en at "resent. "erform yearly funeral sa-rifi-es to Theras. as the founder of a -olony) Pro-les. indeed. and &urysthenes. #ere -heerfully obedient to the -ommands of Theras. but the rest dissented from him in all his desi(ns) But if they had e3en a(reed amon( themsel3es. I should not be able. in the same history. to relate at on-e the a-tions of their "osterity> for they neither all li3ed at the same time. so that -ousin mi(ht -orres"ond to -ousin. and the -hildren of the -ousins. or so that the latter "ro(eny mi(ht be -ir-ums-ribed by the same number) I shall. therefore. treat se"arately of ea-h family. and not miG the transa-tions of both in one a--ount) 1ha)ter 00 They say. then. that $(is #as the offs"rin( of &urysthenes. #ho #as the eldest son of $ristodemus+ and from $(is. the "osterity of &urysthenes #ere -alled $(idae) But.

durin( the rei(n of $(is. the *a-edaemonians assisted Patreus in buildin( a -ity in $-haia. and in establishin( a -olony. #hi-h at "resent. from this Patreus. they -all Patrae) They sent. too. -om"anions and asso-iates #ith Grais the son of &-helatus. and the (randson of Penthilus the son of 9restes. #ho #as "assin( #ith a fleet into the -olony) $nd he. indeed. "ossessed that re(ion #hi-h is situated bet#een Ionia and !ysi. and #hi-h is at "resent -alled $eolis> his (randfather Penthilus. "rior to this. ha3in( taken *esbos. an island abo3e this -ontinent of $eolis) But. durin( the rei(n of &-hestratus the son of $(is in ="arta. the *a-edaemonians eG"elled all the 'ynurenses that #ere in the 3i(our of their a(e from their dominions> assi(nin( this as a reason for their -ondu-t. that the 'ynurensian robbers in@ured $r(olis. at the same time that the $r(i3es #ere their allies. and that the 'ynurenses themsel3es made o"en eG-ursions into the $r(oli- land) The 'ynurenses. indeed. are said to ha3e ori(inated from the $r(i3es. and to ha3e been -oloniIed by 'ynuras the son of Perseus) But not many years after. *abotas the son of &-hestratus rei(ned in ="arta+ and /erodotus. in his /istory of 'roesus. informs us. that this *abotas #as under the (uardianshi" of *y-ur(us. #ho (a3e la#s to the *a-edaemonians> but he -alls him *eobotas. and not *abotas) 0urin( his rei(n the *a-edaemonians. for the first time. a""ear to ha3e #arred on the $r(i3es+ and this #ar #as o--asioned by the $r(i3es in3adin( the 'ynurensian land. #hi-h the *a-edaemonians had taken by for-e of arms. and soli-itin( their nei(hbours to re3olt) They say. ho#e3er. that nothin( #orthy of bein( remembered took "la-e in this #ar+ and su-h of the family of *abotas as su--eeded to the (o3ernment. 3iI) 0oryssus. and $(esilaus the son of 0oryssus. both died in a short time after their rei(n) But *y-ur(us (a3e la#s to the *a-edaemonians in the rei(n of $(esilaus+ and these la#s. a--ordin( to some. he re-ei3ed from the Pythian ora-le. and. a--ordin( to others. deri3ed them from 'rete) The 'retans. too. re"ort. that these la#s #ere established by !inos. and that he #as assisted in -om"osin( them by Cu"iter himself) $nd indeed it a""ears to me. that /omer obs-urely si(nifies this in the follo#in( 3erses res"e-tin( the le(islation of !inos+ 44'nossus. her -a"ital of hi(h -ommand> here s-e"tred !inos #ith im"artial hand. 0i3ided ri(ht> ea-h ninth re3ol3in( year) By Co3e re-ei3ed in -oun-il to -onfer)E But #e shall make further mention of *y-ur(us in the follo#in( "art of this des-ri"tion) $(ain. $r-helaus #as the son of $(esilaus+ and #hile he rei(ned. the *a-edaemonians ha3in( -onDuered one of their nei(hbourin( -ities. -alled $e(ys. led a#ay the inhabitants into -a"ti3ity. in -onseDuen-e of sus"e-tin( that the $e(ytae #ould re3olt to the $r-adians) In this sie(e 'harilaus. a kin( out of the other family. assisted $r-helaus+ but #e shall mention the "arti-ular transa-tions of 'harilaus #hen #e relate the affairs of those that are -alled the &ury"ontidae) But Tele-lus #as the son of $r-helaus+ and. in his time. the *a-edaemonians. ha3in( -onDuered the nei(hborin( to#ns. sub3erted $my-las. Pharis. and Geranthre. #hi-h #ere then "ossessed by the $-haians) The Pharitae. ho#e3er. and Geranthratae. bein( terrified at the a""rou-h of the 0orienses. de"arted from Pelo"onnesus. on -ertain -onditions> but the $my-lenses #ere not 3anDuished by the first atta-k. but. in -onseDuen-e of their ri(orous resistan-e. #ere only at len(th -onDuered after many en(a(ements. and after they had (i3en many "roofs of -oura(e by no means in-onsiderable or mean) This. indeed. the 0orienses themsel3es testified by the tro"hy #hi-h they raised on the o--asion. and by #hi-h they si(nified that their (reatest (lory -onsisted in this -onDuest) But. not lon( after this en(a(ement. Tele-lus #as slain by the !essenians. in the tem"le of 0iana. #hi-h #as situated in the to#n -alled *imnae. and #hi-h lies bet#een the borders of the *a-oni- and !essenian lands) $fter the death of Tele-lus. his son

$l-amenes obtained the kin(dom+ and durin( his rei(n. the *a-edaemonians sent into 'rete. 'harmidas the son of &uthys. a man #ho #as one of the most a""ro3ed in ="arta> #ho a""eased the seditions #hi-h rose amon( the 'retans. and "ersuaded them to lea3e the to#ns #hi-h #ere farther distant from the sea. and in other res"e-ts in a #eak -ondition. and to inhabit su-h as mi(ht afford a -on3enient harbour for shi"s) $t the same time. too. the *a-edaemonians took and de"o"ulated a maritime to#n belon(in( to the $-haians. and #hi-h #as -alled /elos> and -onDuered the $r(i3es. #ho brou(ht assistan-e to the /elotes) 1ha)ter 000 9n the death of $l-amenes. his son Polydorus su--eeded to the (o3ernment> and at that time the *a-edaemonians brou(ht one -olony into 'rotona in Italy. and another into *o-ris. near the "romontory Le"hyrium) The #ar. too. #hi-h is -alled !essenia-. arri3ed durin( this "eriod at its (reatest hei(ht) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. do not a(ree #ith the !essenians in assi(nin( the -auses of this #ar+ but. in the follo#in( "art of this history. #e shall relate #hat is asserted by either "arty. and ho# the #ar #as -on-luded) In the mean time. thus mu-h must not be omitted. that Theo"om"us the son of %i-ander. and a kin( of the other family. led the *a-edaemonians in many en(a(ements in the former #ar a(ainst the !essenians) But the #ar bein( finished. and the !essenians be-omin( sub@e-t to the *a-edaemonians. Polydorus. a man of (reat reno#n in ="arta. and "arti-ularly dear to the *a-edaemonian 3ul(ar. be-ause he had ne3er a-ted #ith 3iolen-e in any transa-tion. and had al#ays been @ust and humane in his de-isions. #as slain by Polemar-hus. a man not #ithout re"utation in *a-edaemon. and of (reat auda-ity. as this a-tion e3in-es) But the *a-edaemonians "aid su-h honours to Polydorus. after his death. as #ell deser3e to be mentioned> thou(h. not#ithstandin( this. there is a se"ul-hre of Polemar-hus in ="arta. #hether "rior to this he #as -onsidered by them as a #orthy man. or that he #as se-retly buried by his relations) But durin( the rei(n of &ury-rates the son of Polydorus. the !essenians "ut a #ilIin( obedien-e to the (o3ernment of the *a-edaemonians. and the $r(i3e 3ul(ar did not a""ly themsel3es to the study of no3el affairs) But #hen $naGander the son of &ury-rates obtained the (o3ernment. as it #as no# destined by the <ates. that the !essenians should be eG"elled beyond Pelo"onnesus. they re3olted from the *a-edaemonians. and for some time #ere their eDuals in #ar> but bein( at len(th 3anDuished. they made a lea(ue. and abandoned Pelo"onnesus> and those that still remained #ere made sla3es by the *a-edaemonians. eG-e"t su-h as inhabited the maritime to#ns) But. #ith res"e-t to the transa-tions of this #ar. that #hi-h ha""ened after the re3olt of the !essenians is not suffi-iendy -onne-ted #ith the "resent history to be related) But &ury-rates #as the son of $naGander. and *eon of &ury-rates+ and durin( the rei(n of these t#o. the *a-edaemonians suffered many losses in battle from the Te(eatae> but under the (o3ernment of $naGandrides the son of *eon. they -onDuered the Te(eatae. and that in the follo#in( manner+ $ *a-edaemonian of the name of *i-has -ame to Te(ea> for at that time a lea(ue subsisted bet#een the -ities) But *i-has. on his arri3al. dis-o3ered the bones of 9restes. #hi-h the ="artans had been ordered to seek by a -ertain ora-le> and this. by understandin( the ora-le as si(nifyin( that they #ere -on-ealed in the #orksho" of a -o""ersmith. and by referrin( #hate3er he sa# in the sho" to the #ords of the ora-le) Thus. for instan-e. he inter"reted the winds as si(nifyin( the bellows. be-ause they emit a 3iolent s"irit> the blow he referred to the hammer> that which resists the blow to the an&il> and that which is the destruction of man he 3ery "ro"erly referred to iron. #hi-h at that time be(an to be used in battle) <or if the (od had s"oken #ith a 3ie# to the heroi- a(e. as it is -alled. he #ould ha3e si(nified that #hi-h is destru-ti3e to man by brass)

But an ora-le #hi-h #as after#ards (i3en to the $thenians #as similar to this. #hi-h the *a-edaemonians re-ei3ed. res"e-tin( the bones of 9restes+ for the ora-le ordered them to -arry the bones of Theseus from =-yros to $thens> addin(. that unless this #as a--om"lished. they #ould not be able to take =-yros) But 'imon the son of !iltiades found the bones of Theseus. throu(h the same a-uteness of -on@e-ture. and not lon( after took the island) But that in the times of the heroes all the arms #ere similarly brass is e3ident from /omer. #hen he des-ribed the aG of Pisander. and the dart of !erion) !y o"inion. too. is stren(thened from this -ir-umstan-e. that the s"ear of $-hilles. #hi-h is "la-ed in the tem"le of !iner3a in Phaseus. has its bottom and to" "art of brass> and the s#ord of !emom. amon( the %i-omedenses. in the tem"le of $es-ula"ias. is #holly of brass> and this I kno# to be true) But $naGandrides the son of *eon. alone of all the *a-edaemonians. had t#o #i3es at the same time. and in -onseDuen-e of this a t#ofold "ro(eny) <or #hen the &"hori ordered him to "ut a#ay his first #ife. #ho #as in other res"e-ts the best of #omen. but barren. he #ould not by any means literally -om"ly #ith their orders. but #as so far obedient that he married another #oman besides her. by #hom he had a son. 'leomenes) But then his first #ife -on-ei3ed. and bore him. first 0orieus. after#ards *eonidas. and then 'leombrotus) $nd on the death of $naGandrides. the *a-edaemonians -onsiderin( 0orieus as su"erior to 'leomenes both in the arts of -oun-il and #ar. relu-tantly (a3e the kin(dom to 'leomenes as the elder. a(reeable to the la#s of their -ountry) But 0orieus. #ho -ould not be "ersuaded to stay in *a-edaemon. and be subser3ient to 'leomenes. #as sent into a -olony) 1ha)ter 0! But 'leomenes. as soon as he be(an his rei(n. -olle-tin( an army of *a-edaemonians and his allies. made an in-ursion into $r(olis+ and as soon as the $r(i3es met him in arms. he 3anDuished them in fi(ht) But the $r(i3es fled to the sa-red (ro3e of %iobe. #hi-h #as near the field of battle. to the number of fi3e thousand> and 'leomenes. #ho #as often seiIed #ith fits of insanity. by means of the /elotes. or ="artan ser3ants. fired the (ro3e> in -onseDuen-e of #hi-h both the (ro3e itself. and the su""liants that fled thither for refu(e. #ere destroyed by the fire) $fter this. he led his army to $thens. and there. in the first "la-e. ha3in( freed the $thenians from the tyranny of the -hildren of Pisistratus. he both "ro-ured for himself and the *a-edaemonians an illustrious re"utation amon( all the Greeks) But after#ards. throu(h his "artiality to an $thenian #hose name #as Isa(oras. he endea3oured to "la-e this man o3er the $thenians> and the $thenians fi(htin( #ith (reat 3alour for their liberty. 'leomenes #as frustrated in his intentions. and in -onseDuen-e of this de"o"ulated other "arts of the -ountry. and a "la-e -alled 9r(as. sa-red to the (ods #hi-h are #orshi"ed at &leusis) $fter this. he "assed into $e(ina. and im"risoned the "rin-i"al "ersons of the $e(inetae. #ho. from their atta-hment to the !edes. had "ersuaded their fello#7-itiIens to surrender their land and #ater to 0arius the son of /ydas"es) But #hile 'leomenes stayed at $e(ina. 0emaratus. a kin( from the other family. a--used him to the *a-edaemonian 3ul(ar> and 'leomenes. as soon as he returned from $e(ina. in -onseDuen-e of this did e3erythin( in his "o#er to dethrone 0emaratus) <or he so -orru"ted the 0el"hi- "riest by his (ifts. that he "ersuaded him to ans#er the *a-edaemonians. #hen they -onsulted the ora-le. @ust #hat he "res-ribed> and besides this. he insti(ated *eoty-hides. a man of the royal family. and allied to 0emaratus. to -ontend #ith 0emaratus for the kin(dom) In -onseDuen-e of this. *eoty-hides laid hold on those #ords #hi-h $riston on-e rashly uttered res"e-tin( 0emaratus as soon as he #as bom. and "ersuaded the @ud(es that 0emaratus #as not the son of $riston) This dis"ute bein( related by the *a-edaemonians to the 0el"hi- ora-le. a -ustom #hi-h they ado"ted in e3ery affair. the Pythian "riest ans#ered them a(reeable to the #ishes of 'leomenes+ and by this means 0emaratus #as de"ri3ed of his kin(dom. throu(h the hatred of

'leomenes. and not by the de-isions of @usti-e) But 'leomenes. after these transa-tions. died insane> for. seiIin( on a s#ord. he man(led his body all o3er #ith the most "ainful #ounds. and thus sle# himself) $nd the $r(i3es. indeed. say. that. by the bitterness of his death. he suffered the "unishment of his inhumanity to#ards the su""liants at $r(os> the $thenians. that his death #as the -onseDuen-e of his 3iolatin( 9r(as> and the 0el"hi. that it arose from his -orru"tin( the "riest of $"ollo. to s"eak falsely res"e-tin( 0emaratus) But other eGam"les. besides this of 'leomenes. may be found. of the an(er of (ods and heroes to#ards men+ for Protesilaus. #ho is honoured by the &leans. and than #hom there is no hero in $r(os more illustrious. re3en(ed on himself Perses $rtabaetes> and the !e(arenses #ere ne3er able to a""ease the an(er of the di3inities in &leusia. after they had dared to inhabit the sa-red land) I do not. ho#e3er. kno# of anyone. eG-e"t 'leomenes. #ho has dared to -orru"t the ora-le of the (od) But as 'leomenes had no male -hildren. the (o3ernment de3ol3ed on *eonidas the son of $naGandrides. and the brother on both sides of 0orieus) $nd 1erGes at that time leadin( his numerous army into Gree-e. *eonidas met him #ith a band of three hundred *a-edaemonians at the "ass of Thermo"ylae) !any battles. indeed. ha3e taken "la-e amon( the Greeks. and many amon( the Barbarians> but those are but fe# in number. in #hi-h the 3irtue of one man shone forth in an eminent de(ree. as of $-hilles in the Tro@an #ar. and of !iltiades at !arathon) In my o"inion. ho#e3er. the illustrious a-tion of *eonidas sur"asses those of any other "eriod) <or 1erGes. #ho of all the kin(s that after#ards rei(ned o3er the !edes and Persians #as the most "rudent and reno#ned. #as so 3i(orously en-ountered. on his entry into Gree-e. by *eonidas. #ith a fe# troo"s #hi-h he -ommanded at the Thermo"ylae. that 1erGes #ould neither ha3e -onDuered Gree-e. nor e3en $thens. if a -ertain Tra-hinian had not led the for-es of /ydarnes. by a -ir-ular mar-h. throu(h the "assa(es of the mountain 9eta) $nd thus. by the destru-tion of *eonidas and his for-es. the Barbarians -ame into Gree-e) But Pausanias the son of 'leombrotas #as ne3er kin( of the *a-edaemonians. but bein( the tutor of Plistar-hus the son of *eonidas. he led the *a-edaemonians to Plataeae. and after#ards "assed o3er #ith a fleet to the /elles"ont) The -ondu-t. ho#e3er. of this Pausanias. to#ards a #oman #hose name #as 'oa. a""ears to me to deser3e the (reatest "raise) This #oman. #ho #as the dau(hter of a man not #ithout re"utation amon( the 'oans. 3is) of /e(etorides the son of $nta(oras. #as un#illin(ly led a#ay as a -on-ubine by Pharandates the Persian. the son of Tea"is) But as !ardonius fell in battle at Plateaae. and the Barbarians #ere destroyed. Pausanias sent ba-k this #oman to 'oos. #ith all her female ornaments. and the (ifts #hi-h she had re-ei3ed from Pharandates) $nd besides this. he #ould not suffer the dead body of !ardomus to be in@ured. -ontrary to the ad3i-e of *am"on $e(inetas) 1ha)ter ! Plistar-hus. therefore. the son of *eonidas. died in the be(innin( of his rei(n) But he #as su--eeded by PlestoanaG. the son of that Pausanias #ho led the for-es to Plataeae) $nother Pausanias. #ho #as the son of this PlestoanaG. led an army into $tti-a under the "reteGt of #a(in( #ar #ith Thrasybulus and the $thenians. but in reality that he mi(ht establish the dominion of the thirty tyrants #ho had been set o3er the $thenians by *ysander) $nd in an en(a(ement. indeed. Pausanias 3anDuished those $thenians that (uarded the Piraeeus> but after the battle he determined to lead ba-k his army. as he #as of o"inion that to ha3e established the tyranny of unholy men #ould not be the most dis(ra-eful "art of the -ondu-t of the ="artan re"ubli-) /o#e3er. on his return from $thens. as he had en(a(ed in an unfinished #ar. he #as -alled to a--ount by his enemies) But the kin( amon( the *a-edaemonians is @ud(ed as follo#s+ Those that are -alled seniors sit in @ud(ment to the number of t#enty7ei(ht. and to(ether #ith these the head of the &"hori. and the kin( of the other family) 9n this o--asion. therefore. fourteen of the

elders. and $(is. #ho #as at that time the kin( of the other family. -ondemned Pausanias. but the other "art of the -oun-il a-Duitted him) But. not lon( after this. the *a-edaemonians -olle-ted an army a(ainst the Thebans. the -ause of #hi-h #ar #e shall relate in our a--ount of the transa-tions of $(esilaus) $nd then. indeed. *ysander -omin( into Pho-is. and -olle-tin( all the Pho-ensians to(ether. #ithout any delay in3aded Boeotia. and first of all atta-ked the #alls of /eliartus. as the inhabitants of this "la-e #ere un#illin( to abandon the Thebans) 'ertain Thebans. ho#e3er. and $thenians. bein( "ri3ately re-ei3ed into the -ity. made an irru"tion> and *ysander en(a(in( #ith them before the #alls. fell amon( other of the *a-edaemonians) In the meantime. Pausanias ha3in( -olle-ted for-es to(ether from the Te(eatae. and other "arts of $r-adia. arri3ed after the battle #as finished+ and as soon as he -ame to Boeotia. #as made a-Duainted #ith the slau(hter of those that follo#ed *ysander. and of the death of *ysander himself> yet for all this he led his army to Thebes. and "re"ared to besie(e the -ity) But #hen the Thebans "re"ared themsel3es to sustain the atta-k. and the arri3al of Thrasybulus #ith the $thenian auGiliaries #as announ-ed. #ho only #aited till the *a-edeamonians en(a(ed. that he mi(ht atta-k them behind+ then Pausanias. fearin( lest he should be surrounded by the t#o armies of the enemy. made a lea(ue #ith the Thebans. and took -are to bury the dead bodies of those that fell under the #alls of /aliartus) This transa-tion. indeed. #as not a(reeable to the @ud(ment of the *a-edaemonians> but for my o#n "art. I think that the ad3i-e of Pausanias #as ri(ht) <or he #ell kne#. that the *a-edaemonians had al#ays been -ut off #hen surrounded by the enemy. as at the Thermo"ylae. and the island ="ha-teria> and. on this a--ount. he #as afraid lest he should be the o--asion of a third misfortune to them of this kind) /o#e3er. as his -ountrymen #ere of a different o"inion. a--usin( him of slo#ness in his a""roa-h to Boeotia. he did not #ait to be -alled to an a--ount. but betook himself to the Te(eatae. #ho re-ei3ed him as a su""liant in the tem"le of $lea !iner3a) This tem"le #as sa-red to all the Pelo"onnesians from an-ient institutions. and afforded the (reatest safety to those that fled to it in a su""liant habit) $nd the *a-edaemonians e3in-e that this -ondu-t #as ado"ted by Pausanias. and. "rior to this. by *eoty-hides> and the $r(i3es testify the same res"e-tin( 'hrysidas> for all these su""liantly betook themsel3es to this tem"le. and #ere by this means "reser3ed from the dan(er #hi-h threatened them) But after the fli(ht of Pausanias. his -hildren. $(esi"olis and 'leombrotus. #ho #ere then 3ery youn(. #ere "la-ed under the (uardianshi" of $ristodemus. #ho #as his nearest relation> and the *a-edaemonians. under the -ommand of this $ristodemus. fou(ht #ith su--ess at 'orinth) But $(esi"olis. as soon as he #as of a(e suffi-ient to assume the reins of (o3ernment. #arred on the $r(i3es before all the other Pelo"onnesians+ and as he led his army from Te(eatae to $r(olis. the $r(i3es sent a messen(er to him. that he mi(ht ratify those lea(ues of their -ountry. #hi-h had been established from the first amon( the 0orienses) $(esi"olis. ho#e3er. #ould neither ratify the -om"a-t #ith the messen(er but. mar-hin( on #ith his army. de"o"ulated the land> nor #hen di3inity -aused an earthDuake to take "la-e #ould he lead his army ba-k. thou(h the *a-edaemonians. and. in like manner. the $thenians. #ere terrified at these "rodi(ies of Cu"iter) $(esi"olis. therefore. fiGed his -am" under the #alls of the $r(i3es. thou(h the (od did not -ease to shake the earth. and thou(h some of the soldiers #ere destroyed by li(htnin(. and some #ere rendered foolish by the thunder) $t len(th. therefore. he un#illin(ly mo3ed his -am" from $r(olis. and turned his arms a(ainst the 9lynthians> and bein( 3i-torious in this en(a(ement. he both took many 'hal-idensian -ities. and ho"ed he should be able to take 9lynthus itself. but #as de-ei3ed in his eG"e-tations by a sudden disease and death) 1ha)ter !0

But as $(esi"olis died #ithout -hildren. the kin(dom fell to the lot of 'leombrotus+ and the *a-edaemonians. under him as their leader. fou(ht #ith the Boeotians at *eu-tra) $nd in this battle. at the 3ery be(innin( of the en(a(ement. 'leombrotus himself fell. fi(htin( 3aliantly) Indeed. #here3er a (reat slau(hter takes "la-e in a battle. the daemon usually -uts off the leader of the army before the rest) Thus. amon( the $thenians. he -ut off /i""o-rates the son of $ri"hron at 0elium. and after#ards *eosthenes in Thessaly) But $(esi"olis. the eldest of the -hildren of 'leombrotus. a--om"lished nothin( #orthy of relation+ but 'leomenes. the youn(er son. after the death of his brother. took "ossession of the kin(dom. and as he had t#o sons. $-rotatus and 'leonymus. it so ha""ened that $-rotatus sur3i3ed his father> and on the death of 'leomenes a -ontest took "la-e bet#een 'leonymus the son of 'leomenes. and $reus the son of $-rotatus. res"e-tin( the "ossession of the kin(dom) The elders therefore. ad@ud(ed the (o3ernment to $reus. and not to 'leonymus. in -onseDuen-e of #hi-h 'leonymus be(an to "lan some (reat a-hie3ement> and thou(h the &"hori endea3oured to a""ease him. as #ell by other honorary re#ards. as by (i3in( him the -ommand of the for-es. yet they -ould not "re3ent his be-omin( an enemy to his -ountry) /is hatred. indeed. to his -ountry #as abundantly e3in-ed in many "arti-ulars. and. amon( the rest. by his brin(in( Pyrrhus the son of $ea-ides into *a-edaemonia) But. durin( the rei(n of $reus the son of $-rotatus in ="arta. $nti(onus the son of 0emetrius #arred on the $thenians both #ith land and marine for-es) Patro-lus. ho#e3er. -ame to the assistan-e of the $thenians #ith an &(y"tian fleet> and the *a-edaemonians like#ise #ere ready to (i3e their aid #ith a band of 3oluntaries under the -ommand of their kin( $reus) But as $nti(onus had so in3ested the -ity #ith his for-es that the assistan-e of their allies #as rendered su"erfluous. Patro-lus. by his messen(ers. desired $reus and the *a-edaemonians to -ome to an en(a(ement #ith $nti(onus. and told them that he in the meantime #ould atta-k the !a-edonians behind. assi(nin( this as a reason for his -ondu-t. that their foot for-es #ere by no means eDual to those of the !a-edonians. be-ause they #ere &(y"tians and sailors) In -onseDuen-e of this messa(e. the *a-edaemonians. both from their (ood7#ill to the $thenians. and that they mi(ht "erform an a-tion #hi-h #ould render them illustrious to "osterity. a-ted in e3ery res"e-t a(reeable to the #ish of Pausanias) But $reus. as their "ro3isions #ere nearly -onsumed. led his army ba-k. as he -onsidered that it #as hi(hly "ro"er to reser3e the remainin( "art of his aid to the use of his -ountry. and not rashly lose his for-es in (i3in( assistan-e to others) hen the $thenians ho#e3er. had made a 3i(orous resistan-e for a lon( time. $nti(onus made a "ea-e #ith them. and "la-ed a (uard o3er them in the !useum. #hi-h not lon( after he 3oluntarily #ithdre#) But $-rotatus #as the son of this $reus. and another son $reus. #ho died throu(h disease in the ei(hth year of his a(e) $nd as almost all the male "osterity of &urysthenes #ere abolished. *eonidas the son of 'leontmus su--eeded to the kin(dom. #hen he #as 3ery mu-h ad3an-ed in years) *ysander. too. the son of *ysander. and the (randson of $risto-rates #as at (reat enmity #ith *eonidas) This *ysander asso-iated to himself 'leombrotus. #ho married the dau(hter of *eonidas> and ha3in( dra#n him o3er to his interest. "ersuaded him to a--use *eonidas of 3arious -rimes. and. amon( the rest. of this. that #hile he #as yet a boy. he had s#orn to his father 'leonymus res"e-tin( the destru-tion of ="arta) *eonidas. therefore. bein( -om"elled to abdi-ate the kin(dom. 'leombrotus obtained it after him) If. indeed. *eonidas had been im"otent of mind throu(h an(er. and. as 0emaratus the son of $riston did formerly. had fled either to the kin( of the !a-edonians or the kin( of the &(y"tians. he #ould not ha3e been benefited by the after re"entan-e of the ="artans> but. in -onseDuen-e of the -ondu-t #hi-h he ado"ted. he #as re-alled not many years after by the *a-edaemonians. and a(ain assumed the reins of (o3ernment) But #ith res"e-t to the darin( attem"ts and -oura(e of 'leomenes the son of *eonidas. and ho# throu(h him the royal (o3ernment of ="arta -ame to an end. these

"arti-ulars #e shall relate in our a--ount of the transa-tions of the =i-yonian $ratus 7 at the same time mentionin( after #hat manner 'leomenes died in &(y"t) 'leomenes. therefore. the son of *eonidas. #as the last of those kin(s belon(in( to the family of &urysthenes #ho #ere -alled $(idae) 1ha)ter !00 But the "arti-ulars #hi-h I ha3e heard res"e-tin( the other family are as follo#+ 7 Pro-les the son of $ristodemus had a son #hose name #as =oos> and &ury"on #as the son of =oos. #ho arri3ed at so (reat a de(ree of reno#n that all that family. #hi-h #as before -alled Pro-lidae. #as from him denominated &ury"ontidae) But Prytanis #as the son of &ury"on+ and durin( his rei(n. an enmity took "la-e bet#een the *a-edaemonians and the $r(i3es> and "rior to this a--usation. a #ar subsisted #ith the 'ynurenses) In the a(es. too. follo#in( this. 3iI). durin( the rei(n of &unomus the son of Prytanis. and Polyde-tes the son of &unomus. the ="artans en@oyed an uninterru"ted "ea-e) But 'harillus the son of Polyde-tes destroyed the land of the $r(i3es by fire and s#ord+ and not many years after. the ="artans. led by this 'harillus. and de-ei3ed by a fraudulent ora-le. mar-hed a(ainst the Te(eatae. #hom they #ere in ho"es of -onDuerin(. and at the same time eG"e-tin( to take from the $r-adians the Te(ean "lains) But after the death of 'harillus. his son %i-ander su--eeded to the (o3ernment> and #hile he rei(ned. Tele-lus. a kin( from the other family. #as slain by the !essenians in the tem"le of 0iana *imnas) This %i-ander. too. led an army a(ainst $r(olis. and did mu-h in@ury to the -ountry) The $sinaei @oined #ith the *a-edaemonians in this #ar. for #hi-h not lon( after they (rie3ously suffered from the $r(i3es. eG"erien-in( the destru-tion of their -ountry. and be-omin( eGiles themsel3es) But I shall a(ain make mention of Theo"om"us the son of %i-ander. #ho rei(ned after his father. #hen I des-ribe the !essenian affairs) hile. ho#e3er. Theo"om"us rei(ned in ="arta. a #ar took "la-e bet#een the $r(i3es and the *a-edaemonians. about the re(ion -alled Thyreatis) But Theo"om"us #as not "resent at this battle. on a--ount of his a(e. and the affli-tion of his mind) <or his son $r-hidamus died before him> yet he left a son behind him. #hose name #as LeuGidamus> and $naGidamus #as the son of LeuGidamus. and su--eeded to the (o3emment of ="arta) 0urin( the rei(n of this $naGidamus. the !essenians fled from the Pelo"onnesus. bein( a se-ond time 3anDuished by the ="artans) $nd $r-hidamus #as the son of $naGidamus. and $(asi-les of $r-hidamus. durin( #hose rei(ns the ="artans li3ed in "erfe-t Duiet. and #ithout ha3in( any -on-ern in #ar) But $risto. the son of $(asi-les. married a #oman #ho is said to ha3e been the most base of all the ="artan 3ir(ins as to her manners. but the most beautiful as to her form. of all the #omen "osterior to /elen) This #oman. #hen she had been married to $risto but se3en months. #as deli3ered of a son. #hose name #as 0emaratus> and this e3ent #as announ-ed to $risto. as he #as sittin( amon( the &"hori) $risto. ho#e3er. either for(ettin( those 3erses of /omer in the 0liad. or not suffi-iently understandin( them. said. that the boy -ould not be his. be-ause he #as bom at the end of se3en months> for #hi-h s"ee-h after#ards he bitterly re"ented) <or 0emarutus. #ho #as a man of (reat re"utation in ="arta. and #ho. in -on@un-tion #ith 'leomenes. freed the $thenians from the tyranny of the -hildren of Pisistratus. #as de"ri3ed of his kin(dom. throu(h this in-onsiderate s"ee-h of $risto. and his hatred of 'leomenes) But #hen. in -onseDuen-e of bein( eGiled. he -ame to 0arius amon( the Persians. they re"ort that his "osterity remained in $sia for a lon( time) *eoty-hides. ho#e3er. #as -hosen kin( in the "la-e of 0emaratus. and assisted 1anthi""us the (eneral of the $thenians. and the son of $ri"hron. at !y-ale+ and after this mar-hin( into Thessaly a(ainst the $leuadae. he easily -onDuered all Thessaly. be-ause 3i-tory "er"etually attended him in all his en(a(ements) /o#e3er. as he re-ei3ed (ifts from the $leuadae. he #as -alled to a--ount in *a-edaemonia. and fled for "rote-tion to

the altar of !iner3a $lea) But LeuGidamus the son of *eoty-hides died throu(h disease. #hile his father #as yet ali3e and safe) $nd $r-hidamus. the son of LeuGidamus. obtained the (o3ernment after *eoty-hides fled to Te(ea) This $r-hidamus 3ery mu-h in@ured the -ountry of the $thenians. by mar-hin( an army into $tti-a e3ery year. and de"o"ulatin( and destroyin( e3ery "la-e he -ame to) The same "erson. too. took the -ity of the Plataeenses. #ho #ere the friends and allies of the $thenians) /e #ould not. ho#e3er. by any means eG-ite the Pelo"onnesians and $thenians to #ar on ea-h other. but endea3oured. to the utmost of his ability. to establish bet#een them a lastin( "ea-e) But =theneiaidas. a man not destitute of "o#er in *a-edaemonia. and one of the &"hori. #as "arti-ularly the -ause of a #ar takin( "la-e. #hi-h shook Gree-e. at that time suffi-iently #ell established. from its 3ery foundation+ and not lon( after. Phili" the son of $myntas. atta-kin( it #hile in a ruinous and diseased -ondition. #as the -ause of its entire o3erthro#) 1ha)ter !0ll /o#e3er. as soon as $r-hidamus died. as he left t#o sons behind him. $(is and $(esilaus. the former. in -onseDuen-e of his seniority. assumed the reins of (o3ernment) $r-hidamus. #ho had a dau(hter. #hose name #as 'ynis-a> #ho #as a (reat lo3er of the 9lym"i- -ontests and #as the first #oman that em"loyed herself in breedin( horses. and that bore a#ay the 9lym"i- "alm) But after her. other #omen. and es"e-ially some of !a-edonia. obtained the 9lym"i- "riIe> thou(h indeed 'ynis-a sur"assed them all) The ="artans. ho#e3er. a""ear to me to admire the least of all men "oetry. and the "raise #hi-h it besto#s+ for. eG-e"t an e"i(ram on 'ynis-a. -om"osed by I kno# not #hom. and an e"i(ram of =imonides u"on the tri"os of Pausanias. dedi-ated at 0el"hos. nothin( else is mentioned by any "oet -on-ernin( the *a-oni- kin(s) But durin( the rei(n of $(is the son of $r-hidamus. the *a-edaemonians a--used the &leans of 3arious -rimes. and of this es"e-ially. that they had forbid them to -elebrate the 9lym"i- (ames. and to sa-rifi-e in the tem"le of Cu"iter) In -onseDuen-e of this. they sent a messen(er to the &leans. -ommandin( them to suffer the *e"reatae. and other nei(hbourin( -ities. to use their o#n la#s) To this messa(e the &leans ans#ered. that as soon as they sa# the -ities borderin( on ="arta free. they also #ould (i3e liberty to their allies) But the *a-edaemonians. roused by this re"ly. immediately. #ith their kin( $(is. in3aded &lea> and then di3inity shakin( the earth. they #ere obli(ed to lead their army ba-k. #hen they had mar-hed as far as to 9lym"ia. and the ri3er $l"heus) In the year follo#in(. ho#e3er. $(is de"o"ulated the -ountry of the &leans. and took from then-e a (reat "rey) But then 1enias the &lean. #ho #as "ri3ately the friend of $(is. and "ubli-ly of the *a-edaemonians. and #ho #as like#ise hated by the "eo"le. endea3oured. by the assistan-e of the ri-h. to deli3er u" the -ity to the enemy) /o#e3er. before $(is arri3ed #ith his army. Thrasydrus. #ho then "resided o3er the -ommon "eo"le of the &leans. ha3in( 3anDuished in battle 1enias and his for-es. dro3e them out of the -ity) But $(is after this led ba-k his army. and left *ysistratus the ="artan. #ith a "art of his for-es. and the &lean eGiles. that. to(ether #ith the *e"reatae. they mi(ht in@ure. by freDuent eG-ursions. the land of the &leans) $t len(th. in the third year of this #ar. #hen the *a-edaemonians and $(is a(ain "re"ared to in3ade &lea. Thrasydrus and the &leans. #ho #ere in@ured by the #ar in the most eminent de(ree. made a "ea-e. on the follo#in( -onditions+ That they. the &leans. should no lon(er rule o3er the nei(hbourin( -ities+ that the #alls of their -ity should be demolished> and that the *a-edaemonians should both sa-rifi-e to Cu"iter in 9lym"ia. and -ontend. if they "leased. in the 9lym"i- (ames) $fter this. $(is made -ontinual in-ursions into $tti-a. and fortified a to#er in 0e-elea a(ainst the $thenians) But the $thenian fleet bein( destroyed at $e(os"otamos. *ysander the son of $ristro-ratus and $(is 3iolated the sa-red lea(ue. #hi-h had been established bet#een the $thenians and *a-edaemonians.

thou(h the ="artans had not (i3en them orders for this "ur"ose> for they only had made a de-ree #ith their allies. res"e-tin( the entire destru-tion of the $thenians) $nd these #ere the most illustrious #ar7like a-hie3ements of $(is) But the rashness of $(is. res"e-tin( his son *eoty-hides. #as -orres"ondent to that of $riston res"e-tin( 0emaratus> for. in the hearin( of the &"hori. he #as tem"ted by some e3il daemon to say. that he did not think *eoty-hides #as his son) 9f this rashness. ho#e3er. he after#ards re"ented+ for #hen. in -onseDuen-e of a disease #ith #hi-h he #as affli-ted. he #as -arried from $r-adia to his o#n habitation. he testified to all those that #ere "resent #ith him in /eraea. that he had no doubt but *eoty-hides #as his son. and entreated the s"e-tators #ith tears to testify this to the *a-edaemonians) But after the death of $(is. $(esilaus eG"elled *eoty-hydes from the kin(dom. in -onseDuen-e of remindin( the *a-edaemonians of #hat $(is had said res"e-tin( *eoty-hides) The $r-adians. ho#e3er. from /eraea -ame to *a-edaemon on this o--asion. and testified in behalf of *eoty-hides #hat $(is. #hen dyin(. had de-lared -on-ernin( him) The 0el"hi- ora-le. too. ser3ed to in-rease the dis"ute bet#een $(esilaus and *eoty-hides) But the ora-le #as to this effe-t+ E="arta be#are. thou(h at "resent thou dost (reatly (lory in thy -ondition. lest a lame kin( #ith sound le(s in@ure thee+ for unless thou art -autious. uneG"e-ted and lon(7-ontinued labours a#ait thee. and the destru-ti3e #a3es of the min(led flood of #ar)E *eoty-hides. therefore. asserted. that the ora-le referred to $(esilaus. be-ause he #as lame in one of his feet) But $(esilaus retorted u"on *eoty-hides. that he #as not the le(itimate offs"rin( of $(is) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. did not refer this dis"ute to the ora-le. thou(h it #as in their "o#er to ha3e done so> and this. as it a""ears to me. be-ause they follo#ed the ad3i-e of *ysander the son of $risto-ritus. #ho endea3oured by all "ossible means to "ro-ure the kin(dom for $(esilaus) 1ha)ter 02 $s soon therefore. as $(esilaus had obtained the kin(dom. the *a-edaemonians sent a fleet into $sia. for the "ur"ose of #arrin( on $rtaGerGes the son of 0arius+ for they kne#. from the other -hiefs of the -ity. and "arti-ularly from *ysander. that in the #ar a(ainst the $thenians they had not obtained money for their fleet from $rtaGerGes. but from 'yrus) $(esilaus therefore (for he #as ordered to "ass #ith an army into $sia. and #as de-lared (eneral of the foot) sent ambassadors hito Pelo"onnesus. for the "ur"ose of eG-itin( all the "eo"le. eG-e"t the $r(i3es. and all the Greeks beyond the Isthmus to unite #ith them in the #ar) The 'orinthians. therefore. thou(h they 3ery mu-h desired to "artake of this eG"edition. yet as the tem"le of Cu"iter. #ho #as -alled by them 9lym"ius. #as #ashed a#ay by a sudden inundation of the sea. they -onsidered it as an ill omen. and un#illin(ly remained at home) But the "reteGt of the $thenians for #ithholdin( their assistan-e #as the other -alamities of the Pelo"onnesian #ar. and "arti-ularly the "estilen-e from disease. throu(h #hi-h they #ere -ut off from the ho"es of their "ristine feli-ity) The true reason. ho#e3er. of their remainin( Duiet. #as. be-ause they had understood by a messen(er. that 'onon the son of Timotheus had "aid a 3isit to the kin() $ristomenides. too. #as sent to the Thebans. be-ause he #as the (randfather on the mother4s side of $(esilaus. and fa3ourable to the Thebans+ for he had been one of those @ud(es. #ho. #hen the -ity of the Plataeenses #as taken. #ere of o"inion that all those that #ere taken #ithin it should be slain) The Thebans. ho#e3er. no less than the $thenians. said. that they #ere unable to (i3e any assistan-e) But $(esilaus -olle-ted to(ether at home a -hosen band of his allies. and at the same time ha3in( built and "ro"erly fitted out a fleet. -ame to $ulis in order to sa-rifi-e to 0iana> be-ause $(amemnon. after he had "ro"itiated the (oddess in this "la-e. led his for-es a(ainst Troy) $(esilaus. therefore. thou(ht that he #as the kin( of a mu-h ha""ier -ity than $(amemnon. and that. in a manner similar to him. he rei(ned o3er all Gree-e) /e like#ise

#as of o"inion. that if he -ould -onDuer $rtaGerGes. and obtain the ri-hes of the Persians. su-h an a-hie3ement #ould be mu-h more illustrious than the sub3ersion of the kin(dom of Priam) But as he #as sa-rifi-in(. the Thebans arri3ed in arms. thre# do#n the entrails. #hile they #ere yet burnin( on the altar. and dro3e him out of the tem"le) $(esilaus. ho#e3er. thou(h he lamented that he had not finished his sa-rifi-e. "assed o3er into $sia. and first of all dro3e to =ardis+ for at that time *ydia #as the (reatest "art of *o#er $sia. and =ardis its most illustrious -ity. #hi-h not only eG-elled the other -ities in #ealth and "o#er. but #as the residen-e of the satra" of the sea. in the same manner as =usa #as of the kin() But $(esilaus en(a(in( here #ith Tisa"hernes. the satra" of the "la-es about Ionia. -onDuered. in the "lains of /ermus. both the Persian horse and foot. #hi-h #ere so numerous that they #ere only sur"assed by that army #hi-h 1erGes led a(ainst the $thenians. and 0arius a(ainst the =-ythians) The *a-edemonians. therefore. admirin( the ala-rity of $(esilaus in #arlike -on-erns. (a3e him also the -ommand of the fleet $(esilaus. ho#e3er. (a3e the -ommand of the three7oared (alleys to Pisander the brother of his #ife. as he a""lied himself solely to the a--om"lishment of (reat enter"rises #ith land for-es) =ome (od. ho#e3er. en3ied him the a--om"lishment of his #ish> for as soon as $rtaGerGes heard that $(esilaus had (ained some battles. and that he ne(le-ted ad3anta(es #hi-h. as it #ere. lay before his feet. and -ontinually mar-hed farther on #ith his army> as soon as he heard this. he "ut Tisa"hemes to death. #hom before he had mu-h esteemed. and sent Tithraustes in his stead as satra" of the sea. #ho #as a man of (reat sa(a-ity. and one that hated the *a-edaemonians) Tithraustes. therefore. as soon as he arri3ed at =ardis. thou(ht of a method by #hi-h he mi(ht -ause the *a-edaemonians to re-all their army from $sia) <or he sent Timo-ratus the ,hodian into Gree-e #ith money. that. by bribin( the "rin-i"al "ersons. he mi(ht eG-ite the Gre-ians to #ar on the *a-edaemonians) But those that #ere -orru"ted by his money are said to ha3e been. amon( the $r(i3es. 'ylon and =odamas> and of the Thebans. $ndro-lides. Ismenias. and $m"ithemis) $t $thens. too. 'e"halus and &"i-rates "artook of his money+ and amon( the 'orinthians. su-h as a(reed #ith the $r(i3es> and "arti-ularly Polyanthes and Timolaus) But the *o-rians from $m"hissa be(an to -arry on the #ar o"enly+ for a -ontro3ersy arose bet#een them and the Pho-enses. -on-ernin( the boundaries of their land> and by the ad3i-e of the Thebans. and "arti-ularly of those about Ismenia. they -ut do#n the -orn #hen it #as in the hei(ht of its 3i(our. and -arried it a#ay. #ith the rest of the s"oils) The Pho-enses. too. #ith a band of soldiers -olle-ted in haste. made eG-ursions into the -ountry of the *o-rians. #hi-h the *o-rians. by @oinin( #ith them the Thebans. re3en(ed> and in their turn laid #aste the Pho-ensian lands) $nd in -onseDuen-e of this. the Pho-enses. by sendin( ambassadors to *a-edaemonia. shar"ly a--used the Thebans) But the ="artans bein( mo3ed by their eG"ostulations. raised a #ar a(ainst the Thebans> and. amon( other -rimes. a--used them of insolent beha3iour to#ards $(esilaus. #hile he #as sa-rifi-in( in $ulis) But the $thenians ha3in( learnt the intention of the *a-edaemonians. sent ambassadors into ="arta. reDuestin( that the affair for #hi-h they #ere a--used by their ad3ersaries mi(ht be settled by la#. and not by arms) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. sent ba-k the ambassadors in a ra(e. and the eG"edition of the *a-edaemonians #hi-h after#ards took "la-e. and the death of *ysander. #e shall eG"lain. #hen #e relate the transa-tions of Pausanias) $nd indeed that #hi-h is -alled the 'orinthian #ar. and #hi-h -ontinually in-reased. -ommen-ed from the eG"edition of the *a-edaemonians into Boeotia) But thus -ir-umstan-e obli(ed $(esilaus to #ithdra# his army from $sia) hen. therefore. he had "assed o3er #ith his shi"s from $bydos to =estus. and throu(h Thra-e had arri3ed at Thessaly. the Thessalians. on a--ount of their friendshi" for the Thebans endea3oured to sto" his "assa(e+ and in this -ondu-t. too they thou(ht they #ere @ustified. on a--ount of their an-ient (ood7#ill to#ards the $thenians) $(esilaus. ho#e3er.

"assed throu(h Thessaly. by thro#in( do#n the Thessalian horse> and after#ards. ha3in( -onDuered the Thebans and their allies. made his #ay throu(h the Boeotians) But as soon as the Boeotians #ere routed. they fled to the tem"le of !iner3a Itonia+ and $(esilaus. thou(h he #as #ounded in the en(a(ement. #ould not by any means a-t to#ards the su""liants in a manner -ontrary to la#) 1ha)ter 2 %ot lon( after this the Isthmian (ames #ere established. by those that fled on a--ount of their *a-oni- manners) But the 'orinthians then ke"t themsel3es Duiet #ithin the -ity. throu(h fear of $(esilaus) /o#e3er. #hen $(esilaus mo3ed his -am". in order to return to ="arta. they -elebrated the Isthmian (ames in -on@un-tion #ith the $r(i3es) But $(esilaus a(ain returned #ith his army to 'orinth> and. on a--ount of the arri3al of /ya-inthia. sent the $my-laeenses home that they mi(ht -elebrate the (ames to $"ollo and /ya-inthia. after the manner of theur -ountry) This band the $thenians. led by I"hi-rates. atta-ked in their "assa(e and sle#) But $(esilaus -ame after#ards to $etolia. for the "ur"ose of assistin( the $etolians a(ainst the $-arnanes. by #hom they #ere o""ressed in battle) $nd. indeed. he -om"elled the $-arnanes to dissol3e the #ar. at a time #hen they #anted but little of takin( 'alydon and other $etoIian to#ns) But some time after this he sailed to &(y"t. for the "ur"ose of "ursuin( #ith his arms those that had re3olted from the kin(> in #hi-h "la-e he is said to ha3e "erformed many illustrious a-tions+ and as he #as no# ad3an-ed in years. he died in the -ourse of this eG"edition) But the *a-edaemonians -arried his dead body into his nati3e -ountry. and buried it #ith the hi(hest honours) But after#ards. $r-hidamus the son of $(esilaus rei(nin(. the Pho-enses "lundered the tem"le of $"ollo at 0el"hos> and the Pho-enses in -arryin( on the #ar a(ainst the Thebans. #ere assisted by mer-enary troo"s) <or the *a-edaemonians and $thenians sent them assistan-e by a "ubli- de-ree> the latter. indeed. in -onseDuen-e of re-olle-tin( their an-ient kindness to#ards them> but the *a-edaemonians. under a "reteGt of friendshi". but in reality. as it a""ears to me. throu(h hatred of the Thebans) But Theo"om"us. the son of 0amasistratus. #rites. that $r-hidamus en(a(ed in this #ar> and that. in -onseDuen-e of 0eni-ha his #ife bein( -orru"ted by (ifts. he #as rendered more dis"osed to (i3e them assistan-e) /o#e3er. for my o#n "art. I ne3er -an "raise anyone #ho re-ei3es sa-red money. or assists those by #hom the most illustrious ora-le on the earth #as destroyed) This indeed deser3es to be "raised in $r-hidamus. that #hen the Pho-enses intended to ha3e -ut off all the 0el"hian youth. to ha3e led a#ay to sla3ery the #omen and -hildren. and to ha3e entirely sub3erted the -ity. he "re3ented the eGe-ution of their desi(n) $fter#ards. too. he "assed o3er into Italy. and assisted the Tarentines in #arrin( on their nei(hbourin( Barbarians. in #hi-h #ar he lost his life+ and his dead body remained unburied. throu(h the an(er of $"ollo. #hose indi(nation he had in-urred) But $(is. the eldest son of this $r-hidamus. fell fi(htin( a(ainst $nti"ater kin( of !a-edonia> and a youn(er son. &udamidas. rei(ned o3er the *a-edaemonians. #hen they #ere at "ea-e) The "arti-ulars. ho#e3er of $(is the son of &udamidas and of &udamidas the son of $(is I ha3e already related in my a--ount of the =i-yonian affairs)) * * * * [elli)sis in original $ dig. ed. des-endin( from /ermae there is a "la-e full of oaks #hi-h is -alled +cotitas. or the dark) This name. ho#e3er. does not ori(inate from the nearness of the trees to ea-h other. and the darkness "rodu-ed by this means. but from Cu"iter. #ho is surnamed +cotitas. and #hose tem"le. on the left hand. is distant from the road about ten stadia) $fter you ha3e "ro-eeded in this road a little further. you #ill like#ise see. on the left hand. a statue and tro"hy of /er-ules> #hi-h last is said to ha3e been raised by him #hen he sle# /i""o-oon and his sons) But the third turnin( from the strai(ht road leads. on the ri(ht hand. to 'aryae and the tem"le of 0iana> for the re(ion

'aryae is sa-red to 0iana and the %ym"hs) $nd the statue of 0iana 'aryatis stands in the o"en air> in #hi-h "la-e the *a-edaemonian 3ir(ins -elebrate a festi3al e3ery year. and dan-e after the manner of their -ountry) But on returnin( into the "ubli- road. you #ill "er-ei3e the ruins of =elasia) $nd this "la-e as #e ha3e before related. #as ensla3ed by the $-haians. #hen they 3anDuished the *a-edaemonians and their kin( 'leomenes the son of *eonidas) But in ThornaG (#hi-h in "ro-eedin( alon( this road you #ill arri3e at) there is a statue of Pythian $"ollo. #hi-h is made in the same manner as that in $my-be> and #hi-h. in an a--ount of that "la-e. I shall des-ribe) $mon( the *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. there is an $"ollo $my-laeus. #hi-h is mu-h more illustrious. be-ause all the (old #hi-h 'roesus. kin( of the *ydians. sent to this Pythian $"ollo #as em"loyed by them for the "ur"ose of adornin( the statue of $"ollo in $my-lae) 1ha)ter 20 $fter lea3in( ThornaG. the -ity "resents itself to your 3ie#. #hi-h #as at first -alled ="arta. and in "ro-ess of time *a-edaemon) But as I "rofessed. in my $tti-s. that I should not des-ribe e3ery "arti-ular. but only su-h as a""eared to me most #orthy of relation. I no# make the same de-laration. "re3ious to my des-ri"tion of the ="artan affairs> for it #as my intention from the be(innin(. to sele-t out of many thin(s re"orted by the 3ul(ar. su-h as a""eared to me most #orthy of narration> and as this intention is -ertainly a (ood one. there -an be no reason #hy it should be ne(le-ted) $mon( the *a-edaemonians. then. #ho inhabit ="arta. there is in the first "la-e a forum. #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted. and a "la-e of -onsultation. in #hi-h the -lders assemble. to(ether #ith the -)hori. the Nomo)hilaces. or (uardians of the la#. and those that are -alled the *idioei) $nd the &lders. indeed. are the "ersons that "rin-i"ally assist the *a-edaemonians in the affair of (o3ernment+ but the -)hori and *idioei. ea-h of #hi-h orders -onsists of fi3e "ersons. "reside o3er the (ames -alled Platanista. and other -ontests of the ="artan youth) The &"hori like#ise take -are of more serious -on-erns. and -hoose out of their number an &"onymus> @ust as at $thens. amon( those that are -alled the nine. one of them is the $r-hon &"onymus) But that #hi-h is the most illustrious of all the #orks in the forum. is the "or-h #hi-h they -all Persi-a. be-ause it #as raised from the s"oils of the !edes> and in -ourse of time arri3ed at its "resent ma(nitude and ornament) 9n the "illars of this "or-h there are statues of se3eral Persian -ommanders> and amon( these there is a statue of !ardonius the son of Gobryas. #hi-h is made of #hite stone) There is a statue. too. in the same "la-e. of $rtemisia. the dau(hter of *ydamis. Dueen of /ali-arnassus) They re"ort that she 3oluntarily assisted 1erGes a(ainst the Greeks. and beha3ed 3ery 3aliantly in a na3al en(a(ement at =alamis) In the same forum. too. there are t#o tem"les. one of #hi-h #as dedi-ated by 'aesar. 3iI) by him #ho #as the first that desired to establish a monar-hy amon( the ,omans. and #ho first founded their "resent form of (o3ernment> but the other #as dedi-ated by his son $u(ustus. #ho (a3e (reater stability to the (o3ernment. and -aused it to arri3e at a (reater de(ree of di(nity and "o#er than it obtained under the rei(n of his father) But. indeed the name of Augustus si(nifies. in the Greek ton(ue. &enerable) But near the altar of $u(ustus there is a braIen ima(e of $(ias. #ho. they re"ort. "ro"hesied to *ysander. that he should take all the $thenian fleet. at the ri3er $e(os. eG-e"t ten three7oared (alleys. #hi-h #ould #ithdra# themsel3es to 'y"rus> but that the *a-edaemonians #ould take the rest. and the men #ith #hi-h they #ere filled) This $(ias #as the son of $(elo-hus. and the (randson of Tisamenus+ and Tisamenus. #ho #as an &lean and of the family of the lamidae. #as told by an ora-le. that he should be 3i-tor in fi3e illustrious -ontests) But #hen he #as 3anDuished in the DuinDuertium. at the 9lym"i(ames (for he #as first of all 3i-torious in t#o. ha3in( 3anDuished $ndrius /ieronymus in the -ourse. and in lea"in(. thou(h he yielded the 3i-tory to him in #restlin(). he then at

len(th understood the meanin( of the ora-le. 3iI) that the (od "romised him the 3i-tory in fi3e #ar7like -ontests) But the *a-edaemonians. #ho #ere not i(norant of #hat had been "romised to Tisamenus by the ora-le. "ersuaded him to mi(rate from &lis to ="arta. and assist the *a-edaemonians in -ommon by his "ro"he-ies+ and Tisamenus. after he had -om"lied #ith their reDuest. obtained in fi3e battles the 3i-tory for the ="artans) But the first en(a(ement. in #hi-h he #as 3i-torious. #as at Plataea a(ainst the Persians> the se-ond. at Te(ea. #hen the *a-edaemonians fou(ht a(ainst the Te(eatae and $r(i3es> and the third at 0i"aea. #hen all the $r-adians. eG-e"t the !antineans. o""osed the *a-edaemonians) But the 0i"aeenses -om"ose a small -ity of $r-adians in !aenalia) The fourth 3i-tory #hi-h he (ained #as o3er those /ilotae. #ho. after the earthDuake. -aused the inhabitants of Ithome to re3olt from the /ilotes) $ll the /ilotae. ho#e3er. did not re3olt. but only the !esseni-i. #ho se"arated themsel3es from the an-ient /ilotes) But I shall shortly eG"lain the "arti-ulars "ertainin( to this affair) Then. indeed. the *a-edaemonians. by makin( a lea(ue #ith those that re3olted. suffered them to de"art. bein( "ersuaded to a-t in this manner by Tisamenus. and the ora-le at 0el"hos) $nd lastly. Tisamenus "redi-ted the fifth 3i-tory. #hen the *a-edaemonians fou(ht #ith the $r(i3es and $thenians at Tana(ra) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars #hi-h I ha3e heard res"e-tin( Tisamenus) But in the forum of the ="artans there are statues of Pythian $"ollo. of 0iana. and *atona+ and all this "la-e is -alled 'horus. be-ause in the Gymno"aediae (a festi3al #hi-h. if any. they -elebrate #ith (reat "om". the youn( men dan-e in honour of $"ollo) %ot far. too. from hen-e there is a tem"le of &arth. and of $(oraean Cu"iter> and. besides these. of !iner3a $(oraea. and of %e"tune. #hom they -all $s"halius) There is also a tem"le of $"ollo. and of Cuno. and a statue of the ="artan "eo"le. of a "rodi(ious ma(nitude) $mon( the *a-edaemonians. too. there is a tem"le of the <ates. and near it a se"ul-hure of 9restes the son of $(amemnon+ for the bones of 9restes. bein( brou(ht hither from Te(ea. #ere buried in this "la-e. by the -ommand of the ora-le) But near the se"ul-hre of 9restes there is an ima(e of Polydorus the son of $l-amenes. #ho #as honoured by the *a-edaemonians abo3e all their kin(s. and thus to so (reat a de(ree. that the ="artan (o3ernors use the ima(e of Polydorus for a "ubli- seal) There are here. too. a statue of !er-ury <orensis. -arryin( a youn( Ba--hus. and ar-hi3es #hi-h they -all &"horea) In these there is a monument of the 'retan &"imenides. and of $"hareus the son of Perieres) I am. ho#e3er. of o"inion. that #hat the *a-edaemonians relate of &"imenides is more "robable than the a--ount (i3en of him by the $r(i3es) But #here the tem"le of the <ates is situated. there the Phitidia are -ontained. amon( the *a-edaemonians to(ether #ith hos"itable Cu"iter. and hos"itable !iner3a) 1ha)ter 200 9n de"artin( from the forum. alon( the road #hi-h is -alled $"hetae. you #ill arri3e at that "la-e #hi-h is denominated Booneta) But my narration reDuires that I should first eG"lain #hy this road -ame to be so -alled) They say. then. that I-arius. the father of Penelo"e. "ro"osed to the suitors the -ontest of the -ourse) $nd that Klysses. indeed. #as 3i-tor. must be ob3ious to e3ery one+ but they re"ort that this ra-e #as ran in the $"hetaean road) It a""ears to me. indeed. that I-arius instituted this -ontest in imitation of 0anaus+ for 0anaus. #hen he -ould not find any one dis"osed to marry his dau(hters. on a--ount of their bein( "olluted #ith "arri-ide. de-lared. that he did not reDuire a marria(e "ortion. but #ould lea3e his dau(hters free to marry the men that a""eared most beautiful in their eyes) This "ro-lamation -olle-ted a fe# suitors. and the -ontest of the ra-e bein( "ro"osed to them. he that outran all the rest #as to ha3e the first -hoi-e. and take her #hom he most a""ro3ed> he that #as neGt in order #as to ha3e the se-ond -hoi-e. and so on to the last+ and those that had no suitors. #ere ordered to #ait till ne# ones -ame to the -ourse)

But on this road. as I ha3e already obser3ed. the *a-edaemonians ha3e a "la-e #hi-h they -all Booneta) This #as on-e the house of kin( Polydorus> and. after his death. #as bou(ht of his #ife for -ertain oGen+ for at that time there #as not any -oin. either of sil3er or (old. but. a--ordin( to an-ient -ustom. they mutually (a3e and re-ei3ed for #hat they #anted. oGen. sla3es. and rude sil3er and (old) Indeed. e3en at "resent. those that sail to the Indies re"ort. that Indian re#ards are (i3en for the Gre-ian -ommodities #hi-h are -arried thither. but that the inhabitants are una-Duainted #ith money. thou(h their 'ountry abounds #ith (old and brass) But beyond the "ala-e of the Bidiaeae there is a tem"le of !iner3a. in #hi-h Klysses is said to ha3e dedi-ated a statue. and to ha3e -alled it 'eleuthea. in -onseDuen-e of ha3in( 3anDuished the suitors of Penelo"e in the -ourse) There are three tem"les. too. of !iner3a 'eleuthea in different "la-es) But on "ro-eedin( from hen-e. about the $"hetaean road. there are se3eral heroi- monuments> one of Io"s. #ho a""ears to ha3e li3ed about the time of *eleG or !yles> another of $m"hiaraus the son of 9i-lees. and #hi-h. they think. #as -onstru-ted by the -hildren of Tyndarus to $m"hiaraus. as to their -ousin> and a third of *eleG) %ot far. too. from these there is a tem"le of %e"tune Taenarius. and #hi-h they -all Taenarium) $nd near this there is a statue of !iner3a. #hi-h they re"ort #as dedi-ated by those that brou(ht a -olony into Italy and Tarentum) But the "la-e #hi-h they -all /ellenium #as. a--ordin( to some. so denominated. be-ause. at the time #hen 1erGes "assed o3er into &uro"e. the Gre-ian -ities. that took u" arms a(ainst him. -onsulted here about the most effe-tual means of o""osin( him> but. a--ordin( to others. it re-ei3ed its name from those leaders that follo#ed !enelaus to Troy -onsultin( in this "la-e ho# they should sail to Troy. and "unish Paris for the ra"e of /elen) But near the /ellenium they eGhibit the monument of Talthybius) The $e(ienses. too. amon( the $-haians. eGhibit a monument in the forum. #hi-h they say is the se"ul-hre of Talthybius) $nd this Talthybius. indeed. e3in-ed his an(er a(ainst the *a-edaemonians. on a--ount of the slau(hter of the ambassadors of 0arius. #ho -ame to reDuest earth and #ater> but a(ainst the $thenians. by seiIin( on the house of !iltiades the son of 'imon. be-ause he #as the means of the $thenians "uttin( to death the ambassadors that -ame into $tti-a) $mon( the *a-edaemonians. too. there is an altar of $"ollo $-ritas. and a tem"le of &arth. #hi-h is -alled Gase"tum) But $"ollo !aleatas is raised abo3e this) But about the end of the road $"hetae. and 3ery near the #alls. there is a tem"le of 0i-tynna. and royal se"ul-hres of those that are -alled the &ury"ontidae) %ear the /ellenium. too. there is a tem"le of $rsinoe. the dau(hter of *eu-i""us. and the sister of the #i3es of 'astor and PolluG) But in that "art #hi-h they -all the 4ortifications there is a tem"le of 0iana+ and "ro-eedin( a little farther. you #ill see a se"ul-hre #hi-h #as raised for those "ro"hets #ho -ame from &llis. and are -alled lamidae) There is also a tem"le of !aro and $l"heus. #hose military 3irtue. in the battle at the Thermo"ylae. shone the most -ons"i-uous of all. after *eonidas) But the tem"le of Cu"iter Tro"aeus #as raised by the 0orienses. #hen they 3anDuished in battle as #ell the other $-haians. #ho then "ossessed the *a-oniland. as the $my-laeenses themsel3es) But the tem"le of the Great Mother is re3eren-ed by the ="artans in a most eminent de(ree) $nd after this. there are heroi- monuments of /i""olytus. Theseus. and $ulon the $r-adian. the son of Tlesimenes) This Tlesimenes. a--ordin( to some. #as the brother. but. a--ordin( to others. the son of Partheno"aeus. the son of !elanion) But there is another "assa(e from the forum. about #hi-h there is a buildin( -alled =-ias. in #hi-h assemblies are held e3en at "resent) This buildin( is said to ha3e been the #ork of Theodorus the =amian. #ho first dis-o3ered the method of -astin( iron. and makin( ima(es from it) In the same "la-e. too. the *a-edaemonians sus"ended the har" of Timotheus the !ilesian. #hom they a--used be-ause in the modulation of the har" he added four -hords to the se3en strin(s of the an-ients) But near the buildin( =-ias there is a round edifi-e. in #hi-h there are statues of Cu"iter and Venus. ea-h of #hi-h is -alled

9ym"ian) They re"ort. that &"imenides raised this buildin(. and do not assent to #hat the $r(i3es relate -on-ernin( him+ for they say. that the $r(i3es ne3er #arred on the Gnossians) 1ha)ter 2000 %ear this edifi-e there is a se"ul-hre of 'ynortas the son of $my-la) There is also a monument of 'astor. and to(ether #ith it a tem"le+ for they re"ort. that in the fortieth year after the battle a(ainst Idas and *yn-eus the sons of Tyndareus #ere -onsidered as (ods. and not before this "eriod) %ear =-ias. too. the tomb of Idas and *yn-eus is eGhibited) It is more "robable. ho#e3er. that they #ere buried at !essenia. and not in this "la-e) But the -alamities of the !essenians. and the len(th of time in #hi-h they #ere eGiled beyond Pelo"onnesus. -aused many monuments of antiDuity to be unkno#n to them on their return> and in -onseDuen-e of this i(noran-e of theirs. this "arti-ular res"e-tin( the tomb of Idas and *yn-eus must be dubious to e3eryone) 9""osite. too. to the tem"le of 9lym"ian Venus. there is a tem"le of Proser"ine the +a&iour. #hi-h they re"ort #as raised by the Thra-ian 9r"heus> but. a--ordin( to others. it #as built by $baris. #ho -ame from the /y"erborei) But 'arneus. #hom they -all the domestic. #as honoured in ="arta before the -hildren of /er-ules returned from banishment+ and a small tem"le #as raised to him in the house of the "ro"het 'rius. #ho #as the son of Theo-les) <or #hen the s"ies of the 0orienses met #ith the dau(hter of this 'rius as she #ent to dra# #ater. they entered into dis-ourse #ith her. and after#ards -omin( to 'rius. learnt from him the means of takin( ="arta) The 3eneration. indeed. #hi-h the 0orienses "ay to 'arneus $"ollo. ori(inated from 'arnus. #hose -ountry #as $-arnania. and #ho a-Duired the art of di3ination from $"ollo) <or #hen /i""otes the son of Phylas sle# this 'arnus. $"ollo. enra(ed at the deed. made the -am" of the 0orienses feel the effe-ts of his an(er> and /i""otes flyin( on a--ount of this murder. the 0orienses established "ro"itiatory rites. in order to a""ease the $-arnanian "ro"het) But. indeed. this 'arnus $"ollo is not #ith the *a-edaemonians that 'arnus #ho is -alled the domestic> for this last. as I ha3e before obser3ed. #as #orshi"ed in the house of the "ro"het 'rius. #hile the $-haians "ossessed ="arta) PraGilla. too. relates. in her 3erses. that 'arneus #as the son of &uro"a. but that he #as edu-ated by $"ollo and *atona) There is also another re"ort -on-ernin( him. as follo#s+ In the Tro@an mount Ida. some trees #ere -ut do#n in the (ro3e of $"ollo. in order to -onstru-t the #ooden horse> but the "arties -on-erned. findin( that. by this a-tion. they had in-urred the an(er of the (od. a""eased him by sa-rifi-es. and -alled him 1arneus. by trans"osin(. after the an-ient manner. the letter r) But not far from the tem"le of 'arnus $"ollo there is a statue. #hi-h is -alled the statue of $"hetaeus+ and they re"ort. that in this "la-e the be(innin( of the -ourse -ommen-ed to the suitors of Penelo"e) There is a -ertain "la-e. too. #hi-h -ontains "or-hes of a sDuare fi(ure. and #here. in an-ient times. old (oods #ere sold) %ear this there is an altar of Cu"iter $mbulius. and of !iner3a $mbulia. and. besides these. of the 0ios-uri. under the a""ellation of the $mbulii) But o""osite to this "la-e you #ill see that #hi-h is -alled 'olona. or a hill. and a tem"le of Ba--hus 'olonata) %ear this. too. there is a (ro3e sa-red to that hero. #ho. they re"ort. -ondu-ted Ba--hus to ="arta) The 0ionysiades and the *eu-i""ides sa-rifi-e to this hero. before they sa-rifi-e to the (od+ and they "ro"ose the -ontest of the -ourse to ele3en other #omen. #hom they also -all 0ionysiades. in -onseDuen-e of an in@un-tion (i3en them to the "ur"ose by the 0el"hiora-le) But not far from the tem"le of Ba--hus there is a tem"le of Cu"iter &unanemus+ and on the ri(ht hand of this there is an heroi- monument of Pleuron) The sons of Tyndareus. on the mother4s side. des-ended from this Pleuron+ for $reus in his 3erses says. that Thestius #as the father of *eda. and the son of $(enor. #ho #as the son of

Pleuron) %ot far from this monument there is a hill. on the to" of #hi-h there is a tem"le of $r(i3e Cuno) They re"ort. that this tem"le #as dedi-ated by &urydi-e. the dau(hter of *a-edaemon. and the #ife of $-risius the son of $bas) But the tem"le of Cuno /y"er-hiria #as raised in -onseDuen-e of an ora-le. #hen the ri3er &urotas #ashed a#ay mu-h of the land+ and they -all the an-ient #ooden statue #ithin the tem"le. the statue of Venus Cuno) It is usual #ith mothers to sa-rifi-e to this statue for the nu"tials of their dau(hters) In the road. on the ri(ht hand of this hill. there is an ima(e of /etoemo-les. #ho (and this #as like#ise the -ase #ith his father /i""osthenes) #as de-lared 3i-tor at the #restlin( in the 9lym"i- (ames+ and this ha""ened to both ele3en times> but the father sur"assed the son by one 3i-tory) 1ha)ter 20! 9n "ro-eedin( from the forum to#ards the #est. you #ill see an em"ty se"ul-hre of Brasidas the son of Tellis+ and not far from this tomb there is a theatre of #hite stone. #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted) 9""osite to this theatre there is a se"ul-hre of Pausanias. #ho #as the (eneral of the Plataeenses. and another se"ul-hre of *eonidas) &3ery year orations are deli3ered in "raise of these t#o> and (ames are -elebrated. in #hi-h none but ="artans are allo#ed to -ontend) $nd the bones. indeed. of *eonidas #ere brou(ht from the Thermo"ylae forty years after his death. and buried in this "la-e) $ "illar. too. is ere-ted here. in #hi-h the "aternal names are ins-ribed of those that sustained the atta-k of the !edes at the Thermo"ylae) There is a "la-e. too. in ="arta. #hi-h is -alled Theomelidae> and in this "art of the -ity the tombs of the kin(s -all $(idae are -ontained> and near this you may "er-ei3e that #hi-h is -alled the dis"utin( "la-e of the 'rotani) But the 'rotani are "ortions of the Pitanati) %ot far from this "la-e of dis"utation there is a tem"le of $es-ula"ius. #hi-h is -alled &na"adon> and on "ro-eedin( from hen-e you #ill "er-ei3e the se"ul-hre of Taenarus. from #hom. as they re"ort. the "romontory. #hi-h raises itself in the sea. #as denominated) The tem"les of the (ods. #hi-h this "la-e -ontains. are. that of %e"tune /i""o-urius. and of 0iana $e(inaea) But on returnin( ba-k to *es-he. you #ill see the tem"le of 0iana Isora. #hom they like#ise denominate *imnaea) This (oddess is not indeed 0iana. but the Britomartis of the 'retans. #ho is mentioned by me. in my des-ri"tion of the affairs of the $e(inetae) But 3ery near the monuments of the kin(s -alled $(idae you #ill "er-ei3e a "illar. in #hi-h the 3i-tories of a *a-edaemonian. -alled $n-hionis. in the -ourse are ins-ribed+ as #ell other. as his 9lym"i- 3i-tories. #hi-h are se3en. 3iI) four in the stadium. and the rest in the re"eated -ourse) /e #as not. ho#e3er. 3i-torious in the -ourse #ith the shield. in #hi-h he en(a(ed #hen the (ames #ere nearly finished) They re"ort. too. that this $n-hionis "artook of the military eG"edition of Battus Theraeus. that he brou(ht a -olony to 'yrene. and. in -on@un-tion #ith Battus. eG"elled the "eo"le that d#elt about *ibya) But they re"ort that the tem"le of Thetis #as raised on the follo#in( a--ount+ hen they #arred on the !essenians on a--ount of their re3olt. their kin( $naGandrus in3adin( !essenia ensla3ed many of the #omen. and amon( these 'leo. #ho #as the "riestess of Thetis) *eandris the #ife of $naGandrus. desired him to (i3e her this 'leo> and findin( that she "ossessed the #ooden statue of Thetis. dedi-ated a tem"le to the (oddess. in -onseDuen-e of a 3ision in a dream) But they "reser3e this ima(e of Thetis in an ar-ane re-ess> and assert. that the reli(ious institutions res"e-tin( terrestrial 1eres #ere deli3ered to them by 9r"heus) It a""ears to me. ho#e3er. that 'eres -ame to be -onsidered as terrestrial by the *a-edaemonians. in -onseDuen-e of the tem"le in /ermione) $mon( the ="artans. too. there is a 3ery re-ent tem"le of =era"is. and a tem"le of Cu"iter 9lym"ius) They ha3e like#ise a "la-e #hi-h they -all 0romus. and #hi-h. e3en at "resent. is assi(ned to youn( men for the "ur"ose of eGer-isin( themsel3es in the -ourse)

9n "ro-eedin( to this "la-e from the tombs of the $(idae. you #ill "er-ei3e. on the left hand. the monument of &umedes) This &umedes #as the son of /i""o-oon) /ere. too. there is an an-ient statue of /er-ules. to #hi-h the +)hoerii sa-rifi-e> for so those "ersons are -alled by the ="artans. #ho from youths are @ust startin( into manhood) But there are Gymnasia in the 0romus. one of #hi-h #as dedi-ated by the ="artan &ury-les) $nd beyond the 0romus. and near the statue of /er-ules. there is a house #hi-h at "resent belon(s to a "ri3ate "erson. but #as formerly the "ro"erty of !aenelaus) But on lea3in( the 0romus you #ill see the tem"les of the 0ios-uri. of the Gra-es. *u-ina. $"ollo 'arneus. and 0iana /e(ema-he. or the leader of battles) 9n the ri(ht hand. too. of the 0romus there is a tem"le of $(nitas. #hi-h is an a""ellation of $es-uIa"ius. be-ause the statue of the (od is made of a(nus or the #illo#7tree. #hi-h is similar to the rhamnus or #hite bramble) But not far from the tem"le of $es-ula"ius there is a tro"hy. #hi-h they say #as raised by PolluG. for the 3i-tory #hi-h he obtained o3er *yn-eus+ and this 3ery -ir-umstan-e e3in-es to me. that the -hildren of $"hareus #ere not buried in ="arta) But near the be(innin( of the 0romus the 0ios-uri $"heterii are to be seen> and. at a little distan-e from hen-e. the heroi- monument of $l-on "resents itself to the 3ie#) This $l-on is said to ha3e been the son of /i""o-oon) %ear the tem"le of $l-on. too. there is a tem"le of %e"tune. #hi-h they -all 0omatite> and the "la-e in #hi-h it stands is -alled Plattanistus. from the trees #ith #hi-h it abounds> for it is surrounded #ith lofty and thi-k7 set "lane7trees) But the "la-e in #hi-h the youn( men -ontend #ith ea-h other is -ir-ularly in3ested by the &uri"us. in the same manner as an island by the sea> and the "assa(e to it is o3er brid(es) 9n one side of these brid(es there is a statue of /er-ules. and. on the other. of *y-ur(us) Indeed *y-ur(us established la#s. both for other -on-erns of the "olity. and for the -ontests of the youth> #ho also "erform other "arti-ulars. a(reeable to an-ient institutions. and sa-rifi-e in the &"hebeum "rior to their -ontest) But the &"hebeum is beyond the -ity. not far from Thera"ne> and in the "la-e ea-h band of youn( men sa-rifi-es a -anine #hel" to &nyalian !ars. as they are of o"inion that the stron(est and bra3est of tame animals ou(ht to be sa-rifi-ed to the stron(est of (ods) I do not. ho#e3er. kno# of any other Greeks #ho sa-rifi-e -anine #hel"s. eG-e"t the 'olo"honians) <or the 'olo"honians sa-rifi-e a bla-k #hel" to &nodian /e-ate+ and both the 'olo"honians and *a-edaemonian youth establish no-turnal sa-rifi-es) In this sa-rifi-e. too. the ="artan youth -ause t#o tame boars to fi(ht #ith ea-h other+ and it so ha""ens. for the most "art. that the band to #hi-h the 3i-torious boar belon(s bears a#ay the "alm in the Platanistus) $nd su-h are their transa-tions in the &"hebeum) But on the follo#in( day. and before noon. the boys "ass o3er the brid(es into that "la-e #hi-h. #e ha3e said. is surrounded #ith the &uri"us> and in the ni(ht "re-edin( this day the road #hi-h ea-h "arty is to take is determined by lots) But these youn( men atta-k ea-h other #ith their hands. and ki-k #ith their heels> they like#ise bite and tear out ea-h others4 eyes) $nd in this manner one youth fi(hts another> but. besides this. they make 3iolent atta-ks in -olle-ted bodies. and one "arty "ushes the other into the #ater) 1ha)ter 2! %ear the Platanetus. too. there is an heroi- monument of 'ynis-a the dau(hter of kin( $r-hidamus. #ho #as the first #oman that a""lied herself to the -are of horses. and that bore a#ay the "alm of 3i-tory in the -hariot7ra-es at the 9lym"i- (ames) But behind the "or-h #hi-h is raised near the Platanetus there are heroi- monuments of $l-imus and &narae"horus> and at no (reat distan-e from hen-e there is an heroi- monument of 0or-eus. and abo3e this of =ebrus) These are said to ha3e been the sons of /i""o-oon) But a fountain. #hi-h is near the monument of 0or-eus. is -alled from him 0or-ea> and from =ebrius the "la-e is -alled =ebrium) 9n the ri(ht hand. too. of the monument of =ebrius there is a se"ul-hre of $l-man. #ho in -om"osin( son(s #as not dis-oura(ed by

the *a-oni- diale-t. #hi-h affords 3ery little s#eetness to the ear) There are like#ise in this "la-e the tem"les of /elen and /er-ules> the former near the tomb of $l-man. and the latter 3ery near the #alls) In this last. too. there is an armed statue of /er-ules> and the fi(ure of the statue is said to ha3e arisen from the -ontest of /er-ules #ith /i""o-oon and his sons) They like#ise re"ort. that the hatred of /er-ules ori(inated in the house of /i""o-oon> be-ause #hen /er-ules. after the death of I"hitus. -ame to ="arta in order to be "urified from the slau(hter. the ="artans did not think "ro"er to (ratify his reDuest) The follo#in( -ir-umstan-e. too. (a3e rise to the #ar+ 9eunus. #ho #as the -ousin of /er-ules (for he #as the son of *i-ymnius the brother of $l-mene). #hen he #as a youn( man. -ame #ith /er-ules to ="arta> and. as he #as #alkin( about and sur3eyin( the -ity. -ame by a--ident to the house of /i""o-oon) But here. a do(. the (uardian of the house. fle# u"on him. and 9eonus. takin( u" a stone. hurled it at the do(> u"on #hi-h the sons of /i""o-oon s#iftly "ursued 9eonus. and sle# him #ith their staffs) This affair. ho#e3er. 3iolently enra(ed /er-ules a(ainst /i""o-oon and his sons> and. (i3in( #ay to his an(er. he atta-ked them #ith arms. but re-ei3in( a #ound in the en(a(ement. "ri3ately #ithdre# himself+ but after#ards. ha3in( -olle-ted a body of for-es. he re3en(ed the murder of 9eonus. by the death of /i""o-oon and his sons) $nd the se"ul-hre of 9eonus is to be seen near the tem"le of /er-ules) But on "ro-eedin( from the 0romus to#ards the east. there is a road on the ri(ht hand. and in it a tem"le of !iner3a $Gio"oena) This tem"le #as. they re"ort. dedi-ated by /er-ules. #hen he took @ust 3en(ean-e on /i""o-oon and his sons for their former beha3iour+ but it #as so -alled be-ause the an-ients denominated &engeance. )oena or )unishment. There is also another tem"le of !iner3a in a road #hi-h. #hen you lea3e the 0romus. is on the left hand) This tem"le. as they re"ort. #as dedi-ated by Theras the son of $utesion. the (randson of Tisamenus. and the (reat7(randson of Thersander. #hen be brou(ht a -olony into that island. #hi-h is no# from him -alled Thera. but #as formerly denominated 'alliste) %ear this is the tem"le of /i""osthenes. #ho in #restlin( #as often 3i-torious) But they reli(iously 3enerate /i""osthenes. in -onseDuen-e of an ora-le. #hi-h admonished them. that by this means they #ould "ay di3ine honours to %e"tune) 9""osite. too. to this tem"le. there is an an-ient statue of &nyalius in fetters) $nd this staiue #as fabri-ated by the *a-edaemonians. #ith the same desi(n as the Vi-tory #ithout #in(s of the $thenians+ for the former "resume that &nyalius #ill ne3er de"art from them. as he is -onfined in fetters> and the latter. that Vi-tory #ill al#ays remain #ith them. as she is #ithout #in(s) In ="arta. too. there is a "la-e of dis"utation. #hi-h they -all &arious> and near it there are heroi- monuments of 'admus the son of $(enor of the "osterity of 9ioly-us the son of Theras. and of $e(eus the son of 9ioly-us) !aesis. *aeas. and &uro"as are said to ha3e made these monuments> and these "ersons are re"orted to ha3e been the sons of /yraeus. and the (randsons of $e(eus) They are like#ise said to ha3e made the heroi- monument of $m"hilo-hus. be-ause the mother of Tisamenus. #ho #as their (reat7(randfather4s (randfather. #as 0emonassa the sister of $m"hilo-hus) But the *a-edaemonians alone of all the Greeks #orshi" Cuno. under the a""ellation of 9e(o"ha(us. and sa-rifi-e she7(oats to the (oddess) They re"ort. indeed. that /er-ules established this tem"le. and first sa-rifi-ed she7(oats> be-ause. #hen he fou(ht a(ainst /i""o-oon and his sons. he suffered no im"ediment from Cuno. thou(h in other -ontests the (oddess al#ays a""eared to o""ose him) They add. that he sa-rifi-ed she7(oats. be-ause he #as destitute of 3i-tims of another kind) But not far from the theatre there is a tem"le of Natal %e"tune. and heroi- monuments of 'leodaeus the son of /yllus. and of 9ebalus) $nd #ith res"e-t to the tem"le of $es-ula"ius. the most noble in the dominions of the *a-edaemonians is that at Booneta) But on the left hand of this tem"le there is an heroi- monument of Tele-lus. of #hi-h I shall hereafter make mention in my des-ri"tion of the !essenian affairs) $t a little distan-e from hen-e there is a hill of no

(reat ma(nitude. and on it an an-ient tem"le and a #ooden statue of an armed Venus) This tem"le alone. of all I ha3e e3er seen. has another buildin( raised u"on it. and this is the tem"le of Mor)ho. #hi-h is an a""ellation of Venus) The (oddess is re"resented sittin(. 3eiled. and #ith bonds about her feet) They re"ort. that Tyndarus added these bonds. in order to re"resent the stability #hi-h #omen ou(ht to "ossess to#ards their husbands) <or I -annot by any means admit the re"ort. #hi-h says that Tyndarus "unished the (oddess #ith -hains. be-ause he -onsidered the dis(ra-e of his dau(hters as arisin( from Venus> as it #ould be "erfe-tly foolish to eG"e-t to be re3en(ed on the (oddess. by makin( an ima(e of -edar. and -allin( it by the name of Venus) 1ha)ter 2!0 %ear this is the tem"le of /ilaira and Phoebe. #ho. a--ordin( to the author of the 'y"rian 3erses. #ere the dau(hters of $"ollo) Their "riestesses are 3ir(ins. and are -alled *eu-i""ides. as #ell as the (oddesses) $nd one of the statues. indeed. #as adorned by one of the *eu-i""ides. #ho ministered to the (oddesses in their sa-red rites. #ith a ne# fa-e instead of the old one. and this in a manner -orres"ondent to the artifi-e #ith #hi-h statues are usually made at "resent> but she #as deterred by a dream from a-tin( in the same manner by the other) $n e(( de"ends from the roof of this tem"le. bound #ith fillets+ and they re"ort. that this is the e(( #hi-h *eda brou(ht forth) The #omen e3ery year #ea3e a (arment for that $"ollo #hi-h is at $my-lae. and -all the "la-e in #hi-h they #ea3e it 'hiton) %ear this tem"le there is a house. #hi-h at first. as they re"ort. #as inhabited by the sons of Tyndarus+ but in after7times it #as "ossessed by the ="artan Phormio) The 0ios-uri on-e -ame to this house in the habits of stran(ers. and. fei(nin( that they -ame from 'yrene. be((ed that they mi(ht be re-ei3ed here as (uests. and reDuested that a"artment #ith #hi-h they #ere most "leased #hen they d#elt amon( men) But Phormio told them. that all the other "arts of his house #ere at their ser3i-e. but that the a"artment they desired #as o--u"ied by his dau(hter. #ho #as a 3ir(in) 9n the follo#in( day. ho#e3er. both the 3ir(in and all her attendants disa""eared> but the statues of the 0ios-uri #ere found in this a"artment. to(ether #ith a table. and u"on it the fruit -alled master7#ort) $nd su-h are the re"orts about this house) But as you "ro-eed from the 'hiton to#ards the (ates there is an heroi- monument of 'hilon. #ho #as -onsidered as a #ise man. and of an $thenian hero. #ho #as one of those that. #ith 0orieus the son of $naGandridas. "assed o3er #ith a fleet into =i-ily. and there established a -olony) But the reason of his brin(in( a -olony hither #as. be-ause the &ry-inian land #as thou(ht to belon( to the "osterity of /er-ules. and not to the Barbarians by #hom it #as "ossessed) <or they re"ort. that /er-ules #restled #ith &ryG on these -onditions. that if he #as 3i-tor. the -ountry "ossessed by &ryG should be his> but that if he #as 3anDuished. he should (i3e to &ryG the oGen of Geryon+ for at that time /er-ules dro3e these before him> and #hen they s#am o3er to =i-ily. he also "assed o3er in the -u" of the sun. that he mi(ht find them) But the bene3olen-e of the (ods to#ards /er-ules #as mu-h (reater than that #hi-h they after#ards eGhibited to 0orieus the son of $naGandridas+ for /er-ules sle# &ryG. but 0orieus and all his army #ere nearly -ut off by the &(estani) The *a-edaemonians. too. ha3e raised a tem"le to *y-ur(us their le(islator. as to a (od+ and behind this tem"le there is a tomb of &u-osmus the son of *y-ur(us. and near it an altar of *athria and $naGandra) These sisters #ere t#ins. and #ere married to the sons of $ristodemus. #ho #ere also t#ins) But they #ere the dau(hters of Thersander. #ho #as the son of $(amididas. kin( of the 'leestonaeae. but the (reat7(randson of 'tesi""us the son of /er-ules) 9""osite to this tem"le there is a monument of Theo"om"us the son of %i-ander. and another of &urybiadas. #ho fou(ht a na3al battle for the *a-edaemonians a(ainst the !edes in three7oared (alleys. at $rtemisium and =alamis) %ear this is the heroi- monument. as it is -alled. of $straba-us) But the "la-e #hi-h is -alled *imnaeum

-ontains a tem"le of 9rthia 0iana+ and the #ooden statue of the (oddess is said to be that #hi-h 9restes and I"hi(enia formerly took a#ay from Tauri-a) They re"ort. that the *a-edaemonians brou(ht this into their o#n -ountry. as 9restes #as one of their kin(s) $nd they a""ear to me. in this. to s"eak mu-h more "robably than the $thenians) <or #hy should I"hi(enia ha3e left the statue of the (oddess in BrauronJ 9r ho# -ame it to "ass. that. #hen the $thenians "re"ared to lea3e the -ountry. they did not -arry this statue a#ay in their shi"sJ <or e3en at "resent the name of the Tauri- (oddess is so illustrious. that the 'a""ado-ians and inhabitants of the &uGine -ontend #ith ea-h other about the "ossession of the statue of the (oddess) Is it "robable. therefore. that the $thenians #ould suffer the !edes to -arry a#ay su-h a statue as their "riIeJ <or the statue #hi-h #as brou(ht from Brauron to =usa #as after#ards (i3en by =eleu-us to the =yrian *aodi-enses. and is e3en "ossessed by them at "resent) Indeed. that the statue of 0iana 9rthia. amon( the *a-edaemonians. is that #hi-h #as taken from the Barbarians. is e3ident. in the first "la-e. from hen-e. that $straba-us and $lo"e-us. the sons of Irbus. the (randsons of $m"histhenes. and the (reat7(randsons of $m"hi-les the son of $(is. ha3in( found this statue. #ere immediately de"ri3ed of their reason+ and. in the se-ond "la-e. the *imnatae amon( the ="artans. and the 'ynosurenses. and those #ho -ame from !esoa and Pitane. #hile they #ere sa-rifi-in( to 0iana. Duarrelled #ith and e3en sle# ea-h other+ and. as many of them died at the altar. the rest #ere destroyed by disease) /en-e an ora-le #as (i3en. si(nifyin( that this altar ou(ht to be s"rinkled #ith human blood) *y-ur(us. ho#e3er. -han(ed the -ustom of sa-rifi-in( a man by lot. to the s-our(in( of youn( men #ith #hi"s> as by this means the altar is eDually imbued #ith human blood) But a female "resides o3er the sa-red rites> and #hile the youn( men are s-our(ed. she holds the statue. #hi-h is but li(ht on a--ount of its smallness) If. ho#e3er. any of the youths that are s-our(ed are s"ared in the least. either on a--ount of their beauty or rank. the ima(e be-omes so hea3y that the "riestess is no lon(er able to hold it) But #hene3er this is the -ase she a--uses the s-our(ers. and says. that she is thus o""ressed throu(h them> 7 so mu-h is the ima(e deli(hted #ith human blood. on a--ount of the sa-rifi-es in Tauri-a) They -all this (oddess. too. not only 9rthia. but *y(odesma. be-ause the statue #as found in a bush of #illo#s+ and it #as so in-losed by them that it remained in an u"ri(ht "osture) 1ha)ter 2!00 But the tem"le of *u-ina is not far from that of 0iana 9rthia) They re"ort that this tem"le #as built. and that *u-ina -ame to be -onsidered as a (oddess. in -onseDuen-e of the 0el"hi- ora-le) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. ha3e not a to#er -ons"i-uous for its ele3ation. in the same manner as the 'admea of the Thebans. or the *arissa of the $r(i3es) But as there are many hills in the -ity. they -all the hi(hest of these the to#er) In this eminen-e there is a tem"le of !iner3a. #ho is -alled Poliu-hus and 'hal-ioe-us) Tyndareus. as they re"ort. be(an to build this tem"le> and after his death his -hildren attem"ted to finish it. and em"loyed the s"oils of $"hidne in its fabri-ation) /o#erer. as they died "rior to its -om"letion. the *a-edaemonians. many years after. built the tem"le. and made a statue of !iner3a from brass) But the artifi-er #as Gitiadas a nati3e of ="arta. #ho -om"osed 0ori- son(s and a hymn to the (oddess) !any. too. of the labours of /er-ules are re"resented in brass> and many of his 3oluntary undertakin(s. #hi-h he brou(ht to a ha""y -on-lusion) But the other transa-tions of the -hildren of Tyndarus. and their for-ibly takin( a#ay the dau(hters of *eu-i""us. are here re"resented. to(ether #ith Vul-an freein( his mother from her bonds> the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( all #hi-h I ha3e already related in my des-ri"tion of the $tti- affairs) Perseus. too. is re"resented here. dire-tin( his -ourse to $fri-a a(ainst !edusa> and the %ym"hs are seen (i3in( him a helmet. and #in(s to his feet for the "ur"ose of enablin( him to "ass throu(h the air) $nd. lastly. the "arti-ulars

"ertainin( to the ori(in of !iner3a. to(ether #ith $m"hitrite and %e"tune. are a--urately fabri-ated. and a""ear to me to eG-el the rest. and to be "arti-ularly #orthy of ins"e-tion) $fter these. there is a tem"le of !iner3a &r(ane> and in that "or-h #hi-h is situated to#ards the south. there is a tem"le of Cu"iter 'osmetas. and before it a monument of Tyndarus) But the "or-h #hi-h looks to#ards the #est -ontains t#o ea(les. u"on ea-h of #hi-h there is a Vi-tory) These #ere the (ifts of *ysander> and #ere dedi-ated by him as monuments of a t#ofold 3i-tory #hi-h he obtained. 3iI) o3er $ntio-hus the (o3ernor of $l-ibiades. and at the same time o3er the three7oared (alleys of the $thenians> and after#ards at $e(os"otamos. #hen he destroyed the $thenian fleet) But on the left hand of 'hal-ioe-us there is a tem"le of the !uses> be-ause the *a-edaemonians mar-h to battle. not to the sound of trum"ets. but #ith the melody of "i"es. the lyre. and the har") Behind the 'hal-ioe-us. too. there is a tem"le of !artial Venus. and the #ooden statues #hi-h it -ontains are as an-ient as those in any "art of Gree-e) But on the ri(ht hand of 'hal-ioe-us there is a braIen statue of Cu"iter. the most an-ient of all the braIen #orks #hi-h this "la-e -ontains+ for the #hole of this statue is not one -ontinued #ork. but the "arts #ere fabri-ated se"arately. and after#ards so a"tly united to(ether #ith nails. as not to be -a"able of dissolution) They re"ort that *ear-hus of ,he(ium made this statue. #ho. a--ordin( to some. #as the dis-i"le of 0i"oenus and =-yllis. but. a--ordin( to others. of 0aedalus himself) In that "la-e. too. #hi-h they -all =-enoma. there is an ima(e of a #oman) The *a-edaemonians say. that this #oman is &uryleonida. #ho obtained the 3i-tory in the 9lym"i- -ontest of the t#o7yoked -ar) But near the altar of 'hal-ioe-us there are t#o ima(es of that Pausanias. #ho #as (eneral of the army in the battle at Plataeae) I shall not. ho#e3er. at "resent relate the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( Pausanias. be-ause they are kno#n to e3ery one) Besides. they may be read by those that ha3e a--urately #ritten about his affairs) But I ha3e heard from a -ertain ByIantian. that this Pausanias. ha3in( betrayed the trust -ommitted to his -har(e. #as alone of all the su""liants that fled to 'haldoe-us in-a"able of obtainin( his "ardon. and this for no other reason than that he -ould not "urify himself from the stains of slau(hter) <or #hen he fiGed his -am" at the /elles"ont. and #as -ommander both of the ="artan fleet and that of the allies. he fell in lo3e #ith a -ertain ByIantian 3ir(in) $s soon. therefore. as it #as ni(ht. 'leoni-e (for that #as the name of the 3ir(in) #as led to him> and Pausanias. #ho fell aslee" before she arri3ed. #as roused by a sudden noise+ for as she #as a""roa-hin( to#ards him she undesi(nedly dro"t the burnin( lam"> and Pausanias. #ho. -ons-ious of his o#n -ondu-t in betrayin( Gree-e. #as al#ays harassed #ith distra-tion and terror. #as then so mu-h alarmed that he sle# the 3ir(in #ith a Persian s-imitar) This #as the deed from the (uilt of #hi-h Pausanias -ould ne3er fly. thou(h he em"loyed all73arious "urifi-ations. re-ei3ed the de"re-ations of Cu"iter PhyGius. and #ent to Phi(alea to the $r-adian e3o-ators of souls) /e therefore suffered a @ust "unishment for his beha3iour to#ards 'leoni-e. and di3inity itself) But the *a-edaemonians. by order of the 0el"hi- ora-le. ha3e made braIen ima(es. and 3enerate a daemon under the a""ellation of &"idote. #ho. they assert. a3erts from them the di3ine #rath arisin( from the re@e-ted su""li-ation of Pausanias) 1ha)ter 2!000 %ear the statues of Pausanias there is a statue of Venus $mbolo(era (or the (oddess #ho retards old a(e). #hi-h #as dedi-ated in -onseDuen-e of an ora-le) There are. also. statues of =lee" and 0eath+ and these t#o. a--ordin( to the 3erses in the 0liad. are belie3ed to be brothers) But on dire-tin( your -ourse to#ards $l"ius there is a tem"le of !iner3a 9"hthalmitis. #hi-h. as they re"ort. #as dedi-ated by *y-ur(us. #hen he lost one of his eyes throu(h $l-ander. #ho #as dis"leased #ith his la#s) *y-ur(us. therefore. flyin( for refu(e to this "la-e. #as "reser3ed by the *a-edaemonians from losin( his other eye. and. in (rateful memorial of this. raised the tem"le of !iner3a 9"hthalmitis) *ea3in(

this "la-e you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of $mmon+ and it a""ears. indeed. that the *a-edaemonians from the first used the *ibyan ora-le the most of all the Greeks) It is re"orted. too. that *ysander. #hen he besie(ed $"hytis. a to#n in Pallene. sa# in a 3ision at ni(ht $mmon. #ho #arned him that it #ould be better. both for him and *a-edaemon. to desist from #arrin( on the $"hytaei> and that. in -onseDuen-e of this. *ysander desisted from all further hostilities. and -aused the *a-edaemonians to 3enerate this di3inity in an eminent de(ree) The $"hytaei. indeed. re3eren-e $mmon no less than the $mmonians that d#ell in *ibya) But the "arti-ulars #hi-h are re"orted -on-ernin( 0iana 'na(ia. are as follo#+ 'na(ea. a man #ho #as a nati3e of ="arta. -ame #ith the 0ios-uri to the sie(e of $"hidna. but bein( taken -a"ti3e in the battle and sold in 'rete. he #as a ser3ant in that "art #hi-h -ontains the tem"le of 0iana) In -ourse of time. ho#e3er. he fled from his ser3itude. and a 3ir(in. one of the "riestesses of the tem"le. fled #ith him. takin( a#ay #ith her the statue of the (oddess) $nd from this -ir-umstan-e. as they re"ort. 0iana -ame to be -alled 'na(ia) It a""ears to me. ho#e3er. that this 'na(eus -ame into 'rete for a reason different from that assi(ned by the *a-edaemonians> sin-e I do not think that there e3er #as any en(a(ement at $"hidna. as Theseus #as at that time detained in Thes"rotia. and #as not u"on friendly terms #ith the $thenians. #ho #ere then more in-lined to fa3our !nestheus) $nd e3en admittin( that an en(a(ement took "la-e. it does not a""ear "robable that anyone of the 3i-torious "arty should be ensla3ed. es"e-ially as the *a-edaemonians #ere so "o#erful from their 3i-tories. that they mi(ht ha3e taken $"hidna itself) $nd thus mu-h -on-ernin( "arti-ulars of this kind) But on -omin( from ="arta to $my-lae. you #ill see the ri3er Tiasa> and they are of o"inion. that Tiasa #as the dau(hter of &urotas) %ear this ri3er is the tem"le of the Gra-es. of Phaenna. and 'leta. #ho are rendered illustrious by the 3erses of $l-man) They belie3e. too. that *a-edaemon established this tem"le of the Gra-es. and like#ise assi(ned the names) But the "arti-ulars in $my-lae #orthy of ins"e-tion are first. a man standin( on a "illar. #hose name is $enetus. and #ho -ontended in the DuinDuertium) This man bein( de-lared 3i-tor in the 9lym"i- (ames. and re-ei3in( in -onseDuen-e of this a -ro#n. immediately died) 9f him. therefore. there is an ima(e> and. besides this. braIen tri"ods) But they re"ort that the ten more an-ient tri"ods #ere taken in the #ar #hi-h they #a(ed #ith the !essenians) Knder the first of these tri"ods the statue of Venus stands> under the se-ond that of 0iana+ and the tri"ods. #ith the #orks #hi-h they -ontain. #ere made by Gitiadas) But the third #as made by $e(inetes 'allon> and under this Proser"ine stands) $(ain. $ristander the Parian made the ima(e of the #oman #ith a lyre. 3iI) ="arta> and Poly-letus the $r(i3e made the Venus. #hi-h is -alled With Amyclaeus) These tri"ods sur"ass the others in ma(nitude. and #ere dedi-ated on a--ount of the 3i-tory at $e(os"otamos) But the other (ifts #hi-h are added to the throne. 3iI) the Gra-es. and the statue of 0iana *y-o"hrone. #ere not only dedi-ated. but made by Bathy-les !a(nesius. #ho made the throne of $my-laeus) I shall. ho#e3er. omit relatin( from #hom Bathy-les learnt his art. or durin( #hose rei(n at ="arta he made the throne) This throne I ha3e seen myself. and shall therefore des-ribe the ornaments #hi-h it -ontains) It is sustained. then. both behind and before. by t#o Gra-es and as many /ours) But on the left hand /ydra and Ty"hon are beheld> and on the ri(ht hand the Tritons) It #ould be troublesome. indeed. to the reader. should I attem"t to des-ribe a--urately e3ery "arti-ular about this throne. thou(h other#ise there are many thin(s #hi-h deser3e to be #ell re(arded by the a-ute obser3er) But %e"tune and Cu"iter -arry Tay(ete the dau(hter of $tlas. and her sister $l-yone) $tlas himself. too. is -ar3ed. and the sin(le -ontest of /er-ules #ith 'y-nus. to(ether #ith the battle of the 'entaurs #ith Pholus) I -annot ho#e3er. assi(n the reason #hy Bathy-les has re"resented the !inotaur bound. and dra#n alon( ali3e by Theseus)

In the same throne. too. there is a -hoir of the Phaea-ians. and 0emodo-us sin(in(> and the a-hie3ement of Perseus a(ainst !edea is re"resented) $nd. not to mention the -ontest of /er-ules #ith the (iant Thurius. and of Tyndarus #ith &urytus. you may there "er-ei3e the dau(hters of *eu-i""us for-ibly taken a#ay> !er-ury -arryin( Ba--hus. #hile he #as yet a boy. to hea3en> and !iner3a leadin( /er-ules to an asso-iation. from that time. #ith the (ods) Besides these. Peleus is re"resented deli3erin( $-hilles to be edu-ated by 'hiron> 'e"halus is seen -arried a#ay by $urora on a--ount of his beauty> and the (ods -elebratin( the marria(e of /armony #ith (ifts) The sin(le -ontest. too. of $-hilles #ith !emnon is here re"resented> /er-ules slayin( 0iomed. kin( of Thra-e. and %essus. by the ri3er &uenus> !er-ury leadin( the (oddesses to take the @ud(ment of Paris> and $drastus and Tydeus -ausin( the battle to -ease bet#een $m"hiaraus and *y-ur(us the son of PronaG) /ere. like#ise. Cuno is seen lookin( at lo the dau(hter of Ina-hus -han(ed into a -o#> and !iner3a flyin( from the "ursuit of Vul-an) Besides these. you may see the eG"loits of /er-ules a(ainst the /ydra orderly re"resented. to(ether #ith his dra((in( the three7mouthed do( from /ades) $naGias and !nasinous. too. are seen on horseba-k> and !e(a"enthes and %i-ostratus the sons of !enelaus are -arried on the same horse) /ere. too. you may behold Bellero"hontes slayin( the *y-ian sa3a(e. and /er-ules dri3in( alon( the oGen of Geryon) But on the hi(her eGtremities of the throne the sons of Tyndarus are seated on horseba-k. on ea-h side+ and beneath the horses there are s"hinGes. and #ild beasts runnin( abo3e them. 3iI) a "anther a(ainst 'astor. and a lioness a(ainst PolluG) 9n the hi(hest "art. too. of the throne there is a -hoir of the !a(netes. #ho assisted Bathy-les in fabri-atin( the throne) But if you (o under the throne. in order to behold its more interior "arts. you #ill first of all see. in the "la-e #here the Tritons are re"resented. the huntin( of the 'alydonian boar> /er-ules slayin( the sons of $-tor> 'alais and Letes dri3in( a#ay the har"ies from Phineus> Pirithous and Theseus for-ibly takin( a#ay /elen> /er-ules stran(lin( the lion> and $"ollo and 0iana "ier-in( Tityus #ith their arro#s) /ere are like#ise to be seen the battle of /er-ules #ith 9reus the 'entaur. and of Theseus #ith the !inotaur> and a(ain the battle of /er-ules #ith $-helous> and the "arti-ulars re"orted about Cuno. 3iI) that she #as bound by Vul-an) $fter these the (ames are re"resented #hi-h $-astus established. and the "arti-ulars #hi-h are related in the 9dyssey about !enelaus and the $e(y"tian Proteus) $nd. lastly. $dmetus is seen yokin( a boar and a lion to a -ar> and the Tro@ans are -arryin( funeral sa-rifi-es to /e-tor) 1ha)ter 202 But the throne. in that "art #hi-h #as "re"ared for the (od to sit on. is not throu(hout -ontinuous. but has many seats. and bet#een ea-h there is a -onsiderable inter3al) 9f these. the middle is the broadest. and -ontains a statue. the ma(nitude of #hi-h I do not find deli3ered by anyone) It a""ears. ho#e3er. to me. to be about thirty -ubits) This #as not the #ork of Bathy-les> for it is an-ient. and made #ithout art> and. eG-e"t the fa-e. the eGtremities of the feet. and the hands. the #hole is similar to a braIen "illar) The statue has a helmet on its head. and a lan-e and bo# in its hands) But the base of the statue is in the form of an altar. and is said to -ontain the dead body of /ya-inthus) Indeed before they sa-rifi-e to $"ollo. they "erform funeral rites to /ya-inthus u"on this altar. throu(h a braIen door #hi-h is in the left side of the altar) The -ar3in(s in this altar are as follo#+ The statues of Biris. $m"hitrite. and %e"tune> Cu"iter and !er-ury dis-oursin( #ith ea-h other> near them Ba--hus and =emele. and Ino neGt to =emele) In this altar. too. there are 'eres. Proser"ine. and Pluto> to(ether #ith these. the Par-ae and the /ours> and to these are added Venus. !iner3a. and 0iana) These di3inities are re"resented -arryin( to hea3en /ya-inthus and his sister Polyboea. #ho. as

they re"ort. died #hile she #as a 3ir(in) This statue. too. of /ya-inthus has a beard> and %i-ias %i-omedensis has re"resented him. in his "aintin(. as a remarkably ele(ant fi(ure> and at the same time has si(nified the lo3e of $"ollo to#ards him) Besides these. /er-ules may be seen in this altar. led to hea3en by !iner3a and the other (ods) Fou may behold. too. the dau(hters of Thestius. the !uses. and the /ours) But the "arti-ulars #hi-h are related of the #ind Le"hyr. and ho# /ya-inthus #as in3oluntarily slain by $"ollo. and like#ise -on-ernin( the flo#er. #ere "erha"s far different from the (eneral re"ort) But $my-la. #hi-h #as sub3erted by the 0orienses. and #hi-h is at "resent a 3illa(e. -ontains a tem"le of $leGandra. and a statue. both #hi-h deser3e to be ins"e-ted) The $my-laeenses re"ort. that this $leGandra is 'assandra the dau(hter of Priam) In this "la-e. too. there is an ima(e of 'lytemnestra. and a statue of $(amemnon #hi-h is -onsidered as his se"ul-hre) The inhabitants of this "la-e 3enerate $my-laeus and Ba--hus. #hom. in my o"inion. they 3ery "ro"erly denominate Psila) <or the 0orienses -all #in(s Psila+ and men are no less ele3ated by #ine than birds by #in(s) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars amon( the $my-laeenses #hi-h deser3e to be relelated) But another #ay from the -ity leads to Thera"ne) In this road there is a #ooden statue of !iner3a $lea+ and before you ha3e "assed o3er the &urotas. a little abo3e the bank. you #ill "er-ei3e the tem"le of Cu"iter the 9"ulent) But #hen you ha3e "assed o3er the ri3er. the tem"le of 'otylaeus $es-ula"ius "resents itself to the 3ie#. #hi-h #as raised by /er-ules. #ho denominated $es-ula"ius 1otyleus. be-ause in a former battle #ith /i""o-oon and his -hildren he re-ei3ed a #ound in the cotyle. or hi") The tem"le of !ars. ho#e3er. is the most an-ient of e3erythin( #hi-h is eGtant in this road> and the ima(e of the (od. #hi-h is on the left hand in the road. is re"orted to ha3e been brou(ht from 'ol-hi by the 0ios-uri) This statue they -all Therita from Thero. #ho is said to ha3e been the nurse of !ars) Perha"s. ho#e3er. the name Therita is 'ol-hian> for the Greeks do not kno# of any Thero the nurse of !ars) Indeed. it a""ears to me. that this a""ellation #as not (i3en to !ars from his nurse. but be-ause in an en(a(ement #ith an enemy it is ne-essary to be no lon(er mild) Cust as /omer says res"e-tin( $-hilles+ E/is looks are as the lion4s fier-e) 7 E But Thera"ne. the name of the -ountry. #as deri3ed from the dau(hter of *eleG) In this "la-e there is a tem"le of !enelaus+ and they re"ort. that !enelaus and /elen are buried here) The ,hodians. ho#e3er. do not -orres"ond in their re"ort #ith the *a-edaemomans+ for they say. that /elen. after the death of !enelaus. and #hile 9restes #as yet #anderin(. bein( eG"elled the -ountry by %i-ostratus and !e(a"enthes. -ame to ,hodes to PolyGo. the #ife of Tle"olemus. and a #oman ada"ted to her -ir-umstan-es at that time) <or PolyGo #as herself an $r(i3e. and ha3in( "rior to this been married to Tle"olemus. fled #ith him to ,hodes> and after his death (o3erned the island and edu-ated the son #hi-h he left her) They re"ort. therefore. that this PolyGo bein( desirous to re3en(e the death of Tle"olemus on /elen. as soon as /elen #as in her "o#er. sent her ser3ants to her. as she #as bathin(. in the habits of the <uries> and these #omen seiIin( /elen. hun( her on a tree> and. in memorial of this e3ent. the ,hodians ha3e dedi-ated a tem"le to /elen 0endritis) I shall no#. therefore. relate #hat the 'rotoniatae re"ort -on-ernin( /elen. and to #hi-h the /imaeri also assent) In the &uGine sea. then. near the eGit of the Ister. there is an island sa-red to $-hilles. and #hi-h is -alled *eu-e) This island is about t#enty stadia in eGtent. is thi-k set #ith trees. and is full of sa3a(e and tame animals) It -ontains. too. a tem"le and statue of $-hilles+ and 'rotoniates *eonymus is said to ha3e been the first that sailed into it) <or #hen the 'rotonians #arred on the Italian *o-rians. the *o-rians. in -onseDuen-e of their familiarity #ith the 9"untii. -alled $@aG the son of 9ileus to the battle>

and *eonymus. #ho #as the (eneral of the 'rotonians. atta-kin( that "art of the enemy4s army #hi-h he heard #as led on by $@aG. re-ei3ed a #ound in the breast) $s he suffered. therefore. 3ery mu-h from this #ound. he -ame to 0el"hos in order to "ro-ure relief> and the Pythian ora-le (a3e him for ans#er. that if he sailed to the island *eu-e. $@aG #ould sho# him a remedy for his #ound) In "ro-ess of time. therefore. he #as -ured. and. returnin( home. re"orted that he had seen $-hilles. to(ether #ith $@aG the son of 9ileus and $@aG Telamon> that Patro-lus and $ntilo-hus asso-iated #ith these> that /elen #as married to $-hilles> and that she had ordered him. #hen he sailed to /imera. to tell =tesi-horus. that the loss of his si(ht ha""ened to him throu(h the an(er of /elen) $nd in -onseDuen-e of this. =tesi-honis -om"osed the 3erses #hi-h they -all a re-antation) 1ha)ter 22 In Thera"ne. too. I ha3e seen the fountain !esseis) =ome of the *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. assert. that this is not the fountain #hi-h #as -alled by the an-ients !esseis. but that #hi-h is at "resent -alled Polydeu-ea) But the fountain Polydeu-ea. and the tem"le of PolluG. are on the ri(ht hand of that road #hi-h leads to Thera"ne) %ot far. too. from Thera"ute there is a "la-e -alled &"hebeum. and in it a tem"le of the 0ios-uri+ and in this "la-e the youth sa-rifi-e to &nyalian !ars) $(ain. not far from hen-e there is a tem"le of %e"tune. under the a""ellation of Gaeau-hus. or the earth containing god) 9n "ro-eedin( from hen-e. as if (oin( to Tay(etus. there is a "la-e -alled $lesia. in #hi-h. as they re"ort. !yleta the son of *eleG first in3ented a hand7mill. and tau(ht the inhabitants ho# to (rind -orn #ith it) /ere. too. the *a-edaemonians ha3e raised an heroi- monument to the son of Tay(ete) But #hen you ha3e "assed o3er the ri3er Phillias. and dire-t your -ourse as if in a ri(ht line to the sea. you #ill arri3e at Pharis. in the *a-oni- land. and #hi-h #as on-e inhabited) $nd on de"artin( from Phillias. there is a road on the ri(ht hand. #hi-h leads to the mountain Tay(etus) In the "lain about this mountain. there is a tem"le of Cu"iter !essa"eus> #hi-h a""ellation #as deri3ed from the name of a man #ho sa-rifi-ed to the (od) 9n lea3in( Tay(etus. too. you #ill arri3e at a to#n #hi-h #as formerly the -ity Brisae) In this "la-e there is e3en yet a tem"le of Ba--hus and -ertain statues in the o"en air) But the statues #hi-h the tem"le -ontains the #omen alone are "ermitted to behold) The #omen. too. alone "erform sa-rifi-es in the ar-ane re-esses of the tem"le) But Taletum. #hi-h is the summit of Tay(etus. raises itself abo3e Bryseae) They -all this sa-red to the sun+ and in this "la-e they sa-rifi-e. amon( other thin(s. horses to the sun) The same sa-rifi-e. too. is. I kno#. re"orted to be ado"ted by the Persians) But not far from Taletum there is a thi-ket #hi-h is -alled &uoras. and #hi-h. amon( other #ild beasts. nourishes syl3an (oats) Tay(etus. too. affords (reat "lenty throu(hout of these (oats. of boars. sta(s. and bears) But the "la-e bet#een Taletum and &uoras is denominated Thera) %ot far. too. from the summits of Tay(etus there is a tem"le of 'eres &leusinia+ and the *a-edaemonians re"ort. that /er-ules #as -on-ealed in this tem"le. #hile he #as healed of a #ound by $es-ula"ius) In this tem"le there is a statue of 9r"heus. #hi-h. as they re"ort. #as the #ork of the Pelas(i) I like#ise kno# other sa-red rites #hi-h are "erformed here. and #hi-h are different from those at &leusis) But near the sea there #as a to#n -alled /elos. and #hi-h is mentioned by /omer in his -atalo(ue of the *a-edaemonians+ EThose #hom $my-lae holds. and those #ho d#ell In /elos. bord4rin( on the briny main)E /elius the youn(est son of Perseus brou(ht hither a -olony> and the 0orienses after#ards besie(ed and took the -ity) The inhabitants. too. of this -ity #ere the first "ubliser3ants of the *a-edaemonians. and #ere first -alled /ilotae. from the "la-e of their birth)

$fter#ards. #hate3er ser3ant the 0orienses "ossessed. althou(h he mi(ht be a !essenian. they -alled an /ilot> @ust as the #hole tribe of Greeks #as -alled /ellas. from /ellas #hi-h #as on-e a "art of Thessaly) But from this to#n. #hi-h. as #e ha3e obser3ed. #as formerly -alled /elos. they -arry. on stated days. the ima(e of Proser"ine to &leusinium+ and a "la-e -alled *a"ithaeum is distant from &leusinium about fifteen stadia. and #as so -alled from a nati3e #hose name #as *a"ithes) *a"ithseum therefore is in Tay(etus. and not far from it is 0errhion. in #hi-h "la-e there is a statue in the o"en air of 0iana 0errhiatis. and near it a fountain #hi-h they -all $nonus) But on lea3in( 0errhion. at about the distan-e of t#enty stadia. you #ill arri3e at the /ar"lea. #hi-h eGtend as far as to the "lain) $nd on "ro-eedin( from ="arta to $r-adia. you #ill see a statue in the o"en air of !iner3a. #ho is -alled Pareae) $fter this there is a tem"le of $-hilles. #hi-h it is unla#ful to o"en> but su-h of the youth as are about to -ontend in Platanistus sa-rifi-e to $-hilles. "rior to their en(a(ement) The ="artan re"ort that PraG. the (reat7(randson of Per(amus the son of %eo"tolemus. built this tem"le) 9n "ro-eedin( a little farther. you #ill see the se"ul-hre of 5i))os as it is -alled. or the horse+ for Tyndarus ha3in( in this "la-e sa-rifi-ed a horse. ordered the suitors of /elen to stand by the entrails. and s#ear u"on them) But the oath #hi-h they took #as this+ that they #ould assist /elen. and those that should marry /elen. if any in@ury should be ofiered to either) $nd after they had taken the oath. they buried the horse in this "la-e) %ot far from hen-e there are se3en "illars raised in memorial of this affair. after the manner of the an-ients. as it a""ears to me. and #hi-h they say are ima(es of the se3en "lanets) $lon( this road there is a (ro3e of 'ranius. #hi-h is -alled =temnatius) There is also a tem"le of 0iana !ysia) But the statue of =hame is distant from the -ity about thirty stadia. is said to ha3e been dedi-ated by I-arius. and to ha3e been made on the follo#in( a--ount+ hen I-arius (a3e Penelo"e in marria(e to Klysses. he tried #hether Klysses #as #illin( to reside in *a-edaemon> but failin( in his eG"e-tations. he entreated his dau(hter to remain #ith him) hen Klysses. too. de"arted for Itha-a. I-arius "ursued his -hariot. and ha3in( at len(th by his im"ortunity 3anDuished his resistan-e. Klysses freely "ermitted Penelo"e either to follo# him. or return to *a-edaemon #ith her father) They re"ort. that Penelo"e made no re"ly to the offer of Klysses. but 3eiled her fa-e> and that I-arius "er-ei3in( she #as more in-lined to Klysses. suffered her to de"art #ith him) In -onseDuen-e of this. they dedi-ated. as they re"ort. a statue of =hame in that "art of the road in #hi-h Penelo"e 3eiled her fa-e) 1ha)ter 220 9n "ro-eedin( to the distan-e of about t#enty stadia from hen-e. you #ill arri3e at the ri3er &urotas. #hi-h flo#s 3ery near this road) /ere there is a monument of *adas. #ho in s#iftness of foot sur"assed all the men of his time) In the 9lym"i- (ames. he #as -ro#ned for ha3in( ran a lon(er ra-e than usual) $nd. as it a""ears to me. bein( eGhausted #ith his 3i-tory. he #as immediately brou(ht hither. and. dyin( here. #as buried abo3e the "ubli- road) But a "erson of the same name #ith *adas. and #ho also #as 3i-tor in the 9lym"i- (ames. thou(h not in the longer race but in the stadium. #as one $-hi3us of $e(ium. as is testified by the #ritten a--ounts of those &leans #ho #ere 3i-tors in the 9lym"i- (ames) But on dire-tin( your -ourse as if to#ards Pellana. you #ill arri3e at a "la-e -alled 'hara-oma) In former times. the -ity Pellana #as near this "la-e. in #hi-h Tyndarus is said to ha3e d#elt. #hen he abandoned ="arta in -onseDuen-e of flyin( from /i""o-oon and his sons) In this "la-e I ha3e seen the tem"le of $es-ula"ius. and the fountain Pellanis. #hi-h #ell deser3e to be ins"e-ted) They re"ort that a 3ir(in fell into this fountain as she #as dra#in( #ater and that her 3eil #as found in another fountain -alled *an-ea) $ "la-e -alled Belemina is distant from Pellana about one hundred stadia> and is #atered more than any other "la-e in the *a-oni- re(ion. as the #ater of the ri3er &urotas flo#s throu(h it) <ountains. too. are -ontained here in (reat abundan-e)

But on des-endin( to the sea. to Gytheum. you #ill arri3e at a 3illa(e belon(in( to the *a-edaemonians. of the name of 'ro-eae) The stone Duarries in this "la-e do not -onsist of one -ontinued stone. but stones are du( out of them similar to su-h as are found in ri3ers. and #hi-h mi(ht be em"loyed to ad3anta(e by artifi-ers in adornin( the tem"les of the (ods) These stones. too. (reatly -ontribute to the ornament of fish7"onds and fountains) Before this 3illa(e a stone statue stands of Cu"iter 'ro-eatas+ and near the stone7Duarries there are braIen statues of the 0ios-uri) 9n lea3in( 'ro-eae and turnin( on the ri(ht hand from the dire-t road to Gytheum. you #ill arri3e at a small to#n -alled $e(iae) They assert. that this to#n is -alled by /omer. $u(eae) There is a marsh here. #hi-h is -alled by the name of %e"tune> and near it there is a tem"le. and a statue of the (od) But they are afiraid to fish in this lake. be-ause it is re"orted. that those #ho -at-h the fish #hi-h it -ontains #ill be -han(ed themsel3es into fishes) Gytheum is distant from $e(iae about thirty stadia+ and the &leutherola-ones d#ell about its maritime "arts. #ho #ere liberated from the yoke of sla3ery im"osed on them by the *a-edaemonians. by the em"eror $u(ustus) The #hole of Pelo"onnesus. too. is surrounded by the sea. eG-e"t that "art #hi-h -ontains the isthmus of the 'orinthians) But the *a-oni- sea "rodu-es shell7fish. from #hi-h "ur"le is "ro-ured for the "ur"ose of dryin( (arments. and #hi-h is neGt in eG-ellen-y to the Tyrian "ur"le) There are ei(hteen -ities of these &leutherola-ones> the first of #hi-h. on des-endin( from $e(iss to the sea. is Gytheum> after#ards Teuthrone. *as. Pyrrhi-ius. follo#> near Tanarus. 'aene"olis. 9etylos. *eu-tra. Thalamae. $la(onia. Gerenia. are situated> and beyond Gytheum. and near the sea. $so"us. $-ria. Bo-ae. LaraI. &"idaurus (#hi-h is -alled *imera). Brasia. Geronthrae. and !arios) $nd these are all the -ities #hi-h are left of the &leutherola-ones. out of t#enty7four. #hi-h #as their number at first) But the other to#ns belon(in( to ="arta. #hi-h I shall mention. do not use the same la#s as those I ha3e already des-ribed) The Gytheatae. too. do not refer their ori(in to any mortal. but re"ort that /er-ules and $"ollo. #hen they -ontended about the tri"od. after their dis"ute #as at an end. built the -ity in -ommon) /en-e the statues of $"ollo and /er-ules are "la-ed in the forum belon(in( to these "eo"le+ and near these di3inities. there is a statue of Ba--hus) But in a different "art of the forum. there is a statue of $"ollo 'arnias. a tem"le of $mmon. and a braIen statue of $es-ula"ius) The tem"le itself is #ithout a roof> and to(ether #ith this tem"le. there is a fountain sa-red to the (od. a holy tem"le of 'eres. and a statue bf %e"tune Gaeau-hus) But that "erson #ho is -alled by the Gytheatae old. and is said to d#ell in the sea. is. I find. no other than %ereus+ and /omer in his 0liad. in the follo#in( s"ee-h of Thetis. (a3e rise to this a""ellation+ E ithin the s"a-ious bosom of the sea Fe %ereids no# #ithdra#N and there attend The old marine. and mansion of our =ire)44 ln this re(ion. too. there are (ates. #hi-h they -all the 'astorides+ and in the to#er there is a tem"le and statue of !iner3a) 1ha)ter 2200 <rom Gytheum. at about the distan-e of three stadia. there is a stone #hi-h they -all +luggish) They re"ort. that 9restes #as -ured of his insanity by sittin( on this stone+ and on this a--ount the stone is -alled Cu"iter 'a""otes in the 0ori- ton(ue) But the island 'ranae is situated o""osite to Gytheum. in #hi-h "la-e. a--ordin( to /omer. Paris #ho -arried a#ay /elen first sle"t #ith her) %ear this island. too. in the -ontinent. there is a tem"le of Venus !i(onitis. and the #hole "la-e is -alled !i(onium) They re"ort. that this tem"le #as raised by Paris) But !enelaus ha3in( returned safe home. in the ei(hth year after the destru-tion of Troy. dedi-ated near the tem"le of Venus !i(onitis. a statue of

Thetis and of the (oddess #ra/idica. or the A&enger) There is a mountain. too. sa-red to Ba--hus. abo3e !i(onium. #hi-h they -all *arysium+ and in this "la-e. #hen the s"rin( -ommen-es. they -elebrate a festi3al to Ba--hus> assi(nin(. amon( other -auses of the sa-red institution. the dis-o3ery of a ri"e (ra"e on this mountain) But on the left hand of Gytheum. and at the distan-e of about thirty stadia. you #ill see in the -ontinent the #alls of Trinasus) The "la-e. ho#e3er. a""ears to me to ha3e been formerly a -astle. and not a to#n+ and I am of o"inion. that its name #as deri3ed from the three small islands o""osite to the shore) $t about the distan-e. too. of ei(hty stadia from Trinasus. the ruins of /elos still remain+ and thirty stadia from hen-e. the -ity $-riae is situated near the sea) In this "la-e there is a tem"le of the !other of the Gods. and a statue of stone. #hi-h deser3e to be ins"e-ted) The inhabitants of $-riae assert. that this is the most an-ient of all the #orks amon( the Pelo"onnesians. #hi-h are dedi-ated to the !other of the Gods) <or the !a(nesii #ho inhabit that "art of =i"ylus #hi-h is near the north. u"on a stone #hi-h they -all 'oddinus. ha3e a statue of the !other of the Gods the most an-ient of all> and they re"ort that this #as made by Broteas the son of Tantalus) But there #as a man amon( the $-riatae. #hose name #as %ioo-les 9lym"ioni-e. #ho #as t#i-e 3i-tor in the -ourse. and fi3e times in the -hariot7ra-e+ and there is a monument raised to him. bet#een the (ymnasium and that "art of the #alls #hi-h @oins to the "ort) $bo3e $-riae. too. at the distan-e of about one hundred and t#enty stadia from the sea. is the -ity Geronthrae. #hi-h #as sub3erted by the 0orienses #ho "ossessed *a-edaemon. and #as inhabited by them "rior to the arri3al of the /era-lidae into Pelo"onnesus) The 0orienses. too. after ha3in( eG"elled the an-ient inhabitants. introdu-ed a -olony of their o#n) $t "resent. ho#e3er. this -ity is a "art of the dominions of the &leutherola-ones) But. in the #ay #hi-h leads from $-riae to Greronthrae. there is a to#n #hi-h is -alled Ancient) In Greronthrae. too. there is a tem"le. and a (ro3e of !ars) &3ery year they -elebrate a festi3al to the (od. durin( #hi-h #omen are forbidden to enter the (ro3e) $bout the forum there are fountains of s#eet #ater+ and in the to#er there is a tem"le of $"ollo. and an i3ory head of the statue of the (od> for the fire has -onsumed the other "arts of the statue. to(ether #ith the former tem"le) But !arios. another to#n of the &leutherola-ones. is distant from Gronthrae about one hundred stadia) In this "la-e there is an an-ient tem"le -ommon to all the (ods+ and about it there is a (ro3e #atered #ith fountains) There are fountains. too. in the tem"le of 0iana> and !arios is remarkable for the #ater #ith #hi-h it abounds) But there is a to#n -alled Gly""ia abo3e !arios. and #hi-h is situated in the most interior "art of the -ountry+ and there is a #ay of t#enty stadia in len(th #hi-h leads to another to#n of Geronthrae. -alled =elinuntes) $nd su-h are the "la-es #hi-h ha3e a more interior situation. as you as-end from $-reae to the -ontinent $(ain. #ith res"e-t to the "la-es near the sea. the -ity $so"us is distant from $-riae about siGty stadia) In this -ity there is a tem"le of the ,oman em"erors> and abo3e the -ity. at the distan-e of t#el3e stadia. there is a tem"le of $es-ula"ius) They denominate the (od Philolaus. or a lo3er of the "eo"le+ and the bones #hi-h are honoured in the (ymnasium. thou(h of a sur"assin( ma(nitude. are ne3ertheless the bones of a man) In the to#er. too. there is a tem"le of !iner3a 'y"arissia+ and to#ards the bottom "art of the to#er there are ruins of a -ity. #hi-h is -alled the $-haian Para-y"arissiae) Besides. in this -ountry there is a tem"le of $es-ula"ius. #hi-h is about fifty stadia distant from $so"us+ and the "la-e in #hi-h this tem"le is -ontained is -alled /y"erteleaton) But a "romontoiy. #hi-h is distant from $so"us about t#o hundred stadia. eGtends itself into the sea. and is -alled the "aw$bone of an ass) This "romontory -ontains a tem"le of !iner3a. #hi-h is #ithout a statue and a roof and is said to ha3e been made by $(amemnon) There is also a monument here of 'inadus. #ho #as the "ilot of !enelaus) But after this "romontory. that #hi-h is -alled the Boeati- bay "ours itself forth+ and

the -ity Boeae is situated to#ards the eGtremity of this bay) It #as built by Boeus. one of the sons of /er-ules. #ho brou(ht a -olony into it from the three -ities &tis. $"hrodisias. and =ida) They re"ort. that $eneas. #hile he #as flyin( to Italy. bein( shi"#re-ked by a storm. built t#o of these an-ient -ities. one of #hi-h he -alled by the name of the dau(hter of &tias> and the third -ity. as they say. #as denominated from =ide the dau(hter of 0anaus) The eGiles from these -ities. inDuirin( #here it #ould be "ro"er for them to fiG their habitation. re-ei3ed for ans#er. that 0iana #ould sho# them #here they should build a -ity) $fter this a hare started forth to their 3ie#. #hi-h they follo#ed as a (uide> and she hidin( herself in a myrtle. they built a -ity in the 3ery "la-e #here the myrtle (re#. and e3en at "resent 3enerate this tree. and -all 0iana the +a&iour) But there is a tem"le of $"ollo in the forum of the Boeensians+ and the ruins of the tem"les of =era"is and Isis are about se3en stadia distant from Boeae. 9n dire-tin( your -ourse to these ruins. you #ill see on the left hand a stone statue of !er-ury+ and amon( the ruins you may "er-ei3e a tem"le of $es-ula"ius and /ealth) 1ha)ter 22000 'ythera is situated o""osite to Boeae+ and the distan-e by sea from that "romontory #hi-h. as #e ha3e obser3ed. is -alled the "aw$bone of an ass. and the "romontory Plartanistus. is about forty stadia> for in this "art the island is at the least distan-e from the -ontinent) But in 'ythera there is a ha3en -alled =-andea. in the "arts by the sea+ and the -ity 'ythera is distant from this ha3en about ten stadia) This "la-e -ontains a most holy tem"le of Venus Krania. or the 1elestial. #hi-h is the most an-ient and sa-red of all those #hi-h are dedi-ated by the Greeks to Venus+ and the statue of the (oddess is armed) But on sailin( from Boeae to those "la-es #hi-h are abo3e the "romontory !alea. you may "er-ei3e a lake. #hi-h they -all %ymboeum+ and near this there is a statue of %e"tune in an u"ri(ht "osition. and a -a3ern near the sea. in #hi-h there is a fountain of s#eet #ater) This "la-e is mu-h inhabited) $fter you ha3e sailed by the "romontory !alea. at about the distan-e of one hundred stadia. there is a "la-e in the borders of the Boeatae. and in it a tem"le of $"ollo. #hom they -all &"idelium+ for the statue of $"ollo #hi-h remains at "resent #as formerly dedi-ated at 0elos) <or at that time #hen 0elos #as the em"orium of all Gree-e. and by its reli(ious 3eneration of di3inity had obtained "erfe-t se-urity. !eno"hanes. #ho led the for-es of !ithridates. either from his o#n natural insolen-e. or im"elled by !ithridates (for a man #holly (i3en to (ain #ill -onsider di3ine -on-erns as subordinate to #ealth)> this !eno"hanes. then. #ith a fleet of three7oared (alleys. in3aded the island #hen it #as destitute both of #alls and arms) In -onseDuen-e of this. he easily -onDuered the -ity. and sle# both the forei(ners that d#elt there at that time and the 0elians themsel3es) /e like#ise "lundered the #ealth of the mer-hants and the offerin(s sus"ended in tem"les. ensla3ed the #omen and -hildren. and o3erturned 0elos from its foundations) In the ea(erness. too. of their de"redations. one of these Barbarians insolently thre# this ima(e of $"ollo into the sea> and the #a3es rollin( it into these borders of the Boeatae. o--asioned the "la-e to be -alled &"idelium) /o#e3er. neither !eno"hanes nor !ithridates -ould es-a"e the an(er of the (od) <or. after the sub3ersion of 0elos. as !eno"hanes #as returnin( home by sea. his shi"s #ere atta-ked by the mer-hants #hom he had "lundered. and he himself #as slain by them+ and the (od -om"elled !ithridates to destroy himself. in -onseDuen-e of losin( his kin(dom and bein( dri3en about e3ery#here by the ,omans) There are some. too. #ho re"ort that he "ro-ured one of the Barbarians. for a sum of money as a re#ard. to slay him) $nd su-h #as the "unishment #hi-h these men suffered for their im"iety) But &"idaurus #hi-h is -alled *imera. borders on the Boeatae. and is distant from &"idelium about t#o hundred stadia) They re"ort. ho#e3er. that this "la-e is not a -olony of the *a-edaemonians. but of those &"idaurians that d#ell in $r(olis) <or #hen the

ambassadors. #ho #ere "ubli-ly sent by the &"idaurians into the island 'oos to $es-ula"ius. landed in this "art of the *a-oni- re(ion. in -onseDuen-e of -ertain admonitions in a dream. they made this the "la-e of their abode) They farther re"ort. too. that the dra(on. #hi-h they had brou(ht #ith them from &"idaurus. fled from the shi". and -on-ealed itself in a -a3ern not far from the sea> and that. in -onseDuen-e of this "rodi(y and -ertain 3isions in a dream. it a""eared to them that they ou(ht to fiG their habitation in this "la-e) But #here the dra(on des-ended. altars to $es-uIa"ius are ere-ted> and #ild oli3e7trees (ro# round the altars) $(ain. on "ro-eedin( to the ri(ht hand. to the distan-e of about t#o stadia. you #ill "er-ei3e the #ater of Ino. as it is -alled) The -ir-umferen-e of this lake is but small. but its de"th is -onsiderable) Into this #ater. durin( the festi3al of Ino. they -ast baked -akes. #hi-h if the #ater retains. they -onsider it as a fortunate omen to the "erson #ho thre# them into the lake> but the -ontrary if the #ater sends them ba-k a(ain) The bo#ls or -u"s of mount &tna. too. are said to "ossess the same "ro"heti- "o#er+ for they thro# into these. thin(s #rou(ht from (old and sil3er. and sa-red offerin(s of e3ery kind. #hi-h if the fire absorbs. they re@oi-e as in a fortunate -ir-umstan-e> but if it re@e-ts them. they -onsider it as an ill omen to the "erson by #hom they #ere thro#n) But near the #ay #hi-h leads from Boeae to *imera &"idaurus. there is a tem"le of 0iana *imnatis in the borders of the &"idaurians) The -ity itself. ho#e3er. "resents itself to the 3ie#. not far from the sea. in an ele3ated "la-e. and -ontains the follo#in( "arti-ulars #orthy of ins"e-tion+ a tem"le of Venus. and a tem"le of $es-uIa"ius. in #hi-h there is a stone statue in an u"ri(ht "osition> a tem"le of !iner3a. in the to#er> and before the "ort. a tem"le of Cu"iter. under the a""ellation of the +a&iour) $ "romontory. too. -alled !inoa. near the -ity. eGtends as far as to the sea> and the bay. in this "art. is in no res"e-t different from the other irru"tions of the sea. #hi-h take "la-e about the *a-oni- re(ion) But the shore in this "art abounds #ith "ebbles. #hi-h are both ele(ant in their fi(ure. and beautiful for the 3ariety of -olours #hi-h they "ossess) 1ha)ter 220! LaraG. too. is distant from &"idaurus about t#enty stadia) This "la-e has a harbour 3ery #ell ada"ted to sailors. but. of all the -ities of the &leutherola-ones. has been the most o""ressed) <or 'leonymus the son of 'leomenes. and the (randson of $(esi"olis. alone sub3erted this. of all the *a-oni- -ities) 9f this 'leonymus I shall s"eak in another "art of this #ork) In Lara there is nothin( remarkable> but in the eGtremity of the "ort there is a tem"le of $"ollo. and a statue holdin( a har") But on de"artin( from hen-e to#ards the sea. to the distan-e of about siG stadia. and returnin( from then-e to the most inland "arts. at the distan-e of ten stadia. the ruins of the 'y"hantes (for so those "eo"le are -alled) "resent themsel3es to the 3ie#) $mon( these there is a tem"le of $es-ula"ius. #ith a stone statue) There is also a fountain of -old #ater. #hi-h lea"s from a ro-k+ and they re"ort that $talanta. bein( thirsty as she #as huntin( in this "la-e. stru-k the ro-k #ith her s"ear. and thus -aused the #ater to flo#) The to#n Brasiae. too. is situated in the eGtremity of this "art of the &leutherola-onian dominions. near the sea> and is distant about t#o hundred stadia from 'y"hantae) The inhabitants of this "la-e re"ort thin(s different from all the rest of the Greeks> and these are as follo#+ =emele brou(ht forth a son from Cu"iter. and 'admus. dete-tin( the affair. thre# Ba--hus into a -hest. #hi-h. bein( -ast into the sea and tost about by the #a3es. #as at len(th thro#n on their -oast) /ere =emele. #ho died after her deli3ery. #as ma(nifi-ently buried> and Ba--hus #as taken -are of. and edu-ated) 9n this a--ount their -ity. #hi-h till that time #as -alled 9reatae. by a mutation of name #as denominated Brasiae and this from the ark bein( thro#n on that -oast) Cust as e3en at "resent the 3ul(ar say of any thin( #hi-h is thro#n by the sea on the land. that it has been e"ected by the wa&es of the sea) The Brasiatae. too further add. that Ino durin( her #anderin(s -ame into their

-ountry. and that #hen she -ame there. she #as #illin( to be-ome the nurse of Ba--hus) They sho# the -a3ern. too. #here Ino nursed Ba--hus. and -all the "lain #hi-h -ontains the -a3ern. the (arden of Ba--hus) But of the tem"les in this "la-e. one is sa-red to $es-ula"ius. and the other to $-hilles. to #hom they e3ery year -elebrate a festi3al) There is like#ise a small "romontory in Brasiae. #hi-h (radually eGtends itself to the sea> and on it braIen hats are "la-ed. #hi-h are not lar(er than those #hi-h are #orn on the head) I do not kno# #hether they -onsider these as belon(in( to the 0ios-uri or to the 'orybantes) There are. ho#e3er. three hats> and #ith these there is a statue of !iner3a) But on the ri(ht hand of Gytheum there is a "la-e -alled *as. #hi-h is distant from the sea ten stadia. and forty from Gytheum) That "art #hi-h lies bet#een the three mountains Ilius. $ma and. 'na-adius. is at "resent inhabited. thou(h formerly this -ity #as situated on the to" of mount $sia> and e3en no# the ruins of the an-ient -ity are to be seen> and before the #alls there is a statue of /er-ules and a tro"hy raised on a--ount of the !a-edonians. #ho #ere a "art of the army of Phill" #hen he in3aded the *a-oni- re(ion. and #ho #anderin( from the rest of the army. laid #aste the maritime "art of the -ountry) $mon( these ruins there is a tem"le of !iner3a. #ho is -alled $sia+ and this they re"ort #as raised by 'astor and PolluG. on their returnin( safe from the 'ol-hian eG"edition> for there #as a tem"le of !iner3a $sia amon( the 'ol-hians) I 3ery #ell kno#. indeed. that the sons of Tyndarus "artook of Cason4s eG"edition> but that the 'ol-hi #orshi"ed !iner3a $sia. I alone -ommit to #ritin( from the re"ort of the *a-edaemonians) But near the -ity. #hi-h is inhabited at "resent. there is a fountain #hi-h is -alled 'a(a-o. from the -olour of the #ater+ and near the fountain. there is a (ymnasium. #hi-h -ontains an an-ient statue of !er-ury) ith res"e-t to the mountains. too. in that #hi-h is -alled Ilius there is a tem"le of Ba--hus. and on its summit a tem"le of $es-ula"ius) But in the mountain 'na-adius there is a tem"le of $"ollo 'arneus) $nd a "la-e -alled /y"sos. in the borders of the ="artans. is distant frm 'arneus about thirty stadia. and -ontains a tem"le of $es-ula"ius. and of 0iana #ho is -alled 0a"hnaea) %ear the sea. too. and in the "romontory. there is a tem"le of 0iana 0i-tynna. to #hom they -elebrate a festi3al e3ery year) But on the left hand of this "romontory. the ri3er =menos "ours itself into the sea. and affords a #ater remarkably s#eet) The fountains of this ri3er are in the mountain Tay(etus. and it is distant fitm the -ity not more than fi3e stadia) In a "la-e. too. #hi-h is -alled $rainus. there is a se"ul-hre of *as. and a statue u"on the se"ul-hre) They re"ort that this to#n #as built by *as. #ho #as slain by $-hilles> and they add that $-hilles -ame to this "la-e #hen he demanded of Tyndareus /elen in marria(e) The truth of the -ase. ho#e3er. is. that *as #as slain by Patro-lus. as he #as one of the suitors of /elen) Indeed. that $-hilles ne3er desired /elen in marria(e may be inferred from hen-e. that. in the 1atalogue of Women. there is no mention of $-hilles) But /omer in the be(innin( of his 0liad informs us. that $-hilles -ame to Troy. merely from his re(ard to the -hildren of $treus. and not indu-ed by the oaths of Tyndareus) The same "oet. too. in des-ribin( the funeral (ames. introdu-es $ntilo-hus assertin( that Klysses is older than him+ and #hen Klysses relates to $l-inous #hat he sa# in /ades. he informs him. amon( other thin(s. that he sa# Pirithous and Theseus. #ho li3ed in an a(e "rior to his) $nd #e kno#. indeed. that /elen #as for-ibly taken a#ay by Theseus> so that it -annot by any means be admitted that $-hilles #as one of the suitors of /elen) 1ha)ter 22! 9n "ro-eedin( from this monument you #ill "er-ei3e a ri3er "ourin( itself into the sea. the name of #hi-h is =-yras) This ri3er #as formerly #ithout a name. and #as then first denominated. #hen Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles entered into it #ith a fleet. as he #as sailin( from =-yros to the nu"tials of /ermione) Beyond the ri3er. too. there is an an-ient

tem"le. se"arate from the altar of Cu"iter) $nd in the most inland "arts. at the distan-e of forty stadia. you may "er-ei3e the to#n Pyrrhi-us) $--ordin( to some. this to#n #as denominated from Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles> but a--ordin( to others. from the (od Pyrrhi-us. #ho is one of the 'uretes) There are also some #ho assert. that =ilenus. #hen he left !alea. d#elt in this "la-e) $nd that =ilenus. indeed. #as brou(ht u" in !alea is e3ident. from the follo#in( 3erses of Pindar+ =trenuous in the dan-e to beat Tuneful measures #ith his feet. =ilenus. #hom in !alea erst %ais4 husband -areful nurst) But Pindar does not any#here assert that =ilenus #as -alled Pyrrhi-us. thou(h this is re"orted by the inhabitants of !alea) But in the forum of Pyrrhi-us there is a #ell. #hi-h the inhabitants are of o"inion #as (i3en to them by =ilenus) If this #ell should e3er be dried u". they #ould labour under a (reat s-ar-ity of #ater) The Pyrrhi-ii ha3e in their land a tem"le of 0iana $stratea. #ho -ame to be so denominated be-ause the army of the $maIons sto""ed its mar-h in this "la-e) There is also a tem"le of $maIonian $"ollo) Both the statues are of #ood> and are said to ha3e been dedi-ated by the #omen that -ame from Thermodon) But on des-endin( from Pyrrhi-us to the sea. you #ill arri3e at the to#n Teuthrone) The inhabitants re"ort. that this to#n #as built by the $thenian Teuthras> and they #orshi". abo3e all the di3inities 0iana Isoria) They ha3e also a fountain -alled %aia) The "romontory Taenarum. too. eGtends into the sea. at the distan-e of one hundred and fifty stadia from Teuthrone> and beneath it are the "orts $-hilleus and Psamathus) But in the "romontory there is a tem"le similar to a -a3ern> and before it is a statue of %e"tune) =ome of the Greeks relate. in their 3erses. that /er-ules dre# u" throu(h this the do( of Pluto. thou(h the -a3ern has not any subterranean "assa(e> nor is it 3ery easy to be "ersuaded. that there is a -ertain subterranean habitation of the (ods into #hi-h souls are -olle-ted) /e-ataeus. indeed. the !ilesian. asserts #ith (reat "robability. that a dreadful ser"ent #as nourished in this -a3ern. and that he #as -alled the do( of Pluto. be-ause the 3enom of his bite #as al#ays "rodu-ti3e of death) /e adds. that /er-ules dre# u" this ser"ent by the -ommand of &urystheus) But /omer. #ho first -alled that #hi-h /er-ules dre# u" the do( of /ades. neither -alls this animal by any name. nor does he fei(n anythin( -on-ernin( his fi(ure as he does -on-ernin( the 'himaera) But #riters "osterior to /omer ha3e -alled this ainimal 'erberus> and assimilatin( his other "arts to those of a do(. ha3e asserted that he had three heads) /omer. ho#e3er. by the do( of /ades may be su""osed to si(nify an animal not more familiar to the human s"e-ies than a dra(on) But there are other sa-red offerin(s in Taenarum. and $rion. the har"er. sittin( on a 0ol"hin) $nd the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( $rion and the dol"hin /orodotus relates. as #hat he himself heard. in his a--ount of the *ydian affairs) I. indeed. ha3e seen in Parosebene a dol"hin. #ho #as the -ause of safety to a boy be-ause he healed him of a #ound #hi-h he had re-ei3ed from a fisherman and #ho #ould attend on the boy #hen he -alled him and -arry him on his ba-k #here3er he "leased) There is also in Taenarum a fountain #hi-h does not -ontain anythin( #onderful to behold at "resent. but #hi-h formerly. as they re"ort. afforded the "ros"e-t of "orts and shi"s to those #ho looked #ithin it) This effe-t of the #ater #as destroyed by a #oman #ashin( in it a "olluted (arment) 9n sailin( from this "romontory to the distan-e of about forty stadia. you #ill arri3e at the to#n 'aene"olis. #hi-h #as formerly -alled Taenarum) In this to#n there is a tem"le of 'eres. and near the sea a tem"le of Vinus. #hi-h -ontains a statue in an u"ri(ht "osition) 9n de"artin( from hen-e to the distan-e of thirty stadia. you #ill see the 3erteG of Taenarum.

#hi-h is -alled Thyrides. and the ruins of the -ity /i""ola. amon( #hi-h there is a tem"le of !iner3a /i""olaitis) The -ity !essa. and a "ort. are at a little distan-e from hen-e+ and there are about one hundred and fifty stadia bet#een this "ort and 9etylum) But the hero. from #hom this -ity #as denominated. #as an $r(i3e. and #as the son of $m"hianaG> and the (randson of $ntima-hus) There is a tem"le. too. in 9etylum. #hi-h deser3es to be ins"e-ted> and in the forum a statue of 'arnean $"ollo) 1ha)ter 22!0 $(ain. from 9etylum to Thalamae there is a road of nearly ei(hty stadia in len(th) In this road there is a tem"le and ora-le of Ino> and "ro"he-ies are deli3ered here in slee"> for the (oddess ans#ers su-h as -onsult her by dreams) But there are braIen statues in that "art of the tem"le. #hi-h stands in the o"en air. one of Pa"hia. and another of the =un) That #hi-h is -ontained. ho#e3er. in the in#ard "art of the tem"le -annot be -learly seen. on a--ount of the -ro#ns #hi-h -on-eal it> thou(h it is re"orted to be made of brass) But a #ater flo#s here from a sa-red fountain. #hi-h is "leasant to drink. and #hi-h they -all the #ater of the moon) Pa"hia. indeed. is not the nati3e di3inity of the Thalamatae) $ maritime -ity. too. -alled Pe"hnos. is distant about t#enty stadia from Thalamatae) $ small island is ad@a-ent to this "la-e. #hi-h is not lar(er than a (reat stone) This also is -alled Pe"hnos> and the Thalamatae re"ort. that the 0ios-uri #ere bor in this "la-e) Indeed I kno# that $l-man asserts this in his 3erses) The Thalamatae. ho#e3er. do not aasert that the 0ios-uri #ere edu-ated in Pe"hnos. but that they #ere brou(ht to Pellana by !er-ury) In this island there are braIen statues of the 0ios-uri. in the o"en air #hi-h are not more than a foot in len(th+ and these statues are not mo3ed out of their "la-e. thou(h the sea. durin( the #inter. 3ehemently shakes the stone on #hi-h they stand) This indeed is a "rodi(y+ nor is this less. that the ants here a""ear to be #hiter than the usual -olour of these inse-ts) The !essenians re"ort. that this island formerly belon(ed to them+ and on this a--ount. they are of o"inion that the 0ios-uri belon( to them rather than to the *a-edaemonians) But *eu-tra is distant from Pe"hnos about t#enty stadia) $nd #ith res"e-t to the name of this -ity. I am i(norant of its ori(in> thou(h. if it #as denominated from *eu-i""us the son of Perieres. as the !essenians say. it a""ears to me that this is the reason #hy they re3eren-e $es-ula"ius more than all the other (ods. as they are of o"inion that he #as the son of $rsinoe the dau(hter of *e-i""us) There is a stone statue of $es-ula"ius here. and in a different "art. of Ino) There is also a tem"le of 'assandra the dau(hter of Priam> a statue #hi-h is -alled $leGandra by the nati3es> and statues of $"ollo 'arneus. #ho is honoured by these "eo"le in the same manner as by the *a-edaemonians in ="arta) In the to#er. too. there is a tem"le and statue of !iner3a+ and the *eu-trians ha3e a tem"le and (ro3e of *o3e. throu(h #hi-h #ater flo#s in the #inter) But the lea3es #hi-h fall from the trees are not -arried to any other "la-e by the inundation of the #ater) I shall. too. relate #hat I am -ertain ha""ened in my time. in the maritime "art of *eu-tra) The #ind ha3in( dri3en a fire into the #ood. burnt a (reat number of the trees> and in that "art #hi-h #as laid bare by the fire. a statue of Ithomatas Cu"iter #as found. "la-ed like a dedi-ated statue) The !essenians make use of this -ir-umstan-e as an e3iden-e that *eu-tra formerly belon(ed to them) It is. ho#e3er. "ossible that the *a-edaemonians mi(ht from the first ha3e inhabited *eu-tra. and that they mi(ht ha3e #orshi"ed Cu"iter Ithomatas) 'ardamyle. indeed. #hi-h is mentioned by /omer in his enumeration of $(amemnon4s (ifts. is in sub@e-tion to the *a-edaemonians of ="arta> $u(ustus 'aesar ha3in( se"arated this "la-e from !essenia) But 'ardamyle is distant from the sea ei(ht stadia. and from *eu-tra siGty) In this "la-e. not far from the shore. there is a (ro3e sa-red to the dau(hters of %ereus. into #hi-h they re"ort. these %ym"hs as-ended from the sea. in order to behold Pyrrhus the son of $-hilles. as he #as on his @ourney to ="arta in order

to marry /ermione) In the to#n itself there is a tem"le of !iner3a. and a statue of $"ollo 'arneus. #hi-h they 3enerate after the manner of the 0orienses) But the -ity. #hi-h /omer -alls &no"e. is of !essenian denomination. and ser3es as a "la-e of -on3ention to the &leutherola-ones> but is at "resent -alled Gerenia) $--ordin( to some. %estor #as edu-ated in this -ity> but. a--ordin( to others. he fled hither #hen Pylos #as taken by /er-ules) /ere. 3iI) In Gerenia. there is a monument of !a-haon the son of $es-ula"ius. and a holy tem"le raised to him+ for they are of o"inion that the remedies of human diseases #ere dis-o3ered by !a-haon) The sa-red "Ia-e. in #hi-h this tem"le stands. is -alled ,hodos+ and the statue of !a-haon is of brass. and in an u"ri(ht "osition) /is head. too. is adorned #ith a -ro#n #hi-h the !essenians in their nati3e ton(ue -all 'i"hos) The author of the "oem -alled the small 0liad. asserts that !a-haon #as slain by &ury"ylus the son of Tele"hus+ and hen-e. as I #ell kno#. in the sa-red rites belon(in( to $es-ula"ius in Per(amus. the hymns. indeed. be(in from Tele"hus. but by no means -elebrate &ury"ylus> nor is he e3en mentioned in the tem"le be-ause they kno# that he sle# !a-haon) The bones. too. of !a-haon are said to ha3e been "reser3ed by %estor+ but they re"ort that Podalirius. #hen he returned home after the destru-tion of Troy. #as dri3en by a tem"est to =yros. #hi-h is a -ity in the -ontinent of 'aria. and there fiGed his habitation) But there is a mountain in Gerania. and in it a tem"le of 'alathaia) There is a -a3e. too. near the tem"le. the entran-e into #hi-h is narro#. but its in#ard "arts -ontain thin(s #hi-h deser3e to be ins"e-ted) $nd as you "ro-eed from Gerania. as if as-endin( to the most inland "arts. you #ill arri3e at $la(onia. #hi-h is a to#n about thirty stadia distant from hen-e) This to#n is numbered amon( the "la-es belon(in( to the &leutherola-ones. and -ontains tem"les of Ba--hus and 0iana. #hi-h are #orthy of obser3ation) Book IV $ Messenics 1ha)ter 0 The dominions of the !essenians are limited by $u(ustus 'aesar to that s"a-e #hi-h lies bet#een the land belon(in( to the *a-ones and Gerania> and this thi-ket is at "resent -alled 'hoerius) The first inhabitants are re"orted to ha3e taken "ossession of this -ountry #hen it #as a desert. in the follo#in( manner+ $fter the death of *eleG. #ho rei(ned in that "art of Gree-e #hi-h is no# -alled *a-onia. but #as then from him denominated *ele(ia. !yles. #ho #as his eldest son. obtained the (o3ernment> but Poly-aon. #ho #as the youn(est of his sons. and on this a--ount #as nothin( more than a "ri3ate "erson. -ontinued in this obs-ure -ondition till he married the $r(i3e !essene. #ho #as the dau(hter of Trio"as. and the (rand7dau(hter of Phorbas) But !essene bein( ele3ated throu(h her father4s di(nity and "o#er. #ho at that time sur"assed in these the other Greeks. -ould not endure that her husband should be a "ri3ate man) /en-e. -olle-tin( to(ether a band of $r(i3es and *a-edaemonians. Poly-aon in3aded this -ountry. and -alled the #hole re(ion !essene. after the name of his #ife) /e also founded other -ities. and amon( these $ndania. #hi-h he made the royal -ity) <or before the Thebans fou(ht #ith the *a-edaemonians at *eu-tra. and had built !essene. #hi-h is at "resent situated under Ithome. it does not a""ear to me that any -ity #as -alled !essene) I -on@e-ture this from the 3erses of /omer) <or. in his -atalo(ue of those that -ame to Troy. he mentions Pylos. $rene. and some others> but is silent #ith res"e-t to a -ity of the name of !essene) In the %dyssey. too. he e3in-es that the !essenians #ere a "eo"le. but not of one -ity+ E!essene4s state from Itha-a detains Three hundred shee". and all the she"herd s#ains)E

$nd still more -learly #hen he s"eaks of the bo# of I"hitus+ EThis (ift. #hen on !essena4s shores he trode. 9n youn( Klysses I"hitus besto#4d+ Beneath 9rtilo-hus4s roof they met> 7 E <or he si(nifies. by the house of 9rtilo-hus. a small to#n in Pherae+ and this he eG"lains in the "la-e #here he s"eaks of Pisistratus meetin( #ith !enelaus+ ETo Pherae no#. 0io-leus4 stately seat. (9rtilo-hus4s son) the youths retreat)E Poly-aon. therefore. the son of *eleG. and his #ife !essene. #ere the first that rei(ned in this -ountry) But 'au-on. the son of 'elainus and the (randson of Phlyus. brou(ht hither from &leusis the or(ies of the Great Goddesses) The $thenians re"ort. that this Phlyus #as the son of &arth> and this is -onfirmed by the hymn of !usaeus to 'eres. #hi-h he -om"osed for the *y-omedae) But *y-us the son of Pandion. many years after#ards. in-reased the re"utation of the mysteries of the Great Goddesses> and they e3en at "resent -all the "la-e #here the mysteries are "urified. the (ro3e of *y-us) Indeed. that in this -ountry there is a "la-e #hi-h is -alled the (ro3e of *y-us. is e3ident from this 3erse of the 'retan ,hianus+ E ith rou(h &laeus. and beyond the gro&e %f ,ycus)E 7 But that the *y-us #as the son of Pandion. is e3ident from the 3erses #hi-h #ere -om"osed on the ima(e of !etha"us+ for !etha"us #as an $thenian and #as the author of mysteries and all73arious or(ies) The same "erson. too. instituted for the Thebans the mysteries of the 'abiri> and near an en-losure belon(in( to the *y-omedae dedi-ated an ima(e #ith an ins-ri"tion) This ins-ri"tion. #hi-h is as follo#s. both asserts other thin(s. and stren(thens the -redibility of my relation+ 44I ha3e "urified the abodes and "aths of /ermes the father. and of the first7born 3ir(in> for here 'au-on. s"run( from the illustrious ra-e of Phlyus. established in !essene -ontests sa-red to the Great Goddesses) But it is a#onderful -ir-umstan-e. that *y-us the son of Pandion should establish the sa-red #orks of $ttis in the 3enerable $ndania)E This ins-ri"tion. therefore testifies that 'au-on. #ho #as the (randson of Phlyus. -ame to !essene+ it like#ise mentions other thin(s res"e-tin( *y-us> and that the an-ient mysteries #ere -elebrated in $ndania) $nd. indeed. it a""ears to me "robable. that both !essene and Poly-aon #ere #illin( to establish the mysteries in that day. #hi-h they fiGed u"on as the "la-e of their abode) 1ha)ter 00 Indeed. I ha3e endea3oured by dili(ent inDuiry to learn #ho #ere the -hildren of Poly-aon and !essene> and. for this "ur"ose. I ha3e "erused the #ritin(s #hi-h are -alled the Great -oeoe. the %au"a-tian 3erses. and all that 'inaethon and $sius ha3e (enealo(ised in 3erse. but #ithout obtainin( any information in this "arti-ular) <or thou(h the Great &oeoe assert. that Poly-aon the son of Butes #as married to &uae-hme the dau(hter of /yllus the son of /er-ules. yet they make no mention either of a man of !essene. or of !essene herself) But in after times. #hen fi3e a(es #ere ela"sed as it a""ears to me. and not more. and none of the "osterity of Poly-aon remained. the !essenians say. that Perieres the son of $eolus #as -alled to the (o3ernment> and that !elaneus. #ho #as a skilful ar-her. and #ho on this a--ount #as belie3ed to be the

offs"rin( of $"ollo. -ame to Perieres. #ho besto#ed on him that "art of the -ountry #hi-h is no# -alled 'arnasius. but #as then denominated 9e-halia from the #ife of !elaneus) The Thessalians. ho#e3er. and &uboeenses (for most of the Gre-ian affairs are in3ol3ed in doubt) disa(ree so mu-h in their relation. that. a--ordin( to some of these. &urytium. #hi-h is at "resent a solitary "la-e. #as -alled in an-ient times 9e-halia> and 'reo"hylus. in his 5eraclea. a(rees #ith this a--ount of the &uboeenses) But /e-ateus the !ilesian #rites that 9e-halia is in =-ium. a "art of &retria) The !essenians. ho#e3er. a""ear to me both in other res"e-ts to s"eak more "robably on this affair. and "arti-ularly about the bones of &urytus. #hi-h #e shall after#ards relate) But $"hareus and *eu-i""us #ere the offs"rin( of Perieres. by Gor(o"hone the dau(hter of Perseus) These. after the death of Perieres. rei(ned o3er the !essenians> thou(h $"hareus #as the most absolute of the t#o) hile he rei(ned. he built the -ity $rene. and -alled it after the dau(hter of 9ebalus. #ho #as both his #ife and sister from one and the same mother) <or Gror(o"hone #as married to 9ebalus+ and. indeed. #e ha3e t#i-e already mentioned this -ir-umstan-e. in our a--ount of the $r(oliand *a-oni- affairs) $"hareus. therefore. built the -ity $rene in !essenia. and re-ei3ed into his house %eleus the son of 'rotheus and the (randson of $eolus (#ho #as -alled %e"tune) #ho #as his -ousin. #hen he fled from Pelias at lol-us> and (a3e him the maritime "art of the land. #hi-h -ontuned Pylos. amon( other -ities and #hi-h %eleus made the "la-e of his royal abode) *y-us also. the son of Pandion. -ame to $rene. at the time #hen he fled from his brother $e(eus at $thens> and deli3ered the or(ies of the Grreat Goddesses to $"hareus and his -hildren. and to his #ife $rene> e3in-in( to them. at the same time. that 'au-on had initiated !essene in $ndania) The eldest. too. and the bra3est of the -hildren of $"hareus #as Idas. the youn(est *yn-eus. #hose si(ht. if #e may belie3e Pindar. #as so a-ute that he -ould see throu(h the trunks of trees) I am not -ertain #hether this *yn-eus had any -hildren> but Idas had a dau(hter. 'leo"atra. from !ar"essa the #ife of !elea(er> thou(h the author of the 'y"rian 3erses asserts. that the #ife of that Protesilaus. #ho #hen the Greeks sailed to Troy #as the first that dared to land. #as Polydora. the dau(hter of !elea(er and the (rand7dau(hter of 9eneus) If this a--ount. therefore be true. three #omen. be(innin( from !ar"essa. -ut their o#n throats after the death of their husbands) 1ha)ter 000 But after the -hildren of $"hareus fou(ht #ith their -ousins the 0ios-uri. for the oGen. and PolluG had slain *yn-eus. but Idas #as destroyed by thunder> the house of $"hareus #as totally destitute of male offs"rin(. and the (o3ernment of the !essenians de3ol3ed on %estor the son of %eleus. to(ether #ith dominion o3er all su-h "la-es as Idas formerly (o3erned. eG-e"t su-h lands as #ere in sub@e-tion to the -hildren of $es-ula"ius) <or they re"ort. that the sons of $es-ula"ius -ame from !essenia to the sie(e of Troy> as $es-ula"ius #as the son of $rsinoe the dau(hter of *eu-i""us. and not of 'oronis) $nd. indeed. they -all a -ertain solitary "la-e in !essenia. Tri--a> and re"eat some 3erses of /omer in #hi-h %estor -onsoles !a-haon #hen he #as #ounded #ith a dart) <or. say they. he #ould not ha3e besto#ed so mu-h kindness on him unless he had been his nei(hbour. and a kin( of a kindred ra-e) These re"orts. too. about the -hildren of $es-ula"ius. are -onfirmed from hen-e. that there is a monument of !a-haon at Gerania. and a tem"le of the -hildren of !a-haon at Pherae) But #hen the Tro@an #ar #as finished. and %estor. after returnin( home. had ended his days> the military eG"edition of the 0orienses and the des-ent of the /era-lidae takin( "la-e t#o (enerations after#ards. the "osterity of %eleus #ere e@e-ted from !essenia) $nd su-h are the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( Tisamenus #hi-h I ha3e added to the "resent relation) This. ho#e3er. remains still to be added+ hen the 0orienses assi(ned $r(os to Temenus. 'res"hontes reDuested of them !essenia for himself. as he #as older than

$ristodemus> for $ristodemus died "rior to his makin( this reDuest) But Theras the son of $utesion o""osed 'res"hontes in the hi(hest de(ree+ and this Theras #as the (randson of the (randson of Polyni-es the son of 9edi"us. and at that time #as (uardian to the sons of $ristodemus. as he #as their un-le on the mother4s side> for $ristodemus married the dau(hter of $utesion. #hose name #as $r(ia) But 'res"hontes. #ho #ished for the "ossession of !essenia. reDuested of Temenus that he #ould -ast lots about this affair) In -onseDuen-e of this. Temenus thre# the lots in a #ater7"ot. after he had filled it #ith #ater. but in su-h a manner that #hi-he3er lot #as dra#n first. !essenia mi(ht be his "ortion) But in order to a--om"lish this. he fraudulentiy made the lot of the -hildren of $ristodemus of "otter4s -lay. dried in the sun. and of 'res"hontes of baked tile) /en-e the lot of the -hildren of $ristodemus #asted a#ay. but that of 'res"hontes remained firm> and. throu(h this strata(em. 'res"hontes obtained !essenia) But the ardent !essenians #ere not eG"elled from their kin(dom by the 0orienses> for they #illin(ly obeyed their ne# kin( 'res"hontes. and (a3e the 0orienses a "art of their land) They #ere indu-ed. too. to yield this obedien-e. in -onseDuen-e of ha3in( sus"e-ted the former kin(s. be-ause they #ere des-ended from the ra-e of Iol-us) 'res"hontes. too. married !ero"e the dau(hter of 'y"selus. #ho then rei(ned o3er the $r-adians. by #hom he had other sons. and $e"ytus. #ho #as his youn(est) $nd he built. indeed. in =teny-lerus a "ala-e for himself and his -hildren+ for in an-ient times other kin(s. and Perieres himself. d#elt in $ndania) $"hareus. like#ise. after#ards ha3in( fortified $rene. d#elt in it. to(ether #ith his -hildren) But the royal abode of %estor and his -hildren #as Pylos) *astly. 'res"hontes made =teny-lerus the royal -ity+ and #hile he resided here he #as slain. to(ether #ith all his -hildren eG-e"t $e"ytus. be-ause he #as mo3e atta-hed to the -ommon "eo"le than to the ri-h> for $e"ytus es-a"ed. be-ause he #as but as yet a boy. and #as under the (uardianshi" of 'y"selus. his (randfather on his mother4s side) $s soon. ho#e3er. as $e"ytus arri3ed at manhood. the $r-adians brou(ht him to !essene. brin(in( #ith them at the same time the other kin(s of the 0orienses. the -hildren of $ristodemus. and =imus the son of Temenus) $e"ytus. therefore. as soon as he had re-o3ered his "aternal kin(dom. took 3en(ean-e on the murderers of his father. and on those #ho had been the authors of the deed) $fter#ards. by flatterin( attentions. he -on-iliated to himself the (ood7#ill of the nobility> be-ame a fa3ourite of the -ommon "eo"le by his (ifts> and arri3ed at su-h a hi(h de(ree of honour. that his "osterity #ere -alled the $e"ytidae. instead of the /era-lidae #hi-h #as their former a""ellation) But Glau-us the son of $e"ytus. #ho su--eeded his father in the kin(dom. imitated his father. indeed. in his beha3iour to the noble and 3ul(ar. but #as mu-h su"erior to him in "iety to the (ods) <or #hen in the tem"le of Cu"iter. on the summit of Ithome. no honours #ere "aid to the (od by the 0orienses. eG-e"t by the familiars of Poly-aon and !essene. Glau-us ordered that he should be 3enerated> #as the first that sa-rifi-ed to !a-haon. the son of $es-ula"ius. in Gerenia> and dedi-ated su-h (ifts to !essene the dau(hter of Trio"as. as are usually offered to heroes) Isthmius. too the son of Glau-us. raised a tem"le in Pherae to Gor(asus and %i-homa-hus) But 0otadas #as the son of Isthmius. #ho. amon( other ha3ens #hi-h he furnished in !essenia. built one in !athone) =ybotas the son of 0otadas su--eeded his father> and he made it a la#. that kin(s should e3ery year sa-rifi-e to the ri3er Pamisus. and that "rior to the mysteries of the Great Goddesses. #hi-h #ere then -elebrated in $ndania. they should "erform funeral sa-rifi-es to &urytus the son of !elaneus) 1ha)ter 0! $(ain. durin( the rei(n of Phintas the son of =ybotas. the !essenians. for the first time. sent a sa-rifi-e to $"ollo at 0elos. #ith a -hoir of men) &umelus tau(ht them the son( #ith #hi-h they -elebrate the (od. and #hi-h they -all Prosodium) $nd these are the only 3erses #hi-h are re-koned the (enuine "ro(eny of &umelus) But #hile this Phintas

rei(ned. a disa(reement. for the first time. took "la-e bet#een the !essenians and *a-edaemonians. the o--asion of #hi-h is doubtful. but #hi-h is said to ha3e been "rodu-ed as follo#s+ ithin the limits of !essenia there #as a tem"le of 0iana *imnatus. #hi-h #as alone -ommon to the !essenians amon( the 0orienses. and to the *a-edaemonians) $nd the *a-edaemonians. indeed. assert. that the 3ir(ins #hi-h they sent to the festi3al #ere 3iolated by the !essenians. and that their kin( Tele-lus the son of $r-helaus. the (randson of $(esilaus. and the (reat (randson of 0oryssus. #ho #as the son of *abotas. the (randson of &-histratus. and the (reat7(randson of $(is. #as slain throu(h endea3ourin( to "re3ent an in@ury from takin( "la-e) They add. that the 3iolated 3ir(ins sle# themsel3es throu(h shame) The !essenians. ho#e3er. relate this affair differently+ that strata(ems #ere raised by Tele-lus a(ainst those "ersons of Duality that -ame to the tem"le in !essene) <or #hen the *a-edaemonians. on a--ount of the (oodness of the land. desired to "ossess !essenia. Tele-lus adorned the beardless youths after the manner of 3ir(ins. and so dis"osed them that they mi(ht suddenly atta-k the *a-edaemonians #ith their da((ers as they #ere sittin() The !essenians. ho#e3er. runnin( to their assistan-e. sle# both Tele-lus and all the beardless youths) But the *a-edaemonians. as they #ere -ons-ious that this a-tion #as "er"etrated by "ubli- -onsent. ne3er attem"ted to re3en(e the death of their kin() $nd su-h are the re"orts of ea-h "arty. #hi-h e3eryone belie3es. @ust as he is influen-ed by his atta-hment to ea-h) $fter this e3ent had taken "la-e. and #hen one (eneration had "assed a#ay. $l-amenes the son of Tele-lus rei(nin( in *a-edaemon. but of the other family Theo"om"us the son of %i-ander. the (randson of 'harillus. and the (reat7(randson of Polyde-tes. #ho #as the son of &unomus. the (randson of Prytanis. and the (reat7(randson of &ury"on> and $ntio-hus and $ndro-les rei(nin( o3er the !essenians> 7 at this "eriod. a hatred -ommen-ed bet#een the *a-edaemonians and !essenians) $nd the *a-edaemonians. indeed. be(an hostilities the first. in the follo#in( manner+ Poly-hares #as a !essenian #ho in other res"e-ts #as far from bein( obs-ure. and #ho rendered himself illustrious by obtainin( the "alm of 3i-tory in the 9lym"i(ames) <or in the fourth 9lym"iad. #hen the &leans had only one -ontest. that of the stadium. Poly-hares #as 3i-tor) This man had many oGen. and as his o#n "astures #ere not suffi-ient to feed them. he (a3e them to be fed by a ="artan. #hose name #as &uae"hnus. #ith the "romise of the "ro(eny of the -o#s as his re#ard) &uae"hnus. therefore. #as a man #ho "referred #ealth to inte(rity. and #hose manners #ere affable and allurin() /en-e. he sold the oGen of Poly-hares to -ertain mer-hants #ho sailed to *a-onia. and after#ards -ame to him. and told him that some robbers had made an in-ursion into his field. and. amon( other de"redations. had taken a#ay both the oGen and herdsmen) In the mean time. #hile he is thus de-ei3in( Poly-hares. one of the herdsmen fled from the mer-hants. #ho. on his return. found &uae"hnus #ith his master. and informed Poly-hares of the truth of the affair) &uae"hnus. therefore. not bein( able to deny the -har(e. earnestly entreated both Poly-hares and his son to "ardon him+ for. as there are many thin(s #hi-h -om"el human nature to a-t un@ustly. amon( all these. the desire of (ain is the most "o#erful) &uae"hnus. too. a-Duainted Poly-hares #ith the sum for #hi-h he had sold the oGen> and "romised that he #ould refund the money if Poly-hares #ould send his son #ith him) hen &uae"hnus -ame therefore to *a-onia. he -ommitted an a-tion mu-h more im"ious than the former> for he sle# the son of Poly-hares) $nd Poly-hares. #ho #as 3iolently mo3ed by su-h a base a-tion. as it #as reasonable to su""ose he #ould be. -ame to *a-edaemonia. to the kin(s and &"hori> and #ith eG-essi3e lamentations be#ailed the death of his son) /e like#ise eG"lained to them. #hat in@uries he had re-ei3ed from a man #hom he had made his (uest. and in #hom he -onfided beyond all the *a-edaemonians) /o#erer. #hen by a re"etition of his (rie3an-es he obtained no

satisfa-tion. and no "unishment #as infli-ted on &uae"hnus. he be-ame insane. and (i3in( #ay to his an(er. as one #ho no lon(er re(arded his o#n safety. had the boldness to slay e3ery *a-edaemonian that he met #ith) The *a-edaemonians. therefore. re"ort. that this #ar ori(inated both on a--ount of the murder of Tele-lus. and Poly-hares not bein( (i3en u" to them> and still. "rior to these t#o reasons. on a--ount of their bein( sus"e-ted by the !essenians for the fraud of 'res"hontes. in dra#in( lots) 1ha)ter ! The !essenians. ho#e3er. re"ort @ust the -ontrary -on-ernin( Tele-lus. to #hat I ha3e related> and e3in-e that $e"ytus the son of 'res"hontes #as restored by the sons of $ristodemus. #hi-h -ould not ha3e taken "la-e if there had been any disa(reement bet#een them and 'res"hontes) They further add. that Poly-hares #as not (i3en u" to the *a-edaemonians to be "unished. be-ause the *a-edaemonians #ould not deli3er u" &uae"hnus+ that ne3ertheless they #ere #illin( that senten-e should be "assed. either by them. or by the $r(i3es. #ho #ere allied to both -ities. or by a -oun-il of $m"hi-tyons+ that they #ere e3en #illin( to -ommit the affair to the @ud(ment of the $reo"a(ites. be-ause the $reo"a(us a""eared from an-ient times to ha3e @ud(ed affairs res"e-tin( murder) They like#ise assert. that the *a-edaemonians did not en(a(e in #ar on this a--ount. but that. in -onseDuen-e of their immoderate desire of dominion. they #ished to o""ress other Gre-ian -ities. as #ell as theirs) $s an eGam"le too. they addu-e the $r-adians and $r(i3es. #hose dominions the ="artans -ontinually infested) That. besides this. the ="artans bein( ensnared by the (ifts of 'roesus. #ere the first of the Greeks that entered into an allian-e #ith the Barbarians> at #hi-h time. indeed. 'roesus ensla3ed both the Greeks that d#elt in $sia. and the 0orienses that d#elt in 'aria. on the -ontinent) They add. that #hen the tem"le of $"ollo at 0el"hos #as "lundered by the Pho-ensian leaders. the ="artan kin(s and nobles not only "ri3ately "artook of this sa-rile(e. but "ubli-ly the -hief of the &"hori and the state) $nd lastly. they addu-e this as a "roof beyond e3erythin(. that the *a-edaemonians ne3er refused any undertakin( for the sake of (ain. that they -hose. for their asso-iate in #ar. $"ollodorus. #ho tyranniIed in 'assandra) hy. indeed. the !essenians -onsider this last a-tion as so 3ery dis(ra-eful. it is not my business at "resent to in3esti(ate> for neither the #arlike ardour of the !essenians alone. nor the len(th of the #ar destroyed the tyranny of $"ollodorus> and yet the -alamities #hi-h the 'assandrenses sustained from their tyrant. #ere not mu-h inferior to the e3ils of the !essenians) $nd su-h. a--ordin( to ea-h nation. #ere the -auses of the #ar) But #hen the in@uries #hi-h #e ha3e already related took "la-e. ambassadors -ame from the *a-edaemonians to the !essenians. desirin( them to (i3e u" Poly-hares) The kin(s of the !essenians. ho#e3er. ans#ered the ambassadors. that they #ould -onsult the "eo"le about the affair. and #ould send an a--ount of their de-isions to ="arta) $s soon. therefore. as the ambassadors de"arted. the "eo"le #ere assembled. #hose o"inions #ere 3ery different on this o--asion) <or $ndro-les 3oted that Poly-hares should be (i3en u". as one #ho had "er"etrated a-tions im"ious and dire> but $ntio-hus o""osed this for many reasons. and for this amon( the rest> that it #ould be a most miserable -ir-umstan-e if Poly-hares should suffer "unishment before the eyes of &uae"hnus> at the same time enumeratin( the Duality and Duantity of the thin(s #hi-h he must ne-essarily endure) In the end too. the -ontention be-ame so (reat. that the "artiIans of $ndro-les and $ntio-hus took u" arms a(ainst ea-h other) This battle. ho#e3er. #as of no lon( duration> for as the (reater number #ere on the side of $ntio-hus. they sle# both $ndro-les and the most illustrious of his "artiIans) $ntio-hus. therefore. no# rei(nin( alone. sent into ="arta. informin( the ="artans that he had -ommitted the affair to the de-ision of those @ud(es #hom #e ha3e already mentioned) But the *a-edaemonians are said to ha3e returned no ans#er to the letters of the !essenians> and $ntio-hus dyin( not many months after. his son &u"haes su--eeded

to the (o3ernment) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. neither announ-ed #ar to the !essenians by a messen(er. nor o"enly renoun-ed their friendshi"> but makin( "re"arations as mu-h as they #ere able in se-ret. took an oath. that they #ould not lay do#n their arms. neither by the len(th of the #ar (if it should ha""en to be mu-h eGtended). nor by their losses. ho#e3er (reat they mi(ht be. till they had taken !essenia) /a3in( "re3iously taken this oath. they mar-hed out by ni(ht to#ards $m"hea. a""ointin( $l-amenes the son of Tele-lus for their (eneral) $m"hea #as a small -ity near the *a-oni- land. and in !essenia> #as situated on a lofty hill. and had fountains of #ater in abundan-e) In other res"e-ts. too. this -ity seemed to be 3ery #ell ada"ted as a re-e"ta-le for all the "ur"oses of #ar) The -ity. therefore. #hose (ates #ere o"en. and #hi-h #as #ithout (uards. #as taken #ithout resistan-e by the *a-edaemonians. #ho sle# the inhabitants. some of #hom #ere yet in their bed7-hambers> but others. as soon as they "e-ei3ed the -alamity. fled su""liantly to the tem"les and altars of the (ods. and a fe# only es-a"ed the destru-tion) This #as the first atta-k #hi-h the *a-edaemonians made on the !essenians> but the se-ond #as in the year of the ninth 9lym"iad. in #hi-h 1enodo-as the !essenian #as 3i-tor in the stadium) $t that time. too. the $thenians #ere not (o3erned by annual ma(istrates -hosen by lot> for the "eo"le at first took a#ay mu-h of the authority from the "osterity of !elanthus. #ho #ere -alled !etontidae. and instead of allo#in( them a kin(ly "o#er. sub@e-ted them to the -ontrol of eDuitable la#s> and after#ards limited their (o3ernment to the eGtent of ten years) $t the time. therefore. that $m"hea #as taken. the $thenian $esimides the son of $es-hylus #as in the fifth year of his (o3emment) 1ha)ter !0 But before I des-ribe the "arti-ulars of this #ar. and #hat ea-h "arty "erformed and suffered throu(h the interferen-e of a di3ine "o#er. it #ill be "ro"er to relate the transa-tions of $ristomenes the !essenian. and the order of time in #hi-h the e3ents res"e-tin( him took "la-e) <or the #ar #hi-h ha""ened bet#een the *a-edaemonians and their allies. and the !essenians #ith their assistants. #as not denominated from those that be(an the #ar. as #as the -ase #ith the Persian and Pelo"onnesian #ar> but it #as -alled !essenian from the dau(hter #hi-h #as made of the !essenians. @ust in the same manner as the #ar a(ainst Troy -ame to be -alled Tro@an. and not Gre-ian) But ,hianus Benaeus has -elebrated this !esseni- #ar in 3erse. and !yron Prienensis in "rose+ neither of these. ho#e3er. has related all the e3ents of the #ar. in a -ontinued series from be(innin( to end> but ea-h has -onfined himself to a "arti-ular "art) $nd !yron. indeed be(ins from the -a"ture of $m"hea. and des-ribes all that ha""ened to the death of $ristomenes+ but ,hiamus does not tou-h u"on this be(innin( of the ar. but only relates the transa-tions #hi-h took "la-e after the re3olt from the *a-edaemonians) /e does not. ho#e3er. relate the #hole of these "arti-ulars. but only the e3ents "osterior to the battle at the great moat, and the "arti-ulars res"e-tin( $ristomenes the !essenian. for #hose sake I ha3e made mention of ,hianus and !yron. as one #ho di(nified the name of !essenian before any other "erson. and in the most eminent de(ree) !yron Prienensis. therefore. has inserted this man in his history+ but in the 3erses of ,hianus. $ristomenes is no less -elebrated than $-hilles in /omer4s 0liad) /en-e. as there is su-h a differen-e in the narration of these #riters. it remains that I should re@e-t the a--ount (i3en by one of them. but not the relation of both) ,hianus. indeed. a""ears to me to s"eak the most "robably of the t#o. #ith res"e-t to the a(e of $ristomenes+ but !yron. as may be easily learnt from his #ritin(s. and es"e-ially from this a--ount of the !essenian affairs. is by no means soli-itous about s"eakin( the truth. and relatin( thin(s of a "robable nature) <or he asserts that Theo"om"us kin( of the *a-edaemonians #as slain by $ristomenes. before the death of $ristodemus> thou(h it is #ell kno#n that Theo"om"us neither died in battle. nor by any other means. before the #ar #as finished+

and it #as Theo"om"us himself that finished the #ar) But this is e3in-ed by the ele(ies of Tyrtaeus. in #hi-h he says+ EHin( Theo"om"us. by the (ods belo3ed. 'a"tured !essene. form4d for am"le -hoirs)E $ristomenes. therefore as it a""ears to me. flourished in the #ar after this> and #hose transa-tions #e then more a--urately in3esti(ate in our relatin( of that #ar) But the !essenians. as soon as they kne# that $m"hea #as taken. from the re"ort of those that #ere sa3ed from the de3astation. met to(ether from all their -ities in =teny-lerus> and -allin( the "eo"le to their asso-iation. the best amon( them. in the first "la-e. and after#ards the kin( himself. stren(thened the minds of the 3ul(ar. #ho #ere terrified at the destru-tion of $m"hea. and eGhorted them not to form a @ud(ment of the e3ent of the #ar from the ad3erse -ir-umstan-e #hi-h had already taken "la-e. nor su""ose that the *a-edaemonians #ere better "re"ared for the #ar than themsel3es) They added. that #arlike -on-erns had indeed been studied by the *a-edaemonians for a lon(er time> but that the "resent ne-essity #ould. to #orthy men. be more "o#erful than su"erior skill) $nd lastly. that. by defendin( their -ountry. their -ondu-t #ould be more a--e"table to the (ods. than if they had -ommen-ed hostilities un@ustly) 1ha)ter !00 $fter &u"haes had thus addressed them. he dismissed the assembly. and "ut all the !essenians in arms+ for he -om"elled those that #ere i(norant of #arlike affairs to learn them. and -onfirmed the skill of 3eteran soldiers by -ontinually eGer-isin( them in military arts) In the mean time the *a-edaemonians made in-ursions into the !essenian dominions. but #ithout in@urin( the -ountry. -uttin( do#n the trees. or demolishin( the houses. be-ause they -onsidered the "la-e as their o#n) They dro3e before them. ho#e3er. #hate3er -attle they found. and -arried a#ay the -orn and other fruit) They like#ise besie(ed some of their -ities. but took none. as they #ere fortified #ith #aIIs and stron(ly se-ured> and after many fruitless efforts. they #ere -om"elled to retreat. mu-h #ounded. and at last desisted from attem"tin( to take their -ities) But no# the !essenians in their turn laid #aste the maritime "arts of *a-onia. and all the fields about Tay(etus) $nd in the fourth year after the -a"ture of $m"hea. &u"haes. relyin( on the ardour of the !essenians #ho #ere 3ehemently in-ensed #ith the *a-edaemonians. and at the same time belie3in( that they #ere suffi-iently skilled by -ontinual eGer-ise in military affairs. ordered them to be(in their mar-h. -ommandin( at the same time the ser3ants to follo#. -arryin( #ith them #ood. and e3erythin( else ne-essary for formin( a tren-h) The *a-edaemonians. therefore. learnin( all this from the (uards in $m"hea. dre# out their for-es) There #as a "lain in !essenia. #hi-h #as in other res"e-ts #ell ada"ted for an en(a(ement. but #as se"arated from the ad@a-ent "la-es by a 3ery dee" moat) In this "lain &u"haes dre# u" his army. of #hi-h he a""ointed 'leonnis the (eneral> but the horse and li(ht7armed troo"s. ea-h of #hi-h #ere less than fi3e hundred. #ere led by Pytharatus and $ntander) $s soon. therefore. as the armies -ame to an en(a(ement. the moat "re3ented the hea3y7armed troo"s from en-ounterin(. #ho throu(h hatred #ere ea(erly tendin( to#ards ea-h other> but the horse and the li(ht7armed troo"s en(a(ed #ith ea-h other abo3e the moat) These #ere eDual both in number and skill> and on this a--ount the battle bet#een them #as eDual) In the mean time. #hile both "arties #ere 3i(orously en(a(ed. &u"haes ordered his ser3ants to fortify. first of all. the ba-k of his army #ith a tren-h. and after#ards both the sides) $s soon as it #as ni(ht. therefore. and the battle #as dissol3ed. the front of his army #as also se-ured #ith a tren-h> #hi-h #hen the *a-edaemonians "er-ei3ed on the return of day. they admired the "ro3idential -are of

&u"haes. and found that it #ould not be "ro"er for them to fi(ht #ith the !essenians. #ho -ould not be -om"elled to lea3e their fortifi-ation. as they #ere totally un"re"ared to besie(e them) In -onseDuen-e of this the *a-edaemonians returned home. and. in the follo#in( year. after the old men had re3iled the soldiers for their timidity and -ontem"t of their oath. a se-ond army #as o"enly raised a(ainst the !essenians) This army #as led by the t#o kin(s. Theo"om"us the son of %i-ander. and Polydorus the son of $l-amenes> for $l-amenes himself died "rior to this) The !essenians #ith their army o""osed these> the ="artans be(innin( the fi(ht) But Polydorus -ommanded the left #in( of the *a-edaemonians. and Theo"om"us the ri(ht> and the middle "art of the army #as led by &uryleon. #ho #as born indeed at *a-edaemon. but #hose ori(in #as from 'admus and the Thebans> for he #as the fifth (randson of $e(eus the son of 9ioly-us. the (randson of Theras. and the (reat7(randson of $utesion) But of the !essenian army. $ntander and &u"haes #ere o""osed to the ri(ht #in( of the *a-edaemonians> and Pytharatus stood o""osite to the left #in(. #hi-h #as -ommanded by Polydorus) In the middle of the army stood 'leonnis) hen the t#o armies #ere no# nearly -omin( to an en(a(ement. the kin(s. ad3an-in( for#ard. eGhorted their soldiers to beha3e 3aliantly on this o--asion) $nd Theo"om"us. indeed. after the manner of the *a-edaemonians. ur(ed his troo"s. in a short s"ee-h. to be mindful of the oath they had taken a(ainst the !essenians. and told them. that it #ould be both beautiful and honourable for them to e-li"se by their a-tions the (lory of their fathers. #ho ensla3ed their nei(hbourin( -ities> and that by beha3in( (allantly on the "resent o--asion. they mi(ht add to their dominions a mu-h ha""ier re(ion) But the s"ee-h of &u"haes #as lon(er than that of the ="artan. thou(h he s"oke no more than #hat the time #ould "ermit) /e told them. that the "resent -ontest #as not alone for land and "ossessions. but that they 3ery #ell kne# #hat #ould be the -ondition of the 3anDuished+ that a defeat must be attended #ith the -a"ti3ity of their #i3es and -hildren> that the li(htest "unishment of their youn( men #ould be death. #hi-h mi(ht "erha"s be a--om"anied #ith fla(ellation> that their tem"les #ould be "lundered. and their -ountry destroyed by fire) /e added. that he did not s"eak of thin(s #hi-h #ere nothin( more than "robable> but that the destru-tion of $m"hea must -on3in-e all men of the reality of his assertions) That to die 3aliantly mi(ht be -onsidered as (ain. #hen -om"ared #ith the enduran-e of su-h e3ils> and that it #as mu-h easier. #hen they #ere yet un-onDuered. and eDually -oura(eous #ith the enemy. to 3anDuish their ad3ersaries by a 3i(orous resistan-e. than to labour in restorin( their fallen fortune. #hen their -oura(e #as lost) $nd su-h #as the s"ee-h of &u"haes) 1ha)ter !000 But as soon as the leaders of the t#o armies (a3e the si(nal of en(a(ement. the !essenians rushed im"etuously u"on the *a-edaemonians. as men #hom an(er -om"elled to (i3e death to their enemies> and e3eryone #as anGious to be the first to be(in the fi(ht) The *a-edaemonians. on the other side. -heerfully sustained the sho-k> and. at the same time. took -are to "reser3e their ranks) $s soon. ho#e3er. as they dre# nearer. they threatened ea-h other #ith the motion of their arms> and this #as a--om"anied #ith fier-e looks and feelin( lan(ua(e) The *a-edaemonians said. that the !essenians #ere their ser3ants. and that they #ere in no res"e-t more free than the /iIotes) The !essenians. on the -ontrary. -alled the *a-edaemonians im"ious. as "ersons #ho. throu(h an intem"erate desire of dominion. atta-ked e3en their kindred. and a-ted in an irreli(ious manner to#ards the (ods that #ere the (uardians of the -ountry of the 0orienses. and "arti-ularly to#ards /er-ules) But #hen from re"roa-hes they -ame to blo#s. they rushed on ea-h other #ith -olle-ted mi(ht. and man fou(ht hand to hand #ith man> but the -har(e of the *a-edaemonians #as the most furious. #ho #ere su"erior both in the art of #ar and in number> for the nei(hbourin( nations. #ho #ere in sub@e-tion

to their authority. had follo#ed them to this #ar) The $sinaei too. and 0ryo"es. #ho #ere dri3en by the $r(i3es. in the "re-edin( a(e. from their dominions. and -ame to *a-edaemonia as su""liants. #ere no# obli(ed to assist them in the #ar) But the 'retan ar-hers. #ho #ere hired for this "ur"ose. stood a(ainst the li(ht7aimed troo"s of the !essinians) The !essenians. indeed. #hose -ase. if they #ere -onDuered. must be des"erate. and #ho #ere eDually in-ited by a -ontem"t of death. -onsidered e3erythin( they mi(ht endure. rather as somethin( ne-essary to su-h as #ished to render their -ountry illustrious. than as anythin( dire> and that the more 3i(orously they fou(ht. the more diffi-ult it #ould be for the *a-edaemonians to sustain their atta-ks) $nd. indeed. some of these. lea"in( beyond their ranks. (a3e "roof of illustrious darin(> #hile in others. #ho #ere so dan(erously #ounded that they #ere ready to breathe their last. the 3i(or of an insane -onfiden-e #as remarkably -ons"i-uous) %either #ere mutual eGhortations #antin(+ for those that #ere yet ali3e. and #ithout #ounds. eGhorted the #ounded to -all forth all their for-e. that they mi(ht meet death #ith "leasure #hene3er they should arri3e at the eGtremity of their fate. and a(ain. those that #ere #ounded #hen they "er-ei3ed their stren(th be(innin( to fail them. and that they -ould not lon( sur3i3e. admonished those #hose for-es #ere as yet unim"aired. not to a-t in a manner un#orthy of themsel3es. and not suffer their death to be entirely useless to the "reser3ation of their -ountry) But the *a-aedemonians. in the be(innin( of the en(a(ement. neither mutually eGhorted ea-h other. nor (a3e su-h uneG"e-ted s"e-imens of boldness as the !essenians+ but as they had been instru-ted in #arlike -on-erns from their youth. they formed themsel3es into a dee"er "halanG. and ho"ed that the !essenians #ould not be able to o""ose them to the last. and endure the labour of arms. and the #ounds #hi-h they #ould re-ei3e in the battle) $nd su-h #ere the -ir-umstan-es "e-uliar to ea-h army. as #ell #ith res"e-t to the a-tions as the minds of the #arriors+ but this #as -ommon to both sides> that no one su""liantly im"lored the mer-y of his -onDueror. or "romised lar(e sums for his "reser3ation> for ea-h "erha"s distrusted the mer-y of his enemy. on a--ount of his hatred> and that #hi-h #as the "rin-i"al -ir-umstan-e. ea-h #as indi(nant that he had not been the -ause of his enemy4s death) Those like#ise that sle# their enemies. neither "roudly boasted on the o--asion. nor made use of bitter re"roa-hes> for the ho"e of 3i-tory #as not stron(er on one side than on the other) $ more illustrious death. too. befell those #ho attem"ted to take the s"oils of any fallen #arrior> #ho #ere "ier-ed #ith darts in any naked "art of their body> #ho fell uneG"e-tedly. #hile their attention #as dire-ted to a different Duarter> or #ho #ere slain by the yet breathin( sub@e-ts of their "lunder) The kin(s themsel3es. too. fou(ht in a manner #hi-h deser3es to be -elebrated) <or Theo"om"us rushed u"on &u"haes as if he meant to (i3e him instant death> but &u"haes. "er-ei3in( him a""roa-hin(. said to $ntander+ 7 There is no differen-e bet#een the boldness of Theo"om"us and his an-estor Polyni-es> for #hen Polyni-es led an army from $r(os a(ainst his -ountry. he sle# his brother #ith his o#n hand. and #as at the same time slain by him) /e added. that Theo"om"us #as #illin( to -ontaminate the "osterity of /er-ules #ith the same -rime of "arri-ide as defiled the family of *aius and 9edi"us. thou(h he #ill not de"art 3ery @oyful from the en(a(ement) $fter &u"haes had thus s"oke. he also rushed u"on his enemy) But u"on this o--asion. the battle #hi-h. in the "la-e #here they met. #as before in a lan(uid -ondition. #as no# a(ain restored to its most flourishin( state) The bodies of the #arriors be-ame in3i(orated> and the battle more fier-ely ra(ed. throu(h the -ontem"t of death #hi-h #as no# e3ery#here in-reased) /en-e it seemed as if the en(a(ement #as but @ust then -ommen-ed> and at last. those that fou(ht about &u"haes. and #ho #ere -hosen men. be-omin( nearly insane. throu(h their strenuous eGertions dro3e Theo"om"us from his station. and "ut the

*a-edaemonians to fli(ht) The other #in(. ho#e3er. of the !essenians. #as in a miserable situation> for Pytharatus the (eneral bein( slain. the troo"s. that #ere no# #ithout a leader. be-ame disordered. and lost all their -onfiden-e and 3i(our) /o#e3er. neither Polydorus "ursued the flyin( !essenians. nor &u"haes the *a-edaemonians) <or it a""eared to &u"haes. and the "rin-i"al "ersons that #ere about him. mu-h better to stay. and (i3e assistan-e to the 3anDuished troo"s) Fet they did not min(le themsel3es #ith Polydorus. or his band> for they #ere no# in3ol3ed in darkness throu(h the ni(ht) This -ir-umstan-e. too. restrained the *a-edaemonians from "ursuin( the flyin( !essenians. to(ether #ith their i(noran-e of the "la-es) Besides this. the dis-i"line of their -ountry restrained them+ for they reli(iously obser3ed the "re-e"t deli3ered by their an-estors. that they should be more anGious to "reser3e their order. than to -ut off a flyin( enemy) But in the middle of the battle &uryleon on the side of the *a-edaemonians. and 'leonnis on that of the !essenians. fou(ht #ith eDual 3i(our and su--ess) But the a""roa-h of ni(ht here like#ise dissol3ed the -ontest) This battle #as fou(ht on both sides. for the most "art. #ith the hea3y7armed foot> for there #ere but fe# horse. and they "erformed nothin( #orthy of relation) $t that time. indeed. the Pelo"onnesians #ere not skilled in horsemanshi") But the naked ar-hers of the !essenians. and the 'retans amon( the *a-edaemonians. did not en(a(e at first. be-ause ea-h. after the manner of their an-estors. stood united #ith the foot) 9n the follo#in( day. as soon as it #as li(ht. neither army attem"ted to rene# the battle. or to raise a tro"hy+ but #hen the day #as some#hat ad3an-ed. they #ere o--u"ied in sendin( heralds about buryin( the dead> and #hen this #as a(reed to by ea-h "arty. they immediately a""lied themsel3es to the business of interment) 1ha)ter 02 $fter this battle the affairs of the !essenians #ere in a -alamitous situation) <or. in the first "la-e. throu(h the (reat sums of money #hi-h they had eG"ended in fortifyin( their -ities. they had no lon(er the means of su""lyin( their army> in the neGt "la-e. their sla3es had fled to the *a-edaemonians> and lastly. a disease resemblin( a "estilen-e. thou(h it did not infest all their -ountry. yet (reatly embarrassed their affairs) In -onseDuen-e. therefore. of -onsultin( about their "resent situation. they thou(ht "ro"er to abandon all those -ities #hi-h had the most inland situation. and to betake themsel3es to the mountain Ithome) In this mountain there #as a -ity of no (reat ma(nitude #hi-h. they say. is mentioned by /omer in his -atalo(ue+ E$nd those that in the stee" Ithome d#ell)E In this -ity. therefore. fiGin( their residen-e. they enlar(ed the an-ient en-losure. so that it mi(ht be suffi-ient to defend the #hole of its inhabitants) This "la-e #as in other res"e-ts #ell fortified. for Ithome is not inferior to any of the mountains #ithin the Isthmus in ma(nitude. and. besides this. is most diffi-ult of a--ess) hen they #ere settled in this mountain. they determined to send to 0el"hos. and -onsult the ora-le -on-ernin( the e3ent of the #ar) Tisis therefore. the son of $l-is. #as em"loyed on this errand> a man #ho. in nobility of birth. #as not inferior to anyone. and #ho #as "arti-ular (iren to di3ination) This Tisis. on his return from 0el"hos. #as atta-ked by a band of *a-edaemonians belon(in( to the (uard in $m"hea. but defended himself so 3aliantly. that they #ere not able to take him) It is -ertain. ho#e3er. that they did not desist from #oundin( him. till a 3oi-e #as heard. from an in3isible -ause. 0ismiss The Bearer 9f The 9ra-le) $nd Tisis. indeed. as soon as he returned to his o#n "eo"le. re"eated the ora-le to the kin(s and not lon( after died of his #ounds) But &u"haes. -olle-tin( the !essenians to(ether. re-ited the ora-le. #hi-h #as as follo#s+ E=a-rifi-e a "ure 3ir(in #ho is allotted a des-ent from the blood of the $e"ytidae. to the infernal daemons. by

-uttin( her throat in the ni(ht+ but if the 3ir(in #ho is led to the altar des-ends from any other family. let her 3oluntarily offer herself to be sa-rifi-ed)E =u-h. then. bein( the de-laration of the (od. immediately all the 3ir(ins des-ended from the $e"ytidae a#aited the de-ision of lots+ and #hen the lot fell u"on the dau(hter of *y-is-us. the "ro"het &"ebolus told them it #as not "ro"er she should be sa-rifi-ed. be-ause she #as not the (enuine dau(hter of *y-is-us> but that the #ife of *y-is-us. in -onseDuen-e of her barenness. had falsely "retended that this #as her dau(hter) In the meantime. #hile the "ro"het #as thus dissuadin( the "eo"le. *ysis-us "ri3ately took a#ay the 3ir(in. and fled to ="arta) But the !essenians bein( (reatly de@e-ted as soon as they "er-ei3ed that *y-is-us had fled. $ristodemus. a man des-ended from the $e"ytidae. and #ho #as most illustrious both in #arlike -on-erns and other res"e-ts. offered his o#n dau(hter as a 3oluntary sa-rifi-e) 0estiny. ho#e3er. no less absorbs the ala-rity of mankind. than the mud of a ri3er the "ebbles #hi-h it -ontains) <or the follo#in( -ir-umstan-e be-ame a hinderan-e to $ristodemus. #ho #as then desirous of sa3in( !essene by sa-rifi-in( his dau(hter+ $ !essenian -itiIen. #hose name is not transmitted to us. ha""ened to be in lo3e #ith this dau(hter of $ristodemus.and #as @ust on the "oint of makin( her his #ife) This man. from the first. entered into a dis"ute #ith $ristodemus. assertin(. that the 3ir(in #as no lon(er in the "o#er of her father. as she had been "romised to him in marria(e. but that all authority o3er her belon(ed to him as her intended husband) /o#e3er. findin( that this "lea #as ineffe-tual. he made use of a shameful lie in order to a--om"lish his "ur"ose. and affirmed. that he had lain #ith the (irl. and that she #as no# #ith -hild by him) But in the end. $ristodemus #as so eGas"erated by this lie. that he sle# his dau(hter. and ha3in( -ut o"en her #omb. "lainly e3in-ed that she #as not #ith -hild) K"on this. &"ebolus. #ho #as "resent. eGhorted them to sa-rifi-e the dau(hter of some other "erson. be-ause the dau(hter of $ristodemus. in -onseDuen-e of ha3in( been slain by her father in a ra(e. -ould not be the sa-rifi-e to those demons #hi-h the ora-le -ommanded) In -onseDuen-e of the "ro"het thus addressin( the "eo"le. they immediately rushed forth in order to slay the suitor of the dead 3ir(in. as he had been the means of $ristodemus be-omin( defiled #ith the blood of his offs"rin(. and had rendered the ho"e of their "reser3ation dubious) But this man #as a "arti-ular friend of &u"haes> and in -onseDuen-e of this. &u"haes "ersuaded the !essenians. that the ora-le #as a--om"lished in the death of the 3ir(in. and that they ou(ht to be satisfied #ith #hat $ristodemus had a--om"lished) $ll the $e"ytidae. therefore. #ere of the o"inion of &u"haes. be-ause ea-h #as anGious to be liberated from the fear of sa-rifi-in( his dau(hter) In -onseDuen-e of this. the ad3i-e of the kin( #as (enerally re-ei3ed. and the assembly dissol3ed) $nd after this they turned their attention to the sa-rifi-es and festi3al of the (ods) 1ha)ter 2 But the *a-edaemonians. on hearin( the ora-le (i3en to the !essenians. #ere (reatly de@e-ted. and their kin(s be-ame mu-h less 3i(orous in their "re"arations for the #ar) $t len(th. in the siGth year after the fli(ht of *y-is-us from Ithome. the *a-edaemonians (as their sa-rifi-es #ere aus"i-ious) led an army to Ithome) The 'retans. ho#e3er. #ere absent. and the allies of the !essenians #ere slo# in -omin( to their assistan-e+ for the ="artiatae #ere sus"e-ted. as #ell by other Pelo"onnesians as by the $r-adians. and "arti-ularly by the $r(i3es) $nd the $r(i3es. indeed. #ere to ha3e -ome se-retly to the *a-edaemonians. from "ri3ate. rather than "ubli- de-ree) But the eG"edition #as o"enly announ-ed to the $r-adians> thou(h neither did these (i3e their assistan-e) 9n the other hand. the re"ort of the ora-le indu-ed the !essenians to try the e3ent of the #ar. #ithout the aid of their allies) In many res"e-ts. therefore. there #as no differen-e bet#een this and the former #ar) <or the day deserted them before the battle #as finished> but it is related that neither any #in(. nor band of soldiers. #as for-ed to fly+

for they re"ort. that the troo"s did not remain in the order in #hi-h they #ere "la-ed at first> but that the best troo"s in either army #ere stationed in the middle. and that all the labour of the #ar #as in this "art) <or &u"haes himself #as more ardent in fi(ht than #as "ro"er for a kin(. and. rushin( #ith unrestruned fury on Theo"om"us. re-ei3ed many #ounds. and amon( these some that #ere in-urable) $s he lay on the (round. therefore. ready to eG"ire. the *a-edaemonians. #hile he still breathed a little. endea3oured to dra( him to their army) But the bene3olen-e #hi-h &u"haes had sho#n to the !essenians. and the dis(ra-e #hi-h #ould attend them if they suffered his body to be taken by the enemy. roused them to the most 3i(orous eGertions) Indeed it a""eared to them to be mu-h better to lose their li3es than to sur3i3e the loss of their kin() The fall. therefore. of &u"haes. both len(thened the battle. and in-reased the -oura(e of ea-h army+ and after#ards &u"haes. ha3in( re-o3ered a little. "er-ei3ed that his troo"s #ere not inferior to the enemy in fi(ht) %ot many days after. ho#e3er. he died. ha3in( rei(ned o3er the !essenians thirteen years. and #arred on the *a-edaemonians the #hole time of his rei(n) But as &u"haes had no -hildren. he left the kin(dom to the arbitration of the "eo"le+ and 'leonis and 0amis -ontended for its "ossession #ith $ristodemus. -onsiderin( themsel3es as su"erior to him both in other res"e-ts and the -on-erns of #ar) <or $ntander fell in the battle. throu(h fi(htin( in defen-e of &u"haes) Besides. the o"inions of the t#o "ro"hets. &"ebolus and 9"hioneus. o""osed $ristodemus> as they did not think it ri(ht that the (o3ernment should be -onferred on a man "olluted #ith the murder of a dau(hter of $e"ytus. and his "osterity) $ristodemus. ho#e3er obtained the kin(dom) But 9"hioneus. a "ro"het of the !essenians. and #ho #as blind from his birth. used to "ro"hesy. by askin( his -onsulters #hat they had done both "ri3ately and "ubli-ly. and thus foretel to them future e3ents) $ristodemus. therefore. assumin( the reins of (o3ernment. #as soli-itously em"loyed in re#ardin( the "eo"le a--ordin( to their deserts. and raised 'leonnis and 0amis to the hi(hest honours) /e like#ise "aid a sedulous attention to his allies. and sent (ifts to the nobles of $r-adia. to $r(os. and =i-yon) But in the #ar #hi-h #as -arried on in the rei(n of $ristodemus. there #ere 3ery fe# de"redations and in-ursions durin( the summer) The !essenians. indeed. in -on@un-tion #ith the $r-adians. entered into the *a-oni- re(ion> but the $r(i3es ne3er thou(ht "ro"er to -ome to o"en hostilities #ith the *a-edaemonians. but took -are that. if they should e3er fi(ht a(ainst them. it mi(ht a""ear that they un#illin(ly assisted the !essenians) 1ha)ter 20 In the fifth year of the rei(n of $ristodemus. a @un-tion of the !essenian for-es took "la-e in -onseDuen-e of a "redi-tion> for they #ere 3ery mu-h debilitated throu(h the len(th of the #ar. and (reatness of the eG"ense #ith #hi-h it #as attended) But the 'orinthians alone. of all the Pelo"onnesians. assisted the *a-edaemonians+ and the #hole army of the $r-adians. to(ether #ith -hosen troo"s of $r(i3es and =i-yonians. assisted the !essenians) The /ilotae. therefore. and their nei(hbours. stood in the middle of the ="artan army) The kin(s took their station in the #in(s> and a "halanG more dense than e3er #as ado"ted) $ristodemus. too. dis"osed his for-es in the follo#in( manner+ <or su-h of the $r-adians or !essenians. #hose bodies #ere more robust. and #hose -oura(e sur"assed that of the rest. but #hose arms #ere not stron( 7 for these he -hose the most useful arms. and #hen the o--asion #as ur(ent. "la-ed them bet#een the $r(i3es and =i-yonians) /e like#ise 3ery mu-h eG"anded his "halanG that it mi(ht not be surrounded by the enemy> and took -are that. #hen his for-es #ere dra#n u". they mi(ht ha3e the mountain Ithome behind them) The -ommand. too. of the hea3y7armed troo"s he (a3e to 'leonnis. but he and 0amis stood #ith the li(ht7armed for-es. amon( #hom there #ere but fe# slin(ers and ar-hers) The remainin( "art of the troo"s. both by the a(ility of their bodies. and the li(htness of their arms. #ere ada"ted to the makin( of in-ursions and

retreats. and for this "ur"ose had nothin( more than a -oat of mail. or a shield) =u-h amon( these. too. as #ere destitute of armour. #ere -lothed #ith the skins of (oats and shee"> some #ore the skins of #ild beasts> and the $r-adian mountaineers. in "arti-ular. #ere -o3ered #ith the s"oils of #ol3es and bears) &a-h "erson -arried many darts. and some had lan-es> and this "art of the inhabitants of Ithome #as stationed #here it -ould be least seen by the enemy) But the hea3y7armed troo"s of the !essenians and their allies sustained the first atta-k of the *a-edaemonians. and after this (a3e "roofs of a sin(ular -oura(e) These for-es #ere. indeed. mu-h inferior to the enemy in number. but bein( -hosen men. they fou(ht #ith a "romis-uous multitude. #ho #ere not eDually bra3e #ith themsel3es> and hen-e they easily resisted their atta-ks. throu(h their ala-rity and skill) /ere. too. the #ell7(irded troo"s of the !essenians. as soon as the si(nal of battle #as (i3en. rushed on the *a-edaemonians. aimin( at their sides by hurlin( their darts at a distan-e+ and others of su"erior boldness -ame nearer. and fou(ht hand to hand #ith the enemy) But the *a-edaemonians. thou(h they #ere a se-ond time in a dan(erous situation. and "er-ei3ed that their affairs #ere at "resent #ithout ho"e or redress. yet #ere not in the least disturbed. but betakin( themsel3es to the li(ht7armed troo"s of the !essenians. endea3oured to o3erthro# them) /o#e3er. as these troo"s easily fled on a--ount of their li(htness. the *a-edaemonians #ere at first "er"leGed. and after#ards enra(ed) =u-h indeed is the -ondition of human nature. that men are unable to -urb themsel3es. #hen any thin( ha""ens -ontrary to their deserts) /en-e. those of the *a-edaemonians that #ere no# #ounded. and su-h as remainin( in their ranks #ere eG"osed to the first in-ursions of the li(ht7armed troo"s. ran before the rest. #hen they sa# these troo"s rushin( u"on them. and. inflamed #ith an(er. "ursued them to a (reater distan-e #hen they fled) But the li(ht7armed troo"s of the !essenians. in the same manner as they first be(an. beat and transfiGed #ith their darts those that ke"t their ranks. suddenly o3erturned those that "ursued them. and assaulted them from behind. as they #ere returnin( to their o#n troo"s) $nd su-h #as the form of the #ar. in the different "arts of the army) In the meantime. the hea3y7armed troo"s of the !essenians and their allies more boldly assaulted the ="artans that #ere o""osite to their for-es) $nd at last. the *a-edaemonians. bein( #earied #ith the len(th of the battle. and disordered by the unusual manner of fi(htin( of the !essenian li(ht7armed troo"s. broke their ranks) $fter this. turnin( their ba-ks. the same troo"s molested them in a still (reater de(ree) But the number of the *a-edaemonians that fell in this en(a(ement -annot be as-ertained> thou(h I am "ersuaded it #as 3ery -onsiderable) $fter this. #hen ea-h "erson de"arted to his "ro"er "la-e of abode. all but the 'orinthians #ere suffered to return #ithout molestation+ for these #ere obli(ed to fi(ht their #ay home. #hether they "assed throu(h the $r(i3e or =i-yonian dominions) 1ha)ter 200 The *a-edaemonians #ere (reatly affli-ted at the e3ent of the #ar. and "arti-ularly that they had lost so many and su-h illustrious men) To this #as added the loss of all ho"e of the #ar endin( a(reeably to their desire) /en-e. they sent s"e-tators to 0el"hos. to #hom the Pythian deity (a3e the follo#in( ora-le+ Phoebus "ersuades you. not only to a""ly yoursel3es to the #orks of #ar> but as the !essenian "eo"le obtained "rey by fraud. they must be taken by the same arts as they em"loyed in a-Duirin( their "resent -ondition) The kin(s and the &"hori. therefore. after they had a""lied themsel3es to find out the meanin( of the ora-le. but #ithout su--ess. determined to imitate the a-hie3ement of Klysses at Troy+ for they sent one hundred men to Ithome as s"ies of the enemies desi(ns> and that it mi(ht "lainly a""ear they #ere banished. they #ere -ondemned by a "ubli- de-ree) But these men no sooner -ame to $ristodemus. than they #ere dismissed by him in the follo#in( #ords+ EThe in@uries of the *a-edaemonians are re-ent> but their

-rafty de3i-es are an-ient)E The *a-edaemonians. therefore. failin( in their strata(em. endea3oured after#ards to "re3ent the !essenians from bein( assisted by their allies) /o#e3er. as they #ere re@e-ted by the $r-adians (for the ambassadors first -ame to these). they did not think "ro"er to 3isit the $r(i3es) But $ristodemus. kno#in( the o"erations of the *a-edaemonians. sent like#ise to ask ad3i-e of the (od) $nd the Pythian deity (a3e him the follo#in( ora-le+ EThe (od (i3es thee the (lory of the #arN but take -are lest the fraudful and hostile troo"s of ="arta be-ome su"erior) <or !ars shall "ossess their #ell7#rou(ht arms. and the -ro#ns of their -hoirs shall ha3e se3ere inhabitants. in -onseDuen-e of t#o "ersons emer(in( from the battle of a se-ret troo") %or shall the sa-red li(ht of day behold this -onsummation of the fi(ht. till the final destiny of these t#o shall be a--om"lished)E $ristodemus. ho#e3er. and the "ro"hets. -ould not by any means dete-t the meanin( of the ora-le+ but not many years after the (od unfolded and a--om"lished his "redi-tion) 9ther "arti-ulars. too. of the same kind at that time ha""ened to the !essenians) $fter *y-is-us had mi(rated to ="arta the dau(hter that attended him in his fli(ht died> and as he often -ame to 3isit her tomb. some $r-adian horse took him by strata(em) But bein( led to Ithome. and brou(ht before an assembly. he de-lared that his -ountry had not been betrayed by him. but that he #as indu-ed to lea3e it. in -onseDuen-e of the "ro"het assertin(. that the 3ir(in #as not his le(itimate dau(hter) $fter he had made this a"olo(y. his assertions #ere not -redited. till a -ertain #oman. #ho #as at that time the "riestess of Cuno. -ame into the theatre. and 3oluntarily -onfessed. that the 3ir(in #as her dau(hter. and that she had im"osed her on the #ife of *y-is-us) I no#. therefore. says she. -ome to unfold this se-ret affair. and to resi(n my offi-e of "riestess) But the "riestess s"oke in this manner. be-ause it #as a la# #ith the !essenians. that if any of the -hildren of a "riest or "riestess died before their "arents. then the offi-e of "riesthood should be transferred to other "ersons) $s they belie3ed therefore. that the #oman s"oke truth. they -hose another "riestess for the (oddess. and freed *y-is-us from the dan(er of death) $fter this they thou(ht "ro"er (for it #as no# the t#entieth year of the #ar). to send a(ain to 0el"hos. in order to inDuire #hi-h "arty #ould be 3i-torious+ and the Pythian deity (a3e them the follo#in( ans#er+ E/e #ho first "la-es about the altar of Cu"iter Ithomatas tri"ods t#i-e fi3e de-ads in number. shall #ith (lory "ossess the !essenian land) <or su-h is the #ill of Cu"iter) But you must first em"loy strata(em. and re3en(e #ill follo#+ for you -annot de-ei3e di3inity) $-t a(reeably to the intention of the <ates) %o# these. and then those. are o""ressed by destiny)E The !essenians. u"on hearin( this ora-le. inter"reted it as "romisin( them the 3i-tory+ for as they had a tem"le of Cu"iter Ithomatas #ithin their #alls. it did not seem "robable that the *a-edaemonians -ould dedi-ate the tri"ods before them) In -onseDuen-e of this. they took -are to make #ooden tri"ods. as they had not money suffi-ient to make them of brass) This ora-le #as told to the ="artans by a -ertain "erson of 0el"hos) But #hen the ="artans. by their "ubli- -onsultations. #ere not able to ado"t any #ise measures of -ondu-t. a -ertain "erson of the name of 9ebalus. #ho #as not illustrious either for his birth or "ossessions. but #as remarkable for his sa(a-ity. as the e3ent sho#ed. made a hundred tri"ods of -lay. and -on-ealin( them in a sa-k. took them to(ether #ith a net. as if he had been a hunter) This man. as one #ho #as e3en unkno#n to many of the *a-edaemonians. easily -on-ealed himself amon( the !essenians> and miGin( amon( the rusti-s of the -ountry. -ame #ith them to Ithome as soon as it #as ni(ht. dedi-ated to the (od his tri"ods of -lay. and returnin( a(ain s#iftly to ="arta. told the *a-edaemonians #hat he had done) But the !essenians. as soon as they dis-o3ered the affair. #ere (reatly disturbed. and -on@e-tured the truth. that this #as a--om"lished by the *a-edaemonians) $ristodemus. ho#e3er. -almed the affli-ted mind of the !essenians. both by su-h dis-ourse as #as suitable to the o--asion. and by "la-in( the #ooden tri"ods. #hi-h #ere no# made. round the altar of Cu"iter) It ha""ened. too. at that time.

that the "ro"het 9"hioneus. #ho #as blind from his birth. #as enabled to see. #hi-h #as a -ir-umstan-e of a most admirable nature+ for he obtained the use of his eyes in -onseDuen-e of a 3iolent "ain of the head. #ith #hi-h he #as affli-ted) 1ha)ter 2000 The (od like#ise (a3e other tokens of the a""roa-hin( ruin of the !essenians) <or the shield belon(in( to the braIen statue of 0iana. #hose arms #ere of brass. fell off of its o#n a--ord+ and #hen $ristodemus #as about to sa-rifi-e to Cu"iter Ithomatas. the rams s"ontaneously stru-k the altar #ith su-h for-e #ith their horns. that they died throu(h the 3ehemen-e of the blo#) $nd lastly. the do(s. assemblin( to(ether in one "la-e. ho#led e3ery ni(ht. and at last #ent in a body to the army of the *a-edsmonians) These "rodi(ies disturbed $ristodemus> and his terror #as in-reased by the follo#in( no-turnal 3ision) /e thou(ht that. as he #as de"artin( for the battle. ha3in( "re3iously armed himself for this "ur"ose. he sa# the entrails of the 3i-tims lyin( on the table. his dau(hter standin( by him in a bla-k (arment. and sho#in( the #ounds in her belly and breast> and that after#ards thro#in( do#n the entrails from the table. and takin( off his arms. she (a3e him a (olden -ro#n. and a #hite 3estment) But #hile $ristodemus #as de@e-ted on other a--ounts. and "arti-ularly be-ause he thou(ht this dream "ortended his death. as the !essenians bury the most illustrious "ersons -ro#ned. and #ra""ed in a #hite (arment> some one told him. that the "ro"het 9"hioneus no lon(er sa#. but that he had suddenly be-ome blind a(ain. as he #as at first) K"on this. the meanin( of the ora-le be-ame "erfe-tly a""arent. and it #as no# e3ident. that by the t#o emer(in( from a se-ret troo". and bein( after#ards destroyed. $"ollo si(nified the eyes of 9"hioneos) $ristodemas. therefore. (rie3in( for the -ondition of his domesti- affairs. and "er-ei3in( that he had slain his dau(hter #ithout any ad3anta(e. and that there #as no ho"e of safety to his -ountry. sle# himself on the tomb of his dau(hter) /e #as. indeed. a man #ho "reser3ed the !essenians in as (reat a de(ree as human -ounsel -ould effe-t. but #hose o"erations and desi(ns #ere frustrated by fortune) But he died after he had rei(ned siG years and some months> and the !essenians #ere so affli-ted and disturbed #ith his loss. that they #ere in-lined to send to the *a-edaemonians in a su""liant manner> but an(er restrained their intention) /o#e3er. ha3in( -alled an assembly to(ether. they did not ele-t a kin(. but -hose 0amis for the (eneral of their for-es. #ho @oined 'leonnis and Phyleas to himself as his -ollea(ues. and furnished e3erythin( from his "resent su""lies for the "ur"oses of #ar) <or he #as -om"elled to a-t in this manner from the sie(e. throu(h #hi-h. the #ant of "ro3ision #as so (reat. that they had reason to fear destru-tion from famine) Indeed. the !essenians #ere ne3er defi-ient in 3irtue and -oura(e+ but as. in about the s"a-e of fi3e months. they had lost all their (enerals. and the best of their -itiIens. they abandoned Ithome. after the #ar had lasted nearly t#enty years. #hi-h Tyrtaeus e3in-es in the follo#in( 3erses+ E hen nineteen years #ere "ast. their s"lendid #orks They left. and from Ithome4s mountains fled)E But the #ar #as finished in the first year of the fourteenth 9lym"iad. in #hi-h the 'orinthian 0amon -onDuered in the stadium. and #hen. amon( the $thenians. the !edontidae still held the de-ennalian (o3ernment. and the fourth year of the rei(n of /i""omenes #as eG"ired) 1ha)ter 20! =u-h of the !essenians after this. as had friends in $r(os. =i-yon. or $r-adia. fled to those -ities for refu(e> and those that ori(inated from sa-red families fled to &leusis.

and offi-iated in the or(ies of the mighty goddesses) But the (reater "art of the multitude betook themsel3es to their an-ient "la-es of abode) $nd #ith res"e-t to the *a-edaemonians. they first of all sub3erted Ithome from its foundation> and after#ards atta-kin( other -ities. easily took them) But of the s"oils. they dedi-ated three braIen tri"ods to $my-laean $"ollo) K"on the first of these tri"ods there is a statue of Venus> u"on the se-ond of 0iana> and u"on the third there are statues of Proser"ine and 'eres) But of the !essenian land they (a3e to the $sinaei. #ho had been formerly -onDuered by the $r(i3es. those maritime "arts #hi-h they at "resent "ossess+ and to the "osterity of $ndro-les (for the dau(hter of $ndro-les #as yet ali3e. and the offs"rin( of this dau(hter. #ho. after the death of $ndro-les. fled to ="arta) they assi(ned that re(ion #hi-h is -alled /yamia) But the -ondu-t of the *a-edaemonians to#ards the !essenians #as as follo#s+ In the first "la-e they for-ed them to s#ear. that they #ould ne3er re3olt from the ="artans. nor e3er attem"t any ne# enter"rise) In the se-ond "la-e. they did not eGa-t of them any annual tribute. but ordered them to -arry to ="arta the half of all the "rodu-e of their a(ri-ulture+ and besides this. that both the men and #omen should attend the funerals of kin(s and nobles. -lad in a bla-k (arment> and that su-h as did not -om"ly #ith these orders should be "unished) But their in@urious treatment of the !essenians is mentioned in these 3erses of Tyrtaeus+ E*ike asses. #hom their -ruel masters load ith mi(hty burthens. throu(h tyranni- "o#er The half of all their fertile -ro"s they bear)E $nd that they #ere -om"elled to attend funerals in a mournin( habit. is e3ident from these 3erses+ EThey and their #i3es -om"ell4d to mourn their lords hen snat-h4d from hen-e by death4s "erni-ious hand)E The !essenians. therefore. bein( o""ressed #ith these e3ils. and not "er-ei3in( any ho"es of milder treatment from the *a-edaemonians in future. -onsidered that it #as mu-h better to die fi(htin(. than to emi(rate from Pelo"onnesus. and be(an to form ne# "lans of re3olt) The youn(er "art. too. in-ited them to this re3olt in no moderate de(ree+ and thou(h these youths #ere as yet unskilled in #ar. their ele3ation of soul #as 3ery -ons"i-uous> and they "referred dyin( for the freedom of their -ountry. to feli-ity in a state of sub@e-tion) The !essenian youth. indeed. #ere edu-ated in se3eral "la-es. but the best and most numerous resided about $ndania) $mon( these. too. $ristomenes #as the most -ons"i-uous. #ho is e3en no# honoured by the !essenians as a hero> and his birthday is -elebrated in the most s"lendid manner) <or they re"ort. that a -ertain daemon. or a (od. had -onne-tion #ith his mother. in the form of a dra(on) $ -ir-umstan-e of this kind is. I kno#. related by the !a-edonians about 9lym"ia. and by the =i-yonians about $ristodamia) There is this differen-e. ho#e3er. bet#een the a--ounts that the !essenians do not say that $ristomenes #as the son of /er-ules or Cu"iter. in the same manner as the !a-edonians assert that $leGander #as the son of $mmon. and the =i-yonians that $ratus #as the son of $es-ula"ius> but most of the Greeks say. that Pyrrhus #as the father of $ristomenes) This I kno#. too. that the !essenians. in their libations. -all u"on $ristomenes the son of %i-omedes) This $ristomenes. therefore. #ho #as in the 3i(our both of his a(e and -oura(e. insti(ated others of the better sort to re3olt) This. ho#e3er. he did not immediately "ut in eGe-ution o"enly> but "ri3ately sendin( -ertain "ersons to the $r(i3es and $r-adians. he tried #hether they #ere #illin( to assist him #ithout framin( eG-uses. and #ith the same 3i(our as they em"loyed in the former

#ar) 1ha)ter 2! $nd. indeed. the !essenians "er-ei3ed their asso-iates -heerfully "re"ared to en(a(e in the #ar> for no# the $r-adians and $r(i3es -learly eGhibited their hatred to the *a-edaemonians) /en-e. #hen e3erythin( ne-essary for the #ar #as "ro-ured. the !essenians re3olted in the forty7ninth year after the destru-tion of Ithome. but in the fourth year of the t#enty7third 9lym"iad. in #hi-h I-arus /y"eresiensis #as 3i-tor in the stadium) But at that time the $thenians had yearly ma(istrates. and Tlesias #as their ar-hon) Tyrtaeus. ho#e3er. does not mention the names of the ="artan kin(s+ but ,hianus. in his 3erses. says that *eoty-hides #as kin( durin( this #ar> thou(h I -annot by any means assent to him in this "arti-ular) But Tyrtaeus may be -onsidered as si(nifyin( #hat. he does not o"enly assert+ for there is an ele(y of his eGtant res"e-tin( the former #ar. in #hi-h #e meet #ith the follo#in( 3erses+ EKntamed by toil. our fathers mi(hty sires. <or nineteen years roused all their martial fires)E It is e3ident. therefore. from hen-e. that the !essenians en(a(ed in this se-ond #ar in the third a(e+ and the series of time e3in-es that $naGandrus the son of &ury-rates. and the (randson of $"ollodorus. rei(ned in ="arta at that "eriod) But the kin( out of the other family #as $naGidamus the son of LeuGidamus. the (randson of $r-hidamus. and the (reat7(randson of Theo"om"us) The so3erei(n -ommand. too. des-ended to the (reat7 (randson of Theo"om"us. be-ause $r-hidamus the son of Theo"om"us died before his father. and so the (o3ernment de3ol3ed on LeuGidamus. the youn( son of Theo"om"us) But it a""ears that *eoty-hides obtained the (o3ernment. after 0emaratus the son of $ristomenes+ and $riston #as the se3enth (randson of Theo"om"us) $t that time. therefore. the !essenians fou(ht a(ainst the *a-edaemonians. at 0era. in the first year after their re3olt) %either "arty. ho#e3er. #as assisted by its allies> nor #as it -learly e3ident #hi-h side #as 3i-torious) They re"ort. that the a-tions of $ristomenes. in this en(a(ement. sur"assed #hat -ould be eG"e-ted #ith any "robability from one man. in -onseDuen-e of #hi-h. after the battle. they #ould ha3e -hosen him for their kin(> for he #as of the family of the $e"ytidae+ but as he refused this di(nity. they -hose him for their (eneral> and at the same time in3ested him #ith absolute "o#er) $fter this. $ristomenes -onsidered. that those #ho had "erformed a-tions #orthy of -ommemoration. ne3er refused any kind of enduran-e in #ar> but that he abo3e all men ou(ht to strike the enemy #ith terror at first. and that he should by this means be-ome more dreadful to them in future) In -onseDuen-e of this o"inion therefore. he -ame by ni(ht to *a-edaemon. and fiGed a shield near the tem"le of 'hal-ioe-us. #ith an ins-ri"tion si(nifyin( that $ristomenes dedi-ated it from the s"oils of the *a-edaemonians) $t the same time. too. the *a-edaemonians re-ei3ed an ora-le from 0el"hos. #hi-h -ommanded them to make use of an $thenian for their -ounselor) /en-e. #hen by ambassadors they had informed the $thenians of the ora-le. and at the same time reDuired an $thenian as their ad3iser. the $thenians #ere by no means #illn( to -om"ly+ for they -onsidered. that the *a-edaemonians -ould not. #ithout (reat dan(er to the $thenians. take "ossession of the best "art of the Pelo"onnesus+ and at the same time. they #ere un#illin( to disobey the -ommands of the (od) $t last they ado"ted the follo#in( eG"edient+ There #as at $thens a -ertain tea-her of (rammar. #hose name #as Tyrtaeus. #ho a""eared to "ossess the smallest de(ree of intelle-t. and #ho #as lame in one of his feet) This man they sent to ="arta. #ho at one time instru-ted the "rin-i"al "ersons in #hat #as ne-essary for them to do. and at another time the -ommon "eo"le. by sin(in( ele(ies to them. in #hi-h the "raise of 3alour #as

-ontained. and 3erses -alled $na"aesti) But in the year after the battle at 0era. #hen the allies of both "arties #ere "resent. they "re"ared for an en(a(ement. near the monument of 'ar"us) The &leans. therefore. and $r-adians. $r(i3es. and =i-yonians. assisted the !essenians) Those like#ise #ere "resent #ho before this had 3oluntarily fled from !essenia> and from &leusis. those that by "aternal ri(ht "erformed the or(ies of the mi(hty (oddesses. and the (randsons of $ndro-les) $nd all these. indeed. -heerfully sent assistan-e to the !essenians) But the 'orinthians @oined #ith the *a-edaemonians. and some of the *a"reatae dra#n by hatred of the &leans) The $sinaei #ere in lea(ue #ith both "arties) But this "la-e. #hi-h -ontains the se"ul-hre of 'ar"us. is in the =teny-lerus of !essenia+ and they re"ort. that /er-ules in this "la-e s#ore to the -hildren of %eleus. and re-ei3ed an oath from them on the testi-les of a boar) The "ro"hets. too. "erformed the sa-rifi-es on both sides+ and the "ro"het of the *a-edaemonians #as /e-atus. the (randson of that /e-atus #ho -ame to ="arta #ith the sons of $ristodemus> but of the !essenians. Theo-lus) This Theo-lus #as the son of &umantis> and &umantis. #ho #as an &lean. of the family of the Iamidae. #as brou(ht to !essene by 'res"hontes) 1ha)ter 2!0 hen the "ro"hets. therefore. be(an to in-ite the troo"s. they hastened #ith (reater ala-rity to the fi(ht) $nd. indeed. the ardour throu(hout #as -orres"ondent to the stren(th and 3i(our of the -ombatants+ but $naGander kin( of the *a-edaemonians. and the ="artans about him. dis"layed an ardour su"erior to the rest) In the army. too. of the !essenians. the (randsons of $ndro-les. 3iI) Phintas and $ndro-les. and the troo"s #hi-h they -ommanded. endea3oured to (i3e s"e-imens of su"erior -oura(e and skill) But Tyrtaeus and the /iero"hants of the (oddesses did not en(a(e in fi(ht. but -ontented themsel3es #ith rousin( the -oura(e of the most distant "arts of the t#o armies) ith res"e-t to $ristomenes. he #as surrounded by ei(hty -hosen !essenians of the same a(e #ith himself and ea-h of #hom -onsidered himself honoured by bein( thou(ht #orthy to fi(ht in -on@un-tion #ith su-h a man as $ristomenes) They #ere all. too. skilful in "er-ei3in(. from triflin( -ir-umstan-es. the assistan-e #hi-h they mutually stood in need of. and "arti-ularly in obser3in( the a-tions of their leader. both #hile he #as en(a(ed in fi(htin(> and #as be(innin( to en(a(e) These youn( men #ere the first that o""osed $naGander. and the flo#er of the ="artan army) /o#e3er. as they #ere at len(th -ruelly #ounded. they #ere irritated to a de(ree of insane -onfiden-e. and des"erately o3erturned the troo"s about $naGander) But these #ere no sooner "ut to fli(ht. than $ristomenes ordered another band of !essenians to "ursue them. and at the same time turnin( himself #ith his for-es to the fresh troo"s of the enemy. he for-ed these to turn their ba-ks> and after these. others. and so on. till by "enetratin( throu(h e3ery "art of the *a-edaemonian army. #ith mu-h (reater 3i(our than seemed "ossible to one man. he broke the ranks #here3er he -ame. in a terrible manner. and "ut the #hole army to fli(ht) The troo"s of the enemy bein( thus routed. fled. -o3ered #ith shame. #ith unremittin( s"eed. till they all met to(ether at a syl3an "ear7tree. #hi-h (re# in a -ertain "art of the "lain+ and in this "la-e. the "ro"het Theo-lus re-alled $ristomenes from the "ursuit. be-ause the 0ios-uri had sat on the tree) $ristomenes. ho#e3er. (i3in( #ay to his #rath. and not hearin( all that the "ro"het said. as soon as he arri3ed at the "ear7tree. lost his shield+ and this misfortune afforded some of the *a-edaemonians an o""ortunity of sa3in( themsel3es by their fli(ht> for he lost some time in endea3ourin( to find his shield) But the *a-edaemonians be-omin( 3ery mu-h de@e-ted after this battle. #ere be(innin( to "ut a "eriod to the #ar+ and they #ould ha3e "ut their intentions in eGe-ution. if Tyrtaeus had not "re3ented them by sin(in( his ele(ies. and su""lyin( the troo"s that #ere slain from the /ilotes) But as soon as $ristomenes returned to $ndania. the #omen thre# u"on him. #here3er he #ent. their fillets. and other ele(ant de-orations. and the men "raised him in

the follo#in( son(. #hi-h is e3en sun( at "resent+ 44&34n to the middle =teny-lerian "lain. $nd to the lofty mount. the ="artan troo"s The -onfoerin( $ristomenes "ursued)E $ristomenes. too. after#ards re-o3ered his shield+ for. -omin( to 0el"hos. he as-ended. a(reeably to the admonition of the Pythian deity. into the sa-red adytum of Tro"honius in *ebadea. and there found his shield. #hi-h he after#ards brou(ht to *ebadea. and dedi-ated) $nd in this "la-e I ha3e seen it sus"ended) Its si(nature is an ea(le eGtendin( its #in(s on ea-h side. as far as to the mar(in of the shield) But after this. $ristomenes returnin( from Boeotia #ith the shield #hi-h he had found in the se-ret re-ess of Tro"honius. immediately a""lied himself to still (reater o"erations) <or -olle-tin( other troo"s of the !essenians. and ha3in( his o#n "erson surrounded #ith -hosen for-es. he #aited till the t#ili(ht #as "assed. and then mar-hed to a *a-oni- -ity. #hi-h formerly #as -alled. and in the -atalo(ue of /omer is denominated. Pharis. but #hi-h is -alled by the ="artans and the nei(hbourin( dties. Phara) $s soon as he arri3ed at this "la-e. he sle# those that attem"ted to defend themsel3es. and sa-kin( the to#n returned #ith the s"oil to !essene) $nd the *a-edeamonians. #ith their kin( $naGander. takin( u" arms in order to o""ose him. he o3erturned them in their mar-h. and be(an to "ursue the flyin( $naGander> but bein( #ounded by a dart in his thi(h. he #as obli(ed to sto" his "ursuit. thou(h he did not from this a--ident lose any of his "rey) $fter this. #hen as mu-h time #as ela"sed as #as suffi-ient for the -ure of his #ound. he intended to ha3e mar-hed into ="arta itself. but #as deterred by seein( in the ni(ht the s"e-tres of /elen and the 0ios-uri) /o#e3er. he atta-ked in o"en day the 'aryan 3ir(ins as they #ere -elebratin( the -hoirs sa-red to 0iana. and. makin( -a"ti3es of su-h of them as sur"assed the rest in ri-hes and birth. led them to a -ertain !essenian to#n) /ere. -ommittin( the 3ir(ins to the -ustody of some of his o#n troo". he rested for one ni(ht) In the mean time the youn( men. throu(h intoGi-ation and intem"erate desire. be(an to offer 3iolen-e to the 3ir(ins. and did not e3en "ay any attention to $ristomenes. #ho endea3oured to restrain them from a-tin( in a manner unbe-omin( nati3es of Gree-e> so that he #as obli(ed to slay some of the most for#ard. and after#ards restored the -a"ti3e 3ir(ins unin@ured to their "arents. re-ei3in( at the same time a -onsiderable sum of money for their ransom) 1ha)ter 2!00 There is a "la-e in the *a-oni- re(ion -alled $e(ila. in #hi-h there is a holy tem"le of 'eres) $ristomenes and his soldiers. kno#in( that in this "la-e the #omen met to(ether to -elebrate a festi3al. endea3oured to take them -a"ti3e) But as these #omen did not defend themsel3es #ithout the assistan-e of the (oddess. the (reater "art of the !essenians #ere (rie3ously #ounded by the #omen #ith the s"its and burnt entrails #hi-h #ere used in the sa-rifi-es. and $ristomenes himself. bein( stru-k #ith tor-hes. #as taken "risoner) /o#e3er. he #as soon res-ued. and -ame the same ni(ht to !essene) It is said. that $r-hidamea (a3e him his liberty. not allured by money. but indu-ed by lo3e (for she lo3ed him "rior to this affair). thou(h she "retended that he broke his fetters and fled) But in the third year. #hen the battle at the great moat. as it is -alled. #as about to -ommen-e. and the $r-adians from all their -ities (a3e assistan-e to the !essenians> the *a-edaemonians -orru"ted by money $risto-rates the son of /i-etas. #ho #as a Tra"eIuntian. and kin( of the $r-adians. and at that time #as the (eneral of the $r-adian armies) <or the *a-edaemonians are the first #e are a-Duainted #ith that made "resents to an enemy. and -aused the e3ent of a #ar to be 3enal) But before the *a-edaemonians a-ted in this unla#ful manner to#ards the

!essenians. and $risto-rates #as -orru"ted by them. those that fou(ht trusted to their 3irtue and the "ro3iden-e of the (ods) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. a""ear. in follo#in( times. #hen they met #ith an $thenian fleet at $e(os"otamos. to ha3e -orru"ted by money both other $thenian -ommanders and "arti-ularly $dimantis) But a -ertain "unishment. #hi-h is -alled %eo"tolemea. on-e befell the *a-edaemonians+ and this "unishment #as thus denominated in -onseDuen-e of %eo"tolemus the son of $-hilles slayin( Priam at the altar of /er-ean Cu"iter. and bein( himself slain in the same manner at the altar of the 0el"hi- $"ollo) $nd hen-e. #hen anyone suffered @ust #hat he had made others endure. su-h a "unishment -ame to be -alled %eo"tolemea) The *a-edaemonians. therefore. #hen they #ere in a 3ery flourishin( -ondition. #hen they had destroyed the fleet of the $thenians. and had seiIed on a (reat "art of $sia #ith $(esilaus for their leader. -ould not totally sub3ert the Persian em"ire> but the Barbarian -ir-um3ented them #ith their o#n arts. by sendin( money to 'orinth. $r(os. $thens. and Thebes) /en-e the #ar -alled 'orinthiae. ori(inated from this bribery> and $(esilaus #as obli(ed to abandon his "ossessions in $sia) This fraudulent -ondu-t. therefore. of the *a-edaemonians to#ards the !essenians. the daemon in after times turned to their destru-tion) But $risto-rates. as soon as he had re-ei3ed the money from the *a-edaemonians. at first -on-ealed his intentions from the $r-adians> but #hen the t#o armies #ere mar-hin( to battle he then terrified his troo"s. by obser3in( to them. that if they should en(a(e. they #ould be left in a 3ery disa(reeable situation. and that their retreat #ould be -ut off if they should be 3anDuished) /e farther added. that the 3i-tims in the sa-rifi-e did not "ortend the desired su--ess) In -onseDuen-e of this. he ordered all of them. #hen he should (i3e the si(nal. to betake themsel3es to fli(ht) hen the *a-edaemonians. therefore. be(an the fi(ht. and the !essenians turned themsel3es to o""ose them. $risto-rates. #hile the battle #as but @ust be(un. dre# off the $r-adians. and by this means left the left #in( and the middle of the !essenian army naked> for the $r-adians filled u" these t#o "arts of the army. be-ause the &leans. $r(i3es. and =i-yonians #ere absent from the fi(ht) $nd that the $r-adians mi(ht be effe-tually restrained from en(a(in(. $risto-rates fled throu(h the !essenians) But the !essenians. in -onseDuen-e of this uneG"e-ted -han(e. #ere so astonished. and so disturbed by the $r-adians "assin( throu(h them. that many of them #anted but little of for(ettin( their "resent dan(er> for instead of dire-tin( their attention to the *a-edaemonians that #ere no# rushin( on them. they looked ba-k on the flyin( $r-adians> and #hile some su""liantly entreated them to stay. others re3iled them as betrayers and 3iolators of their -om"a-ts) In the meantime the *a-edaemonians. #ithout mu-h diffi-ulty. surrounded the abandoned !essenians. and obtained an easy and eG"editious 3i-tory o3er them) But $ristomenes and his band stood their (round. and endea3oured to re"ress the most for#ard of the *a-edaemonians) They #ere. ho#e3er. too fe# to be of mu-h use on this "ressin( o--asion> and su-h numbers of the !essenians "erished. that those #ho thou(ht at first that they should be the lords of the *a-edaemonians instead of their sla3es. had not then the least ho"e of bein( sa3ed) $mon( those of the "rin-i"al sort. $ndro-les and Phintas fell. and he #ho in this en(a(ement deser3ed the hi(hest "raise. Phanas. and #ho. "rior to this. #as illustrious for his 3i-tory in the lon( -hariot ra-e of the 9lym"i- (ames) But $ristomenes. after the battle. -olle-ted to(ether the flyin( troo"s of the !essenians. and lea3in( $ndania. and the other more inland to#ns. betook himself to the mountain Ira) hen he had entren-hed himself #ith his for-es in this "la-e. he #as besie(ed by the *a-edaemomans #ho eG"e-ted an immediate -onDuest) =u-h. ho#e3er. #as the resistan-e of the !essenians. that they defended themsel3es for ele3en years) But that the sie(e -ontinued so lon( is e3ident from the 3erses of ,hianus u"on the *a-edaemonians. in #hi-h he says+

E<or t#i-e ele3en -han(in( seasons. form4d <rom stormy #inter and the 3irid herb. %ear a #hite mount. the ="artan -am"s #ere fiG4d)E In these 3erses. he -ir-ums-ribes years by #inters and summers> and by the herb. si(nifies grass. a little before har3est time) 1ha)ter 2!000 The !essenians. as soon as they had fiGed their residen-e in Ira. bein( eG-luded from e3ery other "la-e of abode. eG-e"t su-h maritime "arts as the Pylians and !othonaeans had "reser3ed for them. em"loyed themsel3es in takin( "rey. not only from the *a-oni- dominions. but from their o#n -ountry. #hi-h they no# -onsidered as hostile to their intentions) Indeed they made in-ursions e3ery#here. @ust as it ha""ened> and $ristomenes. in "arti-ular. ha3in( -olle-ted into one body a -hosen band of three hundred men. "lundered #ith them as mu-h as "ossible from the *a-edaemonians. and took from them -orn. #ine. and -attle. but restored ba-k their sla3es and furniture for money) This "lunderin(. ho#e3er. -om"elled the *a-edaemonians to "ublish an edi-t. that su-h. "arts as bordered on !essenia and the *a-oni- re(ion should not be -ulti3ated durin( the #ar. as they "er-ei3ed that they tilled the land more for the inhabitants of Ira than themsel3es) /en-e the s-ar-ity of -orn #hi-h ha""ened in ="arta #as attended #ith a sedition. as those that had "ossessions in these "arts -ould not bear that their land should remain in this un-ulti3ated state) This disaffe-tion. ho#e3er. Tyrtaeus a""eased by his 3erses+ and in the meantime $ristomenes. #ith his -hosen band. left Ira as soon as it #as ni(ht. and #ith (reat -elerity mar-hed to $my-lae. at #hi-h "la-e he arri3ed by break of day. took and "lundered the -ity. and returned to Ira before the ="artans -ould (i3e any assistan-e to the to#n) $ristomenes. too. after this -ontinued to "lunder the ="artan land. nor did he -ease his hostilities. till ha""enin( to meet #ith more than half of the *a-edaemonian for-es. to(ether #ith both the kin(s. amon( other #ounds #hi-h he re-ei3ed in defendin( himself. he #as stru-k so 3iolently on the head #ith a stone. that his eyes #ere -o3ered #ith darkness. and he fell to the (round) The *a-edaemonians. on seein( this. rushed in a -olle-ted body u"on him. and took him ali3e. to(ether #ith fifty of his men) They like#ise determined to thro# all of them into the 'eadas. or a dee" -hasm. into #hi-h the most -riminal offenders #ere hurled) Indeed. the other !essenians "erished after this manner> but some (od #ho had so often "reser3ed $ristomenes. deli3ered him at that time from the fury of the ="artans) $nd some #ho entertain the most ma(nifi-ent idea of his -hara-ter. say. that an ea(le flyin( to him bore him on its #in(s to the bottom of the -hasm. so that he sustained no in@ury by the fall) Indeed. he had not lon( rea-hed the bottom before a daemon sho#ed him a "assa(e. by #hi-h he mi(ht make his es-a"e+ for as he lay in this "rofound -hasm #ra""ed in a robe. eG"e-tin( nothin( but death. he heard a noise on the third day. and un-o3erin( his fa-e (for he #as no# able to look throu(h the darkness). he sa# a foG tou-hin( one of the dead bodies) 'onsiderin(. therefore. #here the "assa(e -ould be throu(h #hi-h the beast had entered. he #aited till the foG -ame nearer to him. and #hen this ha""ened. seiIed it #ith one of his hands. and #ith the other. as often as it turned to him. eG"osed his robe for the animal to seiIe) $t len(th. the foG be(innin( to run a#ay. he suffered himself to be dra#n alon( by her. throu(h "la-es almost im"er3ious. till he sa# an o"enin( @ust suffi-ient for the foG to "ass throu(h. and a li(ht streamin( throu(h the hole) $nd the animal. indeed. as soon as she #as freed from $ristomenes. betook herself to her usual "la-e of retreat) But $ristomenes. as the o"enin( #as not lar(e enou(h for him to "ass throu(h. enlar(ed it #ith his hands. and es-a"ed safe to Ira) The fortune. indeed. by #hi-h $ristomenes #as taken. #as #onderful. for his s"irit and -oura(e #ere so (reat. that

no one -ould ho"e to take him> but his "reser3ation at 'eadas is far more #onderful. and at the same time it is e3ident to all men that it did not take "la-e #idout the interferen-e of a di3ine "o#er) 1ha)ter 202 But #hen the *adedaemonians #ere told by -ertain "ersons. #ho fled 3oluntarily as if they had been eGiles. that $ristomenes had returned safe to his o#n "eo"le. they -onsidered the narration as in-redible. as if they had been told that a dead man had been restored to life by his o#n means) The follo#in( transa-tion. ho#e3er. -on3in-ed them of the truth of this re"ort) The 'orinthians sent -ertain for-es to the *a-edaemonians. to assist them in the -a"ture of Ira) $ristomenes bein( informed of this by his s"ies. and that their -am"s #ere #ithout a (uard. atta-ked them by ni(ht. and #hile they #ere yet aslee" sle# many of them. and their leaders /y"ermenides. $-hladaeus. *ysistratus. and Ide-tus. and after#ards "lundered the (eneral4s tent) The *a-edaemonians. therefore #ell kne# that the author of this enter"rise -ould be no other than $ristomenes) $fter this. $ristomenes sa-rifi-ed to Cu"iter Ithomatas> and the sa-rifi-e #hi-h he then offered is -alled /e-atom"honia. and is of most an-ient institution) It is like#ise "erformed by su-h of the !essenians as ha3e slain in battle one hundred men) $ristomenes. therefore. sa-rifi-ed the first /e-atom"honia. #hen he fou(ht at the tomb of 'ar"us> the se-ond. #hen he sle# the 'orinthians in the ni(ht> and he is said to ha3e "erformed a third sa-rifi-e. in -onseDuen-e of some "osterior eG-ursions) But the *a-edaemonians. as it #as no# the time in #hi-h they -elebrated their /ya-inthia. a(reed #ith the !essenians in Ira on a -essation of hostilities for forty days) $nd #hile they #ere -elebratin( this festi3al. the 'retan ar-hers. #ho #ere -alled from *y-tus and other 'retan -ities. made in-ursions into !essenia) $ristomenes. therefore. in -onseDuen-e of the lea(ue. #as at that time absent from Ira> and as he #as #anderin( about #ithout fear. se3en of these 'retan ar-hers took him by strata(em. and bound him #ith the -ords of their Dui3ers. for it #as no# e3enin() $fter this. t#o of these men #ent to ="arta. and told the *a-edaemonians that $ristomenes #as taken. #hile the rest led him thus -a"ti3e to $(ilus. a "la-e in !essenia) In this "la-e a 3ir(in d#elt alon( #ith her mother. for her father #as dead) But in the ni(ht "rior to this e3ent. the 3ir(in sa# in a dream a lion #ithout talons. led alon( by #ol3es+ but she thou(ht that he #as freed from his bonds by herself. that she -aused him to resume his #onted -oura(e. and (a3e him his talons> and that thus at len(th the #ol3es #ere torn in "ie-es by the lion) $s soon. therefore as the 'retans brou(ht $ristomenes to this "la-e. the 3ir(in kne# the meanin( of her dream. and asked her mother #ho $ristomenes #as) But #hen her mother had satisfied her in this "arti-ular. and she had beheld $ristomenes. she kne# at on-e #hat she ou(ht to do) /en-e she (a3e the 'retans #ine in abundan-e and as soon as they #ere intoGi-ated. and in a dee" slee". dre# out a da((er. #ith #hi-h she -ut the bonds of $ristomenes> and he re-ei3in( the da((er from her. sle# his insidious enemies) Gor(os. the son of $ristomenes. married this 3ir(in by the desire of $ristomenes. in -onseDuen-e of her ha3in( "reser3ed his life) But Gor(os #as not more than ei(hteen years old #hen he married the 3ir(in) 1ha)ter 22 $t len(th. in the ele3enth year of the sie(e. Ira #as taken by the #ind of the <ates. and the !essenians dri3en from their abodes) Indeed. the ora-le (i3en to $ristomenes and Theo-lus. #hen they -ame to 0el"hos. after the battle at the moat. #as 3erified by the e3ent of the "arti-ulars #hi-h it res"e-ted) But the Pythian 3ir(in. on their enDuirin( -on-ernin( their safety. ans#ered them as follo#s+ E$s lon( as a (oat shall drink the #indin( #ater of %eda. I #ill "reser3e !essene. but no lon(er+ for her destru-tion is at hand)E The fountains of this ri3er %eda are in the mountain *y-eus> and the ri3er itself

flo#in( throu(h $r-adia. and a(ain #indin( to#ards !essenia. be-omes the boundary of the maritime "arts to the !essenians and &leans) $nd then indeed. the !essenians thou(ht that they ou(ht not to suffer the he7(oats to drink of the #ater of %eda) The meanin(. ho#e3er. of the di3inity #as as follo#s+ The #ild fi(7tree. #hi-h the Greeks -all %lynthos. is denominated by the !essenians tragos. or a goat) $t that time. therefore. a #ild fi(7tree. #hi-h (re# on the banks of the %eda. instead of tendin( u"#ards in-lined to#ards the ri3er. and tou-hed the #ater #ith its outermost lea3es) The "ro"het Theodus beholdin( this. sa(a-iously -on@e-tured that the Pythian deity. by the (oat drinkin( out of the %eda. alluded to this fi(7tree+ and that the fatal time of the !essenians #as no# at hand) /o#e3er. he -on-ealed this -ir-umstan-e from the multitude. but brin(in( $ristomenes to the fi(7tree. informed him that the time of their safety #as eG"ired) $ristomenes #as "ersuaded that this #as the -ase> and as affairs #ere no# brou(ht to an eGtremity. "ro3ided for the "resent -ir-umstan-es in the best manner he #as able) $s the !essenians therefore "ossessed somethin( belon(in( to ar-ane mysteries. #hi-h. if destroyed. #ould be the eternal ruin of !essene. but if "reser3ed. #ould. a--ordin( to the ora-les of *y-us. the son of Pandion. be the means of restorin( !essene. in some future "eriod. to its "ristine -ondition+ 7 this ar-anum $ristomenes. #ho kne# the ora-les. -arried a#ay as soon as it #as ni(ht. and buried it in the most solitary "art of the mountain Ithome> as he #as of o"inion that Cu"iter Ithomatas. and the other di3inities #ho had "reser3ed !essene to that time. #ould -arefully (uard the sa-red de"osit. and not suffer the *a-edaemonians to take a#ay their only ho"e of "ossessin( !essene a(ain. in some after "eriod of time) $fter this. (reat e3ils befell the !essenians throu(h adultery. as #as the -ase #ith the Tro@ans before them) <or some of the !essenians d#elt on the summit of the mountain Ira. and others d#elt beyond the (ates> but no "erson #hate3er 3oluntarily -ame to them from *a-onia) $ ser3ant. ho#e3er. of &m"eramus. #ho #as an illustrious ="artan. dro3e alon( the oGen of his master. and fed them not far from the ri3er %eda+ and "er-ei3in( the #ife of a !essenian. #ho did not d#ell #ithin the #alls. -omin( to dra# #ater. he fell in lo3e #ith her. had the boldness to enter into amorous -on3ersation #ith her. and at last "re3ailed on her by (ifts to -onsent to his desire) $fter this. he #at-hed the time #hen her husband de"arted to his (uard+ for the !essenians defended the -itadel by turns. as they #ere fearful lest the enemy should attem"t to enter #ithin the #alls from this "art of the to#n) hen this man. therefore. #ent to his -har(e. the herdsman hastened to his #ife) It ha""ened. ho#e3er. at that time. that the husband of the #oman #as a--om"anied in the ni(ht #ith a (uard of soldiers+ but the !essenians. in -onseDuen-e of a 3iolent sho#er of rain. #ere obli(ed to lea3e their (uard> for the rain fell u"on them in (reat abundan-e. and they had neither any "ro@e-tion from the #all. nor to#ers. by #hi-h they mi(ht be sheltered from the in-on3enien-e of the #eather) They like#ise ho"ed. that the *a-edaemonians #ould ne3er think of atta-kin( them in su-h a dark and stormy ni(ht) $ristomenes. too. -ould not ins"e-t the (uard as he #as a--ustomed to do+ for not many days before this. the *a-edaemonians #ith the $"teraean ar-hers. led by the ="artan &uryalus. had inter-e"ted a 'e"hellenian mer-hant. #ho used to -arry -orn and other ne-essaries to Ira+ but $ristomenes. as this man #as his (uest. "reser3ed both him and his (oods. thou(h he #as by this means so #ounded. that he #as in-a"able of a-tin( as usual) This therefore. #as the "rin-i"al reason of their lea3in( the -itadel+ and as ea-h returned home from his -har(e. this #as the -ase amon( the rest #ith the husband of the #oman #ho had -ommitted adultery #ith the herdsman) But the #oman. #ho at that time had the herdsman #ith her. as soon as she "er-ei3ed her husband -omin(. -on-ealed her (allant #ith all the -elerity "ossible. re-ei3ed her husband #ith more kindness than usual. and inDuired the reason of his uneG"e-ted arri3al) /e. #ho neither sus"e-ted her adultery. nor kne# of the herdsman bein( in the house. told her the

truth of the -ase> that both he and all his -om"anions #ere dri3en from their "ost by the 3iolen-e of the rain) The herdsman heard this relation. and. as soon as he #as #ell instru-ted in ea-h "arti-ular. betook himself #ith the utmost -elerity to the *a-edaemonians) $t that time. ho#e3er. both the ="artan kin(s #ere absent> but &m"eramus. the master of the herdsman. #as the leader of the for-es that besie(ed Ira) The herdsman. therefore. -omin( to his master. in the first "la-e be((ed "ardon for his fli(ht> and after#ards informed him. that the time #as then "arti-ularly fa3ourable to the -a"ture of Ira> relatin(. to -on3in-e him of this. the se3eral of the !essenian4s dis-ourse) 1ha)ter 220 The narration of the herdsman #as -redited. and &m"eramus #ith his ="artans immediately follo#ed him to Ira) But their mar-h #as diffi-ult. by reason of the darkness and 3iolen-e of the rain) /o#e3er. ha3in( mastered these disad3anta(es by their ala-rity. they arri3ed at the -itadel of Ira. and by means of s-allin( ladders. and other su-h methods as they #ere able to ado"t. as-ended abo3e the fortifi-ations) $mon( other "rodi(ies #hi-h "ortended to the !essenians their imminent destru-tion. the do(s #ere obser3ed to ho#l. not in their usual manner. but #ith a more -ontinued and 3iolent -lamour) The !essenians. "er-ei3in( that their last and most ne-essary -ontest #as no# at hand. did not take u" all their arms. but e3eryone snat-hin( the #ea"on #hi-h he -han-ed to find. endea3oured to defend the only -ountry #hi-h remained to them out of all !essenia) But Gor(os the son of $ristomenes. $ristomenes himself. the "ro"het Theo-lus. and !anti-lus the son of Theo-lus. first "er-ei3ed that the enemy #as #ithin the #alls. and #ere the first that (a3e their assistan-e) These #ere @oined by &uer(itadas. a man #ho. amon( other thin(s for #hi-h he #as honoured in !essene. had ennobled himself by marria(e+ for he #as married to $(na(ora the dau(hter of $ristomenes) $ll these. therefore. eG-e"t $ristomenes and the "ro"het. thou(h they "er-ei3ed themsel3es -au(ht as it #ere in a net. and on all sides surrounded and o""ressed. yet entertained a -ertain ho"e from the "resent forlorn state of their affairs> but these t#o #ere -onfident. that the destru-tion of the !essenians #ould be no lon(er deferred. as #ell kno#in( #hat the ora-le obs-urely si(nified by the (oat) /o#e3er. not#ithstandin( this. they #ere of o"inion. that this -ir-umstan-e should be -on-ealed from the multitude> and ea(erly runnin( throu(h e3ery "art of the to#n. eGhorted all they met to beha3e themsel3es 3aliantly. and -alled from their houses those that yet remained behind) 9n that ni(ht. indeed. nothin( #orthy of relation #as "erformed by either "arty) <or the *a-edaemonians #ere rendered remiss by their i(noran-e of the "la-e. and the -oura(e of $ristomenes) But the !essenians #ere too mu-h distra-ted to attend to the orders of their leaders+ and. if any one enkindled a tor-h. or any other inflammable substan-e. it #as immediately eGtin(uished by the (od of rains) $s soon as it #as day. and they #ere able to behold ea-h other. $ristomenes and Theo-lus endea3ored to render the !essenians des"erate. both by instru-tin( them in su-h "arti-ulars as the o--asion reDuired and remindin( them of the -oura(eous beha3iour of the =myrnaeans. #ho bein( a "art of the Ionians throu(h their 3irtue and ala-rity. dro3e out Gy(es the son of 0as-ylus. #ho then "ossessed the -ity of the *ydians) But the !essenians on hearin( this. #ere filled #ith a des"erate -oura(e and rushed on the *a-edaemonians #here3er they ha""ened to meet #ith them) The #omen. too. from hi(her "la-es. hurled tiles and other destru-ti3e materials at the *a-edaemonians+ but the 3iolen-e of the rain "re3ented them from -limbin( to the roofs of their houses) /o#e3er. they had the -oura(e to take u" arms> and by this means inflamed the ardour of the men. #hen they "er-ei3ed that the 3ery #omen had rather die in the defen-e of their -ountry. than be-ome sla3es to the *a-edaemonians) This 3i(orous resistan-e mi(ht "erha"s ha3e a3erted their destiny. but the (od "oured do#n the rain in in-reased abundan-e. rolled loud thunder o3er their heads. and filled them #ith terror. by dartin( his li(htnin( in

their eyes) 9n the -ontrary. this dreadful storm in-reased the -onfiden-e of the *a-edaemonians. #ho -onsidered it as a si(nal that the (od de-lared himself on their side> es"e-ially #hen the "ro"het /e-atus. in -onseDuen-e of the thunder bein( on their ri(ht hand. informed them that it #as an aus"i-ious si(n) This "ro"het. too. in3ented the follo#in( strata(em) The *a-edaemonians #ere su"erior to the !essenians in number. but as they #ere not dra#n u" in a #ide "lain and in the re(ular order of battle. but fou(ht in s-attered "arties in different Duarters of the -ity. those in the rear of e3ery troo" #e ne-essarily useless) These troo"s. therefore. /e-atus ordered to return to the -am". and after they had refreshed their bodies #ith food and slee". to -ome ba-k a(ain in the e3enin( and re-ei3e those that #ere #earied> as by this means. fresh troo"s su-h as #ere #orn out #ith fati(ue. the 3i(our of the fi(ht #ould be easily sustained) But no# the affairs of the !essenians #ere on all sides. in the (reatest "er"leGity> for they had been in arms for three days and ni(hts #ithout any res"ite. and #ere nearly eGhausted #ith #at-hin(. rain. -old. hun(er. and thirst> but the #omen #ere the most redu-ed. throu(h their bein( una--usttomed to #ar. and the -ontinuan-e of the labour) The "ro"het Theo-lus. therefore. at len(th said to $ristomenes> E hy do you endure this fruitless labourJ It is de-reed by destiny that !essene shall be entirely destroyed> the destru-tion is no# a""arent. #as formerly si(nified by the Pythian deity. and #as lately e3in-ed by the #ild fi(7tree) $nd me. indeed. the (od im"els to fall #ith my -ountry> but do you. as mu-h as you are able. "reser3e the !essenians and sa3e yourself) $fter he had thus addressed $ristomenes. he rushed on the enemy. and #ith a loud 3oi-e told the *a-edaemonians. that they #ould not "er"etually re@oi-e in their 3i-tory o3er the !essenians) $fter this. fallin( on those that o""osed him. he made a (reat slau(hter amon( them. and. at len(th. satiated #ith the destru-tion of his enemies. fell. -o3ered #ith #ounds) But $ristomenes -alled the !essenians from the fi(hts eG-e"t those that. on a--ount of their -oura(e. fou(ht by his side> for these he suffered to maintain their (round> but he ordered the rest to "la-e the #i3es and -hildren in the midst of their troo"s. and follo# #here3er he should make a "assa(e for their es-a"e) 93er the last of these for-es he "la-ed Gor(os and !anti-lus> and he himself rushin( on the leaders of his enemies for-es. by the shakin( of his head and the motion of his s"ear. e3in-ed that he meant to for-e a "assa(e. and make his es-a"e) &m"eramus. therefore. and the ="artans that #ere "resent. suffered the !essenians to "ass throu(h them. #ithout farther eGas"eratin( men already dri3en to the eGtremity of des"eration> the "ro"het /e-atus at the same time "ersuadin( them to a-t in this manner) 1ha)ter 2200 $s soon as the $r-adians understood that Ira #as taken. they immediately reDuested $risto-rates to lead them to battle. that they mi(ht either "reser3e the !essenians. or "erish alon( #ith them) But $risto-rates. as one #ho had been bribed by the *a-edaemonians. #as not #illin( to (ratify their reDuest. and told them that he kne# there #ere no !essenians left ali3e for them to assist) $s soon. ho#e3er. as the $r-adians -learly "er-ei3ed that some !essenians remained. #ho had been -om"elled to lea3e Ira. they #ent of their o#n a--ord to meet them at the mountain *y-aeus. brou(ht food and raiment for them. and sent -ertain "ersons to -onsole them. and -ondu-t them in their mar-h) E hen the !essenians. therefore. had arri3ed safe at *y-aeus. they #ere hos"itably entertained by the $r-adians. and liberally in3ited to abide in their -ities. and share their land) But $ristomenes. throu(h -ommiseration of "lundered Ira. and hatred of the *a-edaemonians. de3ised the follo#in( strata(em) 9ut of the number of the !essenians he sele-ted fifty men. #hom he kne# #ere the least -on-erned about their o#n safety. and in the hearin( of the other $r-adians. and of $risto-rates himself. #ho he did not then kno# had betrayed the !essenians (for he thou(ht that he fled throu(h -o#ardi-e and fear. and not from a 3i-ious moti3e). inDuired of the fifty. #hether they #ere

#illin( to die #ith him in re3en(in( their -ountry4s -auseJ $s soon as they had all de-lared that they #ere #illin(. he told them. that in the e3enin( he #ould lead them to ="arta. as the (reater "art of the *a-edaemonians #ere then at Ira. and the rest #ere o--u"ied in "lunderin( the "ro"erty of the !essenians) $ristomenes farther added. 44If #e should be fortunate enou(h to take "ossession of ="arta. #e shall be able to restore to the *a-edaemonians their "ossesions. and re-ei3e ba-k ours in eG-han(e+ but. if #e fall in our desi(n. and lose our li3es. #e shall render oursel3es illustrious to "osterity by our darin( attem"t)E hen he had thus s"oken. three hundred $r-adians #ere #illin( to "arti-i"ate #ith him of the bold undertakin(> but their mar-h #as at that time restrained be-ause the 3i-tims did not eGhibit aus"i-ious omens) 9n the follo#in( day. ho#e3er. their se-ret desi(n #as unfolded to the *a-edaemonians. and they #ere a se-ond time betrayed by $risto-rates) <or $risto-rates immediately -ommitted to #ritin( the intention of $ristomenes. and sent the book by a ser3ant in #hom he -ould -onfide to $naGander at ="arta) This ser3ant. ho#e3er. on his return #as inter-e"ted by -ertain $r-adians. #ho before this had been at 3arian-e #ith $risto-rates. but at that time sus"e-ted his -ondu-t) They brou(ht. therefore. this ser3ant to the $r-adians. and sho#ed the "eo"le the ans#er #hi-h #as sent from *a-edaemonia) In this letter $naGander a-kno#led(ed that the fli(ht of $risto-rates at the (reat moat had been no small aid to the *a-edaemonian affairs. and thanked him for his "resent intelli(en-e) But as soon as this matter #as "ubli-ly kno#n. the $r-adians thre# stones at $risto-rates. and eGhorted the !essenians to do the same) They ho#e3er looked at $ristomenes. #ho. fiGin( his eyes on the (round. #e"t) The $r-adians. therefore. stoned $risto-rates to death. and buried him after they had hurled his -or"se out of their dominions) They ere-ted a "illar in the tem"le of *y-aeus. #ith the follo#in( ins-ribed on it+ Time. #ith a3en(in( hand. is sure at last To "unish un@ust kin(s. and easily #ith Co3e !essene4s traitor found+ for "er@ured men T4 elude di3inity in 3ain attem"t) /ail. so34rei(n Co3e. and sa3e $r-adia4s realmsN 1ha)ter 22000 But su-h of the !essenians as #ere either left at Ira. or in any other "la-e. #ere in-or"orated amon( the /ilotes) The Pylians. ho#e3er. !othonaeans. and others that d#elt near the sea. after the -a"ture of Ira. betook themsel3es to 'yllene. #hi-h #as the ha3en of the &leans> and from hen-e sent to the !essenians in $r-adia. desirin( them. in one -olle-ted body. to seek for a "ro"er "la-e of abode. and to make $ristomenes the leader of their eG"edition) $ristomenes. ho#e3er. de-lared. that as lon( as he li3ed he #ould #ar on the *a-edaemonians. and that he kne# "erfe-tly #ell that some ne# e3il #ould al#ays befall ="arta throu(h his means) /e therefore (a3e them Gor(os and !anti-lus for their leaders) But &uer(etidas #ith the other !essenians mi(rated to the mountain *y-aeus. and from then-e. as soon as he "er-ei3ed that the strata(em of $ristomenes res"e-tin( the -a"ture of ="arta had "ro3ed aborti3e. returned #ith fifty !essenians to Ira. and meetin( #ith the *a-edaemonians laden #ith "rey. made them re"ent their undertakin(. and at len(th fell himself in the en(a(ement) But $ristomenes. as soon as he had a""ointed the leaders for the !essenians at 'yllene. (a3e "ermission to any that #ere #illin( to follo# them) $nd all. indeed. a--e"ted his offer. eG-e"t su-h as #ere "re3ented by old a(e. or the #ant of thin(s ne-essary for their settlement) This -a"ture of Ira. and -om"letion of the se-ond #ar of the *a-edaemonians and !essenians. ha""ened #hen $utosthenes #as the $thenian ar-hon. and in the first year of the t#enty7ei(hth 9lym"iad. in #hi-h 'hionis *a-o #as 3i-tor) But #hen the

!essenians met to(ether at 'yllene. they thou(ht it best to stay there. durin( the #inter. #hi-h had then -ommen-ed) $nd after they had ado"ted this resolution. the &leans su""lied them #ith the ne-essaries of life) But as soon as the s"rin( a""eared. they be(an to -onsider #here they should dire-t their -ourse) $nd Gor(os. indeed. #as of o"inion. that they should fiG u"on the island La-ynthus abo3e 'e"hallenia. as by this means be-omin( islanders instead of inhabitants of the -ontinent. they mi(ht in@ure the land of the *a-edaemonians by their maritime eG-ursions) But !anti-lus eGhorted them both to bury !essene and their hatred of the *a-edaemonians in obli3ion. and told them. that by sailin( to =ardus. they mi(ht "ossess an island the (reatest of all others. and the first in feli-ity) In the mean time $naGilas sent to the !essenians. and offered them a residen-e in Italy) This $naGilas rei(ned o3er ,he(ium. and #as the (reat (randson of $l-idamidas) But $l-idamidas mi(rated from !essene to ,he(ium. after the death of kin( $ristodemus. and the -a"ture of Ithome) This $naGilas. therefore. "ersuaded the !essenians to settle #ith him. and told them on their arri3al. that there #as a disa(reement bet#een him and the Lan-laei. #ho "ossessed a 3ery deli(htful -ountry. and a -ity situated in a 3ery -on3enient "art of =i-ily) /e added that if he should -onDuer this -ountry. he #ould (i3e it to them) $fter the !essenians had a""ro3ed this intention. $naGilas "assed o3er #ith them into =i-ily) Lan-le #as at first infested #ith robbers> and as the -ountry #as situated in a desert. the robbers in-losed #ith a #all all the "arts about the "ort. and built a -astle. by means of #hi-h they mi(ht both assault "ersons at sea. and defend themsel3es #hen they #ere assaulted) Their leaders #ere the =amian 'rataemenes. and Perieres of 'hal-is. #ho a""ear to ha3e after#ards -oloniIed others of the Greeks) $nd then. indeed. $naGilas 3anDuished the Lan-laei in a na3al battle. and the !essenians in a land en(a(ement) But the Lan-laeans bein( after#ards besie(ed by the !essenians by land. and the ,he(inians by sea. and ha3in( their #all thro#n do#n. fled to the altars ad tem"les of the (ods) $naGilas. therefore. as this #as the -ase. ordered the !essenians to -ut off the su""liant Lan-laeans. and to make sla3es of the rest. to(ether #ith their #i3es and -hildren) Gor(os. ho#e3er. and !anti-lus entreated $naGilas not to -om"el them to a-t in the same im"ious manner to#ards the Greeks. as their kindred had a-ted to#ards them) $fter this. therefore. the Lan-laeans risin( from the altars. and oaths bein( (i3en on both sides. the "la-e -ame to be inhabited by both in -ommon) But the name of the -ity #as -han(ed. and -alled !essene. instead of Lan-le) These e3ents ha""ened in the t#enty7ninth 9lym"iad. in #hi-h 'hionis *a-on #as the se-ond time 3i-tor. and !iltiades #as the $thenian ar-hon) But !anti-lus raised a tem"le of /er-ules for the !essenians> and at "resent there is a tem"le of the (od beyond the #alls. #hi-h they -all /er-ules !anti-lus+ @ust as #ith res"e-t to $mmon in *ibya. and Belus in Babylon. the latter of these #as denominated from the &(y"tian Belus the son of *ybe. and the former from a she"herd #ho founded the tem"le) $nd su-h #as the end of the #anderin(s of the eGiled !essenians) 1ha)ter 220! In the mean time $ristomenes. as he did not -hoose to take the -ommand of the ne# -olony. married his sister $(na(ora to TharyG in Phe(alia. and the eldest of his dau(hters to 0amothoidas *e"reate. and the neGt to her to Theo"om"us /eraeensis) $fter this. he #ent to 0el"hos to -onsult the ora-le) $nd the ans#er. indeed. #hi-h $ristomenes re-ei3ed is not kno#n+ but the Pythian deity ordered 0ama(etus ,hodius kin( of Ialysus (#ho -ame to $"ollo to inDuire #hat #oman he should marry) to marry the dau(hter of the best of the Greeks) 0ama(etus. therefore. married the third dau(hter of $ristomenes. as he -onsidered her father by far the best of all the Greeks that eGisted at that "eriod) But $ristomenes -ame to ,hodes #ith his dau(hter. and after#ards "ro"osin( to "ass o3er from then-e to $rdys the son of Gy(es. and to &-batana to kin( Phraortes. he

#as seiIed #ith a disease. and died before he #as able to a--om"lish his desi(n) The *a-edaemonians. therefore. #ere freed from any further molestation throu(h $ristomenes+ and 0ama(etus. and the ,hodians. raised an illustrious monument to his memory. and "aid him from that time all the honours #hi-h he deser3ed) But here I shall "ass o3er the "arti-ulars relati3e to those "ersons #ho are -alled in ,hodes the 0ia(oridae. be-ause they ori(inated from 0ia(oras the son of 0ama(etus. the (randson of 0oreus. and the (reat (randson of 0ama(etus and the dau(hter of $ristomenes> and this. lest I should a""ear to #rite about thin(s #hi-h do not -on-ern the "resent history) The *a-edaemonians. then. as soon as they had subdued !essenia. di3ided all the -ountry amon(st themsel3es. eG-e"t the land of the $sinaei+ but they (a3e !othone to the %au"lienses. #ho a little before this had been dri3en from %au"lia by the $r(i3es) =u-h of the !essenians ho#e3er. as remained in the land. and #ho #ere "la-ed from ne-essity amon( the /ilotes. re3olted a se-ond time from the *a-edasmonians in the t#enty7ninth 9lym"iad. in #hi-h 1eno"hon 3anDuished the 'orinthians. and #hen $r-himedes #as the $thenian ar-hon) But they re3olted on the follo#in( a--ount+ =ome of the *a-edaemonians. #ho #ere -ondemned to death for a -ertain -rime. fled in a su""liant manner to Taenarus> but here the -hief of the &"hori tore them from the altar. and "ut them to death) $nd the ="artans. for this 3iolation of su""liants in the tem"le of %e"tune. eG"erien-ed the an(er of the (od. by the entire sub3ersion of their -ity) 0urin( the time of this -alamity. therefore. su-h of the an-ient /ilotae amon( the !essenians as remained. mi(rated to the mountain Ithome) But the *a-edaemonians sent a(ainst them. amon( their other allies. 'imon the son of !iltiades. #ho #as "ubli-ly their friend. and a band of $thenians) The $thenians. ho#e3er. #ere no sooner arri3ed. than they #ere sus"e-ted by the ="artans as dis"osed to inno3ation. and in -onseDuen-e of this sus"i-ion #ere re-alled by them from Ithome) But the $thenians. as soon as they "er-ei3ed that they #ere sus"e-ted by the *a-edaemonians. be-ame friends #ith the $r(i3es on this a--ount. and (a3e to the !essenians. #ho in the sie(e of Ithome had been dismissed on -ertain -onditions. %au"a-tus for a "la-e of abode. and #hi-h had been taken from those *o-rians #ho at $etolia are -alled 9Iolae) This -ountry be-ame a "la-e of safety to the !essenians that left Ithome> and at the same time the Pythian deity announ-ed to the *a-edaemonians. that they #ould be "unished if they in@ured the su""liants of Cu"iter Ithomatas) In -onseDuen-e of this. the *a-edaemonians dismissed them from Pelo"onnesus. on -ertain -onditions) 1ha)ter 22! But the !essenians. thou(h they #ere in "ossession of %au"a-tus. #ere not satisfied #ith the en@oyment of a -ity and -ountry the (ift of the $thenians. but had a stron( desire of obtainin( #ith their o#n hands somethin( #orthy of reno#n) /en-e. on findin( that the 9eneada. #ho belon(ed to the $-arnanes. "ossessed a fertile -ountry. and that they #ere the "er"etual enemies of the $thenians. they dire-ted their for-es a(ainst them) The !essenians indeed. #ere not more in number than the 9eneada. but they #ere mu-h su"erior to them in 3alour) In -onseDuen-e of this. therefore. they 3anDuished them in battle. and after#ards. dri3in( them #ithin their #alls. besie(ed their -ity) /ere the !essenians. not omittin( anythin( #hi-h has been in3ented for the "ur"oses of a sie(e. "la-ed ladders a(ainst the #alls. #hi-h they undermined> and at the same time em"loyed all the ma-hines #hi-h -ould be -onstru-ted in so short a time) $ "art of the #all therefore bein( thro#n do#n. the inhabitants #ere afraid lest. if the -ity should be taken. they should be slain. and their #i3es and -hildren ensla3ed> and in -onseDuen-e of this made a lea(ue. and abandoned the -ity) This "la-e #as "ossessed by the !essenians for the s"a-e of one year> but in the follo#in( year the $-arnanes ha3in( -olle-ted an army from all their -ities. determined u"on #arrin( on %au"a-tus) This hasty resolution #as ho#e3er laid aside. #hen they "er-ei3ed that they must mar-h throu(h the $etolians. #ith #hom

they had been -ontinually at #ar> and besides this. they sus"e-ted. #hi-h #as really the -ase. that the %au"a-ti #ere fittin( out a fleet. and as these "eo"le #ere in "ossession of the sea. that they should not be able to a--om"lish anythin( -onsiderable by en(a(in( #ith them either by sea or land) In -onseDuen-e of this. -han(in( their dei(n. they immediately turned their for-es a(ainst the !essenians in 9eniadae> and for this "ur"ose "re"ared e3erythin( "ro"er for the sie(e> for they -ould not su""ose. that su-h a handful of men #ould dare to en(a(e an army -om"osed of all the $-arnanes) The !essenians. on the other hand. thou(h they had -olle-ted to(ether a Duantity of -orn. and other thin(s ne-essary for "ersons besie(ed. and for a sie(e of lon( duration. determined. before they #ere surrounded by the enemy. to en(a(e in o"en fi(ht> as they did not think it by any means "ro"er. that they #ho #ere not inferior to the *a-edaemonians in -oura(e. thou(h they #ere less fortunate. should be terrified at the multitude of the a""roa-hin( $-arnanians) They like#ise -alled to mind the illustrious a-hie3ement of the $thenians at !arathon. #here three hundred thousand !edes #ere -ut off by only thirty thousand $thenians) They therefore dre# u" in order of battle a(ainst the $-arnanes. and the manner of the fi(ht is said to ha3e been as follo#s+ The $-arnanes. as far eG-ellin( the !essenians in number. surrounded them on all sides. eG-e"t in that "art #here they #ere "re3ented by the (ates at the ba-k of the !essenians. and #here the !essenians #ere defended by their o#n "eo"le from the #alls) Both the sides. ho#e3er. of the !essenian army #ere en-losed and 3i(orously atta-ked by the $-arnanes> but the !essenians rushin( on the enemy in -olle-ted troo"s. disordered one "art of their for-es. destroyed another "art. and #ounded many) %ot#ithstandin( this. they #ere not able to "ut the enemy to fli(ht. be-ause. #here3er -ertain of the $-arnanes "er-ei3ed their ranks #ere broken by the !essenians. there runnin( to the assistan-e of their disordered troo"s. they hindered. by their multitude. the !essenians from entirely subduin( them) $nd #hen the !essenians. bein( re"ulsed. a(ain endea3oured to -ut off the "halanG of the $-arnanes. their 3i-tory #as im"eded in the same manner as before> for others #ere ready #ith their assistan-e. and re"ulsed them by their numbers. so that they #ere obli(ed. thou(h un#illin(ly. to yield to the multitude of the $-arnanes) The battle. therefore. remained on eDual terms till the e3enin(+ and in the ni(ht #hi-h follo#ed. the $r-arnanes. ha3in( re-ei3ed assistan-e from their -ities. besie(ed the !essenians. #ho had retired #ithin their #alls) $nd the !essenians. indeed. #ere by no means afraid. either that their #alls #ould be taken. or that they should be 3anDuished by the desertion of their (uards+ but this #as the sub@e-t of their affli-tion. that all their ne-essary su""lies had been eGhausted #ithin the ei(hth month) /o#e3er. they deluded the $r-arnanes from the #alls. by tellin( them that. if the sie(e #ere to last for ten years. they should not be in #ant of "ro3isions> and durin( the first hours of rest. -ame se-retly out of 9eniadae. but not #ithout bein( obser3ed by the $r-arnanes) $n en(a(ement therefore ensuin(. they lost about three hundred of their o#n for-es. and sle# a (reater number of the enemy) $fter#ards the (reater "art of them made their #ay throu(h the $-ar-anes> and "assin( throu(h the -ountry of the $etolians. #ith #hom they #ere u"on ami-able terms. arri3ed safe at %au"a-tus) 1ha)ter 22!0 <rom this time the !essenians entertained the most 3iolent hatred a(ainst the *a-edaemonians> and this hatred sho#ed itself in the most remarkable de(ree durin( the #ar bet#een the Pelo"onnesians and $thenians) <or %au"a-tus #as a 3ery -on3enient re-e"ta-le for the $thenians in their #ar #ith the Pelo"onnesians> and the !essenian slin(ers from %au"a-tus. to(ether #ith the $thenians. sle# the ="artans that #ere o""ressed at ="ha-teria) But as the $thenians #ere 3anDuished at $e(os"otamos. so the *a-edaemonians dro3e the !essenians from %au"a-tus after they had -onDuered them in

a na3al en(a(ement) In -onseDuen-e. therefore. of this eG"ulsion. some of them mi(rated to =i-ily to their kindred. and to ,he(ium> but the (reater "art of them #ent to *ibya. and to the &ues"eritae. a "eo"le of *ibya) <or the &ues"eritae ha3in( been in@ured in #ar by the Barbarians their nei(hbours. asso-iated #ith all that bore a Gre-ian name) But the !essenians had for their leader. in this eG"edition. 'omon. #ho #as their -ommander at ="ha-teria) 9ne year. therefore. "rior to the 3i-tory of the Thebans in *eu-tra. a di3ine "o#er si(nified to the !essenians that they should return to Pelo"onnesus) <or the !essenians re"ort. that the "riest of /er-ules. near the sea. sa# in a dream /er-ules. #ho is -alled !anti-lus. hos"itably in3ited by Cu"iter to the mountain home) But 'omon. #hen he #as amon( the &ues"eritae. dreamed that he had -onne-tion #ith the dead body of his mother. and that by this means she -ame to life a(ain) $nd 'omon. indeed. #as in ho"es of bein( able to make a des-ent u"on %au"a-tus. as the $thenians #ere 3ery "o#erful by sea) The dream. ho#e3er. si(nified. that !essene #ould be re-o3ered a(ain) <or. not lon( after. it ha""ened that the *a-edaemonians at *eu-tra suffered the misfortune #hi-h #as their due from a more an-ient "eriod) <or an ora-le #as (i3en to $ristodemus #hen he rei(ned o3er the !essenians. the last 3erse of #hi-h #as to this effe-t+ E$-t in a "ro"er manner> for <ate no# ur(es these. and no# those)E The ora-le therefore si(nified that the !easenian affairs #ould at that time be badly -ondu-ted. but that after#ards *a-edaemonia #ould in its turn be o""ressed by destiny) The Thebans. therefore. bein( then 3i-tors at *eu-tra. sent messen(ers to Italy. =i-ily. and the &ues"eritae. and to e3ery other "la-e #here the !essenians had fled for refu(e. desirin( them to return to Pelo"onnesus) The !essenians. indeed. on re-ei3in( this messa(e. assembled to(ether #ith more -elerity than -ould be su""osed. throu(h a desire of a(ain "ossessin( their nati3e -ountry. and in -onseDuen-e of their eternal hatred of the *a-edaemonians) But &"aminondas #as doubful #here it #ould be "ro"er for them to fiG their "la-e of abode. as it did not seem by any means easy to build a -ity suffi-iently #ell fortified a(ainst the *a-edaemonians. and there did not a""ear to be any "la-e in !essene ada"ted to this "ur"ose) <or the !essenians #ere un#illin( to fiG their residen-e either in $ndania or 9e-halia. be-ause in both these "la-es they had been o""ressed by the hand of misfortune) $s &"aminondas therefore. #as hesitatin( ho# to a-t in this -ase. they re"ort that an old man. #ho had 3ery mu-h the a""earan-e of an hiero"hant. stood before him in the ni(ht. and said. 44To you. indeed. I (i3e 3i-tory in e3ery en(a(ement> and throu(h my means. 9 Theban. you shall neither be nameless. nor #ithout (lory amon( men) But do you lead ba-k the !essenians to their "aternal land and -ities> for the an(er of the 0ios-uri a(ainst them is no# a""eased)E $nd su-h #as his s"ee-h to &"aminondas) But &"iteles the son of $es-hynes. #hom the $r(i3es -hose for thir (eneral. and the restorer of !essene. #as -ommanded in a dream to di( u" that "art of the earth in Ithome. #hi-h #as situated bet#een a ye#7tree and a myrtle. and take out of a braIen bed7 -hamber #hi-h he #ould find there. an old #oman #orn out #ith her -onfinement. and almost dead) &"iteles. therefore. as soon as it #as day. #ent to the "la-e #hi-h had been des-ribed to him in the dream. and du( u" a braIen #ater7"ot) This he immediately took to &"aminondas. #ho. #hen he had heard the dream. ordered him to remo3e the -o3er. and see #hat it -ontained) &"iteles. therefore. as soon as he had sa-rifi-ed. and "rayed to the (od #ho had (i3en the dream. o"ened the #ater7"ot. and found in it a thin "late rolled u" like a book. and in #hi-h the mysteries of the mi(hty (oddesses #ere #ritten) This #as the se-ret #hi-h $ristomenes had buried in that "la-e+ and they re"ort. that the "erson #ho #as seen by &"iteles and &"aminondas in a dream. #as 'au-on. #ho formerly -ame from $thens to $ndania. in order to de"osit -ertain ar-ana #ith !essene the dau(hter of Trio"as)

1ha)ter 22!00 The #rath of the sons of Tyndareus a(ainst the !essenians. #hi-h ori(inated "rior to the battle at =teny-lerus. took "la-e. as far as I -an -on@e-ture. from the follo#in( -ause+ T#o youths of $ndania. Panormus and Goni""us. #ho #ere both beautiful in their "ersons. and (reatly atta-hed to ea-h other by the -orres"onden-e of their dis"osition and "ursuits. used to make mutual eG-ursions into *a-onia. for the "ur"ose of -ommittin( de"redations in the ="artan dominions) It so ha""ened. that the *a-edaemonians. #ho #ere -elebratin( a festi3al in honour of the 0ios-uri. #ere amusin( themsel3es in their -am"s after the feast #ith drinkin( and s"ort) $t this time Goni""us and Panormus. -lothed in #hite (arments and "ur"le -loaks. and ridin( on most beautiful horses. #ith hats on their heads. and s"ears in their hands. sho#ed themsel3es uneG"e-tedly to the *a-edaemonians) But the *a-edaemonians. as soon as they sa# themi. re3eren-ed and "rayed to them. su""osin( them to be the 0ios-uri. #ho #ere -ome to 3isit their sa-rifi-e) The youths. ho#erer. as soon as they #ere min(led amon( the ="artans. made a (reat slau(hter of them #ith their s"ears> and ha3in( treated the sa-rifi-e to the 0ios-uri #ith (reat -ontem"t. returned to $ndania) $nd this. as it a""ears to me. led the 0ios-uri to a hatred of the !essenians) But then. as the dream e3in-ed to &"aminondas. the return of the !essenians to their nati3e -ountry #as not -ontrary to the #ill of the 0ios-uri) The ora-les of Ba-is. ho#e3er. "arti-ularly indu-ed &"aminondas to the -oloniIation of the !essenians) <or Ba-is. #ho #as a(itated #ith di3ine fury from the %ym"hs. "oured forth ora-les for 3arious Gre-ian -ities. and deli3ered the follo#in( -on-ernin( the restoration of the !essenians+ EThe s"lendid flo#er of ="arta then shall fade> $nd all !essene. throu(h the #hole of time. =hall #ith inhabitants a(ain be fill4d)E I also find. that the manner in #hi-h Ira #as taken #as "redi-ted by Ba-is> and the follo#in( is a "art of his "redi-tions+ EThose of !essene tamed throu(h loud u"roar. $nd fountains lea"in( #ith im"etuous streams)E $nd that they found their mysteries. is asserted by -ertain "ersons of the family of the "riests. as may be seen in their #ritin(s) But &"aminondas. as soon as the "la-e #hi-h is no# the -ity of the !essenians. a""eared to him ada"ted for the "ur"ose. desired the "ro"hets to learn #hether the (ods #ere #illin( that this should be the residen-e of the !essenians) $nd #hen the "ro"hets informed him that the 3i-tims #are aus"i-ious. he "re"ared e3erythin( ne-essary for raisin( a -ity> ordered stones to be brou(ht> and took -are that men should be "ro-ured #ho #ere skilful in -uttin( out narro# "assa(es. in buildin( houses and tem"les. and in surroundin( the -ity #ith #alls) $fter#ards. #hen e3erythin( #as "ro"erly finished (as the $r-adians brou(ht 3i-tims to this "la-e). &"aminondas. and all the Thebans. sa-rifi-ed to Ba--hus and Ismenian $"ollo. after the manner established by la#> the $r(i3es to $r(i3e Cuno and %emean Cu"iter> the !essenians to Cu"iter Ithomatas and the 0ios-uri> and the "riests themsel3es to the mi(hty (oddesses and 'au-on) But they in3oked the heroes in -ommon to return and d#ell #ith them. es"e-ially !essene the dau(hter of Trio"as> after#ards &urytus. $"hareus. and their sons> and of the "osterity of /er-ules. 'res"hontes and $e"ytus) But $ristomenes #as re-alled by all of them in the most eminent de(ree) That day. therefore. #as s"ent by them in sa-rifi-es and "rayers) But on the follo#in( days they raised the #all and built #ithin it houses and tem"les) $nd all this #as a--om"anied #ith no other musi- than the Boeotian and $r(i3e "i"es+ and the melody of

=a-adas and Pronomos then first be(an to be mostly ado"ted) To the -ity itself. too. they (a3e the name of !essene. and rebuilt other small to#ns) But the %au"lienses #ere not e@e-ted from !othone> and the $sinaei #ere suffered to remain in their o#n dominions) <or the !essenians -alled to mind the kindness of these "eo"le. in not -onsentin( to #ar in -on@un-tion #ith the *a-edaemonians a(ainst them) But as to the %au"lienses. the !essenians -ontinually "rayed for their "ros"erity. be-ause they had enabled them by their (ift to return to Pelo"onnesus) The !essenians. therefore. -ame to Pelo"onnesus. and re-o3ered their an-ient "rero(ati3es. t#o hundred and ei(hty7se3en years after the -a"ture of Ira. #hen 0ys-inetus #as the $thenian ar-hon. and in the third year of the one hundred and se-ond 9lym"iad. in #hi-h 0amon the Thurian #as a se-ond time 3i-tor) It #as not. therefore. by any means a short time. durin( #hi-h the Plataeenses #ere eGiled from their -ountry> nor yet that in #hi-h the 0elians inhabited $dramyttium. after they #ere dri3en from their o#n lands by the $thenians) $nd the 9r-homenian !inyae. indeed. #ho. after the battle at *eu-tra. #ere dri3en by the Thebans from 9r-homenus. #ere a(ain brou(ht ba-k to Boeotia. to(ether #ith the Plataeenses. by Phili" the son of $myntas) But the Thebans. #ho #ere de"ri3ed of their -ity by $leGander. #ere. not many years after. restored to their -ountry by 'assander the son of $nti"ater) It a""ears. ho#e3er. that of the "eo"le #e ha3e @ust enumerated. the Plataeenses #ere de"ri3ed of their -ountry for the lon(est time> and yet this time did not eG-eed the s"a-e of t#o years) But the !essenians #ere eGiled from Pelo"onnesus for nearly three hundred years> durin( #hi-h time they neither ado"ted the manners of forei(n nations. nor -han(ed their 0ori- diale-t. but e3en to the "resent day ha3e "reser3ed its idiom the most a--urately of all the Pelo"onnesians) 1ha)ter 22!000 The !essenians. after their return. #ere at first undisturbed by the *a-edaemonians. be-ause the *a-edaemonians #ere restrained from any hostile attem"ts throu(h fear of the Thebans of !essene. #hi-h #as no# restored. and of the $r-adians #ho #ere -olle-ted into one -ity) But as soon as the Pho-ensian #ar. #hi-h is -alled the =a-red ar. dre# the Thebans out of Pelo"onnesus. then the *a-edaemonians #ere no lon(er able to resist the darin( -onfiden-e #hi-h ur(ed them to #ar on the !essenians) The !essenians ho#e3er in -on@un-tion #ith the $r(i3es and $r-adians. o""osed them. and demanded for this "ur"ose the assistan-e of the $thenians+ but the $thenians de-lared. that they #ould by no means enter into the ="artan dominions in -on@un-tion #ith them in a hostile manner> but that. if the *a-edaemonians be(an the #ar u"on !essene. they #ould not then be #antin( to (i3e the !essenians assistan-e) $nd in the end. the !essenians @oined to themsel3es in the #ar Phili" the son of $myntas. and kin( of the !a-edonians) This they assi(n as the reason #hy they did "artake #ith the Greeks of that (eneral en(a(ement in 'haeronea> at the same time that they #ere 3ery far from e3er intendin( to #ar u"on the Greeks) But $leGander dyin(. and the Greeks a se-ond time takin( u" arms a(ainst the !a-edonians. the !essenians @oined #ith them in the #ar. as #e ha3e already sho#n in our a--ount of the $tti- affairs) The !essenians. ho#e3er. did not fi(ht in -on@un-tion #ith the Greeks a(ainst the Galatae. as they #ere un#illin( to enter into a lea(ue #ith 'leonymus and the *a-edaemonians) But not lon( after the !essenians took &lis. throu(h the #isdom of their "lans. in -on@un-tion #ith s"irited atta-ks) <or the &leans #ere from the earliest times the most eDuitable of all the Pelo"onnesians> and Phili" the son of $myntas affli-tin( Gree-e #ith the -alamities #hi-h #e ha3e before enumerated. -orru"ted the "rin-i"al "ersons amon( the &leans #ith his (ifts> and by this means first -aused the &leans. as they re"ort. to be in3ol3ed in a -i3il #ar) But as soon as this #as the -ase. and the *a-edaemonians had learned the -ondition of the affairs of the &leans. they immediately "re"ared to send them assistan-e. as their allies> and in -onseDuen-e of this #ere busily em"loyed in

formin( their troo"s into order. and di3idin( them into "ro"er bands) In the mean time. -hosen for-es of the !essenians. to the number of a thousand men. armed #ith *a-edemonian shields. -ame to &lis> and as soon as the &leans "er-ei3ed the ="artan shields. they su""osed that some of their allies #ere -ome to their assistan-e. and re-ei3ed the men #ithin the #alls) The !essenians. therefore. ha3in( (ained the to#n after this manner. banished su-h of the inhabitants as adhered to the ="artan interest. and deli3ered the (o3ernment of the -ity to those of their o#n "arty) The "lan. indeed. #hi-h the !essenians ado"ted is a strata(em of /omer> for. in the 0liad. he re"resents Patro-lus as in3ested #ith the arms of $-hilles. and says. that the Barbarians thinkin( $-hilles had returned to the fi(ht. broke their ranks and fled) 9ther strata(ems. too. besides this. may be found in /omer> as #here t#o s"ies. instead of one. are sent from the Greeks in the ni(ht to the Tro@ans> and #here a man under the a""earan-e of an eGile. but in reality a s"y. -omes to Troy to eG"lore their se-ret desi(ns) $nd besides these. #here he re"resents su-h of the Tro@ans. as either throu(h youth or old a(e #ere in-a"able of bearin( arms. left in Troy to (uard the #alls. #hile. those in the 3i(our of their a(e #ere armed a(ainst the Greeks) In the -am"s of the Greeks. too. he informs us. that su-h as #ere #ounded retired from the field of battle. and. that they mi(ht not be unem"loyed. armed those #hose for-es #ere entire) $nd su-h are the uni3ersally benefi-ial eGam"les #hi-h may be found in /omer) 1ha)ter 2202 But not lon( after the -a"ture of &lis the !a-edonians and 0emetrius the son of Phili" and the (randson of 0emetrius. sub@e-ted !essene to their dominion) $nd many. indeed. of the darin( undertakin(s of Perseus a(ainst Phili" and 0emetrius #e ha3e related in our a--ount of the =i-yonian affairs) But the manner in #hi-h !essene #as taken #as as follo#s+ Phili" laboured under a #ant of money. to "ro-ure #hi-h. as it #as absolutely ne-essary for his affairs. he sent 0emetrius #ith some shi"s to Pelo"onnesus) 0emetrius. therefore. dro3e into a -ertain obs-ure "ort of the $r(i3es. and from then-e. by one of the shortest "assa(es. led an army to !essene) /ere "la-in( all the li(ht7armed troo"s #hi-h he then had #ith him in the front of the army. as he #as not i(norant of the road to Ithome. to#ards mornin( he as-ended the #alls. #hi-h #ere situated bet#een the -ity and the to#er of Ithome) $s soon as it #as day. therefore. and the !essenians "er-ei3ed their dan(er from the enemy bein( #ithin their #alls. they sus"e-ted at first that their -ity #as taken by the *a-edaemonians> so that. in -onseDuen-e of their an-ient hatred of the ="artans. they rushed on the enemy #ith unbounded fury) But #hen. from their arms and the sound of their 3oi-e. they kne# that they #ere !a-edonians. and 0emetrius the son of Phili" #as "resent. they #ere seiIed #ith a 3iolent dread. as they -onsidered #ith themsel3es that they should ha3e to en(a(e #ith !a-edonians. men #ho had made #ar their "arti-ular study. and had been fortunate in all their undertakin(s) $t the same time. ho#e3er. the ma(nitude of the "resent dan(er -alled forth their -oura(e. enabled them to eGert themsel3es e3en beyond their stren(th. and -aused them to ho"e for a "ros"erous issue of the "resent e3ent) <or they -onsidered. that they had not returned. after so lon( an inter3al. to Pelo"onnesus #ithout di3ine assistan-e) The !essenians. therefore. from the -ity rushed im"etuously on the !a-edonians. to(ether #ith those that (uarded the ri(ht hand "art of the to#er) In like manner. too. the !a-edonians. from their -oura(e and skill. defended themsel3es at first in the most strenuous manner> but after#ards. in -onseDuen-e of bein( #earied #ith their @ourney. 3i(orously atta-ked by the !essenian troo"s. and assaulted by the 3ery #omen. #ho thre# u"on them tiles and stones. they #ere -om"elled to fly #ithout order) $nd a (reat "art of them. indeed. #ere hurled headlon( from the "re-i"i-es (for Ithome in this "art is remarkably stee")> and a fe# only. thro#in( a#ay their arms. #ere sa3ed) But the !essenians. as it a""ears to me. did not @oin in -oun-il #ith the $-haians. be-ause. as

they had of their o#n a--ord assisted the *a-edaemonians in their #ar #ith Pyrrhus the son of $ea-ides. and #ere. in -onseDuen-e of this kindness. at "ea-e #ith them. they -onsidered that they mi(ht eG-ite the an-ient hatred of the *a-edaemonians by assistin( the -oun-il of the $-haians. #ho #ere the o"en enemies of the ="artans) This. too. #hi-h is not -on-ealed from me. #as doubtless ob3ious to the !essenians. that thou(h they should not aid the desi(ns of the $-haians. yet the $-haians #ould of themsel3es be the enemies of the *a-edaemonians) <or in the $-haian -onsultations the $r(i3es and $r-adians did not form the smallest "art) The !essenians. ho#e3er. in time. @oined themsel3es to the $-haians+ and not lon( after. 'leomenes the son of *eonidas. and the (randson of 'leonymus. took !e(alo"olis. a -ity of the $r-adians. and made #ith them a lastin( tru-e) hen this -ity #as taken. all the inhabitants that #ere then #ithin the #alls #ere -ut off. but su-h as fled #ith Philo"oemen the son of 'rau(is (for those that left !e(alo"olis are said to ha3e fled in t#o "arties). #ere re-ei3ed by the !essenians. as #ell in -onseDuen-e of their an-ient kindness durin( the time of $ristomenes. as that they mi(ht dis-har(e the obli(ations #hi-h they #ere under to them after#ards. #hen !essene #as restored) /uman affairs indeed. are sub@e-t to all7"ossible mutations+ for a di3ine "o#er -aused the !essenians to be the sa3iours in their turn of the $r-adians> and. #hat is still more unlikely. "ermitted the !essemans to take ="arta) <or #hen they fou(ht #ith 'leomenes at =ellasia. after the battle. in -on@un-tion #ith $ratus and the $-haians. they took ="arta) The *a-edaemonians. ho#e3er. bein( liberated by 'leomenes. the tyrant !a-hanidas be(an his rei(n> and he dyin(. %abis "ossessed the so3erei(n authority) But as this "rin-e not only seiIed on human "ro"erty. but "lundered tem"les themsel3es. in a short time he -olle-ted a "rodi(ious sum of money. and #ith it furnished an army) hen this %abis seiIed on !essene. Philo"oemen and the !e(alo"olitans #ere that 3ery ni(ht #ithin its #alls. by #hi-h means the tyrant #as -om"elled to de"art under -ertain sti"ulated -onditions) But the $-haians after this re3olted from the !essenians. #arred u"on them #ith all their for-es. and -onDuered many "arts of their dominions) %ot -ontent. too. #ith these hostilities. they a(ain in3aded !essene durin( the time of har3est+ but 0ino-rates. #ho then "resided o3er the -ommon#ealth. and by the suffra(es of the "eo"le -ommanded the army. seiIin( on the "assa(es into !essene from $r-adia. frustrated the desi(ns of *y-ortas and his army> and meetin( #ith the !essenians and their allies. for-ed him to retreat) The !essenians. too. -onDuered and took Philo"oemen. #ho -ame #ith a fe# horse a lon( time after the army of *y-ortas. and #ho had not heard #hether the !essenians #ere 3i-tors. or the -ontrary) But ho# Philo"oemen #as taken. and ho# he died. #e shall hereafter relate in our a--ount of the $r-adian affairs) Those !essenians. indeed. that o--asioned his death #ere "unished on this a--ount> and the !essenians a(ain -ontributed to the interest of the $-haians) $nd thus far I ha3e des-ribed the 3arious -alamities of the !essenians. and ho# a di3ine "o#er dro3e them from their o#n -ountry. and far from Pelo"onnesus. and a(ain brou(ht them ba-k to their "aternal land) It no# remains that my dis-ourse should be dire-ted to the -ountry itself and the -ities #hi-h it -ontains) 1ha)ter 222 $t the "resent time there is a -ity -alled $bia in !essene. #hi-h is near the sea. and is about t#enty stadia distant from the (ro3e 'hoerius) They re"ort. that this "la-e #as formerly -alled Ire. and is one of those se3en -ities #hi-h $(amemnon. a--ordin( to /omer. "romised to $-hilles) But /yllus and the 0orienses bein( 3anDuished in battle by the $-haians. they say. that $bia the nurse of /yllus. the son of /er-ules. mi(rated into Ire. and. ha3in( fiGed his residen-e in this "la-e. raised a tem"le to /er-ules. under the name of $bia) They add. that 'res"hontes after#ards. amon( other honours #hi-h he "aid to this #oman. -han(ed the name of the -ity and -alled it $bia) In this "la-e there

#as an illustrious tem"le of /er-ules and $es-ula"ius) Pharae. too. is distant from $bia about ei(hty stadia> and there is salt7#ater in the road) $u(ustus 'aesar ranked the !essenians in Pharae amon( those of a *a-oni- name) They like#ise re"ort. that Pharis. the son of !er-ury. and Philodamea the dau(hter of 0anaus. #as the builder of this -ity. and that Pharis had no male offs"rin( but had a dau(hter #hose name #as Tele(one) /omer. in the llliad. relates his des-endants in the follo#in( order+ that 0iodes had t#o sons. 'rethon and 9rtilo-hus> and that 0iodes himself des-ended from 9rtilo-hus the son of $l"heus) /e makes no mention. ho#e3er. of Tele(one> but. if #e attend to the relation of the !essenians. she #as the mother by $l"heus of 9rtilo-hus) This. too. I ha3e heard in Pharae. that besides these t#o sons. 0iodes had a dau(hter. #hose name #as $nti-lea> that from her. and !a-haon the son of $es-ula"ius. %i-oma-hus and Gor(asus des-ended> that these d#elt at Pharis. and after the death of 0iodes obtained the (o3ernment) They belie3e e3en at "resent. that "ersons diseased. or mutilated in any "art of their body. are healed by these t#o> and on this a--ount they sa-rifi-e to %i-oma-hus and Gor(asus in a tem"le. and -onse-rate to them sa-red (ifts) In Pharae. too. there is a tem"le of <ortune. and an an-ient statue) But /omer is the first I am a-Duainted #ith that mentions <ortune) <or in his hymn to 'eres. #here he enumerates the dau(hters of 9-ean. and "resents them as "layin( #ith Proser"ine. he ranks <ortune or Tyche also amon( these dau(hters. as is e3ident from the follo#in( 3erses+ 4494er %ysa4s beauteous mead I s"orta3e ro3ed> These my -om"anions> ea-h a lo3ely maidN *eu-i""e. Phaeno. and &le-tra fair. lantfae. Tyche. and #ith bloomin( fa-e 9-yroe)E 777 /e does not. ho#e3er. assert anythin( farther -on-ernin( her> as. that she is the (reatest of the di3inities in human affairs. and that she -onfers on mankind the (reatest stren(th> as he does in the 0liad #ith res"e-t to !iner3a and &nyo. that they are the leaders of #arriors> #ith res"e-t to 0iana. that she is dreadful to #omen in labour> and #ith res"e-t to Venus. that nu"tials are the ob@e-ts of her -are) But Bu"alus #as 3ery skillful in raisin( tem"les. and makin( the re"resentations of animals> and #as the first #e kno# of that made a statue of <ortune for the =myrnaeans. ha3in( a "ole on her head. and in one of her hands that #hi-h is -alled by the Greeks the horn of $malthea) $nd in this manner did he e3in-e the #orks of the (oddess) But Pindar after#ards eGhibited other "arti-ulars res"e-tin( <ortune. and -alled her Phere"olis. or the +ustainer of cities) 1ha)ter 2220 %ot from Pharae there is a (ro3e of $"ollo. #hi-h is -alled 'arneus. and in it fountain of #ater) But Pharae is distant from the sea about siG stadia) 9n "ro-eedin( from hen-e to the most inland "arts of !essene. at about the distan-e of ei(hty stadia. you #ill arri3e at the -ity Thuriatarae) They re"ort. that this -ity is -alled by /omer $nthea) But $u(ustus (a3e it to the *a-edaemonians in ="arta> for #hen he #arred on !ark $ntony. the !essenians #ith the other Greeks adhered to the "arty of $ntony> but the *a-edaemonians #ere on the side of $u(ustus) /en-e. $u(ustus bein( 3i-tor in this #ar. "unished both the !essenians and others that o""osed him. some in a li(hter. and others in a more se3ere de(ree) But the Thuriatae. #ho formerly d#elt on a lofty hill. des-ended into the "lain. and there fiGed their "la-e of abode) They did not. ho#e3er. entirely lea3e the u""er -ity> for the ruins of the #alls yet remain. and a tem"le. #hi-h is denominated the tem"le of the =yrian (oddess) $ ri3er. too. -alled $ris. flo#s throu(h the -ity in the "lain) $nd in the most inland "art there is a 3illa(e -alled 'alamae. and a "la-e

denominated *imnea> in #hi-h last there is a tem"le of *imnatis 0iana+ and they re"ort. that Tele-lus. #hen he rei(ned o3er the ="artans. met #ith his death in this "la-e) 9n lea3in( Thuria. and dire-tin( your -ourse as it #ere to $r-adia. you #ill see the fountains of the ri3er Pamisus. #hose #aters -ure the diseases of -hildren) But on de"artin( from these fountains to the distan-e of siGty stadia. on the left hand. you #ill see a -ity of the !essenians under Ithome) This -ity not only -om"rehends Ithome. but like#ise those "arts #hi-h lie under the mountain &3a. to#ards Pamisus) This mountain. from the noise of the Ba--hae. #as -alled &uoe> and they re"ort. that Ba--hus himself. and the #omen that follo#ed him. first made use of the eG-lamation &uoe in this "la-e) But the #all #hi-h surrounds !essene is #holly built of stone> and to#ers and "la-es of defen-e are raised u"on it #here3er it is ne-essary) The Babylonian #alls. indeed. and those that are -alled !emnonian in =usa. I ne3er sa#. nor ha3e I heard from any one that has seen them any "arti-ulars about them) But the -ities #hi-h I ha3e seen fortified #ith #alls are in $mbrysos. Pho-i-a. ByIantium. and ,hodes> yet these are not to be -om"ared #ith the #alls of !essene) In the forum of the !essenians there is a statue of Cu"iter the =a3iour. and a fountain -alled $rsinoe. from the dau(hter of *eu-i""us) ater flo#s into this from a fountain #hi-h they -all 'le"sydra) There are like#ise t#o tem"les here. one of %e"tune. and the other of Venus> and. #hi-h deser3es to be "arti-ularly mentioned. a statue of the !other of the Gods. of Parian stone. #hi-h #as the #ork of 0ama"hon) This same 0ama"hon a--urately @oined to(ether the statue of Cu"iter in 9lym"ia> and he is mu-h honoured by the &leans) That. too. #hi-h the !essenians -all *a"hria #as made by 0ama"hon+ and they re"ort that it -ame to be 3enerated on the follo#in( a--ount+ The 0iana of the 'alydonians (for they "arti-ularly 3enerate this (oddess) is -alled *a"hria> and the !essenians. at the time that they re-ei3ed %au"a-tus from the $thenians. bordered on the $etolians) Then. indeed. the name *a"hria #as alone usur"ed by the !essenians. and the Patrenses from amon( the $-haians) But all -ities -all 0iana &"hesia> and men "ri3ately honour this (oddess beyond all the di3inities) The -ause of this. as it a""ears to me. is the reno#n of the $maIons. #ho. a--ordin( to re"ort. dedi-ated a statue to the (oddess. and built this her most an-ient tem"le) There are like#ise three other "arti-ulars besides these. #hi-h -ontribute to her fame> the ma(nitude of the tem"le. #hi-h sur"asses that of any other stru-ture raised by human hands> the flourishin( state of the -ity of the &"hesians> and the s"lendour of the (oddess) The !essenians also ha3e a tem"le of *u-ina. and a stone statue of this di3inity) The tem"le of the 'uretes is near this. in #hi-h they sa-rifi-e all animals in a similar manner+ for be(innin( #ith oGen and (oats. they des-end to birds. #hi-h they -ast into the flames) They ha3e like#ise a holy tem"le of 'eres> and statues of the 0ios-uri. for-ibly takin( a#ay the dau(hters of *eu-i""us) Indeed. I ha3e already related. that there is a dis"ute bet#een the !essenians and *a-edaemonians. -on-ernin( the "la-e in #hi-h the 0ios-uri #ere born) <or the !essenians say. that they #ere born in their -ity) But the tem"le of $es-ula"ius. amon( the !essenians. -ontains the (reatest number of statues. and the most #orthy of ins"e-tion) <or the statue of the (od is se"arate from the statues of his offs"rin(> and the statues of $"ollo. the !uses. and /er-ules. are se"arate from ea-h other) They ha3e. besides these. re"resentations of the -ity of the Thebans of &"aminondas the son of Polymnis. of <ortune. and li(ht7bearin( 0iana) 9f these. su-h as are made of stone are the "rodu-tions of 0ama"hon. #ho is the only artifi-er amon( the !essenians that deser3es to be mentioned) The statue of &"aminondas is made of iron> and #as the #ork of some other artist. and not of 0ama"hon) There is also a tem"le of !essene the dau(hter of Trio"as. and a statue of (old and Parian stone) But there are "i-tures. in the ba-k "art of the tem"le. of all the !essenian kin(s "rior to the military eG"edition of the 0orienses into Pelo"onnesus. 3iI) of $"hareus and his sons) $mon(

those. too. that #ere -elebrated after the return of the -hildren of /er-ules. 'res"hontes is re"resented. #ho #as one of the leaders of the 0orienses> but of those that d#elt in Pylus. %estor. and his sons Thrasymedes and $ntilo-hus> for these are honoured beyond all the -hildren of %estor. both on a--ount of their a(e. and be-ause they fou(ht in the Tro@an #ar) There is also a "aintin( of *eu-i""us the brother of $"hareus. of /ilaria and Phoebe. and. to(ether #ith these. of $rsinoe) $nd besides all these there is a "i-ture of $es-ula"ius. #ho. a--ordin( to the !essenians. #as the son of $rsinoe. and of his sons !a-haon and Podalirius. be-ause these t#o en(a(ed in the Tro@an #ar) $ll these "i-tures #ere "ainted by 9m"halion. the dis-i"le of %i-ias the son of %i-omedes> and. a--ordin( to some. this 9m"halion #as the ser3ant of %i-ias. and at the same time the ob@e-t of his lo3e) 1ha)ter 22200 $(ain. the "la-e #hi-h is -alled by the !essenians /ierothysion. or the tem"le of 3i-tims. -ontains the statues of all the (ods #hi-h are #orshi"ed by the Greeks and a braIen ima(e of &"aminondas) It -ontains like#ise braIen tri"ods. #hi-h /omer -alls destitute of fire) But the statues of !er-ury. /er-ules. and Theseus. #hi-h are in the (ymnasium. #ere made by -ertain &(y"tians+ for all the Greeks. and many barbarous nations. ha3e these in their (ymnasia. and honour them in their "la-es of #restlin() $mon( these statues. too. I find $ethidas. #ho #as a man older than myself. and #as honoured by the !essenians. as if he had been a hero. be-ause he #as remarkably ri-h) =ome of the !essenians. ho#e3er. thou(h they a-kno#led(e that $ethidas #as 3ery ri-h. yet deny that the statue #hi-h stands on a "illar is the statue of this $ethidas. but assert. that it is the re"resentation of the an-estor of $ethidas. and #ho bore the same name) They further add. that this more an-ient $ethidas #as the (eneral of the !essenians. #hen 0emetrius the son of Phili" suddenly and se-retly entered !essene #ith an army) In the same (ymnasium. too. there is a monument of $ristomenes. #hi-h. ho#e3er. they say. is em"ty+ and on my inDuirin( ho# the bones of $ristomenes #ere brou(ht hither. they informed me. that they #ere brou(ht to this tomb by the -ommand of the Pythian deity> and besides this. they eG"lained to me in #hat manner they sa-rifi-ed on his tomb. #hi-h is as follo#s+ The bull #hi-h is destined to the sa-rifi-e is bound to a "illar not far from the se"ul-hre> and as he is fier-e and una--ustomed to bonds. he endea3ours to make his es-a"e) hile. therefore. he is stru((lin( and lea"in( in order to effe-t his deli3eran-e. if the "illar is mo3ed by the a(itation. the !essenians -onsider it as a "ros"erous omen+ but if the "illar stands unmo3ed. they inter"ret it as "ortendin( them some -alamity) They farther add. that $ristomenes. after he -eased to rank amon( men. #as "resent at the battle of *eu-tra. assisted the Thebans. and #as the "rin-i"al -ause of the (reat loss #hi-h the *a-edaemonians re-ei3ed) I kno#. indeed. that the 'haldeans. and !a(i of the Indians. #ere the first that asserted the soul of man #as immortal> and this o"inion #as embra-ed by some of the Greeks. and "arti-ularly by Plato the son of $riston) $nd if all men #ere #illin( to admit this as a truth. it mi(ht 3ery readily be belie3ed that the hatred of $ristomenes to#ards the *a-edaemonians #ould last for e3er) Indeed. #hat I on-e heard amon( the Thebans -ontains somethin( "robable res"e-tin( the !essenian affairs. thou(h it does not entirely a(ree #ith #hat the !essenians relate) The Thebans therefore say. that #hen the battle at *eu-tra #as @ust -ommen-in(. they sent to -onsult. amon( other ora-les. that #hi-h is (i3en by the di3inity in *ebadea) /en-e the ora-les are s"oken of #hi-h #ere (i3en at Ismenus. Ptous. $ba. and 0el"hos> and they re"ort. that Tro"honius s"oke in the follo#in( heGameter 3erses+ E&re at the enemy you hurl your s"ear. $ tro"hy raise. and here my shield adorn.

hi-h $ristomenes. th4 im"etuous. fiG4d ithin the tem"le> for my "o#er shall break The ranks of shield7defended. hostile men)E $fter this ora-le #as (i3en. they say that &"aminondas entreated 1eno-rates to send for the shield of $ristomenes. and that he #ould adorn a tro"hy #ith it. in a "la-e #here it mi(ht be beheld by the *a-edaemonians) =ome of the *a-edaemonians. therefore. kno# that the shield of $ristomenes is fiGed in *ebadea. as it has been seen by them #hen they #ere at "ea-e #ith the !essenians> but all of them ha3e heard that it is fiGed in this "la-e) But as soon as the Thebans #ere 3i-torious. they restored to Tro"honius the -onse-rated (ifts) There is also a braIen statue of $ristomenes in the stadium of the !essenians+ and not far from the theatre there is a tem"le of =era"is and Isis) 1ha)ter 222000 9n as-endin( to the to" of the mountain Ithome. #hi-h is the to#er of the !essenians you #ill see the fountain 'le"sydra) It #ould be endless. indeed. to enumerate all the "eo"le that affirm Cu"iter #as brou(ht u" amon( them) The !essenians. therefore. amon( others. lay -laim to this honour. and re"ort. that the nurses of Cu"iter #ere Ithome and %eda> and that the ri3er #as denominated from %eda. and the mountain from Ithome) They further add. that these %ym"hs ha3in( re-ei3ed Cu"iter. #ho #as se-retly taken a#ay by the 'uretes throu(h fear of his father =aturn. #ashed him in this fountain> and that the #ater #as denominated from the theft of the 'uretes) But the !essenians e3ery day brin( #ater from this fountain to the tem"le of Cu"iter Ithomatas) The statue of Cu"iter in this tem"le is the #ork of $(eladas. #ho made it at first for the !essenians that d#ell in %au"a-tus) $n annual "riest kee"s this at his o#n house+ and the !essenians -elebrate anni3ersary festi3als. #hi-h they -all Ithomaea) It may also lie inferred from the 3erses of &umelus. that in former times they instituted musi-al (ames+ for the follo#in( are found amon( the su""li-atory 3erses of &umelus to 0elos+ ETo Co3e Ithomatas the muse is dear. hi-h @oys in un"olluted. liberal son()E It a""ears. therefore. to me. that &umelus made these 3erses. and that he kne# the !essenians established musi-al -ontests) $(ain. on "ro-eedin( from $r-adia to the (reat -ity. you #ill see in the (ates a !er-ury. the "rodu-tion of $tti- art+ for the fi(ure of the $thenian /ermes is Duadran(ular> and other -ities ha3e learned this mode of re"resentin( !er-ury from them) But the ri3er Balyra is about thirty stadia distant from the (ates> and they re"ort. that the ri3er #as thus denominated be-ause Thamyris. #ho #as blind. lost his lyre in it) They add. that Thamyris #as the son of Philammon. and the nym"h $r(io"e #ho d#elt in Parnassus> that. #hen she #as "re(nant. she mi(rated to 9drysae. be-ause Philammon #as not #illin( to marry her> and that from this -ir-umstan-e Thamyris -ame to be -alled 9dryse and Thra-a) T#o other ri3ers flo# into this. *eu-asia and $m"hitus) $fter you ha3e "assed o3er these. there is a "lain -alled =teny-lerus> and they say that there #as a hero #hose name #as =teny-lerus) 9""osite to this "lain there is a (ro3e. #hi-h #as formerly -alled 9e-halia. but at "resent 'arnasius. and #hi-h is remarkably full of -y"ress trees) This (ro3e -ontains a statue of $"ollo 'arneus. of !er-ury -arryin( a ram. and of Proser"ine the dau(hter of 'eres. #ho is -alled the holy &irgin) %ear this last statue #ater flo#s out of a fountain) The -eremonies. ho#e3er. belon(in( to the (reat (oddesses (for their mysteries are "erformed in 'arnasium). I shall "ass o3er in silen-e. on a--ount of their ar-ane

nature+ for these mysteries are neGt to the &leusinian for their 3enerable san-tity) But I am not restrained by a dream from informin( the reader. that the braIen urn. #hi-h #as found by an $r(i3e (eneral. -ontains the bones of &urytus the son of !elaneus) The ri3er 'haradrus. too. flo#s near 'arnesium+ and as you "ro-eed on the left hand. at the distan-e of about ei(ht stadia. you #ill see the ruins of $ndania) Indeed. that the name of this -ity #as deri3ed from a #oman -alled $ndania is a-kno#led(ed by the inter"reters> but I -annot tell from #hat "arents she des-ended. or to #hom she #as married) 9n lea3in( $ndania. and dire-tin( your -ourse as if to 'y"arissia. you #ill arri3e at a small to#n -alled &le-tra. throu(h #hi-h a ri3er of the same name. and another of the name of 'oeus. flo#) Perha"s the first of these names may be referred either to &le-tra the father of $tlas. and the se-ond to 'oeus the father of *atona> or "erha"s they #ere assumed from the heroi- nati3es. &le-tra and 'oeus) But on de"artin( from &le-tra you #ill see near a fountain -alled $-haia the ruins of the -ity 0orius) $--ordin( to /omer. Thamyris lost his si(ht in this -ity. for boastin( that he sur"assed in sin(in( the !uses themsel3es) But Prodi-us Pho-aensis (if he is the author of the 3erses on !inyas). #rites. that Thamyris suffers in /ades for his arro(an-e to#ards the !uses) It a""ears. ho#e3er. to me. that Thamyris lost his eyes throu(h disease> and the same misfortune after#ards befell /omer. #ho. ne3ertheless. did not sink under his -alamity. nor desist from "oeti-al -om"osition as lon( as he li3ed) But Thamyris #as 3anDuished by his misfortune. and entirely ne(le-ted throu(h it his "oeti-al talents) 1ha)ter 2220! <rom !essene. under the mouth of the ri3er Pamisus. there is a road of ei(hty stadia in len(th) But Pamisus flo#s throu(h the "lo#ed land "ure and lim"id. and shi"s may sail throu(h it from the sea to the distan-e of about ten stadia) !arine fishes. too. run into this ri3er. es"e-ially durin( the 3ernal season of the year> and they are found to do the same in the ,hine and !aeander) But they s#im in the (reatest abundan-e in the ri3er $-helous. in that "art #here it "ours itself into the islands &-hinadae) The fish. ho#e3er. #hi-h run into Pamisus 3ery mu-h differ in their form from those #hi-h are found in "ure #ater. but at the same time they are not of a muddy nature. like those of the other ri3ers #e ha3e mentioned) But -hubs. as they are fishes that deli(ht in mud. abound in more muddy ri3ers) The Gre-ian ri3ers. indeed. do not "rodu-e fishes destru-ti3e to man like the Indus. the &(y"tian %ile. the ,hine. Ister. &u"hrates. and Phasis> for these nourish sa3a(e animals eDual to the (reatest de3ourers of men> but. in form. they are like the Glanides #hi-h d#ell in /ermus and !aeander. thou(h their -olour is bla-ker and their stren(th (reater) But Indus and the %ile breed -ro-odiles> and the %ile "rodu-es ri3er7 horses. #hi-h are not less destru-ti3e to mankind than -ro-odiles) There is nothin(. ho#e3er. to dread in the fish of the Grae-ian ri3ers+ for the sa3a(e do(s #hi-h s#im into the *ous throu(h Thes"rotis do not belon( to the ri3er. but -ome hither from the sea) The -ity 'orone. too. is on the left hand of Pamisus. is situated near the sea. and is under the mountain Temathia) $lon( this #ay there is a "la-e by the sea. #hi-h they -onsider as sa-red to Ino+ for as-endin( in this "art from the sea. they say. that she #as -onsidered as a (oddess. and that she #as -alled *eu-othea instead of Ino) Pro-eedin( not far from hen-e. you #ill see the ri3er Bias "ourin( itself into the sea) It is re"orted. that this name #as (i3en to it from Bias the son of $mythaon) But the fountain of Plataniston is at the distan-e of about t#enty stadia from this road> and the #ater flo#s from a broad "lane7tree) This "lane7tree is hollo# #ithin like a -a3ern. but the breadth of the tree is but small. and the #ater. #hi-h is fit for drinkin(. des-ends to 'orone) This -ity #as formerly -alled $e"ea> but #hen the !essenians #ere restored to Pelo"onnesus by the Thebans. they re"ort. that &"imelides. #ho #as sent to build the -ity. -alled it 'oronea. be-ause he himself #as born in 'oronea. a Boeotian -ity) The !essenians. ho#e3er. did not at first -all the -ity "ro"erly. and the de"ra3ation of the name in-reased #ith time) $nother re"ort

like#ise is -ir-ulated. that #hen the !essenians #ere di((in( in order to lay the foundations of the #all. they found a braIen -ro#) There are tem"les. too. in this "la-e> one of 0iana Paidotro"hos. or the nurse of youth. another of Ba--hus. and a third of $es-ula"ius) $nd the statues. indeed. of $es-ula"ius and Ba--hus are made of stone> but the statue of Cu"iter in the forum is of brass) There is also a braIen statue of !iner3a in the to#er) This statue stands in the o"en air. and holds a -ro# in its hand) I ha3e also seen the se"ul-hre of &"imelides> but I -annot tell #hy they -all the "ort. the "ort of the $-haians) But on lea3in( 'orone. at about the distan-e of ei(hty stadia. you #ill see a tem"le of $"ollo near the sea. #hi-h is mu-h honoured by the inhabitants+ for. a--ordin( to the !essenians. it is the most an-ient of all their tem"les. and the (od himself. #hom they -all 'orynthus $"ollo. heals diseases) The statue of this $"ollo is made of #ood> but the statue of the $"ollo #ho is -alled $r(eus is made of brass. and is said to ha3e been dedi-ated by those that sailed in the shi" $r(o) The 'olonides. too. border on the -ity of the 'oronaei) The inhabitants of this "la-e deny that they are !essenians. but assert. that they #ere brou(ht hither from the $tti- land by 'olaenus) They add. that 'olaenus. in -onseDuen-e of the admonition of an ora-le. follo#ed a lark as his (uide to this "la-e> and that. in "ro-ess of time. they assumed the 0ori- diale-t and manners) The -ity 'olonides is situated on an eminen-e at a small distan-e from the sea) But the $sinaei. #ho at first bordered on the *y-oritae. d#elt about Parnassus) They #ere then -alled 0ryo"es. #hi-h name they "reser3ed after their retium to Pelo"onnesus. and #hi-h they deri3ed from 0ryo"s by #hom they #ere -oloniIed) But in the third (eneration after this. durin( the rei(n of Phylas. the 0ryo"es #ere 3anDuished in battle by /er-uIes. and de3oted to $"ollo in 0el"hos) /o#e3er by the -ommand of the same (od they #ere led ba-k by /er-ules to Pelo"onnesus. and at first inhabited $sine. #hi-h in near /ermione> but bein( eG"elled from then-e by the $r(i3es. they d#elt in !essenia. #hi-h #as (i3en to them by the *a-edaemonians) The !essenians. indeed. #hen in the -ourse of time they returned to Pelo"onnesus. did not sub3ert the -ity of these "eo"le) But the $sinaei a-kno#led(e that they #ere 3anDuished by /er-ules. and that their -ity in Parnassus #as taken> but they deny that they #ere led -a"ti3e to $"ollo) 9n the -ontrary. they assert. that as soon as their #alls #ere taken by /er-ules. they left the -ity. and fled to the summits of Parnassus> and that after#ards "assin( o3er in their shi"s to Pelo"onnesus. they be-ame the su""liants of &urystheus. #ho. on a--ount of his hatred to /er-ules. (a3e them $sine in $r(olis) But the name of $sinsei alone of all the ra-e of the 0ryo"es. is at "resent 3enerable. ha3in( in this res"e-t nothin( similar to the =tryenses in &uboea) <or the =tryenses belon(ed at first to the 0ryo"es. #ho did not en(a(e in the #ar a(ainst /er-ules. as they d#elt beyond the #alls of the -ity) The =tryenses. ho#e3er. treat anyone #ith -ontem"t #ho -alls them 0ryo"es+ and this is the -ase #ith the 0el"hi #hen they are -alled Pho-enses) 9n the -ontrary. the $sinsei are "leased in the hi(hest de(ree #hen they are -alled 0ryo"es> and this is e3in-ed by the most holy of their tem"les. #hi-h are -onstru-ted in memorial of those #hi-h they formerly "ossessed in Parnassus) <or their tem"le of $"ollo is built after this manner. and the tem"le of 0ryo"s #ith its an-ient statue) They -elebrate. too. e3ery year the mysteries of 0ryo"s> and assert. that he #as the son of $"ollo) This -ity is situated near the sea (as #as the -ase formerly #ith $sine in $r(olis). and is about forty stadia distant from 'olonides) $ "la-e. too. -alled $-ritas. is at the same distan-e from $sine) But $-ritas eGtends itself to the sea. and there is a desert island before it. #hi-h is -alled The(anussa) $fter $-ritas there is a "ort -alled Phoeni-us. and near it is the island 9enussae) 1ha)ter 222! But !othone. before an army #as -olle-ted a(ainst Troy. and durin( the time of the Tro@an #ar. #as -alled Pedasus) $fter#ards. ho#e3er. as the !othonaeans re"ort. it #as

-alled after the dau(hter of 9eneus) <or. say they. 9eneus. #ho #as the son of Porthaon. after the -a"ture of Troy d#elt in Pelo"onnesus. and had a dau(hter from the harlot !othone) It a""ears to me ho#e3er. that the "la-e #as denominated from the ro-k !othon. as it is this #hi-h makes the "ort+ for bein( -on-ealed under the sea. and lea3in( a more -ontra-ted "assa(e for shi"s. it at the same time affords them a defen-e by not sufferin( them to be in@ured by the ra(in( billo#s from the "rofundities of the sea) But #e ha3e already sho#n. in the "re-edin( "art of this des-ri"tion. that the *a-edaemonians (a3e !othone to the %au"lienses. #ho #ere eG"elled from their -ountry for adherin( to the ="artan interest #hen 0amo-ratidas rei(ned in $r(os> and that they re-ei3ed no in@ury from the return of the !essenians) But it a""ears to me. that the %au"lienses belon(ed to the more an-ient &(y"tians. and that sailin( to(ether #ith 0anaus to $r(olis. three a(es after#ards. they #ere -oloniIed by %au"lius the son of $mymon. and that the -olony #as -alled %au"lia from its founder) The em"eror Tra@an. too. "ermitted the !othonaeans to d#ell in the -ity #hi-h bears their name. #ith the "ossession of their freedom. and the use of their o#n la#s) Prior to this "eriod. ho#e3er. the follo#in( misfortune alone befell the !othonaeans. of all the !essenians that d#ell near the sa) The affairs of the Thes"rotians #ere in a ruinous -ondition. throu(h the #ant of a "erson endued #ith su"reme authority+ for 0eidamia the dau(hter of Pyrrhus died #ithout -hildren> and as she #as dyin(. she -ommitted the administration of affairs to the "eo"le) But Pyrrhus the father of 0eidamia #as the son of Ptolemy. the (randson of $leGander. and the (reat (randson of the more an-ient Pyrrhus) The "arti-ulars. ho#e3er. res"e-tin( Pyrrhus the son of $ea-ides. #e ha3e already related in our a--ount of the $thenian affairs) Pro-les the 'artha(inian e3in-es. that this Pyrrhus #as indeed inferior to $leGander the son of Phili". both in the ad3anta(es of fortune. and the s"lendour of his a-tions> but that he #as su"erior to him in the dis"osition of his horse and foot. and in the in3ention of #arlike strata(ems) The 3ul(ar of the &"erotes. as soon as they #ere freed from the restraint of (o3ernment. be(an to be insolent in many res"e-ts. and des"ised the in@un-tions of the ma(istrates) In -onseDuen-e of this anar-hy. they #ere suddenly o""ressed by the Illyrians that d#ell near the Ionian sea+ for we do not know of any democracy e/ce)t that of the Athenians, that e&er increased in strength and renown) The $thenians. indeed. under this (o3ernment obtained (reat re"utation+ for in their nati3e sa(a-ity they sur"ass the rest of the Greeks. and obser3e their la#s #ith the most s-ru"ulous eGa-tness) But the lllyrians. as soon as they had tasted the s#eets of dominion. as they #ere a "eo"le "er"etually desirous of in-reasin( their em"ire. built shi"s. made de"redations. @ust as it ha""ened. and dro3e to the "ort of the !othonaeans under the "reteGt of friendshi". and sent -ertain "ersons into the -ity. as if to fet-h #ine for their shi"s) hen. therefore. #ine #as brou(ht to them by a fe# of the inhabitants. they "aid the "ri-e it #as estimated at by the !othonaeans. and the !othonaeans in their turn bou(ht some of the mer-handiIe of the lllyrians) 9n the follo#in( day. #hen a (reater number des-ended to the "ort. the desire of (ain #as so in-reased. that both men and #omen in numerous bodies -ame to the shi"s to sell #ine. and to buy thin(s of the Barbarians+ but then the Illyrians #ith darin( im"uden-e for-ibly seiIed many of the men and #omen. "la-ed them in their shi"s. sailed #ith their booty throu(h the Ionian sea. and almost left the -ity of the !othonaeans desolate) In !othone there is a tem"le of !iner3a $nemotis) They re"ort. that the statue of the (oddess #as dedi-ated by 0iomed. #ho also (a3e her this name) <or this -ountry #as on-e (reatly in@ured throu(h #inds more 3iolent than usual+ but they say. that in -onseDuen-e of 0iomed "rayin( to !iner3a. they #ere ne3er after#ards affli-ted #ith a similar -alamity) There is also a tem"le of 0iana here> and #ater in a #ell #hi-h is miGed #ith "it-h. and resembles 'yIi-enian ointment) ater. indeed. is -a"able of assumin( e3ery -olour and smell> but the most aIure of all the #ater I e3er beheld is that in

Thermo"ylae> not indeed all the #ater. but only that #hi-h flo#s into the s#immin(7"la-es. and #hi-h the inhabitants -all the earthen$)ots of the women) The -ountry of the /ebre#s. too. not far from the -ity lo""a. affords a yello# #ater. #hi-h is "erfe-tly similar to the -olour of blood) This #ater is near the sea> and they re"ort. that Perseus. #hen he sle# the #hale to #hi-h the dau(hter of 'e"heus #as eG"osed. #ashed himself from the blood in this fountain) I ha3e also seen bla-k #ater in $strya flo#in( from fountains) But there are hot baths in $strya. #hi-h is o""osite to *esbos. and in that "art of it #hi-h is -alled $tarneus) This "la-e #as (i3en to the 'hians by the !edes. as a re#ard for deli3erin( u" to them a su""liant *ydian of the name of Pa-tyas) The ,omans. too. abo3e the -ity. and beyond the ri3er $nius. eGhibit #ater of a #hite -olour) hoe3er des-ends into this #ater. finds it at first so -old that it strikes him #ith horror. but after he has been in it for a short time. it (ro#s hot like boilin( #ater+ and these #aters. #hi-h are both admirable to the si(ht and salubrious to those that drink them. I ha3e myself seen. and kno# to be su-h as I ha3e des-ribed them) I kno#. indeed. of other #aters. but as they are less #onderful. I omit to mention them) But it is by no means a 3ery #onderful -ir-umstan-e. to find #ater #hi-h is salt and bitter) There are like#ise t#o different fountains. one in the "lains of 'ardias #hi-h are -alled hite. and are near the 3illa(e 0as-ylus. the #ater of #hi-h is hot. and is s#eeter to drink than milk> but the other is mentioned by /erodotus. as a fountain of bitter #ater. #hi-h runs into the ri3er /y"anis) Is there any reason. therefore. #hy #e should not admit the truth of the abo3e relation. sin-e e3en at "resent. in 0i-aear-hia. a -ity near the Tyrrhene sea. there is a #ater so hot. that in the -ourse of a fe# years it melts the leaden "i"es throu(h #hi-h it flo#sJ 1ha)ter 222!0 There is a road from !othone to the "romontory 'ory"hasium. #hi-h is about one hundred stadia in len(th) In this "romontory Pylos is situated. #hi-h #as built by Pylus the son of 'leson. #ho brou(ht into it the *ele(es from !e(aris) /is (o3ernment. ho#e3er. #as but of short duration> for he #as eG"elled by Peleus and the Pelas(i. #ho -ame from Iol-os) In -onseDuen-e of this. de"artin( to the nei(hbourin( lands. he took "ossession of Pylos in &l-a) But %eleus durin( his rei(n raised Pylos to su-h a de(ree of di(nity. that /omer. in the 0liad. -alls the -ity from him %elea) In this "la-e there is a tem"le of !iner3a. #ho is -alled 'ory"hasia. and a house #hi-h is said to be that of %estor) There is a "i-ture of %estor in this house> and #ithin the -ity his tomb is to be seen) The tomb. too. #hi-h is at a small distan-e from Pylos. is said to be that of Thrasymed) ithin the -ity there is a -a3ern. in #hi-h they re"ort the oGen of %estor. and before him of %eleus. #ere ke"t) These oGen #ere of the Thessalian kind. and belon(ed to the flo-k of I"hi-lus. the father of Protesilaus) They #ere demanded. too. by %eleus. as a s"onsal (ift from the suitors of his dau(hter+ and !elam"us. in order to (ratify his brother Bias. -ame for the sake of these into Thessaly. bound I"hi-lus. one of the she"herds. and re-ei3ed the oGen as a re#ard for the "ro"heti- ans#ers #hi-h he (a3e to the interro(ations of I"hi-lus) But the #ealth. #hi-h at that time they #ere studious of a-Duirin(. -onsisted in -olle-tin( herds of horses and oGen) Thus not only %eleus desired the oGen of I"hi-lus. but &urystheus also obtained "ermission of /er-ules to dri3e a#ay the herd of oGen belon(in( to Geryon. #hen he found that there #ere oGen of a beautiful s"e-ies in Iberia) It a""ears. too. that &ryG. #ho then rei(ned in =i-ily. #as so desirous of "ossessin( the oGen dri3en from &rythea. that #hen he #restled #ith /er-ules. the oGen of /er-ules #ere on one side "ro"osed as a re#ard to the 3i-tor. and the kin(dom of &ryG on the other side) /omer like#ise relates in the 0liad. that I"hidamas the son of $ntenor (a3e first of all amon( the s"onsal "resents. a hundred oGen to his father7in7la#) $ll #hi-h -onfirms #hat I ha3e said. that men of that time "arti-ularly deli(hted in oGen) But it a""ears to me. that the oGen of %eleus fed at a -onsiderable distan-e from Pylos+ for almost all the Pylian

land is 3ery sandy. and therefore is not suf-iently ada"ted to the "astura(e of -attle) /omer -onfirms my o"inion #hen he makes mention of %estor> for he al#ays -alls him the kin( of sandy Pylos) The island ="ha-teria. too. "ro@e-ts before the "ort of Pylos. @ust in the same manner as ,henea before the harbour of the 0elians) It a""ears like#ise. that "la-es. #hi-h #ere before obs-ure and unkno#n. throu(h the re3olution of human affairs. ha3e after#ards risen to fame) <or 'a"hreus. a "romontory of &uboea. be-ame ennobled. throu(h $(amemnon #ith the Greeks bein( dri3en hither by a storm. as they #ere returnin( from Troy) $nd Psyttalia. a small island before =alamis. is only kno#n from its bein( the "la-e in #hi-h the !edes #ere almost entirely destroyed) In a similar manner. the destru-tion of the *a-edaemonians at ="ha-teria. rendered the island uni3ersally kno#n) The $thenians also ha3e dedi-ated a braIen statue of Vi-tory in their to#er. as a memorial of the battle at ="ha-teria) But as you -ome to 'y"arissia from Pylos. there is a fountain in the suburbs near the sea) They re"ort. that this fountain s"run( out of the earth in -onseDuen-e of Ba--hus strikin( the (round #ith his thyrsus+ and on this a--oimt they -all the fountain 0ionysia) There is also in 'y"arissia a tem"le of $"ollo> and of !iner3a #ho is -alled 'y"arissia) But in $ulon there is a tem"le and statue of $es-ula"ius $ulonius+ and near this the ri3er %eda flo#s. bet#een the borders of the !essenians and &leans) -nd of !ol. 0 77777777777777777