E-Waste Management

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the protection of the en ironment an! of human hea"th# It is not on"$ a technica" en ironmenta" issue but a"so a high"$ po"itica" one# Waste management is c"ose"$ re"ate! to a number of issues such as urban "ifest$"es% resource consumption patterns% &obs an! income "e e"s% an! other socioeconomic an! cu"tura" factors# Waste pre ention an! minimi'ation has positi e en ironmenta"% human hea"th an! safet$% an! economic impacts# Imp"ementing a ("ess is better( concept pro i!es better protection of human hea"th an! safet$ b$ re!ucing e)posures% generating "ess !eman! for !isposa" on the en ironment# *ess Waste a"so "o+ers !isposa" cost# Arising ,ua"it$ of "ife an! high rates of resource consumption patterns ha e ha! a uninten!e! an! negati e impact on the urban en ironment generation of +astes far be$on! the han!"ing capacities of urban go ernments an! agencies# Cities are no+ grapp"ing +ith the prob"ems of high o"umes of +aste% the costs in o" e!% the !isposa" techno"ogies an! metho!o"ogies% an! the impact of +astes on the "oca" an! g"oba" en ironment#

E-Waste Management

.ut these prob"ems ha e a"so pro i!e! a +in!o+ of opportunit$ for cities to fin! so"utions - in o" ing the communit$ an! the pri ate sector/ in o" ing inno ati e techno"ogies an! !isposa" metho!s/ an! in o" ing .eha ior changes an! a+areness raising# These issues ha e been amp"$ !emonstrate! b$ goo! practices from man$ cities aroun! the +or"!# There is a nee! for a comp"ete rethin0ing of (+aste( - to ana"$'e if +aste is in!ee! +aste# A rethin0ing that ca""s for WASTE to become WEALTH REFUSE to become RESOURCE TRASH to become CASH There is a c"ear nee! for the current approach of +aste !isposa" that is focuse! on municipa"ities an! uses high energ$1high techno"og$% to mo e more to+ar!s +aste processing an! +aste rec$c"ing 2that in o" es pub"icpri ate partnerships% aiming for e entua" +aste minimi'ation - !ri en at the communit$ "e e"% an! using "o+ energ$1"o+ techno"og$ resources# Some of the !efining criteria for future +aste minimi'ation programmes +i"" inc"u!e !eeper communit$ participation% un!erstan!ing economic benefits1reco er$ of +aste% focusing on "ife c$c"es 2rather than en!-of-pipe so"utions3% !ecentra"i'e! a!ministration of +aste% minimi'ing en ironmenta" impacts% reconci"ing in estment costs +ith "ong-term goa"s#

E-Waste Management

Research Methodology
I ha e use! both primar$ an! secon!ar$ research metho! for the purpose of m$ pro&ect# Primary Research 5rimar$ research is a !ata $ou retrie e b$ !oing some fie"!+or0# I ha e isite! an in!ustria" +aste +ater purification p"ant in or!er to 0no+ the process to purif$ the +aste +ater of arious in!ustries# 5rimar$ research can often pro e more re"e ant than secon!ar$ research because the primar$ research can be co-or!inate! to facts an! !ata $ou +ant retrie e# Secondary Research Secon!ar$ research is a metho! of research carrie! out of another compan$ or organi'ation# I ha e got the re,uire! information from arious sources# Main"$% I ha e use! the internet% some boo0s from the "ibrar$#

What is +aste6

E-Waste Management

Waste is rubbish% trash% garbage% or &un0 is un+ante! or un!esire! materia"# There are a number of !ifferent t$pes of +aste# It can e)ist as a so"i!% "i,ui!% or gas or as +aste heat# When re"ease! in the "atter t+o states the +astes can be referre! to as emissions# It is usua""$ strong"$ "in0e! +ith po""ution# Waste ma$ a"so be intangib"e in the case of +aste! time or +aste! opportunities# The term +aste imp"ies things% +hich ha e been use! inefficient"$ or inappropriate"$# Some components of +aste can be rec$c"e! once reco ere! from the +aste stream% e#g# p"astic bott"es% meta"s% g"ass or paper# The bio!egra!ab"e component of +astes 2e#g# paper 8 foo! +aste3 can be composte! or anaerobic"$ !igeste! to pro!uce soi" impro ers an! rene+ab"e fue"s# If it is not !ea"t +ith sustainab"$ in this manner bio!egra!ab"e +aste can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions an! b$ imp"ication c"imate change# There are t+o main !efinitions of +aste# 9ne ie+ comes from the in!i i!ua" or organi'ation pro!ucing the materia"% the secon! is the ie+ of :o ernment% an! is set out in !ifferent acts of +aste "egis"ation# The t+o ha e to combine to ensure the safe an! "ega" !isposa" of the +aste#

What is management

E-Waste Management

The term (management( characteri'es the process of an!1or the personne" "ea!ing an! !irecting a"" or part of an organi'ation 2often a business3 through the !ep"o$ment an! manipu"ation of resources 2human% financia"% materia"% inte""ectua" or intangib"e3# Accor!ing to the 9)for! Eng"ish <ictionar$% the +or! (manage( comes from the Ita"ian maneggiare 2to han!"e = especia""$ a horse3% +hich in turn !eri es from the *atin manus 2han!3# The >rench +or! mesnagement 2"ater m?nagement3 inf"uence! the !e e"opment in meaning of the Eng"ish +or! management in the -@th an! -Ath centuries#

What is !aste management

E-Waste Management

Waste management is the co""ection% transport% processing 2+aste treatment3% rec$c"ing or !isposa" of +aste materia"s% usua""$ ones pro!uce! b$ human acti it$% in an effort to re!uce their effect on human hea"th or "oca" aesthetics or amenit$# A sub focus in recent !eca!es has been to re!uce +aste materia"sC effect on the natura" +or"! an! the en ironment an! to reco er resources from them# Waste management can in o" e so"i!% "i,ui! or gaseous substances +ith !ifferent metho!s an! fie"!s of e)pertise for each# Waste management practices !iffer for !e e"ope! an! !e e"oping nations% for urban an! rura" areas% an! for resi!entia"% in!ustria"% an! commercia" pro!ucers# Waste management for non-ha'ar!ous resi!entia" an! institutiona" +aste in metropo"itan areas is usua""$ the responsibi"it$ of "oca" go ernment authorities% +hi"e management for non-ha'ar!ous commercia" an! in!ustria" +aste is usua""$ the responsibi"it$ of the generator#

The "#r"ose o$ !aste management is to%

-# 5rotect peop"e +ho han!"e +aste items from acci!enta" in&ur$# 4# 5re ent the sprea! of infection to hea"thcare +or0ers +ho han!"e the +aste# 7# 5re ent the sprea! of infection to the "oca" communit$# ;# Safe"$ !ispose of ha'ar!ous materia"s B# 9pen pi"es of +aste shou"! be a oi!e! because the$ are a ris0 to those +ho sca enge an! un0no+ing"$ reuses contaminate items#

The history o$ !aste management

E-Waste Management

Eistorica""$% the amount of +astes generate! b$ human popu"ation +as insignificant main"$ !ue to the "o+ popu"ation !ensities% coup"e! +ith the fact there +as er$ "itt"e e)p"oitation of natura" resources# Common +astes pro!uce! !uring the ear"$ ages +ere main"$ ashes an! human 8 bio!egra!ab"e +astes% an! these +ere re"ease! bac0 into the groun! "oca""$% +ith minima" en ironmenta" impact# .efore the +i!esprea! use of meta"s% +oo! +as +i!e"$ use! for most app"ications# Eo+e er% reuse of +oo! has been +e"" !ocumente! Fe erthe"ess% it is once again +e"" !ocumente! that reuse an! reco er$ of such meta"s ha e been carrie! out b$ ear"ier humans# With the a! ent of in!ustria" re o"ution% +aste management became a critica" issue# This +as !ue to the increase in popu"ation an! the massi e migration of peop"e to in!ustria" to+ns an! cities from rura" areas !uring the -Ath centur$# There +as a conse,uent increase in in!ustria" an! !omestic +astes posing threat to human hea"th an! en ironment# Waste has p"a$e! a tremen!ous ro"e in histor$# The 5"ague% cho"era an! t$phoi! fe er% to mention a fe+% +ere !iseases that a"tere! the popu"ations of man$ countr$# The$ +ere perpetuate! b$ fi"th that harbore! rats% an! contaminate! +ater supp"$# It +as not uncommon for e er$bo!$ to thro+ their +aste an! human +astes out of the +in!o+ +hich +ou"! !ecompose in the street#

Waste management conce"ts

E-Waste Management

There are a number of concepts about +aste management% +hich ar$ in their usage bet+een countries or regions# This section presents some of the most genera"% +i!e"$-use! concepts#

Waste hierarchy

The +aste hierarch$ The +aste hierarch$ refers to the (7 Rs( re!uce% reuse an! rec$c"e% +hich c"assif$ +aste management strategies accor!ing to their !esirabi"it$ in terms of +aste minimi'ation# The +aste hierarch$ remains the cornerstone of most +aste minimisation strategies# The aim of the +aste hierarch$ is to e)tract the ma)imum practica" benefits from pro!ucts an! to generate the minimum amount of +aste# Some +aste management e)perts ha e recent"$ incorporate! a Cfourth RCG (Re-thin0(% +ith the imp"ie! meaning that the present s$stem ma$ ha e

E-Waste Management

fun!amenta" f"a+s% an! that a thorough"$ effecti e s$stem of +aste management ma$ nee! an entire"$ ne+ +a$ of "oo0ing at +aste# Some (rethin0( so"utions ma$ be counter-intuiti e% such as cutting fabric patterns +ith s"ight"$ more (+aste materia"( "eft -- the no+ "arger scraps are then use! for cutting sma"" parts of the pattern% resu"ting in a !ecrease in net +aste# This t$pe of so"ution is b$ no means "imite! to the c"othing in!ustr$# Source re!uction in o" es efforts to re!uce ha'ar!ous +aste an! other materia"s b$ mo!if$ing in!ustria" pro!uction# Source re!uction metho!s in o" e changes in manufacturing techno"og$% ra+ materia" inputs% an! pro!uct formu"ation# At times% the term (po""ution pre ention( ma$ refer to source re!uction#Another metho! of source re!uction is to increase incenti es for rec$c"ing# Man$ communities in the Unite! States are imp"ementing ariab"e rate pricing for +aste !isposa" 2a"so 0no+n as 5a$ As You Thro+ - 5AYT3 +hich has been effecti e in re!ucing the si'e of the municipa" +aste stream# Source re!uction is t$pica""$ measure! b$ efficiencies an! cutbac0s in +aste# To)ics use re!uction is a more contro ersia" approach to source re!uction that targets an! measures re!uctions in the upstream use of to)ic materia"s# To)ics use re!uction emphasi'es the more pre enti e aspects of source re!uction but% !ue to its emphasis on to)ic chemica" inputs% has been oppose! more igorous"$ b$ chemica" manufacturers# To)ics use re!uction programs ha e been set up b$ "egis"ation in some states #

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WASTE COLLECT&O' METHO(S

Co""ection metho!s ar$ +i!e"$ bet+een !ifferent countries an! regions% an! it +ou"! be impossib"e to !escribe them a""# Man$ areas% especia""$ those in "ess !e e"ope! countries% !o not ha e a forma" +aste-co""ection s$stem in p"ace# >or e)amp"e% in Austra"ia most urban !omestic househo"!s ha e a 4;I-"itre 2D7#; U#S# ga""on3 bin that is emptie! +ee0"$ from the curb using si!e- or rear-"oa!ing compactor truc0s# In Europe an! a fe+ other p"aces aroun! the +or"!% a fe+ communities use a proprietar$ co""ection s$stem 0no+n as En ac% +hich con e$s refuse ia un!ergroun! con!uits using a acuum s$stem# In Cana!ian urban centres curbsi!e co""ection is the most common metho! of !isposa"% +hereb$ the cit$ co""ects +aste an!1or rec$c"ab"es an!1or organics on a sche!u"e! basis# In rura" areas peop"e usua""$ !ispose of their +aste b$ hau"ing it to a transfer station# Waste co""ecte! is then transporte! to a regiona" "an!fi""#

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E-Waste Management

WASTE (&SPOSAL METHO(S

Land$ill

&ncineration

Reso#rce reco*ery

Reco*ery

<isposa" metho!s for +aste pro!ucts ar$ +i!e"$% !epen!ing on the area an! t$pe of +aste materia"# >or e)amp"e% in A#stralia% the most common metho! of !isposa" of so"i! househo"! +aste is in "an!fi"" sites% as it is a "arge countr$ +ith a "o+-!ensit$ popu"ation# .$ contrast% in )a"an it is more common for +aste to be incinerated% because the countr$ is sma""er an! "an! is scarce# 9ther +aste t$pes 2such as "i,ui! se+age3 +i"" be !ispose! of in !ifferent +a$s in both countries#
Land$ill

<esign characteristics of a mo!ern "an!fi"" inc"u!e metho!s to contain "eachate% such as c"a$ or p"astic "ining materia"# <ispose! +aste is norma""$ compacte! to increase its !ensit$ an! stab"ise the ne+ "an!form% an! co ere! to pre ent attracting ermin 2such as mice or rats3 an! re!uce the amount of +in!-b"o+n "itter# Man$ "an!fi""s a"so ha e a "an!fi"" gas e)traction s$stem insta""e! after c"osure to e)tract the "an!fi"" gas generate! b$ the !ecomposing +aste materia"s# :as is pumpe! out of the "an!fi"" using perforate! pipes an! f"are! off or burnt in a gas engine to generate e"ectricit$# E en f"aring the gas is a better en ironmenta" outcome than

--

E-Waste Management

a""o+ing it to escape to the atmosphere% as this consumes the methane% +hich is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon !io)i!e# Man$ "oca" authorities% especia""$ in urban areas% ha e foun! it !ifficu"t to estab"ish ne+ "an!fi""s !ue to opposition from o+ners of a!&acent "an!# >e+ peop"e +ant a "an!fi"" in their "oca" neighborhoo!# As a resu"t% so"i! +aste !isposa" in these areas has become more e)pensi e as materia" must be transporte! further a+a$ for !isposa" 2or manage! b$ other metho!s3# This fact% as +e"" as gro+ing concern about the impacts of e)cessi e materia"s consumption% has gi en rise to efforts to minimise the amount of orts inc"u!e ta)ing or "e $ing +aste sent to "an!fi""% rec$c"ing the materia"s% con erting materia" to energ$% !esigning pro!ucts that use "ess materia"% an! "egis"ation man!ating that manufacturers become responsib"e for !isposa" costs of pro!ucts or pac0aging# A re"ate! sub&ect is that of in!ustria" eco"og$% +here the materia" f"o+s bet+een in!ustries is stu!ie!# The b$pro!ucts of one in!ustr$ ma$ be a usefu" commo!it$ to another% "ea!ing to a re!uce! materia"s +aste stream#

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&ncineration

A +aste-to-energ$ p"ant in Saugus% Massachusetts% the first p"ant in the Unite! States# Incineration is a +aste !isposa" metho! that in o" es the combustion of +aste at high temperatures# Incineration an! other high temperature +aste

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treatment s$stems are !escribe! as (therma" treatment(# In effect% incineration of +aste materia"s con erts the +aste into heat% gaseous emissions% an! resi!ua" so"i! ash# 9ther t$pes of therma" treatment inc"u!e p$ro"$sis an! gasification# A +aste-to-energ$ p"ant 2WtE3 is a mo!ern term for an incinerator that burns +astes in high-efficienc$ furnace1boi"ers to pro!uce steam an!1or e"ectricit$ an! incorporates mo!ern air po""ution contro" s$stems an! continuous emissions monitors# This t$pe of incinerator is sometimes ca""e! an energ$-from-+aste 2EfW3 faci"it$# Incineration is popu"ar in countries such as Japan +here "an! is a scarce resource% as the$ !o not consume as much area as a "an!fi""# S+e!en has been a "ea!er in using the energ$ generate! from incineration o er the past 4I $ears# It is recognise! as a practica" metho! of !isposing of certain ha'ar!ous +aste materia"s 2such as bio"ogica" me!ica" +aste3% though it remains a contro ersia" metho! of +aste !isposa" in man$ p"aces !ue to issues such as emission of gaseous po""utants#
Reso#rce reco*ery

A re"ati e"$ recent i!ea in +aste management has been to treat the +aste materia" as a resource to be e)p"oite!% instea! of simp"$ a cha""enge to be manage! an! !ispose! of# There are a number of !ifferent metho!s b$ +hich resources ma$ be e)tracte! from +asteG the materia"s ma$ be e)tracte! an! rec$c"e!% or the ca"orific content of the +aste ma$ be con erte! to e"ectricit$#

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The process of e)tracting resources or a"ue from +aste is arious"$ referre! to as secon!ar$ resource reco er$% rec$c"ing% an! other terms# The practice of treating +aste materia"s as a resource is becoming more common% especia""$ in metropo"itan areas +here space for ne+ "an!fi""s is becoming scarcer# There is a"so a gro+ing ac0no+"e!gement that simp"$ !isposing of +aste materia"s is unsustainab"e in the "ong term% as there is a finite supp"$ of most ra+ materia"s# There are a number of metho!s of reco ering resources from +aste materia"s% +ith ne+ techno"ogies an! metho!s being !e e"ope! continuous"$#

In some !e e"oping nations some resource reco er$ a"rea!$ ta0es p"ace b$ +a$ of manua" "abourers +ho sift through un-segregate! +aste to sa" age materia" that can be so"! in the rec$c"ing mar0et# These unrecognise! +or0ers ca""e! +aste pic0ers or rag pic0ers% are part of the informa" sector% but p"a$ a significant ro"e in re!ucing the "oa! on the Municipa"itiesC So"i! Waste Management !epartments# There is an increasing tren! in recognising their contribution to the en ironment an! there are efforts to tr$ an! integrate them into the forma" +aste management s$stems% +hich is pro en to be both cost effecti e an! a"so appears to he"p in urban po ert$ a""e iation# Eo+e er% the er$ high human cost of these acti ities inc"u!ing !isease% in&ur$ an! re!uce! "ife e)pectanc$ through contact +ith to)ic or infectious materia"s +ou"! not be to"erate! in a !e e"ope! countr$

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E-Waste Management Recycling

Rec$c"ing means to reco er for other use a materia" that +ou"! other+ise be consi!ere! +aste# The popu"ar meaning of Krec$c"ingL in most !e e"ope! countries has come to refer to the +i!esprea! co""ection an! reuse of arious e er$!a$ +aste materia"s# The$ are co""ecte! an! sorte! into common groups% so that the ra+ materia"s from these items can be use! again 2rec$c"e!3# In !e e"ope! countries% the most common consumer items rec$c"e! inc"u!e a"uminium be erage cans% stee"% foo! an! aeroso" cans% E<5E an! 5ET p"astic bott"es% g"ass bott"es an! &ars% paperboar! cartons% ne+spapers% maga'ines% an! car!boar!# 9ther t$pes of p"astic 25VC% *<5E% 55% an! 5SG see resin i!entification co!e3 are a"so rec$c"ab"e% a"though not as common"$ co""ecte!# These items are usua""$ compose! of a sing"e t$pe of materia"% ma0ing them re"ati e"$ eas$ to rec$c"e into ne+ pro!ucts#The rec$c"ing of obso"ete computers an! e"ectronic e,uipment is important% but more cost"$ !ue to the separation an! e)traction prob"ems# Much e"ectronic +aste is sent to Asia% +here reco er$ of the go"! an! copper can cause en ironmenta" prob"ems 2monitors contain "ea! an! arious (hea $ meta"s(% such as se"enium an! ca!mium/ both are common"$ foun! in e"ectronic items3# Rec$c"e! or use! materia"s ha e to compete in the mar0etp"ace +ith ne+ 2 irgin3 materia"s# The cost of co""ecting an! sorting the materia"s often means that the$ are e,ua""$ or more e)pensi e than irgin materia"s# This is most often the case in !e e"ope! countries +here in!ustries pro!ucing the ra+ materia"s are +e""-estab"ishe!# 5ractices such as trash pic0ing can

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re!uce this a"ue further% as choice items are remo e! 2such as a"uminium cans3# In some countries% rec$c"ing programs are subsi!ise! b$ !eposits pai! on be erage containers 2see container !eposit "egis"ation3# The economics of rec$c"ing &un0e! automobi"es a"so !epen!s on the scrap meta" mar0et e)cept +here rec$c"ing is man!ate! b$ "egis"ation 2as in :erman$3# Eo+e er% most economic s$stems !o not account for the benefits to the en ironment of rec$c"ing these materia"s% compare! +ith e)tracting irgin materia"s# It usua""$ re,uires significant"$ "ess energ$% +ater an! other resources to rec$c"e materia"s than to pro!uce ne+ materia"s# >or e)amp"e%

rec$c"ing -III 0g of a"uminum cans sa es appro)imate"$ BIII 0g of bau)ite ore being mine! 2sourceG A*C9A Austra"ia3 an! pre ents the generation of -B#-@ tonnes C94 greenhouse gases/ rec$c"ing stee" sa es about HBM of the energ$ use! to refine irgin ore 2sourceG U#S# .ureau of Mines3#

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E-Waste Management

Waste (is"osal Methods Ad*antages and (isad*antages

Ocean dumping Advantages Convenient inexpensive source of material, shelter and breeding Sanitary landfill Advantages volume can increase with little

Disadvantages ocean overburdened destruction of food sources killing of plankton desalination Disadvantages completed landfill areas can and requires maintenance requires proper planning, design and operation. Disadvantages !nexpensive to build and operate "igh energy requirement #equires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance

addition of people/equipment filled land can be reused for

other community purposes. Incineration Advantages land can be operated in any weather produces stable odor free residue refuse volume is requires minimum

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reduced by half Open dumping Advantages !nexpensive

$nsightly smell waste,vermin.

Disadvantages "ealth ha%ard insects, rodents etc. Damage due to air pollution
&roundwater and run off pollution.

Recycling Advantages 'ey to providing a liviable environment for the future.

Disadvantages (xpensive )ome wastes cannot push needed )eparation of useful material from waste difficult.

Ty"es o$ solid !aste

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E-Waste Management

Ho#sehold !aste

&nd#strial !aste

+iomedical or hos"ital !aste

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4-

So"i! +aste can be c"assifie! into !ifferent t$pes !epen!ing on their sourceG a3 Eouseho"! +aste is genera""$ c"assifie! as municipa" +aste% b3In!ustria" +aste as ha'ar!ous +aste c3 .iome!ica" +aste or hospita" +aste as infectious +aste#
E-Waste Management

M#nici"al solid !aste

Municipa" so"i! +aste consists of househo"! +aste% construction an! !emo"ition !ebris% sanitation resi!ue% an! +aste from streets# This garbage is generate! main"$ from resi!entia" an! commercia" comp"e)es# With rising urbani'ation an! change in "ifest$"e an! foo! habits% the amount of municipa" so"i! +aste has been increasing rapi!"$ an! its composition changing# In -H;@ cities an! to+ns in In!ia generate! an estimate! D mi""ion tonnes of so"i! +aste% in -HH@ it +as about ;A mi""ion tonnes# More than 4BM of the municipa" so"i! +aste is not co""ecte! at a""/ @IM of the In!ian cities "ac0 a!e,uate capacit$ to transport it an! there are no sanitar$ "an!fi""s to !ispose of the +aste# The e)isting "an!fi""s are neither +e"" e,uippe! nor +e"" manage! an! are not "ine! proper"$ to protect against contamination of soi" an! groun!+ater# ,arbage% the $o#r broad categories Organic !aste% 0itchen +aste% egetab"es% f"o+ers% "ea es% fruits# To-ic !aste% o"! me!icines% paints% chemica"s% bu"bs% spra$ cans% ferti"i'er an! pestici!e containers% batteries% shoe po"ish# Recyclable% paper% g"ass% meta"s% p"astics# Soiled% hospita" +aste such as c"oth soi"e! +ith b"oo! an! other f"ui!s# 9 er the "ast fe+ $ears% the consumer mar0et has gro+n rapi!"$ "ea!ing to pro!ucts being pac0e! in cans% a"uminium foi"s% p"astics% an! other such nonbio!egra!ab"e items that cause inca"cu"ab"e harm to the en ironment# In In!ia% some municipa" areas ha e banne! the use of p"astics an! the$ seem to ha e achie e! success# >or e)amp"e% to!a$ one +i"" not see a sing"e piece 44 of p"astic in the entire !istrict of *a!a0h +here the "oca" authorities impose! a ban

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Health im"acts o$ !aste

Mo!erni'ation an! progress has ha! its share of !isa! antages an! one of the main aspects of concern is the po""ution it is causing to the earth N be it "an!% air% an! +ater# With increase in the g"oba" popu"ation an! the rising !eman! for foo! an! other essentia"s% there has been a rise in the amount of +aste being generate! !ai"$ b$ each househo"!# This +aste is u"timate"$ thro+n into municipa" +aste co""ection centres from +here it is co""ecte! b$ the area municipa"ities to be further thro+n into the "an!fi""s an! !umps# Eo+e er% either !ue to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure% not a"" of this +aste gets co""ecte! an! transporte! to the fina" !umpsites# If at this stage the management an! !isposa" is improper"$ !one% it can cause serious impacts on hea"th an! prob"ems to the surroun!ing en ironment# Waste that is not proper"$ manage!% especia""$ e)creta an! other "i,ui! an! so"i! +aste from househo"!s an! the communit$% are a serious hea"th ha'ar! an! "ea! to the sprea! of infectious !iseases# Unatten!e! +aste "$ing aroun! attracts f"ies% rats% an! other creatures that in turn sprea! !isease# Forma""$ it is the +et +aste that !ecomposes an! re"eases a ba! o!our# This "ea!s to unh$gienic con!itions an! thereb$ to a rise in the hea"th prob"ems# The p"ague outbrea0 in Surat is a goo! e)amp"e of a cit$ suffering !ue to the ca""ous attitu!e of the "oca" bo!$ in maintaining c"ean"iness in the cit$# 5"astic +aste is another cause for i"" hea"th# Thus e)cessi e so"i! +aste that is generate! shou"! be contro""e! b$ ta0ing certain pre enti e measures#

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&m"acts o$ solid !aste on health The group at ris0 from the unscientific !isposa" of so"i! +aste inc"u!e N the popu"ation in areas +here there is no proper +aste !isposa" metho!% especia""$ the pre-schoo" chi"!ren/ +aste +or0ers/ an! +or0ers in faci"ities pro!ucing to)ic an! infectious materia"# 9ther high-ris0 group inc"u!es popu"ation "i ing c"ose to a +aste !ump an! those% +hose +ater supp"$ has become contaminate! either !ue to +aste !umping or "ea0age from "an!fi"" sites# Unco""ecte! so"i! +aste a"so increases ris0 of in&ur$% an! infection# In particu"ar% organic !omestic +aste poses a serious threat% since the$ ferment% creating con!itions fa ourab"e to the sur i a" an! gro+th of microbia" pathogens# <irect han!"ing of so"i! +aste can resu"t in arious t$pes of infectious an! chronic !iseases +ith the +aste +or0ers an! the rag pic0ers being the most u"nerab"e# E)posure to ha'ar!ous +aste can affect human hea"th% chi"!ren being more u"nerab"e to these po""utants# In fact% !irect e)posure can "ea! to !iseases through chemica" e)posure as the re"ease of chemica" +aste into the en ironment "ea!s to chemica" poisoning# Man$ stu!ies ha e been carrie! out in arious parts of the +or"! to estab"ish a connection bet+een hea"th an! ha'ar!ous +aste#

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Waste from agriculture and industries can a"so cause serious hea"th ris0s# 9ther than this% co-!isposa" of in!ustria" ha'ar!ous +aste +ith municipa" +aste can e)pose peop"e to chemica" an! ra!ioacti e ha'ar!s# Unco""ecte! so"i! +aste can a"so obstruct storm +ater runoff% resu"ting in the forming of stagnant +ater bo!ies that become the bree!ing groun! of !isease# Waste !umpe! near a +ater source a"so causes contamination of the +ater bo!$ or the groun! +ater source# <irect !umping of untreate! +aste in ri ers% seas% an! "a0es resu"ts in the accumu"ation of to)ic substances in the foo! chain through the p"ants an! anima"s that fee! on it# Disposal of hospital and other medical waste re,uires specia" attention since this can create ma&or hea"th ha'ar!s# This +aste generate! from the hospita"s% hea"th care centres% me!ica" "aboratories% an! research centres such as !iscar!e! s$ringe nee!"es% ban!ages% s+abs% p"asters% an! other t$pes of infectious +aste are often !ispose! +ith the regu"ar non-infectious +aste# Waste treatment an! !isposa" sites can a"so create hea"th ha'ar!s for the neighbourhoo!# Improper"$ operate! incineration p"ants cause air po""ution an! improper"$ manage! an! !esigne! "an!fi""s attract a"" t$pes of insects an! ro!ents that sprea! !isease# I!ea""$ these sites shou"! be "ocate! at a safe !istance from a"" human sett"ement# *an!fi"" sites shou"! be +e"" "ine! an! +a""e! to ensure that there is no "ea0age into the nearb$ groun! +ater sources#

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E-Waste Management

Rec$c"ing too carries hea"th ris0s if proper precautions are not ta0en# Wor0ers +or0ing +ith +aste containing chemica" an! meta"s ma$ e)perience to)ic e)posure# <isposa" of hea"th-care +astes re,uire specia" attention since it can create ma&or hea"th ha'ar!s% such as Eepatitis . an! C% through +oun!s cause! b$ !iscar!e! s$ringes# Rag pic0ers an! others +ho are in o" e! in sca enging in the +aste !umps for items that can be rec$c"e!% ma$ sustain in&uries an! come into !irect contact +ith these infectious items# Occ#"ational ha.ards associated !ith !aste handling &n$ections S0in an! b"oo! infections resu"ting from !irect contact +ith +aste% an! from infecte! +oun!s# E$e an! respirator$ infections resu"ting from e)posure to infecte! !ust% especia""$ !uring "an!fi"" operations# <ifferent !iseases that resu"ts from the bites of anima"s fee!ing on the +aste# Intestina" infections that are transmitte! b$ f"ies fee!ing on the +aste# Chronic diseases Incineration operators are at ris0 of chronic respirator$ !iseases% inc"u!ing cancers resu"ting from e)posure to !ust an! ha'ar!ous compoun!s# Accidents .one an! musc"e !isor!ers resu"ting from the han!"ing of hea $ containers# Infecting +oun!s resu"ting from contact +ith sharp ob&ects#

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E-Waste Management

5oisoning an! chemica" burns resu"ting from contact +ith sma"" amounts of ha'ar!ous chemica" +aste mi)e! +ith genera" +aste# .urns an! other in&uries resu"ting from occupationa" acci!ents at +aste !isposa" sites or from methane gas e)p"osion at "an!fi"" sites# (iseases Certain chemica"s if re"ease! untreate!% e#g# c$ani!es% mercur$% an! po"$ch"orinate! biphen$"s are high"$ to)ic an! e)posure can "ea! to !isease or !eath# Some stu!ies ha e !etecte! e)cesses of cancer in resi!ents e)pose! to ha'ar!ous +aste# Man$ stu!ies ha e been carrie! out in arious parts of the +or"! to estab"ish a connection bet+een hea"th an! ha'ar!ous +aste# The role o$ "lastics The unh$gienic use an! !isposa" of p"astics an! its effects on human hea"th has become a matter of concern# Co"oure! p"astics are harmfu" as their pigment contains hea $ meta"s that are high"$ to)ic# Some of the harmfu" meta"s foun! in p"astics are copper% "ea!% chromium% coba"t% se"enium% an! ca!mium# In most in!ustria"i'e! countries% co"our p"astics ha e been "ega""$ banne!# In In!ia% the :o ernment of Eimacha" 5ra!esh has banne! the use of p"astics an! so has *a!a0h !istrict# 9ther states shou"! emu"ate their e)amp"e#

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Pre*enti*e meas#re

5roper metho!s of +aste !isposa" ha e to be un!erta0en to ensure that it !oes not affect the en ironment aroun! the area or cause hea"th ha'ar!s to the peop"e "i ing there# At the househo"!-"e e" proper segregation of +aste has to be !one an! it shou"! be ensure! that a"" organic matter is 0ept asi!e for composting% +hich is un!oubte!"$ the best metho! for the correct !isposa" of this segment of the +aste# In fact% the organic part of the +aste that is generate! !ecomposes more easi"$% attracts insects an! causes !isease# 9rganic +aste can be composte! an! then use! as a ferti"i'er#

4A

E-Waste Management

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Ho! !e all contrib#te e*eryday

A"" of us in our !ai"$ "i es contribute our bit to this change in the c"imate# :i e these points a goo!% serious thoughtG -E"ectricit$ is the main source of po+er in urban areas# A"" our ga!gets run on e"ectricit$ generate! main"$ from therma" po+er p"ants# These therma" po+er p"ants are run on fossi" fue"s 2most"$ coa"3 an! are responsib"e for the emission of huge amounts of greenhouse gases an! other po""utants

- Cars% buses% an! truc0s are the principa" +a$s b$ +hich goo!s an! peop"e are transporte! in most of our cities# These are run main"$ on petro" or !iese" both fossi" fue"s# We generate "arge ,uantities of +aste in the form of p"astics that remain in the en ironment for man$ $ears an! cause !amage

- We use a huge ,uantit$ of paper in our +or0 at schoo"s an! in offices# Ea e +e e er thought about the number of trees that +e use in a !a$6

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- Timber is use! in "arge ,uantities for construction of houses% +hich means that "arge areas of forest ha e to be cut !o+n#

- A gro+ing popu"ation has meant more an! more mouths to fee!# .ecause the "an! area a ai"ab"e for agricu"ture is "imite! 2an! in fact% is actua""$ shrin0ing as a resu"t of eco"ogica" !egra!ationO3% high-$ie"!ing arieties of crop are being gro+n to increase the agricu"tura" output from a gi en area of "an!# Eo+e er% such high-$ie"!ing arieties of crops re,uire "arge ,uantities of ferti"i'ers/ an! more ferti"i'er means more emissions of nitrous o)i!e#

PRE/E'T&O' 0 CO'TROL OF WATER WASTE

Water po""ution are contribute! !ue to in!ustria" eff"uents an! se+age# The time has came to a ert ma&or !isaster# Eff"uent treatment s$stems ha e to be incorporate! in in!ustr$# In!ustries% +here it is a"rea!$ in e)istence% nee! to operate their p"ants regu"ar"$ +ithout "oo0ing for sa ings# 12 Fe+ techni,ues that nee! no +ater is high"$ beneficia"# Some of the +et processes is rep"ace! b$ the !r$ processes# >or e)amp"e% meta" pic0"ing

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once carrie! out b$ aci!s is rep"ace! b$ san! b"asting in +hich no "i,ui! eff"uent is generate!# 32 To minimi'e the o"ume of eff"uents% the +aste +ater that is "ess po""ute! ma$ be use! in rinsing# >or instance% in the merceri'ing of $arn% the fina" rinse +ater containing "itt"e a"0a"i is use! for the first an! secon! rinsing of $arn containing e)cess a"0a"i# 42 Concentrate! +astes% "o+ in o"ume% are ming"e! +ith !i"ute! +aste for treatment or !isposa"# It can be segregate! from other streams of !i"ute! +astes% for re!uction in po""ution "oa! an! the !i"ute! +astes after minor treatment is uti"ise! for irrigation# This metho! is use! for treating tanner$ eff"uents# 52 Sma"" in!ustries cannot affor! treatment p"ants as the$ fre,uent"$ !ischarge their eff"uents% near agricu"tura" "an!s an! on roa!s# It can be a oi!e! b$ setting up a common eff"uent treatment p"ant +here in!ustries are "ocate!#

6# Waste can be con erte! into +ea"th# >or instance% in our countr$ !isti""eries can set up bio-gas p"ants +hich are fe! b$ their eff"uents resu"ting in re!uction in fue" costs an! !ecrease in eff"uentLs strength# D# The s"u!ge obtaine! is a prob"em# The s"u!ge from pu"p an! paper in!ustr$ ma$ be use! for manufacturing boar!s use! in pac0ing or in preparation of artificia" +oo!en pane"s +hi"e those from the e"ectrop"ating in!ustr$ ma$ form +aterNproofing compoun!s#

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Reco er$ of chemica"s an! meta"s is practice! in most in!ustries# The rec"aime! +aste +ater can be reuse! for in!ustria" processes such as boi"er% fee!ing% coo"ing% +hich +i"" he"p cut !o+n the fresh +ater nee!s# An! paper mi""s% sugar in!ustries an! !isti""eries that "et out more eff"uents can be use! for irrigation or as ferti"i'ers after proper treatment% +ithout affecting groun! +ater#

Waste Water Management

Water is one of the most essentia" parts for human sur i a"# Euman +ater !eman! for in!ustria" +ater supp"$% irrigation% an! generation of po+er is e er increasing +ith !e e"opment of ci i"i'ation# Since the start of the in!ustria" re o"ution an! the fast e)pan!ing agricu"tura" acti ities +ater resource began to !eteriorate +ith time# In ie+ of the +i!e range of

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acti ities affecting the ,ua"it$ of +ater% a "arge number of ariab"es are to be consi!ere! to !escribe +ater ,ua"it$ an! +ater use# Water ,ua"it$% in genera"% is !etermine! b$ the gases% so"utes an! suspen!e! mater in the +ater# In an$ case +ater ,ua"it$ is usua""$ affecte!% !irect"$ or in!irect"$% b$ human acti ities ma0ing it harmfu" for "i ing p"ants an! anima"s# In!ustria" operations pro!uce a "i,ui! pro!uct that a"most a"+a$s must be treate! before being returne! to the en ironment# There are three !ifferent groups of +aste+ater to be consi!ere!# Classi$ications o$ Waste Water 12 (omestic !aste !aters% These +aters are pro!uce! b$ the mere acts of "i ing such as using the bathroom% !oing "aun!r$% or +ashing the !ishes# These +astes are norma""$ han!"e! b$ the sanitation !epartment% +hich e"iminates pathogens before !isposa"#

4# Process !aste !atersG These +aters are pro!uce! b$ some in!ustria" processes an! inc"u!e the un!esire! "i,ui! pro!uct of an$ unit operation# The ma&or concern +ith these +astes is the reactions that ma$ occur +ith the en ironment being either !irect or in!irect# Some ma$ rob o)$gen from the en ironment% +hi"e others ma$ be to)ic 7# Cooling !aste !aters% These +aters are pro!uce! as a resu"t of some sort of heat e)changer +here heat is remo e! from the pro!uct# Waters can be

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use! once or rec$c"e!# Rec$c"ing creates the necessit$ for perio!ic c"eaning% +here at "east some ma$ be re"ease! into the en ironment# This t$pe of +aste must a"so be monitore! an! often treate!% an! is a"so a ma&or factor in therma" po""ution of +ater sources#

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E-Waste Management

Water conser*ation
9ur ancient re"igious te)ts an! epics gi e a goo! insight into the +ater storage an! conser ation s$stems that pre ai"e! in those !a$s# 9 er the $ears rising popu"ations% gro+ing in!ustria"i'ation% an! e)pan!ing agricu"ture ha e pushe! up the !eman! for +ater# Efforts ha e been ma!e to co""ect +ater b$ bui"!ing !ams an! reser oirs an! !igging +e""s/ some countries ha e a"so trie! to rec$c"e an! !esa"inate 2remo e sa"ts3 +ater# Water conser ation has become the nee! of the !a$# The i!ea of groun! +ater recharging b$ har esting rain+ater is gaining importance in man$ cities# In the forests% +ater seeps gent"$ into the groun! as egetation brea0s the fa""# This groun!+ater in turn fee!s +e""s% "a0es% an! ri ers# 5rotecting forests means protecting +ater CcatchmentsC# In ancient In!ia% peop"e be"ie e! that forests +ere the CmothersC of ri ers an! +orshippe! the sources of these +ater bo!ies# Some ancient &ndian methods o$ !ater conser*ation

The In!us Va""e$ Ci i"i'ation% that f"ourishe! a"ong the ban0s of the ri er In!us an! other parts of +estern an! northern In!ia about B%III $ears ago% ha! one of the most sophisticate! urban +ater supp"$ an! se+age 7D s$stems in the +or"!# The fact that the peop"e +ere +e"" ac,uainte! +ith

E-Waste Management

&nd#strial !aste!ater treatment

&nd#strial Waste Water Treatment can be c"assifie! into the fo""o+ing categoriesG

.oi"er +ater treatment Coo"ing +ater treatment Waste+ater treatment

Water treatment is use! to optimi'e most +ater-base! in!ustria" processes% such asG heating% coo"ing% processing% c"eaning% an! rinsing% so that operating costs an! ris0s are re!uce!# 5oor +ater treatment "ets +ater interact +ith the surfaces of pipes an! esse"s +hich contain it# Steam boi"ers can sca"e up or corro!e% an! these !eposits +i"" mean more fue" is nee!e! to heat the same amount of +ater# Coo"ing to+ers can a"so sca"e up an! corro!e% but "eft untreate!% the +arm% !irt$ +ater the$ can contain +i"" encourage bacteria to gro+% an! *egionnairesC <isease can be the fata" conse,uence# <omestic +ater can become unsafe to !rin0 if proper h$giene measures are neg"ecte!# In man$ cases% eff"uent +ater from one process might be perfect"$ suitab"e for reuse in another process some+here e"se on site# With the proper treatment% a significant proportion of in!ustria" on-site +aste+ater might be reusab"e# This can sa e mone$ in three +a$sG "o+er charges for "o+er +ater consumption% "o+er charges for the sma""er o"ume of eff"uent +ater

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!ischarge! an! "o+er energ$ costs !ue to the reco er$ of heat in rec$c"e! +aste+ater# In!ustria" +ater treatment see0s to manage four main prob"em areasG sca"ing% corrosion% microbio"ogica" acti it$ an! !isposa" of resi!ua" +aste+ater# .oi"ers !o not ha e man$ prob"ems +ith microbes as the high temperatures pre ents their gro+th# Sca"ing occurs +hen the chemistr$ an! temperature con!itions are such that the !isso" e! minera" sa"ts in the +ater are cause! to precipitate an! form so"i! cr$sta""ine !eposits# These can be mobi"e% "i0e a fine si"t% or can bui"! up in "a$ers on the meta" surfaces of the s$stems# Sca"e is a prob"em because it insu"ates an! heat e)change becomes "ess efficient as the sca"e thic0ens% +hich +astes energ$# Sca"e a"so narro+s pipe +i!ths an! therefore increases the energ$ use! in pumping the +ater through the pipes# Corrosion occurs +hen the parent meta" o)i!ises 2as iron rusts% for e)amp"e3 an! gra!ua""$ the integrit$ of the p"ant e,uipment is compromise!# The corrosion pro!ucts can cause simi"ar prob"ems to sca"e% but corrosion can a"so "ea! to "ea0s% +hich in a pressurise! s$stem can "ea! to catastrophic fai"ures# Microbes can thri e in untreate! coo"ing +ater% +hich is +arm an! sometimes fu"" of organic nutrients% as +et coo"ing to+ers are er$ efficient air scrubbers# <ust% f"ies% grass% funga" spores an! so on co""ect in the +ater an! create a sort of (microbia" soup( if not treate! +ith bioci!es# Most

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outbrea0s of the !ea!"$ *egionnairesC <isease ha e been trace! to unmanage! coo"ing to+ers% an! the UP has ha! stringent Eea"th 8 Safet$ :ui!e"ines concerning coo"ing to+er operations for man$ $ears as ha e ha! go ernmenta" agencies in other countries# <isposa" of resi!ua" +aste+aters from an in!ustria" p"ant is a !ifficu"t an! cost"$ prob"em# Most petro"eum refineries% chemica" an! petrochemica" p"ants ha e onsite faci"ities to treat their +aste+aters so that the po""utant concentrations in the treate! +aste+ater comp"$ +ith the "oca" an!1or nationa" regu"ations regar!ing !isposa" of +aste+aters into communit$ treatment p"ants or into ri ers% "a0es or oceans#

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HOW TO (&SPOSE OF WATER WASTES

*i,ui! contaminate! +aste 2e#g#% human tissue% b"oo!% feces% urine an! other bo!$ f"ui!s3 re,uires specia" han!"ing% because it ma$ pose an infectious ris0 to hea"thcare +or0ers +ho contact or han!"e the +aste# STEP 1G Wear 55E 2uti"it$ g"o es% protecti e e$e+ear an! p"astic apron3 'oteG *i,ui! +astes can +hen han!"ing an! transporting "i,ui! +astes# a"so be poure! into the "atrine# STEP 3G Carefu""$ pour +astes !o+n a uti"it$ sin0 !rain or into a f"ushab"e toi"et an! rinse the toi"et or sin0 carefu""$ an! thorough"$ +ith +ater to remo e resi!ua" +astes# A*oid s"lashing# STEP 4G If a se+age s$stem !oesnLt e)ist% !ispose of "i,ui!s in a !eep% co ere! ho"e% not into open !rains# STEP 5G <econtaminate specimen containers b$ p"acing them in a I#BM ch"orine so"ution for -I minutes before +ashing them# STEP 6G Remo e uti"it$ g"o es 2+ash !ai"$ or +hen isib"$ soi"e! an! !r$3# STEP 7G Wash an! !r$ han!s or use an antiseptic han!rub as !escribe! abo e# Cholera E"idemic In case of a cho"era epi!emic% hospita" se+age must a"so be treate! an! !isinfecte!#

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Ad*antages o$ Recycling 0 Re#se O$ Waste Water

Re!uction in interference +ith the En ironment +i"" increase b$ re!ucing or e"iminating the eff"uent !ischarge# It is an effecti e approach to+ar!s CSero *i,ui! <ischargeC# Rec$c"e! +ater can be treate! to a"most an$ stan!ar!s hence is suitab"e for an$ en! usage# Re!uction in (>resh +ater( inta0e an! the costs associate! +ith it# Re!uction in (<isposa" Vo"ume( an! the costs associate! +ith it# Rec$c"e! +ater is "i0e creation of (Fe+(% (In-house( source of goo! ,ua"it$ +ater "arge"$ unaffecte! b$ e)terna" factors# In areas +here (fresh +ater( cost is present"$ high or "i0e"$ to be hi0e!% the rec$c"e! +ater sha"" pro i!e (ongoing sa ings(# Rec$c"ing 8 reuse is an approach to+ar!s IS9 - -;III#

So#rces o$ !aste !ater $or recycle 0 re#se In a running in!ustr$ the +ater in untreate! or treate! form is use! for arious app"ications# Eence the +aste +ater is being generate! in arious sections# The sources t$pica""$ are treate! eff"uent from eff"uent treatment p"ant% boi"er b"o+ !o+n% f"oor +ashings#

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End #se o$ recycled !ater the rec$c"e! +ater generate! from +aste +ater can be use! for arious app"ications after suitab"e post N treatment "i0e process +ater% boi"er fee! coo"ing to+er% chi""ers% as soft +ater gar!ening etc#

Process o$ recycling

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E-Waste Management

WASTE MA'A,EME'T &' &'(&A

There is no In!ian po"ic$ !ocument% +hich e)amines +aste as part of a c$c"e of pro!uction-consumption-reco er$ or percei es the issue of +aste through a prism of o era"" sustainabi"it$# In fact% inter entions ha e been fragmente! an! are often contra!ictor$# The ne+ Municipa" So"i! Waste Management Ru"es 4III% +hich came into effect from Januar$ 4II;% fai"s e en to manage +aste in a c$c"ic process# Waste management sti"" is a "inear s$stem of co""ection an! !isposa"% creating hea"th an! en ironmenta" ha'ar!s# Urban In!ia is "i0e"$ to face a massi e +aste !isposa" prob"em in the coming $ears# Ti"" no+% the prob"em of +aste has been seen as one of c"eaning an! !isposing as rubbish# .ut a c"oser "oo0 at the current an! future scenario re ea"s that +aste nee!s to be treate! ho"istica""$% recogni'ing its natura" resource roots as +e"" as hea"th impacts# Waste can be +ea"th/ +hich has tremen!ous potentia" not on"$ for generating "i e"ihoo!s for the urban poor but can a"so enrich the earth through composting an! rec$c"ing rather than sprea!ing po""ution as has been the case# Increasing urban migration an! a high !ensit$ of popu"ation +i"" ma0e +aste management a !ifficu"t issue to han!"e in the near future% if a ne+ para!igm for approaching it is not create!# <e e"oping countries% such as In!ia% are un!ergoing a massi e migration of their popu"ation from rura" to urban centres# Fe+ consumption patterns an! socia" "in0ages are emerging# In!ia% +i"" ha e more than ;I per cent% i#e# o er ;II mi""ion peop"e c"ustere! in cities o er the ne)t thirt$ $ears 2UF%

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E-Waste Management

-HHB3# Mo!ern urban "i ing brings on the prob"em of +aste% +hich increases in ,uantit$% an! changes in composition +ith each passing !a$# There is% ho+e er% an ina!e,uate un!erstan!ing of the prob"em% both of infrastructure re,uirements as +e"" as its socia" !imensions# Urban p"anners% municipa" agencies% en ironmenta" regu"ators% "abour groups% citi'ensL groups an! nongo ernmenta" organi'ations nee! to !e e"op a ariet$ of responses +hich are roote! in "oca" !$namics% rather than borro+ non-conte)tua" so"utions from e"se+here# There ha e been a ariet$ of po"ic$ responses to the prob"em of urban so"i! +aste in In!ia% especia""$ o er the past fe+ $ears% $et sustainab"e so"utions either of organic or inorganic +aste remains an untappe! an! unatten!e! area# A"" po"ic$ !ocuments as +e"" as "egis"ation !ea"ing +ith urban so"i! +aste mention or ac0no+"e!ge rec$c"ing as one of the +a$s of !i erting +aste% but the$ !o so in a piece mea" manner an! !o not a!!ress the frame+or0 nee!e! to enab"e this to happen# Critica" issues such as in!ustr$ responsibi"it$% a critica" para!igm to enab"e sustainab"e rec$c"ing an! to cata"$se +aste re!uction through% sa$ better pac0ing% has not been touche! upon# This ne+ para!igm shou"! inc"u!e a cra!"e-to-gra e approach +ith responsibi"it$ being share! b$ man$ sta0eho"!ers% inc"u!ing pro!uct manufacturers% consumers an! communities% the rec$c"ing in!ustr$% tra!e% municipa"ities an! the urban poor#

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E-Waste Management

COMPA'8 PROF&LE
Constit#tion % The CET5 at Vat a is manage! b$ a Co#operati e Societ$ name! The :reen En ironment Ser ices Co# 9perati e Societ$ *imite! forme! b$ the member units of :I<C Estate% Vat a# 2Registration Fo# S 4;-ID <ate! IA-IH--HH43 Land Area % The Tota" *an! area is 4-III s,# mtrs# The "an! for the pro&ect is gi en at the to0en price of Rs# - b$ :I<C# Cost o$ Pro9ect % The tota" cost of the pro&ect is about Rs# 74#II crore# Interna" co""ection s$stems Rs# -I#-@ crore Treatment units Rs# -A#II crore Con e$ance "ine upto AMC 5irana 5"ant Rs# B#-- crore Sabarmati Tota" Rs# 77#4A crore So#rce o$ Finance % Contribution from Member units Subsi!$ from Centra"1State :o t# Tota" Rs# 44#47 crore Rs# -I#@B crore Rs# 74#HA crore

Societ$ has obtaine! the "oan amounting Rs# --BI "acs from In!ustria" <e e"opment .an0 of In!ia an! same has been prepai! before maturit$# Po!er Re:#irement % The tota" connecte! po+er is --IIPW Supp"ie! b$ A#E#C# *t!# In case of po+er fai"ure the$ ha e stan! b$ <: set of -III PVA +hich is sufficient to run the entire pro&ect# Technology % M1s# A! ent Corporation USA has carrie! out the process !esign of the CET5# The construction +or0 +as starte! in March HD an! the p"ant +as pre-commissione! in &ust t+o $ear i#e# in Ma$ HA# Salient $eat#res o$ the "lant % a3 It has a state of art techno"og$ ca""e! as AIS 2A! entCs Intergra"

;B

E-Waste Management

S$stem3 Which consists Aeration s$stem +ith Inbuit c"arifier# b3 The a! antage of this s$stem is about DDM sa ing in "an! area% pro&ect cost an! po+er supp"$ as compare! to con entiona" s$stems# c3 There are no mo ing parts in the Aeration Tan0 as +e"" as c"arifier# !3 There is no pumping an$+here in the p"ant once eff"uent reaches to E#Q# Tan0 as itCs !esigne! base! on gra it$ f"o+ on"$ through the s$stem# Charging +asis % Eff"uent Rs# 4I10g# Toc1<AY So"i! +aste G Rs# 4II1MT# The$ Co""ect e)tra treatment charges from the Member units +ho !ischarge their Eff"uent e)cee!ing specifie! norms gi en b$ :ESCS*# Incase of e)cee!ing in an$ of the parameter than the specifie! b$ us% the$ are ca""ing them in!i i!ua""$ against our technica" committee an! proper techno"og$ is being gui!e! to them to contro" it at their premises itse"f# +hich he"ps us in impro ing the ,ua"it$ of Inf"uent of CET5#

&'TRO(UCT&O'

The Vat a In!ustria" Estate has been !e e"ope! b$ :u&arat In!ustries <e e"opment Corporation in the $ear -HDI to accommo!ate sma"" sca"e an! me!ium sca"e in!ustries# This Estate is "ocate! in the south east !irection of Ahme!aba! Cit$ on Ahme!aba!-Mehma!aba! state high+a$#

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E-Waste Management

In this In!ustria" Estate there are appro)imate"$ -AII units% out of +hich appro)imate"$ DAI in!ustries generates the eff"uent# These units inc"u!e 5harmaceutica" pro!ucts manafacturers% ro""ing mi""s% 5rocess houses% <$es 8 <$e Interme!iates manufacturers% 5igment manufacturers etc# To treat the eff"uent b$ in!i i!ua" member units at source +as er$ !ifficu"t an! Techno-economica""$ not iab"e hence to so" e this prob"em% the most practica" an! cost-effecti e approach +as a!opte! b$ estab"ishing the Common Eff"uent Treatment 5"ant un!er the name (The :reen En ironment Ser ices Co-op# Soc# *t!#(% +ith the support of Vat a In!ustries Association an! :u&arat <$estuff ManufacturerCs Association# The process !esigning is carrie! out b$ M1s# A! ent Corporation% U#S#A# one of the internationa""$ reno+ne! consu"tants for the in!ustria" +aste+ater treatment# The commissioning an! operations super ision is !one b$ a! entCs In!ian Co""aborators A! ent En irocare Techno"og$ 5 t# *t!#% Ahme!aba!# <etai"e! engineering for the CET5 pro&ect is carrie! our b$ reno+e! consu"tant M1s# Su!arshan Chemica"s In!# *t!#% 5une 2In!ia3#

It is therefore necessar$ for the member units to gi e primar$ treatment to their eff"uent before !ischarging the +aste+ater into ICS of CET5 for the further treatment# Treate! eff"uent is ta0en to pirana se+age treatment p"ant through a c"ose! pipe"ine#

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E-Waste Management

PROCESS O/ER/&EW
IFTERFA* C9**ECTI9F SYSTEM 8 C9FVEYAFCE FETW9RP

There are DAI member units sprea! in an area of -7#B s,# 0m# in Vat a Insustria" Comp"e)# The eff"uent from e er$ member is con e$e! through the ICS to CET5 in a most scientific an! economica" +a$# To Contro" the

;A

E-Waste Management

,ua"it$ 8 ,uantit$ of memberLs eff"uent% contro" s$stem is a"so pro i!e!# The !etai"e! engineering for ICS is carrie! out b$ reno+e! consu"tant M1s# <a"a" Consu"tants an! Engineers *t!#% Ahme!aba! base! on the Technoeconomic feasibi"it$ stu!$ of the arious a"ternati e of ICS# The sa"ient features of the Interna" Eff"uent Co""ection S$stem are as un!er# The DAI members +hich are scattere! in !ifferent area of the comp"e) are co ere! in H4 sump rooms from +here% the +aste+ater f"o+s b$ gra it$ to the pumping stations# The +aste+ater is pumpe! to CET5 from si) pumping stations# In a"" there are si) pumping stations "ocate! in such a +a$ that ma)imum f"o+ from sump rooms to pumping stations is a ai"ab"e b$ gra it$% so that pumping cost can be minimise!# 9ne ne+ pumping station Fo# @ is insta""e! to !i ert cho0e! gra it$ mains of pumping station no# B an! its !ischarge goes to pumping station B# A"" the members !ischarge their eff"uent from their o er hea! !ischarge tan0 in the respecti e sumps# The magnetic f"o+ meter 8 butterf"$ a" es

are pro i!e! in each sump room ma)imum H connections are gi en# It is ob"igator$ on the part of member to construct !ischarge tan0 ha ing ho"!ing capacit$ of +aste +ater of one !a$ !ischarge# In Interna" Co""ection S$stem% :ra it$ mains is ha ing a tota" pipe "ength of -@%BAA mts# an! of !ifferent si'es ar$ing from 4BImm to DIImm !iameter o"ume at -BC height for gra it$

;H

E-Waste Management

an! are ma!e up of R#C#C# an! stone+are# The rising mains ha e a tota" "ength of D--Hm an! their si'es ar$ from -AImm to ;IImm an! are ma!e up of E<5E#

LA+ORATOR8
The CET5 has its o+n in house +e"" e,uipe!% "aborator$# The "aborator$ has been !i i!e! into four sections G The Chemistr$ "ab# The Microbio"og$ "ab# The T9C "ab# The R8< "ab#

BI

E-Waste Management

The ph$sica" an! the chemica" ana"$sis of the +aste+ater from !ifferent units of the CET5 as +e"" as inf"uent from the in!i i!ua" member is carrie! out in the "aborator$# We ha e mo!ern an! Importe! Ana"$tica" Instruments for the Ana"$sis# The "aborator$ is functioning roun! the c"oc0 for the !etermination of arious parameters of the eff"uent an! so"i! +aste# This CET5 is a resu"t of &oint efforts an! strong !etermination put together to ma0e en ironment po""ution free an! earth a better p"ace#

T9C *aborator$

Ana"$tica" *aborator$

B-

E-Waste Management

Instrument *aborator$

B4

SCHEMAT&C FLOW (&A,RAM OF CETP; /AT/A

E-Waste Management

B7

SECURE( LA'(F&LL FAC&L&T8 <SLF=

The Societ$ !e e"ope! three Secure! *an!fi"" Sites for the !isposa" of
E-Waste Management ha'ar!ous so"i! +aste#

The :o t# of :u&arat% >orests an! En ironment <epartment notifie! the area most suitab"e for !e e"oping Secure! *an!fi"" >aci"it$# En ironmenta" Impact Assessment stu!$ +as !one b$ Ms# Fationa" 5ro!ucti it$ Counci" 2F5C3% Fe+ <e"hi# <etai"e! engineering !esign% construction an! operation are !one in comp"iance +ith the gui!e"ines issue! b$ C5C. an! :5C.# The ma&or t$pes of so"i! +aste inc"u!eG a 3 :$psum Waste/ b3 Incinerator ash/ c 3 Iron 5o+!er an!% !3 ET5 s"u!ge# Charges for !isposa" of so"i! +asteG a 3 Rs# 4BI1 MT of so"i! +aste N member units from Vat a# b3 Rs# ;II1MT of so"i! +aste- member units outsi!e of Vat a#

CO'CLUS&O'

Vasun!hara or earth is the on"$ p"anet in our so"ar s$stem +hich can support "ife so it is er$ important to sa e it from arious +aste ha'ar!s# Thus% Waste management is of great concern to man0in! as it affects the entire p"anet an! a"" its "i ing creatures# Increasing amounts of +astes generate! e er$!a$ is becoming a ma&or prob"em particu"ar"$ in urban cities aroun! the g"obe# With the rapi! gro+th of popu"ation% there has been a substantia" increase in the generation of so"i! +aste resu"ting into the contamination of

B;

E-Waste Management

air% +ater an! "an! resources# Euman acti ities create +aste% an! it is the +a$ these +astes are han!"e!% store!% co""ecte! an! !ispose! of that pose ris0s to the en ironment an! to pub"ic hea"th#

Thus% it is right"$ sai! that ,od ,i*es Eno#gh to Satis$y E*ery

Man>s 'eed b#t not E*ery Man>s ,reed2 End Waste +e$ore &t Ends 8o#r Li$e

CASE STU(8

Waste Minimi.ation Thro#gh Plant Process (esign And Modi$ication The tren! for +aste management has been mo ing from tra!itiona" Ren!-ofpipeS treatment to R+aste minimi'ationS so"ution# Instea! of treating +aste at the en! of manufacturing processes% process engineers ha e been p"a$ing a more important ro"e in +aste management b$ either e"iminating emissions at source or reco ering an! reusing materia"s that +ou"! other+ise be !ischarge!# This can be achie e! using arious process !esign an! mo!ification techni,ues# >or instance% the +aste can be re!uce! from source

BB

E-Waste Management

b$ !esigning or mo!if$ing process e,uipment or techno"og$% b$ changing process or proce!ure% b$ substituting ra+ materia"s% an! b$ impro ing the house0eeping an! in entor$ contro"# This topica" presentation inc"u!esG Intro!uction of the +aste minimi'ation concepts # <iscussions on ho"istic approach for source re!uction # I!entification of s$stem components an! process acti ities that ma$

contribute unnecessar$ +aste generation # E)amination of practica" techni,ues for p"anning # Imp"ementing an! monitoring effecti e +aste minimi'ation princip"es# Cost &ustification for +aste minimi'ation#

WASTE MA'A,EME'T &' THE PETROLEUM &'(USTR8

In!ian 9i" Corporation is the "argest commercia" enterprise in In!ia% engage! in the business of refining% transportation an! mar0eting of petro"eum pro!ucts throughout the countr$# >or sustainab"e gro+th% safe !isposa" of oi"$ s"u!ge in a cost-effecti e manner is a 0e$ issue that has confronte! the oi" in!ustr$ in In!ia for a "ong time# At a conser ati e estimate% o er 4I%III MT of oi"$ s"u!ge gets generate! in the countr$ e er$ $ear# To fin! an en ironmenta""$ safe an! cost effecti e so"ution to the prob"em% a co""aborati e research pro&ect +as "aunche! b$ In!ian 9i" Corporation *t!# 2I9C*3 an! Tata Energ$ Research Institute 2TERI3# This "e! to !e e"opment of 9i"iVorous-S% a commercia""$ pro!uce! microbia" consortium to bio!egra!e the ha'ar!ous constituents of oi"$ s"u!ge# This pro!uct +as successfu""$ fie"! teste! in Mathura% .arauni an! <igboi refineries of I9C* an! ;III MT of s"u!ge +as bio!egra!e! !uring the $ear 4II4-4II7 at an a erage cost of about UST-B per MT of s"u!ge#

BD

E-Waste Management In!ian 9i" Corporation has a!opte! a ho"istic approach for han!"ing oi"$ s"u!ge at its refineries an! other "ocations# The strategies ado"ted incl#de%

Minimi'ation of s"u!ge generation at source # In-situ c"eaning of tan0s b$ chemica" an! mechanica" means# Incineration # .io-reme!iation 1 bio-!egra!ation#

:enera"

Manager

2Safet$

En ironment

5rotection3

&'(&A' O&L CORPORAT&O' L&M&TE(

APPE'(&? @ 1

HAAAR(OUS WASTE (ROW'&', ,ROU'( WATER

In!ia generates enough untreate! ha'ar!ous +aste to co er the +ho"e of <e"hi# :oing b$ the "atest report of the ha'ar!ous +aste management committee of the Supreme Court% there are on"$ -I in!epen!ent operationa" treatment% storage an! !isposa" faci"ities 2TS<>3 for in!ustria" ha'ar!ous

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E-Waste Management

+aste in the countr$# This ta0es care on"$ ;IM of the ha'ar!ous +aste generate! that inc"u!es harmfu" meta"s "i0e "ea! an! mercur$ an! "etha" chemica"s# Accor!ing to in!ustr$ estimates% the countr$ generates B mi""ion tonnes of ha'ar!ous +aste e er$ $ear an! -I TS<>s ha e the capacit$ to treat not more than 4 mi""ion tonnes# Whi"e in!epen!ent TS<>s are open for in!ustries to use at a price% some "arge companies bui"! their o+n# Eo+e er% since TS<>s in o" e mu"ti- crore in estments for !e e"opment an! maintenance% most companies% especia""$ sma"" ones% re"$ on in!epen!ent TS<>s# The -I TS<>s are sprea! out in a fe+ states inc"u!ing An!hra 5ra!esh% Maharashtra% :u&arat an! Ra&asthan# In Pere"a% Tami" Fa!u% West .enga" an! Ear$ana% among others% the TS<>s are sti"" in the process of !e e"opment# RSince in man$ states such faci"ities !onLt e)ist% man$ companies transport the +aste to a state +here a TS<> e)ists +hi"e others a""o+ their +aste to remain untreate!S% en ironment ministr$ officia" sai!# Accor!ing to the ha'ar!ous +aste management ru"es un!er the En ironment 5rotection Act% that came into p"a$ in -HAH% ha'ar!ous +aste must be 0ept in storage after +hich it is to be treate! in a TS<>s faci"it$# In 4II4% the en ironment ministr$ issue! gui!e"ines un!er the ru"es% one of +hich states the storage time shou"! not e)cee! three months# R The three month gui!e"ine is rare"$ fo""o+e! an! most of the ha'ar!ous +aste is !umpe! in open spaces# Contamination of groun! +ater !ue to this is common%S <e"hi- base! F:9 To)ic *in0 !irector Ra i Agar+a" sai!# In 4II7% the Supreme Court as0e! states to strict"$ imp"ement the ha'ar!ous +aste management ru"es un!er the En ironment 5rotection Act

BA

E-Waste Management

an! ha! appointe! a committee to monitor the imp"ementation of the ru"es# The ape) court sai! e er$ state must ha e at "east one TS<># 9fficia"s sai! the Centre an! the monitoring committee ha e repeate!"$ as0e! states to i!entif$ "an! for TS<>s# R*ac0 of a ai"abi"it$ of appropriate "an! is the biggest constraint in !e e"oping TS<>s an! the state go ernments nee! to be proacti e%S sai! AP Sa)ena% ice presi!ent of Ram0$ En iro Engineers% that runs @ TS<>s# The state authorities are suppose! to pro i!e "an! for T<S>s at a subsi!i'e! rate# A TS<>s inc"u!es a "aborator$ an! an incinerator +here !ifferent +aste is treate! separate"$ an! a "an!fi"" +here treate! +aste is !ispose!# The bottom of the "an!fi"" is co ere! b$ a high !ensit$ po"$eth$"ene "a$er#

SOURCE@ THE ECO'OM&C T&MES (ATE(@ 6th )#ly; 3BBC Th#rsday

APPE'(&? @ 3

'o!; "o!er yo#r ho#se $rom "lastic !aste Asian e"ectronics 8 Singapore compan$ to .ui"! 5o+er 5"ants >ire! .$ *i,ui! E$!rocarbons E"ectricit$ from p"astic +aste# It ma$ soun! unrea"istic% but itLs no+ being toute! as the techno"og$ of future for the po+er- !eficit In!ia# A"0a

BH

E-Waste Management

Umesh Ua!gaon0ar% +ho has got si) patents in In!ia for the techno"og$ an! in the process of fi"ing for internationa" patent% is &oining han!s +ith t+o "arge corporates to ma0e it a commercia" success# Mumbai- base! Asian E"ectronics 2AE*3 AF< Singapore Ks en iron- Eub Eo"!ings ha e teame! up to bui"! four po+er p"ants of A mega +att 2MW3 each base! on this commercia""$ iab"eL techno"og$# The p"ants +i"" be fire! b$ the "i,ui! h$!rocarbons pro!uce! from p"astic +aste# MUM.AIG E"ectricit$ from p"astic +aste# It ma$ soun! unrea"istic% but itLs no+ being toute! as the techno"og$ of future for the po+er-!eficit In!ia# A"0a Umesh Ua!gaon0ar% +ho has got si) patents in In!ia for the techno"og$ an! in the process of fi"ing for internationa" patent% is &oining han!s +ith t+o "arge corporate to ma0e it a commercia" success# Mumbai-base! Asian E"ectronics 2AE*3 an! SingaporeLs En iro-Eub Eo"!ings ha e teame! up to bui"! four po+er p"ants of A mega +att 2MW3 each base! on this Kcommercia""$ iab"eL techno"og$# The p"ants +i"" be fire! b$ the "i,ui! h$!rocarbons pro!uce! from p"astic +aste# enture

The ne+ initiate +i"" ta0e shape through the pro&ects of &oint

compan$% :reen E$!rocarbons 2:E*3 +hich is registere! in Japan% Europe an! the US# The po+er p"ants +i"" be set up in Fa i Mumbai% .hi+an!i% Thane an! Ra&asthan at a tota" cape) of Rs -4A crore# 9n e)perimenta" basis% AE* ha! set up a 4 MW p"ant in Fagpur% +hich is running in fu"" steam% accor!ing to

DI

E-Waste Management

The AE* boar! is e)pecte! to c"ear the proposa"s on Thurs!a$ 2Ju"$ B3% sai! the officia"# AE* is a"rea!$ in ta"0s Ein!ustan 5etro"eum Corporation 2E5C*3 for a JV to !e e"op techno"og$ for optimum con ersion of cru!e oi" into petro" an! !iese"# In the present scenario% on"$ @IM of the cru!e is refine! to fue"# Using our techno"og$% it can be impro e! to HIM% c"aime! the officia"#

AE* top management refuse! to comment on their JV p"ans an! proposa"s for setting up po+er p"ants# 9n We!nes!a$% AE*Ls share price has mo e! up 4M to c"ose at Rs HIA on .SE# The stoc0 price has seen ;7M &ump o er "ast one month#

Ra$mon! Fg% e)ecuti e chairman of En iro-Eub% to"! ET from Singapore that his compan$ is "oo0ing for+ar! to &oint"$ set up fue" p"ants in an! aroun! Singapore +ith the he"p of Uni,ue an! AE*# Cime"ia% a part of T4DI mi""ion En iro-Eub% has a"rea!$ estab"ishe! its bran! name in the g"oba" e+aste management an! rec$c"ing in!ustr$% he sai!#

The JV is p"anning to set up p"ants to process p"astic +aste in eight countries in >ar-East Asia an! .ra'i"# En iro-Eub has access to near"$ BI%III tonnes +aste in each of these mar0ets# Each p"ant +ith a capacit$ of -4%III tonnes per annum can be set up at a cost of T-4 mi""ion# 9ur estimate is that the p"ant can generate a re enue of up to T-I-T-4 mi""ion#

Mrs Ua!gaon0ar% +ho !e e"ope! the techno"og$ for pro!ucing fue" from p"astic +aste% o+ns the patent for her in ention# Whi"e +or0ing as the hea!

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E-Waste Management

of chemistr$ !epartment in Raisoni Engineering Co""ege in Fagpur% Mrs Ua!gaon0ar in ente! the ne+ metho! to reuse the h$!rocarbons in p"astic# R9n a <ecember morning a"most a !eca!e ago% +hen 7II gm of p"astic +aste she +as processing in her co""ege "ab bro0e !o+n into a !ar0 bro+n "i,ui!# It too0 time to reach a happ$ confirmation that the !eri ati e +as in!ee! "i,ui! h$!rocarbons# After $ears of refining processes% she teste! the fue" in bi0es an! pro e! successfu"%S sai! the officia"#

En iro-EubLs subsi!iar$ Cime"ia Resource Reco er$ +i"" ho"! BIM sta0e in :E* an! the remaining BIM +i"" be o+ne! b$ Shah-contro""e! companies% AE* an! US Instruments# RIn US Instruments% Mrs Ua!gaon0ar ho"!s 4DM sta0e# US Instruments has got the manufacturing "icence from Uni,ue Waste 5"astic Management an! Research% a compan$ o+ne! b$ Mrs Ua!gaon0ar an! fami"$%S sai! the officia"#

As per the re,uest of 5resi!ent A5J Ab!u" Pa"am% the ministries% inc"u!ing coa" an! mines% science an! techno"og$% petro"eum an! natura" gas% ha e !one stu!ies on the process an! gi en permission to start commercia" pro!uction of fue" from p"astic +aste# Maharashtra Energ$ <e e"opment Agenc$ ha! signe! a memoran!um of un!erstan!ing +ith Mrs Ua!gaon0ar for a JV to !e e"op commercia" process for fue" from p"astic# Ra&asthan State In!ustria" <e e"opment 8 In estment Corporation has e)presse! interest in setting up simi"ar p"ants across the state#

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E-Waste Management

R5"astic% a pro!uct of petro"eum% gi es a fue" better than petro" an! !iese" as the impurities are "ess +hen compare! to the cru!e oi"# Through the ne+ techno"og$% +e can con ert the +aste p"astic into oi" 2@IM3% gas 24IM3 an! co0e 2-IM3%S sai! the officia"#

A55EF<IX - 7
DUEST&O''A&RE -# Wh$ !i! $ou !eci!e! to ha e a p"ant for in!ustria" +aste +ater treatment6 4# Eo+ the process of the p"ant +or0s6 7# What !o $ou +ith the +ater that is purifie!6 ;# Eo+ much percent of +aste !o $ou thin0 is purifie!6 B# Is the techno"og$ oriente! or "abour oriente!6

D7

E-Waste Management

D# <oes the go ernment pro i!e an$ assistance or subsi!$ for the +or0 !one6

+&+L&O,RAPH8
Re$erence Material
Compan$ 2:ESCS*3 .oo0"et 5amph"ets

'e!s"a"ers

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E-Waste Management

The Economic Times Times of In!ia

Websites
+++#gescs"#com +++#+i0ipe!ia#com

DB