SUBMISSION COVER SHEET CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1 (QSB 1514) ASSIGNMENT (GROUP PROJECT) Date ofSubmission: 12pm, 15 November 2013

NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

NAME DANIELLE YOONG LI PING CHUNG HUI PING NG WEI LIN RYA GHUNOWA NOORA AZWER

ID NUMBER 0317206 0310592 0316302 0316565 0316440

TABLE OF CONTENT 1. OBJECTIVE 2. FUNCTION AND TYPE OF BUILDING 3. TYPE OF FOUNDATION 4. TYPE OF FLOOR SLAB 5. TYPE OF ROOF 6. SUMMARY 7. CONCLUSION 8. REFERENCES 1 2-5 6-9 10-19 20-24 25 26 27-31

Objective
The objective of this assignment is to get know of the building structures, building components, how a building operates and its function. Thus, we have chosen Suriamas Condominium as the object to study for this assignment. Generally, it has 3 blocks of 16 stories high which is located in PJS 10, in Bandar Sunway. The area it located is originally a mining area. It is a residential area as there are houses, apartments and shops surrounded it. Throughout this assignment, we will be getting the knowledge in construction area as like which method of construction is suitable, more durable and yet reduce the cost of constructing it. In addition, we also do comparison to compare different types of building materials, types of roof and foundation to use for a high rise building.

Function and Type of Building

Sunway SuriaMas Condominium, most commonly abbreviated as SuriaMas, is a residential condominium which is designated for purposes of dwelling and accommodation, providing people with housing facilities to live and reside in. It is a well-appointed, high rise building situated in Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya, allocating a number of 675 units in 3 vertically proportioned blocks at 16 storeys high where the floor plates are typically repetitive, as per both our observation and web research.

Figure 1 shows SuriaMass 675 units, in 3 blocks at 16 storeys high (Soil Dynamics 2008). According to the information gathered from the website named Propwall, it is a leasehold condominium with built-up sizes ranging from 1245 sqft to 1300 sqft that provides SuriaMas residents with a collection of luxurious facilities to benefit from that include a clubhouse, barbeque area, gymnasium, swimming pool, tennis court, badminton court, sauna, childrens playground, car park and 24-hour security.

Figure 2 shows the view of the SuriaMas Swimming Pool & Indoor Bandminton Court retrieved from the web (Tee 2010)

Available Facilities

Figure 3 shows an internet retrieved picture showing close amenities to SuriaMas (iProperty 2013)

The condominium that was mainly constructed for the working professionals, young families, and higher-education university and college students. And according to our knowledge and information provided on the internet (iProperty 2013), it is situated close to several schools and universities including, Taylors College & Taylors Lakeside Campus INTI International College Monash University Metropolitan College Sunway University

As for schools SK KampungLindungan, SMK Bandar Sunway, SJK Sungai Way and Sri Emas International School. Moreover, The SuriaMas Condominium also proves to be in close proximity to Sime Darby Medical Centre ,Sunway Medical Centre,Sunway Pyramid Mall, Empire Shopping Gallery, Subang parade and Summit. Sunway Lagoon Theme Park, Kelab Golf Negara Subang. Tesco Puchong and lOl Mall

Accessibility To Site
SuriaMas has easy accessibility as the Federal Highway, is just a 5 minute walk away. Also providing access KTM commuter station, Kuala Lumpur city centre and Puchong as it is situated close to the New Pantai Expressway and the Damansara-Puchong Highway (LDP) as well, all with a lane width of 3.7 metres as per the information provided in (Propwall 2013).

Services
Water Mains Based on the responds by the residents, the water supply system is a well-designed system which maintains adequate water flow, pressure and temperature. Some of the water services pipe lines used in the building are PVCs and Asbestos Cement pipes. Cast Iron Pipes (ductile pipe) are used in the water mains, all that resonates with information found from the internet together with our knowledge of the area. Electricity SuriaMas provide for high efficient lighting, heating, air conditioning and effective power distribution systems. The safeties of these electrical cables are also ensured, as there are no cables visible to the human eye, reducing chances of it being snatched or torn leading to short circuits and fires. Sewage According to our observation, the building uses an underground sewer system to carry off the sewage or rain water. Petrol Station SuriaMas is acquainted with a petrol station nearby that aided during the transportation of materials and labourers to and fro from the construction site.

Subsoil
The piece of land that SuriaMas and its surrounding sits on is Mine Soil. Mining sites have sandy soil that requires a strong foundation to support the building (Wikipedia 2013).

Type of foundation Pile Foundation Suriamas condominium is located in Bandar Sunway and previously was a tin mining area (Wikipedia 2013).The soil composition of ex mining area is a type of medium textured sandy soil which containes 37.3% of gravel, 57.20% of sand, 2.9% of silt and 2.46% of clay. This type of soil has a very weak aggregation and thus cannot retain much water and can be drained easily, according to (Ashraf,Muhammad Aquel, Maah Mohd.Jamil,Yusoff, Ismail Bin, 2010) . Therefore, pile foundation is suggested to be the most suitable type of foundation for the 16 storey high rise building, Suriamas Condominium. Pile foundation is chosen as the base of Suriamas condominium because it can transfer the structural load to the ground to prevent excessive underground settlement safely and can also be installed easily (Baxter, 2006). Piles are columnar element that transferred bearing load to weak compressible strata onto the stones or stiffer from the superstructure (Woodward, 2008). The type of piles used in this 16 storey high condominium are precast reinforced concrete pile. Concrete pile is chosen because it is strong, durable, antiseismic, fire resistance and waterproof . Timber pile is not used in Suriamas Condominium due to the low bearing capacity of the timber and can be easily decayed by insect such as termites compared to concrete pile (Timber Piles, 2012). Precast is used to shorten the priod needed to construct the foundation of the building (Fathi, 2012). The categorise of pile using in Suriamas Condominium is the end bearing pile where the pile passes through a soft deposit until it reaches the bedrock, where dense sand and gravel can be found. Fiction piles is not recommended to used is because they carry capacity by skin fiction, which is more suitable for firm clay (subtruck limited , 2013).

Raft foundation is used when the structural of wall that is very close to each other and could cause overlapping or when the soil is loose and soft. Raft foundation is not being used for Suriamas because raft foundation covers the whole ground area of the building which can be very costly due to its large surface area. Special treatment is needed for point load in raft foundation although it only requires a little excavation work. Raft foundation and pile foundation have the same characteristic that is both are able to minimize the differential settlement, but erosion for edge would happen if no maintenance is done (civil engineering forum, 2013). Due to its ability to withstand heavy loads under poor soil condition, pile foundation in commonly used in high rise building. However, the design of pile foundation is costly and more time is spent on construction compared to pile-raft foundation. Alternative For Pile Foundation From our observation, another alternative type of foundation that Suriamas Condominium can use is the pile raft foundation. Pile raft foundation applies reverse construction method which is considered to be more economonical because lesser number of pile is needed and raft resistance is applied in the design. Piled raft foundations uses the piled support to control the settlements with the piles, thus it provides most of the stiffness at the serviceability loads. The raft element provides additional capacity at ultimate loading (Poulos, Small, Chow 2011). Yet, pile raft foundation that utilizes a reverse construction method is still rarely being used because of insufficient observation and the design procedures is complicated (Ryuuichi Sonoda, 2009).

Type of Floor slab The floor slab that is built in Suriamas Condominium is the reinforced cast in situ floor slab. Floor slab is also known as plate slab and filigree slab which is a reinforced concrete slab. Slab is the core component in the sub system for bearing the loads of a building (F. Giussani, 2006). The reason of using reinforced cast in situ is because it only needs a very low maintenance cost, fewer joints, and is able to absorb the tensile, shear and compressive stresses that could minimize cracking in the floor slab compared to precast floor slab (Gary Chudney). A research of the comparison of prestressed concrete and precast concrete with reinforced cast in-situ was conducted. Details are shown in the table below. No. 1. Category Comparison Pre-stressed concrete with I. Tensile Stresses Reinforced Cast In-situ Compared with a reinforced concrete concrete section which may crack under heavy working loads, the pre-stressed concrete, which does not have tensile stresses under heavy working loads, has a fully utilized cross section (N. Krishna Raju 2007). II. Stiffness Under heavy working loads, the prestressed concrete flexural member is stiffer compared to a reinforced concrete member that has equal depth (N. Krishna Raju 2007). Economical Pre-stressed concrete is proven to be more economical than reinforced concrete when it is used for long-span structures (N.KrishnaRaju 2007) Serviceability Pre-stressed concrete has a lighter

III.

IV.

weight compared to reinforced concrete, thus it has a better serviceability (The Constructor 2012). 2 Precast concrete with Reinforced Cast In-situ concrete I. Location of construction Precast concrete is manufactured in a plant while reinforced concrete is constructed on site. Duration of Construction Reinforced concrete must be constructed on site, thus may delay the erection of the building whereas precast concrete is made in the plant, hence it can be made beforehand and store for later usage. Cost of Construction Reinforced concrete members take a long period for constructing it thus cost for labourers, renting the equipment and others increases while precast concrete does not (BIBM 2013). Quality control Precast concrete are manufactured in the plant using the same mold each time thus the quality is controlled (Concrete Network 2013). On the other hand, reinforced concrete is constructed on site by different individuals thus the product may vary (Concrete Network 2013).

II.

III.

IV.

Type of slab using in this 16 storey high building is one way slab. One way slab is a uniformly thick, having reinforcement bars in one direction and with parallel supporting beams (Ching 2008). It can withhold the each sides of wall and beam for Suriamas Condominium effectively. Moreover, majority of one way slab constructed in residential building contained two

reinforcement levels which are the primary reinforcement and the secondary reinforcement. Primary reinforcement carries one direction span while secondary reinforcement is in horizontal as well as vertical way which used to control cracks when shrinkage (Garber, 2006). One way slab is designed with a layer of steel fabric reinforcement (D S Smith). According to the book Construction Technology fifth edition, a thin layer of mesh fabric is placed on the upper surface of the slab is to avoid the surface from cracking (Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Mike Hurst, Simon Topliss, 2011).

Figure 7 shows the one way slab used for Suriamas at the basement car park

Figure 8 shows the one way slab used for Suriamas at the hallway

Alternative For reinforced cast in-situ floor slab One of the alternative methods to replace reinforced cast in-situ floor slab is the composite floor slab. I. Composite floor slab consists of profiled steel floor deck with in-situ concrete cast over the deck (N E Shanmugam 2013). The steel deck acts as a permanent formwork for the construction and provides tensile strength to the floor slab (Chudley, Greeno 2008). The interface of the concrete and steel deck is interlocked to each other by means of embossment (Hedaoo et al 2012). Metal decks are more commonly used in steel frame buildings; however it can also be used with masonry wall construction or timber frame buildings (Emmit, Gorse 2010).

Figure 11 pictures the cross section of a composite floor slab with a re-entrant decking (SMD Stock Yard Limited 2013)

Figure 12 shows the cross section of a composite floor slab with trapezoidal decking (SMD Stock Yard Limited 2013) There are a few advantages of using composite floor slab in high rise buildings. The advantages are as follow: Speed of Construction The metal deck is made at the manufacturing plant and stored until it is needed for the construction (MCRMA 2003). Other than that, only a minimum amount of mesh reinforcement is required as the metal deck itself provides tensile and shear bond strength to the slab, thus, the mesh can be installed in a fast speed (MCRMA 2003). Fibre reinforcement which has small fibres made from steel or polypropylene is added into the concrete and mixed together. To a certain extent, fibres can replace some or all the mesh reinforcement in the slab. Hence the speed of construction is reduced (Rackham 2009).

Figure 13 shows the working placing the metal deck on steel frames (European Profiles 2012)

Figure 14 shows the pouring of concrete on the metal decking (ArcelorMittal 2013) Structural Load Since most of the space is being taken up by the metal deck, less concrete is needed to fill the slab up, thus it reduces the weight of the slab and consequently reducing the structural loads on the foundation (Chudley 2008).

Acoustic Properties A composite slab would usually provide the same amount of acoustic insulation as a normal reinforced concrete slab would (Rackham 2009).

Lateral Restraint and Diaphragm Action During construction, metal decking can be used a lateral restraint to hold the beams in place (SMD 2011). Diaphragm action is whereby the metal deck stabilizes the building by directing the wind loads back to the walls and columns (Institute for Steel Development & Growth 2011). Safety The metal deck provides a safe working platform for the workers as well as protecting the workers standing below from objects falling from above (Rackham 2009).

Figure 15 shows construction workers standing on the metal deck while doing work (Steel Construction.info n.d.) On the other hand, there are also disadvantages of using composite floor slab for high rise buildings. It is shown as follow: Sensitivity towards temperature The metal deck is very sensitive to changes of temperature; it will expand when weather is hot and contract when cold. Thus in countries with four seasons, composite slab may not be suitable to be used (Swain 2007). Maintenance Maintenance is required for the metal decks. The first maintenance that is to be received depends on the environment the building is situated at. Offices, warehouse, hospitals, airports 20 to 50 years Residential area that has a distance from the city 5 to 10 years Hotels near the beach, factories, city buildings 2- 5 years

Internal, Dry & Unpolluted

Suburban & Rural

Coastal, Industrial & Urban

Table 1 illustrates the design life to first maintenance for different buildings in different environments (SMD 2011).

Application of composite floor slab for Suriamas Metal decks are suitable for a multi storey condominium such as Suriamas as it reduces the structure load on the foundation below the building. Acoustical problems can be solved and improved with a combination of good detailing and proprietary products used to raise floor (Steel Construction info n.a.).

Thus residents do not have to worry about noises such as stumping feet from the residents staying above them. Using metal decking would benefit the developer as the speed of

construction is fast, thus saving cost paid to the labourers. It can also save them from problems such as workers getting injured by falling objects. Temperature is not a major issue here as the climate in Malaysia is constant throughout the year. The only tedious part is that since Suriamas is situated in the city, it may require frequent maintenance from the supplier. It may disturb the residents staying there. Other than that, it requires an extra component such as ceiling to cover up the metal deck.

Another alternative available is the prestressed precast hollow core slab. Prestressed precast hollow core slab are commonly used for flooring in high rise buildings (Ultra-span 2012).

Figure 16 shows a prestressed precast hollow core slab (Haitian Electromechanical Technology 2013) This type of floor slab consumes lesser raw material and thus the self-weight is reduced but has a higher concrete strength and is structurally efficient (Ultra-span 2012). Although hollow core slab are designed as an individual, however when they are aligned together, they transfer the loads from one slab to another (Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute 2013). It also has a better flexibility for the builders to design a more complex structure (Ultra-Span 2012). Since it is a precast item, hence the speed of erection is fast. Hollow core slabs can also have a span up till 16m without support (Sirbegovic 2008). Since the end product of a hollow core slab has a smooth surface, no additional ceiling is needed (Sirbegovic 2008). Other than that the voids of the slab are used to close up the electrical wires or mechanical ducts (Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute 2013).

Types of roofing
Roof is a vital element of any building as it gives protection to people against all-weather condition. For Suriamas condominium, the types of roof used are combination of the pitched roof and flat roof. Flat roofing

Design Flat roofing consists of a horizontal base which is fixed to ceiling joists below with a waterproof membrane applied on top. The flat roofs are designed to contain standing water and usually a slight pitch roof inclined by a few degrees is included to allow for drainage of rainwater into a hopper(Asphalte 2013).

Materials The flat roofs have been constructed from asphalt or three-ply modified bitumen (felt flat roofing) with a thin layer of gravel to protect the roof from UV sunlight (Asphalte 2013).

Cost Flat roofing is an affordable alternative and involves considerably less materials and labor. In addition, replacement of flat roofing, if needed, can be done in a single day (Asphalte 2013).

Pitched roofing Design The pitched roofs are constructed in such a way so as to allow for plenty of useful space in the Loft area. This area is used either for storage or for additional living area such as a playroom. This type of roofing is flexible and any plans for the usage of the loft area can be incorporated into its design (Asphalte 2013).

Lifespan The materials used are durable and weather resistant. The internal accommodation is insulated and is not affected by extremes of temperature. Setting up a pitched roof implies that the building can be more effectively blended in to the rest of the property or to the neighboring buildings. Pitched roof depicts a sense of individuality and character (Asphalte 2013).

Reasons of combination

1. Pitched roofs cause a greater load on the foundations of the building thus, having both flat and pitched roofs reduces the structural burden on the foundations. Therefore, reducing the cost on the foundation (Asphalte 2013). 2. One block of the condominium has a large surface area thus it is not advisable to cover all of it by a pitched roof, causing an increase in load.

Alternative For Pitch and Flat Roof

Mansard roofing could be a more benefitting alternative. The mansard roof is a mark of a French design originated from the French architect Francois Mansart. Mansard roofing has several benefits. It creates much more usable space (Chasing Green 2013). Mansard roofing offers a simple way to add one or two more stories to an existing building without needing masonry (Wikipedia 2013). The lifespan of the building is hence increased since the flat top of the mansard roof makes way for more stories (Damewood 2013). Because of the massive attic space that mansard roof can provide, it is frequently used for apartments (Damewood 2013). However, mansard roof is not commonly used in Malaysia because of its French design that it is not suited to be used in an Asian country.

Figure 18 shows mansard roof being used on tall buildings in Paris (Wikipedia 2013).

Summary
In a nutshell, Suriamas Condominium can be considered as an efficient type of building as the most suitable types of building component has used to maximize the durability, span, and safety of the building. Requirement of serviceability of the building has also taken into account to simplify the maintenance job of this 16-storey condominium. It is efficient for the type of foundation used, and the other components of the building as well as the design of the building as a whole. Pile foundation is used as the area is originally a mining area which the soil is soft. Due to this factor, pile is used to transfer the load to the soil base. The combination of the roof by using pitched and flat roof reduces the structural burden on the foundation and cost on the foundation. Cast in-situ slab is used as it needs a very low maintenance cost and could minimize cracking as compared to precast floor slab. Furthermore, the building has a good drainage system as there wont be flood during raining season. To make it a better building to live in, we suggest that the existing roof can be replaced by mansard roof. By using the mansard roof, it creates much more liveable space, which means that more stories can be built. Other than that, we recommend that Suriamas Condominium use pile raft foundation rather than pile foundation. Piled raft foundations utilize piled support for the controlling of settlements with the piles, providing most of the stiffness at serviceability loads. The raft element provides additional capacity at ultimate loading.Out of the two alternatives to replace the reinforced cast in-situ floor slab, we suggest that composite slab should be used as a replacement for reinforced cast in-situ slab because it minimizes more of the structural load imposed on the foundation and the installation or construction time is short.

Conclusion
In conclusion, SuriaMas is a condominium that is suitable for any type of people to stay there, especially university students and working people. However, due to its unique location and well equipped facilities, the cost of a unit is higher compared to other places. Other than that, this building has a strong foundation, pile foundation, thus is able to withstand heavier superstructure loads. The completion time of SuriaMas was quite long as all the slabs, beams and columns are cast in-situ, thus the working progress may be slower. Hence, alternatives such as metal decking should be used to replace cast in-situ concrete slab to reduce the construction time.

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