LTC Theory Application and Maintenance 4l

Jon Brasher, Technical Specialist, Alamo Tennessee - USA
Load tap changers Theory & application
Load tap changer Why ?

To keep the system voltage constant for all conditions of total system load. System load changes throughout the 24 hour day.
ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 2
12
AM
12
PM
PM
June
Load tap changers Why ?

Voltage regulation Control of circulating current
Minimize losses between parallel transformers
Control power flow

Phase angle shift using PST Amount and direction of power exchanged over lines connecting two networks
Combination of controlling power flow & circulating current
June
Load tap changers The theory

Change the turns ratio between windings in a transformer. Changes output voltage of transformer Change under load without disturbing the customer
V2
V1
V1 V2 = N2 N1
Vi = Voltage Ni = Number of winding turns
June
Load tap changers The rules
Taps changed (output voltage raised or lowered) while under load No interruption in load current Never dead short any part of winding Fully automatic Sense need for voltage change Make the tap (voltage) change
June
Load tap changers Where ? Typical US application

DeTC on high voltage side 5 position LTC on low voltage side 33 Position
Load tap changers The theory

Transformer has tapped or regulating winding. Taps are connected to the LTC Change under load without disturbing the customer The LTC must: 1) Select the tap connection and 2) Divert the load current to the selected tap 3) Maintain the flow of power at all times 4) Prevent shorting the tap winding
June
Load tap changers The application

North America - Standard LTC arrangement Voltage range Approximately plus/minus 10% of low voltage Tap steps Approximately 5/8% steps, with 16 steps above and 16 steps below rated voltage LTC control Automatic/manual adjustment of tap position Capacity Deliver rated kVA power at rated low voltage at all positions above rated low voltage. Deliver current corresponding to rated low voltage at all positions below rated low voltage (reduced capacity)
June
Load tap changer details Application to the transformer

For two-winding power transformers, the most popular arrangement is the regulation at the neutral end of the winding.
This solution provides the most economical tap winding arrangement because of the relatively low dielectric stress at the neutral end combined with a compact three-phase neutral point OLTC.
OLTC in Y or Star Connected Windings
June
June
June

OLTC in delta-connected windings
3-pole line-end arrangement
2-pole + 1-pole line-end arrangement
3-pole mid-winding arrangement
June
Load tap changers Configurations

A = Linear switching

Coarse Winding Selector switch
Not very common Simple design trafo & LTC Smallest regulating range Smallest losses
M 1 0
Regulating Winding
M 9
B = Plus/minus switching Most common (~90%) Additive (+) & subtractive (-) Reversing switch C = Coarse/fine switching Less common (~10%) Coarse winding insertion Change over selector Small losses
Reversing switch
June
Load tap changers Basic types
Tap-changers can be located in the main transformer tank, or on the outside
In-tank types can be used up to the largest transformers sizes and voltages On-tank types can be used up to approximately 80 MVA / 145 kV
June
Load tap changers Basic types

In-tank vacuum/resistance Example: type VUCG Application: HV winding On-tank vacuum/reactance Example: type VRLTC Application: LV winding On-tank resistance Example: type UZ Application: LV & HV winding
June
Load tap changers, reactance type Historical perspective

W type: UTS & URS GE type: LR72 & LR68 Reactor only Analog drive system W type UVT W type: UTT & URT GE type: LR65 & LR83 GE type LR Reactor plus 400 transfer switch Reactor plus by-pass Analog drive system switch plus vacuum interrupter Analog drive system ABB type VRLTC Reactor plus by-pass switch plus vacuum interrupter Digital drive system
LTC history video
Video 1
June
Load tap changers, reactance type Reactor or preventive autotransformer (PA)

Why?
The PA provides impedance for the tap circuit Prevents shorting the winding when in bridging position Gapped core reactor (insures very exact split of load current) Wound on its own core Mounted inside of the transformer
What is it?
June
Load tap changer, reactance type Circulating current

Non- bridging position Ic = 0 Bridging position Ic 0
IL/2 Ic IL/2 Ic IL
IL/2
IL IL/2
June
Load tap changer, reactance type Changing taps from 11R to 10R, Step 1
Steady state on position 11 R 11 R is a bridging position
Step 1: open by-pass switch
June
Load tap changer, reactance type Changing taps from 11R to 10R, Steps 2 & 3
Step 2: open vacuum interrupter
Step 3: move tap selector to non-bridging position
June
Load tap changer, reactance type Changing taps from 11R to 10R, Steps 4 & 5
Complete the tap change Elapsed time = 2 seconds
Step 4: close vacuum interrupter
Step 5: close by-pass switch Steady state on position 10R
June
Transformer winding Polarity / plus or minus tapping
VM
Vout = VM + VT
VM
Vout = VM - VT
VT
VT
Plus configuration Minus configuration
Load tap changers Plus/minus & the reversing switch

Reversing switch in the RAISE position. Tap winding adds to LV winding
Load tap changer
Low voltage winding

R A
Regulating winding
Reversing Switch
High voltage winding
Load tap changers Plus/minus & the reversing switch

Reversing switch in the LOWER position. Tap winding subtracts from the LV winding
Load Tap Changer
Low Voltage Winding

R
B A
Regulating Winding
Reversing Switch
High Voltage Winding
Load tap changers The reversing switch
June
Load tap changer details Tap changer compartment
Quality assurance Type tests, IEEE C57.131 and IEC 60214

1. 2.
Temperature rise of contacts Switching tests

Service duty test Breaking capacity test
3. 4. 5. 6.
Short-circuit current test Transition impedance test Mechanical tests Dielectric tests
June
Load tap changers Tap changing vs motor driving
On tank tap changers
Oil filled tap changing compartment Motor drive compartment Connecting drive shaft Connecting electronics
June
Vacuum / reactance LTC LTC compartment
June
LTC compartment Diverter assemblies
LTC compartment Diverter detail
June
Vacuum interrupter video
Video 2
June
Vacuum Interrupter arc video
Video 3
June
LTC compartment By-pass switch
Closed
Closed
Closed
Open
June
June
LTC compartment Diverter assembly and tap selector
June
LTC compartment Tap selector
June
Load tap changer details Motor and drive controls
Motor drive and tap changer control
20th Century

21st Century

Induction motor Electromechanical controls Cam switches Selsyns
Digital drive system Digital control system No electromechanical controls No cam switches No Selsyns
June
Motor drive General view
June
Motor drive Major components

Multi-turn absolute encoder
Gear head
Digital drive
Servo motor
TLMS
June
Brushless AC servomotor
Digital accuracy Continuous positional feed back Precise speed control Active on-position holding Resolver feed back loop
June
Digital servo drive
Digital servo drive Ruggedized

Vibration/shock Temperature EMC hardened
Instructs the servo motor Monitors the servo motor Communicates with TLMS
June
Multi-turn absolute encoder
Knows position of the drive shaft Supplies shaft data to TLMS controller Accurate to 0.00001 degrees Non-volatile memory
June
Tap Logic module (TLMS)
Monitors Decides Commands Alerts Alarms Transmits Records Reports
June
Tap Logic module (TLMS) Sample report, tap changes per day
8-1/2 months
June
Tap Logic module (TLMS) Sample report: Tap range used
8-1/2 months
June
Tap Logic module (TLMS) Percent of time on tap position
June
Tap Logic module (TLMS) Percent of time on tap position

Bypass switch operations
6948 31% 15518 69%
P2 Bypass (Upper) P3 Bypass (Lower)
June
Vacuum interrupter Monitoring current through VI
Fiber optic signal to optical receiver
Current detector module
June
Vacuum interrupter Monitoring current through VI
June
Vacuum interrupter monitoring Detect current flow through VI
June
Typical analog control set-up LTC to tap changer control unit
LTC Drive Shaft Voltage Controller (90 device) Potentiometer Position Transducer Tap Position Power Supply Indicator (Incon 1945) (Incon 1250-B) Gear Box
Current Loop Module (Beckwith M-2025C)
And/or
Selsyn Position Transducer (Incon 1292-KS)
Transformer Control Cabinet
LTC Motor Drive Compartment
June
Typical digital control set-up LTC to tap changer control unit
Voltage Controller (90 device)
Digital Motor Controller
TLMSTM
Current Loop Module (Beckwith M-2025C)
Transformer Control Cabinet
LTC Motor Drive Compartment
June
Load tap changers Maintenance and duty cycle reality

Number of operations Operations per day 25 35 45 70 90 100 140 Operations per year 9,125 12,775 16,425 25,550 32,850 36,500 51,100 15 years 136,875 191,625 246,375 383,250 492,750 547,500 766,500 20 years 182,500 255,500 328,500 511,000 657,000 730,000 1,022,000 30 years 273,750 383,250 492,750 766,500 985,500 1,095,000 1,533,000 40 years 365,000 511,000 657,000 1,022,000 1,314,000 1,460,000 2,044,000 50 years 456,250 638,750 821,250 1,277,500 1,642,500 1,825,000 2,555,000
Inspection at 500,000 operations
Maintenance at 1,000,000 operations
June
June

LTC Theory Application and Maintenance 4l

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

LTC Theory Application and Maintenance 4l

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Jon Brasher, Technical Specialist, Alamo Tennessee - USA

Load tap changers Theory & application

Load tap changer Why ?

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 2

Load tap changers Why ?

Voltage regulation Control of circulating current

Minimize losses between parallel transformers

Control power flow

Combination of controlling power flow & circulating current

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 3

Load tap changers The theory

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 4

Load tap changers The rules

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 5

Load tap changers Where ? Typical US application

Load tap changers The theory

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 7

Load tap changers The application

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 8

Load tap changer details Application to the transformer

Load tap changers The application

OLTC in Y or Star Connected Windings

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 10

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 11

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 12

Load tap changers The application

3-pole line-end arrangement

2-pole + 1-pole line-end arrangement

3-pole mid-winding arrangement

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 13

Load tap changers Configurations

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 14

Load tap changers Basic types

Tap-changers can be located in the main transformer tank, or on the outside

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 15

Load tap changers Basic types

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 16

Load tap changers, reactance type Historical perspective

LTC history video

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 18

Load tap changers, reactance type Reactor or preventive autotransformer (PA)

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 19

Load tap changer, reactance type Circulating current

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 20

Steady state on position 11 R 11 R is a bridging position

Step 1: open by-pass switch

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 21

Step 2: open vacuum interrupter

Step 3: move tap selector to non-bridging position

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 22

Step 4: close vacuum interrupter

Step 5: close by-pass switch Steady state on position 10R

ABB Group 11, 2013 | Slide 23

Transformer winding Polarity / plus or minus tapping

Load tap changers Plus/minus & the reversing switch

Load tap changer

Low voltage winding

High voltage winding

Load tap changers Plus/minus & the reversing switch

Load Tap Changer

Low Voltage Winding

High Voltage Winding

Load tap changers The reversing switch